Consequenses of a failed breaker:

1. A Breaker can fail due to Electrical Problems such as Trip Circuit Faulty,
Mechanical Problems such as, Breaker Pole getting stuck up while opening.

2. Now, if the Relay fails, we have a Backup Protection, Similarly, if the Breaker
Fails , there should be some Backup Protection.

3. If there is no Backup Protection for the Breaker Failure, all the Feeders on that
Bus will feed the Fault, and there will be Tripping from the Remote End. Because of this,
Fault will be sustained for the longer period of duration and as the Tripping is from the
Remote end, the restoration time will be more.
Principle of operation:

1. LBB operates when, the breaker fails to Trip, following the Operation of Master
Trip Relay or the energisation of  Trip Coil of the Breaker.

2. When the LBB operates for a particular Breaker, all the other Circuit Breakers on
the concerned Bus are Tripped.

Steps of operation:
1. Fault occurs and say one of the Protection Relay Operates.

2. Master Trip Relay Operates.

3. Breaker Trip is Initiated and at the same time, LBB is initiated.

4. As soon as the LBB is initiated, the LBB Timer (with time delay of 200ms) starts.

5. After a time delay of 200 ms, it checks if the Fault is cleared.

6. If the Fault is cleared within 200ms, the LBB Scheme is Reset, but if the Fault is
not cleared, LBB Operates.

7. When the LBB Operates, it Trips, all the feeders on the concerned Bus with the
help of Busbar Tripping Circuit.
 LBB Initiation Logic:
After getting Tripping command from the Master Trip Relay, the Breaker does not Trips
immediately, but takes an inherent time delay of about 40 ms. During this Time Delay, the LBB
relay is not supposed to actuate. Therefore, an intentional time delay of about 200 ms is given.

So, once the Mater Trip relay actuates, a signal is given to the LBB Relay which starts the LBB
Timer and is called as LBB Initiation.

LBB Actuation Logic:

After the time delay of 200 ms is completed, the LBB relay checks for the Fault. It uses the
following Logic for detecting whether the Fault exists or not.

Master Trip relay has operated and still the Overcurrent as measured by the LBB Relay exists.,
which implies that the Fault has not been cleared as the Breaker has failed to Trip. 

In this case, it gives a signal to the Busbar relay to Trip all the Feeders on the concerned Bus. 

LBB Relay Settings:

Current Setting, I = 0.8 A

Time Delay, Td = 200 ms  ………As it should be less than Remote Back-up Time (350ms) and
greater than the CB Trip Time(30ms).

LBB Testing:
1. Isolation: Remove the concerned feeder LBB Link
2. Pickup Test : In this test we check whether, the LBB Relay Picks up and Resets at
the set Current.
3. Timing Test : In this Test we check, whether the LBB Relay operates in the Set
Time.
All the above mentioned tests will explained in details in the coming posts and the link to those
posts will be mentioned here.
How to calculate relay range for DOL starter:

1. Calculate the full load current of your load setup.

2. Take 150% relay range

For example, your load current is 32 A (18.5 KW) choose the relay range between 27 A
to 44 amps, set a current limit as 30 A.

Calculation for Star/Delta starter:

1. Calculate FLA (Full Load Amps)

2. As per the star/ delta thumb rule Phase current = Line current/ 1.732, during

delta mode the relay range = FLA/1.732.

Relationship between line and phase current & voltage in star/delta

Ex: Your FLA = 143 Amps (75 KW, 3 Phase, 415 Volts), then the relay range =
143/1.732 = 82 Amps. You have to select 75 – 100 Amps relay.

The factor of Consideration while selecting a thermal overload relay:

1.  Select appropriate relay for the appropriate contactor.

Ex: If you have Siemens 3TF 33 model contractor, then you have to purchase for
suitable relay for that conductor. Different model relays are coming for the different
model contactor.

Relay mounting kit

In Some cases, (upgrading starter panel) we have to purchase it additionally.

CT operated thermal overload relay:

For more than 150 HP (FLA= 200 Amps) motor these kind relays give better
performance than normal thermal overload relays. Three numbers of CTs (current
transformer) place at the output terminal of the starter. The output current of the CT
directly connects through a small range of thermal overload relay. The range of thermal
overload relay will be 0.45 to 1 Amps or 1.5 to 5 Amps, because of the standard size of
CT output is 1 amp or 5 amps. Two types of connection, you can make with the CTs
 1. Direct connection:

Output of the CTs directly connects with relay as shown in figure.

 2. Star connection:

Output of the current transformer connects in star mode

How to set current limit for CT operated thermal overload relays:

Calculate motor’s FLA

Ex: A siemens Make motor 415 V, 3 PH, 220 KW, 0.8 Power factor, FLA = 400 Amps

DOL Starter:

In starter’s CT ratio = 500 / 5, Relay range = 1.5 Amps to 5 amps, which means if your
line current is 500 Amps then CT output will be 5 amps
then the Line current is 400 Amps, CT output will be 4 Amps, In relay, you have to set it
for 4 amps for 100 % Load (Full load)

For 90 % of Load (360 Amps), CT output will be 3.6 Amps, then you have to set 3.6
Amps in the relay and so on.

The current setting for the star/delta starter:

Consider CTs are placed at the output of the contactor, In this phase current will come
to action, you have to calculate phase current of the same. Take the same motor data.
FLA = 400 Amps, Same CT 500/5 Amps

Phase current = 400/1.732 = 231 Amps

CT output for 100 % Load will be = 2.31 Amps. You have set the current limit as 2.3A in
relay

For 90 % of load CT output will be = 2.1 Amps, Set 2.1 amps as current limit in relay.

Note : The CT operated thermal over load relay operates according to the the load
current setting in the relay. If you want to limit at 70% the load to the motor, calculate
the current and set the limit it in the relay

IF the CTs are placed at the output of the MCCB/MPCB (contactor input) you have to
take above mentioned DOL Calculation…
Soft starter wiring
Tags: Installation

The soft starter has following wiring connections:

Main circuit connection: It contains the wiring of 3-phase power source input, the output to motor,
and the bypass contactor connection.
External terminal connection: that is the wire comes from 12 external terminals which including
control signal and analogue output signal.
Soft starter external terminals connection

 Terminal ① ② are bypass output, are used to control the bypass contactor. They are
normal open contacts and are closed when finishing starting. The terminal contact capacity is
AC 250V/5A.
 Terminal ③ ④ are programmable relay output: The delay time is set by P4 code. The
output command type is set by PJ code. They are normal open no-power terminals, being
close when output valid. This terminal contact capacity is AC250V/5A.
 Terminal ⑤ ⑥ are fault output , they will be closed when there are any fault matters
happened to the soft starter or electricity lost, while at normal case they are open. This
terminal contact Capacity is AC250V/0.3A.
 Terminal ⑦ are instantaneous stop input, this terminal must be connected with terminal ⑩
when the starter works normally. But if these two terminals are open, the soft starter will stop,
and at this time the motor starter is at the state of fault protection. This terminal ⑦can be
controlled by the normally closed output terminals of external protection device, and it is
useless when the PC code is set to 0(basic protection).
 Terminal ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ are startup or stop input .There are two ways of connections for your
selection; those are 3-wire connection and 2-wire connection, see:

 Terminal ⑾ ⑿ are DC 4~20mA analogue output ,they indicate the current value of the motor
at real-time working. The 20mA is full-scale value and that is four times than rated current of
nominal power of soft starter, and we can connect a 4~20mADC current meter to check. The
max value of output load resistance is 300Ω.
Note: Please make sure that external terminals are in right connection, otherwise, the soft starter
may be damaged.
Soft starter main circuit wiring

The soft starter is installed between the mains and cable to the motor. If a mains or isolation
contactor is used it is best controlled by the soft starter "Line relay".
3Wire / 6wire: The standard connection of an electronic
soft starter is 3 wire. An alternative connection is 6 wire or
inside delta connection. This is commonly used when
replacing a star/delta type motor starter.

Bypass / Continuous: The soft starter can operate with

or without a bypass contactor. Some models include an
integral bypass contactor. The bypass contactor reduces
the heat dissipation of the soft starter as the
semiconductors are bypassed after the ramp time.
Motor Protection
The soft starter provides advanced motor protection with
user selectable overload classes, over & under current
protection, phase imbalance and thermistor protection. It is
important that the power wiring is followed correctly to
ensure proper protection and starter performance.
Semiconductor fuses are recommended for all electronic
soft starters to provide protection of the thyristors in the
event of an output short circuit. Semiconductor fuses are
strongly recommended for applications such as submersible pumps. Semiconductor fuses are

optional with all soft starters.

The Role of the Automatic Transfer System

Using the basic building blocks of utility power, system topology, on-site
generation, and uninterruptible power supplies, the basic role of the automatic
transfer system may now be defined.

Operational Requirments of Automatic Transfer System (photo credit: bernini-

design.com)

In this role, the Automatic Transfer System must display the following
characteristics:

1. Robustness – it must operate as intended, even under abnormal power

system conditions, without human intervention. Just as importantly, it must
 be able to distinguish when a system condition does not warrant transfer to
the alternate power source.
2. It must be able to control the switchgear  as required and, additionally,
must be able to pass the proper signals to the alternate power source if
necessary (for example, to signal a generator when to start.
Simply stated, the role of the automatic transfer system is  to provide  the automatic

transfer of power   for its associated load group from a normal power source,

such as a utility service, to an alternate power source, such as standby generation, in

the event the normal source fails.

Example System Description

To fully illustrate the operational requirements ofa typical automatic transfer

system, a more detailed representation of the system is required. For this
purpose, the main-main topology arrangement  used, but with the details of the
automatic transfer system shown:
Figure 1 – Main-Main Automatic Transfer Scheme Detail

In Figure 1, the automatic transfer logic provides the decision-making for what
automatic operations are to happen, and when. It controls the operation of the
two transfer circuit breakers, CB-UM and CB-GM, and receives status inputs
from those breakers. It also can initiate generator startup for the alternate power
source.

Undervoltage (device 27) and negative sequence voltage (device 47) relays on each

power source  give the transfer logic indication of  their condition. In addition, a
frequency relay (device 81) is present for frequency indication of the

alternate power source.

Voltage transformers, or VT’s, step the system voltages down
to instrumentation levels that can be used by these relays. A user interface
allows the adjustment of certain operating parameters of the system, and
updates the user onthe status of the system.

Using this example system, the operational requirements of a typical

automatic transfer system will be examined.

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Modes of Operation //

An essential requirement of anyautomatic transfer system is the  ability to have

different modes of  operation. In a given mode of operation, the transfer
system will respond in a given way to  changing system conditions. For a
different mode of operation, the transfer system will respond  differently.

Two basic modes of operation, which any automatic transfer system must
have, are:

1. Manual Mode
2. Automatic Mode
In the manual mode , the automatic transfer system does not perform any
automatic operations, i.e., it does not respond to changing system conditions.
All circuit breaker operations must be  manually performed. Conversely, in the
automatic mode of operation all operations, with a few  emergency exceptions,
are automatic, and the system will respond automatically to changing  system
conditions.
On the surface, this appears to be a simple arrangement, and to some extent
this is true.
Good ATS design //

However, good automatic transfer system design has well-thought-out

mode logic that answers  the following questions:

1. Can the system be placed into automatic mode if system conditions are
not correct (for example, if an automatically-controlled circuit breaker is in
the withdrawn position or not present in the circuit breaker cell)?
2. What manual operations are allowed in automatic mode (for example,
manual opening of circuit breakers)?
3. What happens if an allowed manual operation is performed on an
automatically controlled device (for example, if an automatically-controlled
circuit breaker is manually  tripped or trips due to a fault)
Such questions are not always easy to answer. In fact, they necessitate, in a
well-designed automatic transfer system, the inclusion of a third mode of
operation, typically known as  auto mode failure.

The three modes of operation then typically work as follows:

1. Manual mode
2. Automatic mode
3. Auto mode failure

1. Manual Mode

Selected via a selector switch position or other pre-determined user input  via
the user interface.  No automatic operations occur.

Go back to ATS Operation Modes  ↑

2. Automatic Mode //

Selected via a selector switch position or other pre-determined user  input via
the user interface. Attempting to enter automatic mode  if the system
conditions are not correct places the system into Auto Mode Failure .
In Automatic Mode, operations   for certain circuit breakers (such as main and tie circuit

breakers) are automatic, however   manual tripping (or breaker trip due to a fault) of

automatically-controlled circuit breakers   is allowed.  Such manual or fault-driven

operations will result in the system being placed   into Auto Mode Failure.

Go back to ATS Operation Modes  ↑

3. Auto Mode Failure //

No automatic operations occur.  For automatically-controlled circuit  breakers,

only manual tripping (or trip due to a fault) is allowed. To leave this mode
of operation, the system must be placed into manual mode.

This arrangement provides a high level of security for the transfer scheme ,
i.e., undesired or “nuisance” operations are minimized, enhancing safety,
maintainability, and reliability of the  system.

Of necessity, to make this mode logic arrangement function properly

the breaker status must consist both of breaker open-closed indication and, for
drawout circuit breakers, circuit breaker  cell switch indication.

Circuit breaker cell switches are a feature which must not be overlooked as  they
are essential for the proper function of an automatic transfer scheme with
drawout circuit breakers. For the same reason overcurrent trip switches for low-
voltage circuit breakers or  lockout relays for medium-voltage circuit breakers
are also required.

Another question that frequently arises   is that of a “test” mode of operation. While

this could be  made into a separate mode of operation, this is usually most expediently

handled via voltage  failure simulation test switches whilethe system is the automatic

mode.