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Transistors 2300
Data Width 4
System Bus
Microprocessor Serial Interface
2 Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU Microcontroller is an IC which has a CPU, fixed amount
i.e. only the processing powers such as Intel’s of RAM, ROM and other peripherals All –in one and
Pentium 1, 2, 3, 4, core 2 duo, i3, i5, i7 etc hence termed as a mini computer or a computer on a
don’t have ROM, RAM, ROM other peripherals single chip
3 They need high amount of resources like RAM, No need high amount of resources like ROM, RAM, I/O
ROM, I/O ports etc. ports etc.
4 Since memory and I/O has to connect Since Memory and I/O has to present internally, the
externally, the circuit becomes large circuit becomes small
5 Cost of the entire system increases Cost of the entire system low
6 Cannot be used in compact systems and hence Can be used in compact system and hence efficient
inefficient
7 Due to external components, the entire power Since external components are low, the total power
consumption is high. Hence it is not suitable to consumption is less and can be used with devices
be used with devices running on stored power running on stored power like batteries/solar panels etc
like batteries/solar panels etc
8 Most of the microprocessors do not have power Most of the micro controllers have power saving
saving features features/modes like idle mode and power saving mode.
This helps to reduce power consumption even further
9 Since memory and I/O components are all Since memory and I/O components are all internal,
external, each instruction will need external most of the operations are internal instruction, hence it
operation, hence it is relatively slower is relatively faster
Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Sl. No. Microprocessor Microcontroller
10 Microprocessors have less number of registers, Microcontrollers have more number of registers, hence
hence more operations are memory based the programs are easier to write
11 Microprocessors are based on von Neumann Microcontrollers are based on Hardvard
model/architecture where program and data model/architecture where program and data are stored
are stored in same memory module in separate module
12 Microprocessors are designed for unspecific Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks
tasks like developing software, games, (Input-output relations are defined)
websites, photo editing, creating documents
etc (input and output relations are not
defined).
13 Microprocessor cannot be used stand alone. So Microcontroller can be used stand alone. So they no
they need other peripherals like RAM, ROM, need other peripherals like RAM, ROM, buffer, I/O
buffer, I/O ports etc and hence a system ports etc and hence a system designed around a
designed around a microprocessor is Quite microprocessor is Less costly as compared to
costly as compared to microcontroller microcontroller
14 Clock Speed of the Microprocessor is quite high Clock Speed of the Microcontrollers is from a few MHz
- above 1GHz as they perform complex tasks to 30 to 50 MHz
15 Execute big and generic applications Execute a single and dedicated task
Examples: Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc Examples: Television, washing machine, Dish washers,
DVD player etc
Evolution of IC Technology
Year Technology No. of Devices Typical Products
1971-1979 Large Scale Integration (LSI) 500-20,000 4 & 8 bit µP, RAM, ROM
1980-1984 Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) 20,000-1,00,000 DSP, RISC, 16 & 32 bit µP
1985 onwards Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Above 1,00,000 64 bit µP
Historical Developments
• 1947 - 1950s Invention of Transistors Transistors are tiny electronic switches and
amplifiers Basically Transistors (Bipolar) have three leads: Emitter, Collector and Base as
shown in Fig.
• Base lead controls the transistor: once it receives a voltage of at
least 0.6V, it switches the transistor on and allows (some) current
to flow from the collector to the emitter. When turned on it acts
as an analogue device, which can be used to amplify the current
at the base leg.
• Gate lead controls the transistor: When the gate lead receives a voltage of at least 2V it
switches on fully, allowing electricity to flow from the source to the drain. The current
continues to flow until the voltage at the gate lead falls below 2V.
Historical Developments
• 1959 Invention of Integrated Circuits
• An integrated circuit (IC) or monolithic integrated circuit, sometimes called
a chip or microchip is a semiconductor wafer (Starting with copper oxide, proceeding
to germanium, then silicon) on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors,
and transistors are fabricated with a surface area of just 1 mm2.
• An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor.
80286 (i286)
80286
80186
8088
8086
8085
8080
8008
4004 (1971)
Superscalar Processors more than one instruction at a time to be executed during a single clock cycle.