Agri Coaching Chandigarh Classes: Rice and Wheat Cultivation

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Agri Coaching Chandigarh
Cereals crop
Rice
❖ Botanical name : Oryza sativa

❖ Family : Gramineae
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n= 24
❖ Rice stem is called Culm.
❖ The rice inflorescence known as panicle.
❖ Fruit type is caryopsis.
❖ Oryza sativa has 3 varietal types
➢ Indica : Grown in India(Tropical rice)
➢ Japonica : Grown in Japan(Subtropical rice )
➢ Javanica: Grown in Indonesia. (Wild rice)
❖ Climate:
Rice crop needs a hot and humid climate.
❖ Rice is a self –pollinated crop and short day plant.
Agri Coaching Chandigarh www.agricoaching.in Contact: 9828822277
❖ Temperature :
Max=
36-380C
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Optimum = 30-320C
Minimum= 10-120C
❖ Soil: Clay or clay loams are most suited for rice cultivation.
❖ A major part of rice crop in India is grown under low land condition.
❖ Acidic soil are good for rice cultivation it grow well in soil having a pH range between
5-6.5. (As per the norms by IRRI)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_criteria_of_an_ideal_rice_soil
❖ Sowing Time:
Season Sowing Time Harvest Time

Aus April-May Sept.-Oct.
Aman June-July Nov.-Dec
Boro Nov-Dec March-April
❖ Seed rate:
Broadcasting 100kg/ha
Drilling 60 kg/ha
Hybrid rice 15 kg/ha
❖ Dapog method: 1.5-2 kg/m2

❖ SRI system: 5-6 kg/ha
❖ Germination type : Hypogeal
❖ Spacing
Transplanting 20 * 10 (cm.)
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Hybrid rice 20 * 15(cm.)
SRI method 25 * 25 (cm.)
❖ Rice plant is transplanted at :

Kharif season 21-25 DAS
Rabi season 30-35 DAS
SRI method 10-12 DAS
Depog method 11-14 DAS
Dry land areas 30-35 AS
❖ Manure & fertilizer:
FYM :
N : 100
250-300
kg /ha
q/ha
P : 60 kg K : 50
/ha kg/ha
❖ Hulling percent in rice is 66 %.

❖ Rice contain 6-7 % Protein.
❖ The main protein in Rice is Oryzenin.
❖ Water requirement 1400-1500mm.
❖ Rice field submergence in 5cm deep water during the reproductive and grain formation
stage is beneficial.
✓ Critical Irrigation stage:
➢ Booting stage : most critical stage, Tillering, Flowering

❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Blast of Rice Pyricularia oryzae
Brown Spot Helminthosporium oryzae
Page | 4 Sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani
False smut Ustilaginoidea virens
Udbatta disease Ephelis oryzae
Foot rot or Bakanae disease Fusarium moniliforme
Bacterial leaf blight (Kresek”) Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological Name
Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens
Brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens
Rice Gundhi bug Leptocorisa acuta
White backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera
Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis
❖ Yield:
➢ The grain contain about 20 -25 % moisture at harvesting time.

➢ In India average yield /ha 3. 62 tonnes.
➢ Punjab & southern state : 55-60 q/ha

Wheat:
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❖ Botanical name : Triticum spp.

❖ Family : Gramineae/Poaceae
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n =42
❖ In India it is second important stable food crop.
❖ In India, following triticum spp. are grown:
➢ Common Bread wheat : T. aestivum
It is also called as Mexican Dwarf Wheat.
➢ Emmer wheat : T dicoccum
Suitable for preparation of south Indian dish Uppumav.
➢ Indian dwarf wheat : T.sphaerococcum
➢ Macroni wheat : T. duram
❖ Climate : Wheat is a Rabi season crop.
❖ C3 , Long day plant
❖ Cool and moist weather during the vegetative growth period.
❖ Warm and dry weather during grain formation.
❖ Soil: Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water holding
capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation.
❖ Temperature:
Minumum=
4.50C
Optimum = 210C
Maximum= 320C

❖ Seed Rate:
Normal 100kg/ha
Late 125 kg/ha

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Dibbling 25-30 kg/ha

❖ Spacing : 22.5 * 8-10cm
❖ 5cm depth is ideal for wheat sowing.
❖ The flower portion of wheat is known as -Head/Ear/Spike.
❖ Fruit type of wheat is Caryopsis
❖ Manure and fertilizer
FYM :
10-15 N : 120
tonnes/ kg /ha
ha
P : 60 kg K : 40
/ha kg/ha
❖ Critical phases for irrigation are:

➢ CRI – 20-25 DAS
➢ Second most critical stage – Flowering
➢ Third important stage – Jointing and milk stages
❖ Sowing time :
First week of November
Late sowing- 15 Dec
❖ Test weight of wheat grain is about 40 gm. While test weight of phalaris minor is
only 2gm.
❖ Protein content in wheat 10-11% (Gluten).
❖ For safe storage moisture content of grain should be ranges from 10 -12 %
❖ Water requirement : 550-650 mm

❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Black or stem rust - Puccinia graminis tritici
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Brown or leaf rust Puccinia triticina (P. recondita
Yellow or stripe rust Puccinia striiformis
Loose smut Ustilago nuda tritici
Karnal bunt - Neovassia indica
Hill bunt or Stinking smut Tilletia caries / T.foetida
Flag smut Urocystis tritici
Tundu or yellow ear rot(Bacteria Corynebacterium tritici + Anguina tritici
+Neamtode)
Molya disease: Heterodera avenae (Nematode)
Ear-Cockle of wheat Anguina tritici
Powdery mildew - Erysiphe graminis var. tritici
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name

Wheat Aphid Macrosiphum miscanthi
Climbing cutworm/armyworm Mythimna separata
Ghujhia Weevil Tanymecus indicus
Termites Odontotermes obesus
❖ Yield :
➢ Moisture content at harvesting stage in wheat is : 25 -30 %
➢ Irrigated area- 40-45q/ha.
➢ Rainfed condition- 20-25q/ha.
➢ In India Average Yield 30q/ha.

Maize
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❖ B.N: Zea mays

❖ Family :
❖ Origin : Central America and Mexico
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n=20
❖ Maize is a cross pollinated crop.
❖ MAIZE GRAIN TYPES:
➢ Flint corn (Zea mays indurata) :Entire outer portion of kernel is hard starch.
Commonly cultivated in India.
➢ Dent corn (Zea mays indentata) :About 95% of production in USA is dent corn.
➢ Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) : Sweetest among all.
➢ Flour corn(Zeamays amylacea):Kernel is largely composed of soft starch with little
or no hard starch.
➢ Pop corn (Zea mays everta):It’s kernel is small and extreme form of flint corn.
When heated to 170°C, the grain swell and burst and turning inside out.
➢ Waxy corn (Zea mays ceretina) :Due to waxy appearance of the kernel, it is called
as waxy corn.
➢ Pod corn (Zea mays zunicata) : Husked primitive type.
❖ Climate:
➢ Maize is a warm weather plant.
➢ Kharif season is the main growing season in northern India.
➢ Maize requires considerable moisture and warmth from germination to flowering.
❖ Temperature:
Min.=
8-100C
Optimum = 32-350C
maximum= 40-440C

❖ Soil:
➢ Maize is best adapted to well drained sandy loam to silty loam soil.
➢ The crop is very sensitive to water logging.
➢ It can be grown successful in soils whose pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.5.
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Tassel & silk:
❖ Tassel : The terminal male flower clusters are called tassel.
❖ Silk : The style is a very long silky filament, bears the female hairy cluster of which is
known as silk.
❖ Seed rate:
Kharif crop 15-20 kg /ha

Hybrid maize 25 kg/ha
Fooder purpose 40-50 kg/ha
❖ Critical stage of water:

For moisture and nutrients point of view period between tasseling and silking stage is
critical.
❖ Spacing: 60 * 20-25 cm.
❖ Plant population : 60-65 thousand plants
❖ Germination type: Hypogeal type
❖ Root system:
The root system of maize is fibrous and deep. It is usually well developed.
It consist of:
➢ Seminal roots
➢ Crown roots
➢ Brace or prop roots

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❖ Maize protein is called zein.

❖ Protein content of Maize : 10 %
❖ Oil % in maize : 4-5 %
❖ Rabi maize is extensively grown in : Bihar
❖ Maize is known as Queen of cereals.
❖ Quality protein maize varieties released by using “ Opaque 2”
❖ White Bud : Zinc Deficiency
❖ Water requirement : 600- 800mm
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Leaf blight Helminthosporium maydis
Head smut Sphacelotheca reiliana
Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina
Downy mildew/Crazy top Peronosclerospora philippinensis
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological Name

Maize shootfly Atherigona orientalis
Stem borer Chilo partellus
Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens
Shoot bug Peregrinus maidis
Web worm Cryptoblabes gnidiella
❖ Yield:
➢ Hybrid: 50-60 q/ha.

➢ Composites: 40-50 q/ha
➢ Fodder: 300-400 q/ha.
➢ Average yield in India 2.75 tonnes
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Sorghum:
❖ B.N : Sorghum bicolor

❖ Origin : East Central Africa
❖ Sorghum is known as “Camel crop” because it has the capacity to withstand against
drought.
❖ Sorghum crop for fodder purpose should be used after 50 % flowering because sorghum
leaves at knee stage possess a high amount of Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) which is
poisonous to the animals.
❖ Under draught condition if animals is grassed of sorghum leaves with 0.5gm of HCN
may be die
❖ Climate:
➢ Sorghum requires warm climate but can be grown under a wide range of conditions.
➢ Sorghum plants can tolerate high temperature throughout their lifecycle.
❖ Temperature:
Minimum=
8-100C
Optimum = 32-350C
Maximum= 36-380C
❖ Soil:

➢ Soils with clay loam or loam texture.

➢ It does well in pH range of 6.0-8.5 as it tolerates considerable salinity and
Alkalinity.
➢ The black cotton soil of central India are very good for its cultivation.
❖ Seed Rate:
Page | 12 ➢ Common:12-15 kg /ha.
➢ Fodder purpose : 30 -35 kg/ha.
➢ Seed should be sown at a depth of 3-4 cm.
❖ Spacing : 45 * 12
❖ Plant population: 1,50,000 plants
❖ Sowing time: Last June to first week of July
❖ Manure & Fertilizer:
FYM :
10-15 N : 100
tonnes/ kg /ha
ha
P : 50 kg K : 40
/ha kg/ha
❖ The best high yield variety of Rabi Jowar : M 35-1

❖ Drought and Salinity tolerant variety of sorghum : CSH-1
❖ First hybrid in 1964 : CSH-1
❖ Most important male sterile variety: Combine kafir -60
❖ Sorghum is a C4 plant.
❖ Sorghum is a often cross pollination crop.
❖ Germination type: Hypogeal
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Downy Mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi
Anthracnose and red rot - Colletotrichum graminicolum
Rust Puccinia purpurea
Ergot or Sugary disease Sphacelia sorghi
Grain smut / Covered smut Sphacelotheca sorghi
❖ Major Insect:
Shootfly Atherigona varia soccata

Sorghum midge Contarinia sorghicola

Shoot bug Peregrinus maidis
❖ Yield:
➢ The right stage for harvest is when grains have become hard having less than 25 %
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moisture.
➢ Irrigated condition: 25-30 q/ha.
➢ Fodder: 300-400 q/ha
Pearl Millet:
❖ B.N :Pennisetum typhoid

❖ Origin : Africa
❖ Climate:
➢ Pearl millet is a rapid-growing warm weather crop.
➢ It has a high degree of resistance for drought conditions.
➢ The rainfall at flowering time is harmful as it washes off the pollen and consequently
there is poor seed setting.
❖ Bajra grains contain about –
Moisture:
12.4%
Protein : 11.6 % Fat : 5%
Minerals : Carbohydrates
2.7% : 67%
❖ Germination type: Hypogeal type

❖ Soil:
➢ It does best on well drained sandy loams.

➢ It is sensitive to water-logging.
➢ Pearl millet is sensitive to acidic soils.
❖ Seed rate:
➢ Common: 4-5kg/ha.
Page | 14 ➢ Fodder Purpose: 10-12kg/ha.
❖ Sowing time: It is chiefly a rainfed crop during monsoon season.
❖ Sowing time in the most of the states is June-July
❖ Spacing: 45*12-15 cm.
❖ Plant population: Approx 166000 plants/ha.
❖ Seeds should be sown about 2-3 cm deep.
FYM :
10-15 N : 100
tonnes/ kg /ha
ha
P : 50 K : 40
kg /ha kg/ha
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Downy mildew Sclerospora graminicola
Smut Tolyposporium penicillariae
Rust Puccinia pennisetti
Ergot or Sugary disease Claviceps fusiformis
❖ Yield:
➢ Harvest the crop when grains are hard enough having about 20 % moisture.
➢ Rain fed crop yields about 12 to 16 quintals/ha.
➢ Irrigated crop yields about 25 to 35 quintals/ha.
➢ Fodder: 300-400q/ha.

Fiber crops:
Cotton:
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❖ B.N: Gossypium spp.

❖ Family : Malvaceae
❖ Chromosome no.:
➢ Desi cotton-26
➢ American -52
❖ Origin: India
❖ Desi cotton :
➢ Gossypium arborium
➢ Gossypium harbaceum
❖ American cotton :
➢ Gossypium hirsutum
➢ Gossypium barbadense
Cotton Name Plant height (m.) Fiber length(cm.)
Gossypium arborium 1.5-2.0 1.25-2.0
Gossypium harbaceum 1-1.5 1.5-2.50
Gossypium hirsutum 1.5 1.8-3.0
Gossypium barbadense 1.5 3.6-5.0
❖ Cotton is known as white gold.

❖ King of Appraisal fibre.
❖ Cotton length is measured by Arealometer.
❖ It is a day neutral plant.
❖ Germination type: Epigeal
❖ Climate:
➢ Cotton is a warm season crop.
➢ Minimum temperature of 16 oC is required for germination.
➢ For Proper vegetative growth 21-27 oC
➢ It can tolerate temperature as high as 43 oC.
❖ Soil:
➢ Black soil is best suitable for cotton.
➢ Cotton can be successfully grown on all soil except sandy, saline, and
waterlogged soil.
➢ Cotton needs a fertile soil with good moisture holding capacity.
Page | 16 ❖ Seed rate:
American
Desi
cotton :
Cotton: 10-
18-20
15 kg/ha.
kg/ha.
Hybrid Bt. Cotton

cotton : 2- : 1-1.5
3 kg /ha. kg/ha.
❖ Spacing:
American Desi
cotton: cotton:
60*30cm. 60*15cm.
Hybrid Ultra-
cotton: narrow-
100*60cm. row:
19*19cm.
➢ (UNR was developed in USA)

❖ Plant population(Per ha.):
➢ American cotton : 55600 plants
➢ Desi cotton : 1,11,111 plants
➢ Hybrid cotton : 1,66,666 plants
➢ Ultra-narrow-row: 2,77,000 plants
➢ For Bt. Cotton : 10,000 plants

❖ Sowing Time:
➢ North India : 1st fornight of May
➢ Central India : Last week of June to 1st week of July
➢ In Tamil-Nadu: Sept.- Oct.
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FYM :
N : 40-
15-20
60 kg
tonnes/
/ha
ha
P : 25- K : 25-
30 kg 30
/ha kg/ha
❖ Critical stage of Irrigation: Flowering, Boll formation

❖ Ginning: Separation of fiber from the seed cotton is known as Ginning.
❖ In general its range 33% (30-35%)
❖ Topping: Removal of terminal growing point once from each plant at a height of 1-
1.2m(80-90 DAS) to protect further terminal growth and to encourage sympodial
branching and boll development by diverting the energy flow.
❖ Bt. Cotton:Bacillus thuringensis is a soil bacterium that produces proteins lethal to
insect larvae affecting the digestive system of boll worms.
❖ GM cotton is only crop permitted by Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee
(GEAC) under Ministry of Environment and Forestry first permitted on March ,
2002.
❖ The oil content in the cotton seed ranges from 15-25 % depending on the verities.
❖ Cotton seed cake is a good organic manure and contains about 6.5% N, 3% P , 2% K.
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Angular Leaf Spot or Black Arm Angular Leaf Spot or Black Arm
Disease: Disease:
Vascular Wilt Disease Fusarium oxysporum sp. Vasinfectum
Anthracnose Disease Colletotrichum gossypii
Root Rot Rhizoctonia bataticola

❖ Major Insect:

Page | 18 American bollworm (Fruit borer ) Helicoverpa armigera
Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella
Spotted bollworms Earias vittella
Cotton Stem Weevil Pempheres (Pempherulus) affinis
Leaf roller Sylepta derogata
Leafhopper Amrasca (Biguttula biguttula)
devastans
Red cotton bug Dysdercus cingulatusi
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci
Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii
❖ Yield:
➢ Common: 15-20 q/ha.
➢ Hybrid : 25-30 q/ha.
Jute:
❖ B.N: Corchorus spp.

❖ Family: Tiliaceae
❖ Origin : India
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n= 14
❖ Two types of cultivated varities:
➢ Corchorus capsularis : It is hardy in nature and can grow well both on high and
low lands and able to tolerate waterlogging conditions.
It is also known as white Jute/Tita.
Covers 70 % area of total Jute cultivation.
➢ Corchorus olitorius : Grown on well drained high lands only.

It is also known as Mitha Pat/Tossa.

❖ Climate:
➢ Jute thrives best under a warm and humid climate with temperature range from 24
to 37oC.
➢ Optimum temperature being around 34oC.
Page | 19 ❖ Soil:Jute can be grown on all kinds of soils from clay to sandy loam but loamy alluvial
soil suits it most.
❖ Laterite and gravely soils are not suitable for Jute crop.
❖ Normal soil pH 6-7.5.
❖ Sowing time:
➢ Capsularis : March-April
➢ Olitorious : April –May
➢ Generally April sowing gives the best results in both types of Jute.
❖ Seed rate:
➢ Capsularis/White Jute : 6-8 kg/ha.
➢ Olitorious/Tossa : 4-5 kg/ha.
➢ Production: Green plant weight yield is 45 to 50 tonnes per hectare
Fibre yield is 2.0 to 2.5 tonnes (20-25 Q.) per hectare .
❖ Harvesting:
➢ Jute is harvested any time between 120 days to 150 days when the flowers have
been shed, early harvesting gives good healthy fibers.
➢ The plant from 8 to 12 feet high are cut with stickles at or close the ground level.
➢ The harvested plants are left in field for 3 days for the leaves to shed.
❖ Steeping/Soaking:After 2-4 days of harvesting the plants are shaken for complete leaf
shedding and they are tied in bundles of about 20-22cm in diameter.
❖ Retting:
➢ Retting is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are taken to the tank by
which fibres get loosened and separated from the woody stalk.
➢ The bundles are steeped in water at least 60 cm to 100 cm depth.
➢ The retting process is completed in 8 to 30 days, when the barks separate out easily
from the stick or wood and the fibers are ready for extraction.
➢ Optimum temperature for retting is about 34 oC

❖ Stripping (Fibre Extraction) :
➢ Stripping is the process of removing the fibers from the stalk after the completion
of retting.
❖ Ribboning:
Page | 20 ➢ This practice is very common in china and Taiwan, but not popular in India.
➢ It consist of peeled out of raw bark from the green plant, immediately after harvest and
bundles of the ribbons thus obtained are retted.
Legume Crops:
Chick Pea:
❖ B.N: Cicer arietinum(Desi gram/Brown)

Cicer Kabulium(Kabuli/Whitegarm)
❖ Family : Leguminaceae / Papilonaceae
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n =14,16
❖ Origin : S.W.Asia
❖ India is the largest producer of Gram in the world sharing 65% area & 70 % of total
global production.
❖ Gram is major pulse crop in India followed by Pigeon pea.
❖ The sour taste of leaves and pods is due to the presence of Malic acid 90-96% and oxalic
acid 4-10%.
❖ Gram is a C3 plant.
❖ Gram is a long day plant.
❖ Gram fruit is known as Pod.
❖ Protein content in Gram 21.1 %
❖ Climate:
➢ Chick Pea is a winter season crop.
➢ It is highly susceptible to frost at flowering stage.
➢ It is generally grown under rainfed condition.
❖ Soil:
➢ Gram is grown on all kinds of soil, sandy loam to clay is considerable to be most
suitable.
❖ Seed rate:
➢ Early sown:75-80kg/ha.

➢ Late sown : 80-100 kg/ha.

❖ Sowing time: 2nd fortnight of October is optimum time.
❖ Spacing:
➢ Common: 30*10 cm.
❖ Plant population: 3,33,333 plants
Page | 21 ❖ The seed should be placed 8-10cm deep because the shallow sown crop is more liable to
be damaged by wilt .
❖ ROOT SYSTEM:
➢ The roots usually include a central strong tap root, with numerous lateral branches
that spread out in all directions in the upper layer of soils.
➢ There are numerous nodules on roots.
➢ The rhizobium bacteria present in these nodules fix up atmospheric nitrogen.
❖ Nipping/Topping:
➢ Nipping is the process of plucking the apical buds after 30-40 DAS ,in order to stop
apical growth for promotion of lateral bud branching, yielding more pods, and
yields.
➢ It can be done by a flock of sheep.
➢ Chemical for nipping TIBA @ 75 PPM Tri-iodo- benzoic Acid.
❖ Critical Stage: Pre flowering, Pod Development
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Wilt Fusarium oxysporium sp. ciceri
Stem Rot Sclerotinia sclerotinia
Botrytis Grey mold Botrytis cineria
Rust Uromyces cicer
Powdrey mildew Oidiopsis taurica

Ascochyta Blight Ascochyta rabiei
❖ Major Insect:

Gram Pod Borer Helicoverpa armigera
Cut worm Agrotis ipsilon
Termites Odontotermes obesu
Semilooper Autographa nigrisigna
❖ Yield: A well managed crop yields about 20-25 q/ha.

Pigeon Pea:
Page | 22
❖ B.N: Cajanas cajan

❖ Family : Leguminaceae / Papilonaceae
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n = 22
❖ Origin : Africa
❖ Pigeon pea is also called as Arhar, Tur , Red gram.
❖ After chickpea ,arhar is the second most important pulse crop .
❖ Climate:
➢ Pigeon Pea is mainly grown in tropical & Sub-tropical.
➢ The crop prefers a fairly moist and warm climate during the periods of its
vegetative growth.
➢ It is highly susceptible to frost at flowering stage.
❖ Soil:
➢ It does best on fertile and well drained loamy soils.
➢ The saline- alkaline and waterlogged soils are unfit for its cultivation.
❖ The flowers are often self-pollinated but some time cross pollinated.
❖ C3 , Short day plant.
❖ Hardy crop, most drought tolerant crop among major pulse.
❖ Harvest index is 19 % lowest in among pulses.
❖ Critical stage of Irrigation: Pre-flowering, Pod development
❖ Seed Rate:
➢ Common: 12-15 kg/ha.
➢ Seed germination is hypogeal type.
❖ Sowing time-15 June- July
❖ Spacing:
➢ Common: 60* 30cm.
❖ Plant population for kharif is 55,000 plants/ha.
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Sterility mosaic Virus (Vector : Eriophyid mite-Aceria
cajani)
Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporiu
Rust Uredo cajani
❖ Major Insect:

Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera
Plume moth Exelastis atomosa
Spotted pod borer Maruca testulalis
Field bean pod borer Adisura atkinsoni
Page | 23
Red gram pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa
Eriyophid mite: Aceria cajani (Vector of red gram
sterility mosaic virus)
❖ Yield:
➢ Pigeon pea may yield about 20-25 quintals of grain and 50-60 quintals of sticks per
hectare.
➢ In storage time grain moisture should be 10-11%.
Pea:
❖ B.N: Pisum sativum

❖ Family: Leguminaceae / Papilonaceae
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n =14
❖ Origin: Mediterranean region of southern Europe and to western Asia.
❖ Two types of pea are generally cultivated:
➢ Garden pea: Pisum sativum var. hortense.
• It is also called table pea.
• In this type young, green seeds are mostly in vegetables and also for canning
purpose.
➢ Field Pea : Pisum sativum var. arvense
• In this type the ripe, mature seeds are used as the pulse (Dal)
❖ Climate:
➢ Field pea requires a cool growing season, moderate temperatures are essential
throughout the growing season.
➢ For germination about 22 oC temperature is considered favorable.
➢ The optimum monthly temperature suitable for its growth is 13-18 0C
❖ Soil:
➢ A well-drained soil is essential for successful production of field pea.

➢ Field pea is highly sensitive to water logging, hence a well-drained loam soil is
considered best for pea cultivation.
➢ They tolerate a moderate soil pH range (6.5-7.5). The optimum pH is 6.5
❖ Sowing time:
➢ Second fortnight of October is the optimum time for sowing of field peas in north
Page | 24 Indian states.
➢ Sowing after October results in drastic yield reduction.
❖ Seed rate & Spacing:
➢ Garden pea: 100-120 kg/ha.
➢ Field pea : 75-80 kg/ha.
➢ Spacing : Approx. - 30x10cm.
❖ Critical stage of Irrigation: Pre-flowering, Pod development
❖ Maturity of pea is measured by: Tendrometer
❖ Arkel variety is sickle shaped pods.
❖ Sylvia : Whole pod is edible.
❖ Aparna is first dwarf variety.
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi
Powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni
Rust Uromyces fabae
❖ Yield:
➢ Garden pea: 80-120 q/ha.
➢ Field pea : 20-25 q/ha.
Oilseed crops:
Soybean:
❖ B.N: Glycine max

❖ Family: Leguminosae
❖ Origin: Eastern Asia or China
❖ It is also known as wonder crop or yellow jewel.
❖ Inflorescence: Raceme
❖ Fruit : Pod
❖ Soybean is C3 and short day plant.
❖ Soybean contain 42 % protein and 20 % oil.

❖ Germination type : Epigeal
❖ Climate:
➢ Soybean grow well in warm and moist climate.
➢ Minimum Temperature : 10 0c
Page | 25 ➢ Optimum temperature : 26.50c-30 0c
➢ Soil temperatures of 15.5 0c or above favor rapid germination and vigorous seedling
growth.
❖ Soil:
➢ Well drained and fertile loam soils with a pH between 6.0-7.5 are most suitable for
the Soybean.
➢ Sodic and saline soils inhabit germination of seeds.
❖ Seed rate & Spacing:
➢ Common : 70-80 kg/ha.
➢ Late planting: 100-120 kg/ha.
➢ Spacing: 30x10cm.
❖ Plant population: 3-4 lakh plants/ha.
❖ Depth of sowing: 3-4 cm.
❖ Sowing time: Sowing time is 3rd week of June to 1st fortnight of July.
❖ Critical stage of Irrigation:
Sprouting Flowering Pod filling

stage. stage. stage.
Grain
development
stage.
❖ Nodule formation starts 2-3 weeks after sowing and nitrogen fixation start 2 weeks
after nodule formation up to 6-8 weeks.
❖ Nodule formation by Rhizobium japonicum.
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina
Collar rot / Sclerotial blight Sclerotium rolfsii.
Yellow mosaic Virus (Vector: white fly –Bemisia
tabaci)
❖ Major Insect:

Girdle beetle Oberea (Obereopsis) brevis

Stem Fly Melanagromyza sojae
Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura
Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua
Page | 26 ❖ Yield:
➢ At harvest the moisture content of the seeds 15-20 %.
➢ Improved varieties of Soybean yield 30-35 quintals of grain per hectare.
Groundnut:
❖ B.N: Arachis hypogaea

❖ Family: Leguminaceae
❖ Origin: Brazil in south America
❖ Chromosome no.: 2n= 40
❖ Known as Peanut/earthnut/monkey nut
❖ Classification:
Classification:
Spreading/trailing
Erect/Bunch type
type
Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea

var. fastigiata var. procumbens
❖ Climate:

➢ Groundnut is essentially a tropical plant.

➢ It requires a long and warm growing season.
➢ It seems that plant will grow best when the mean temperature 21-26.5 oC.
❖ Soil:
➢ Groundnut thrives best in well-drained sandy and sandy loam soils, as light soil
Page | 27 help in easy penetration.
➢ Clay or heavy soil are not suitable for this crop.
➢ Soil with pH between 6.0-6.5.
❖ Seed rate:
➢ Bunch verities: 100-120 kg/ha.
➢ Spreading varieties : 80-100 kg/ha.
❖ Sowing should be done about 5cm deep behind the plough or with the help of dibbler or
seed planter.
❖ Sowing time:
➢ Kharif : Last week of June to 1st week of July
➢ Rabi: November – December
❖ Spacing:
➢ Bunch : 30 x15 cm.
➢ Spreading : 45 x 15 cm.
❖ Plant population :
➢ Bunch : 2.22 lakh/ha.
➢ Spreading: 1.48 lakh/ha.
➢ Rabi : 4.44 lakh/ha.
❖ Self Pollinated
❖ C3, Short day plants
❖ Hypogeal germination
❖ Groundnut contain 45 % oil in kernel and 26 % protein in kernel.
❖ Shelling % : 70 %
❖ In groundnut :
In
groundnut
7-8% N 1.5 % P 1.5 % K
❖ Critical Irrigation stage:

Flowering
Pegging
Page | 28
Pod
formation
❖ Aflatoxin: Aflatoxin is produced in groundnut when infected by Aspergillus flavus

group of fungi mainly during in storage.
❖ Major disease:
Disease Pathogen
Early leaf spot Cercospora arachidicola
Late leaf spot Cercospora personatum
Rust Puccinia arachidis
Stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii
Major Insect:
White grubs : Holotrichia consanguinea,
Aphids Aphis craccivora
Groundnut bud borer Anarsia ephippias
Pod borer Anisolabis stalli
Pod bug Aphanus sordidus
Groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella
❖ Yield:
➢ Bunch Type : 15-20 q/ha.
➢ Spreading Type : 20-30q/ha.
Mustard:
❖ B.N: Brassica spp.

❖ Family: Cruciferae
❖ Origin: China
❖ Mustard species:
➢ B. compestris- Sarson
➢ B. napus – Rapseed
➢ B. juncea- Brown mustard(Indian)
➢ B. nigra- Black mustard
➢ B. carinata- Ethiopian mustard
➢ B. rapa- Toria
➢ Eruca sativa- Taramira
❖ Climatic requirements:
➢ Mustard thrives well in dry and cool climate, therefore mustard mostly grown as
Rabi season crop.
➢ This crop does not tolerate frost.
➢ Mustard crop requires the temperatures between 10°C to 25°C.
Page | 29 ❖ Soil:
➢ Mustard can be grown in wide varieties of soils that ranges from light to heavy
loamy soils.
➢ Soil ideal pH range for Mustard is 6.0 to 7.5.
❖ Sowing time and seed rate:
➢ Mustard usually sown in Sept – Oct months.
➢ For better germination, seeds should be sown maximum of 6 cm depth in the
soil.
➢ Pure mustard crop seed rate 4-6 kg/ha.
➢ Mixed crop seed rate: 2 – 3 kg per hectare.
Spacing:
➢ Mustard /Rai : 45cm x 20cm.
➢ Toria /Rapeseed: 30 x 10cm.
❖ Critical stage of irrigation:
➢ Rosette stage
➢ Siliqua formation stage
❖ Pusa Jai Kisan: Its first variety Brassica juncea developed in the world.
❖ NRCHB-506 : It is the first hybrid of mustard in India developed from Directorate of
Rapeseed and Mustard Research ,Bharatpur Rajsthan
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Sclerotinia Stem Rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
White Rust Albugo candida
Downy Mildew Peronospora parasitica
Alternaria Black Spot Alternaria brassicae
❖ Major Insect:
Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella
Leaf webber Crocidolomia binotalis
Mustard saw fly Athalia lugens proxima
Cabbage head borer Hellula undalis
Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi
Painted bug Bargrada hilaris cruciferarum
❖ Yield:
➢ Rapeseed: 14-20 q/ha.
➢ Mustard: 20-25 q/ha.

Sesamum:
Page | 30
❖ B.N: Sesamum indicum

❖ Family : Pedaliaceae
❖ Origin: India
❖ Sesame crop contains 18-20 % Protein and 50 % oil.
❖ Climate:
➢ It is generally cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical.
➢ Ideal temperature for sesame cultivation is between 25 °C – 27 °C
❖ Soil:
➢ Soil is well drained and light loamy soil for better growth performance.
➢ Adding well rotten Farm Yard Manure to the soil is beneficial in getting higher
yields.
➢ Sandy soils and saline are not suitable for sesame cultivation.
❖ Seed rate and spacing:
➢ For planting one hectare usually 3-4 kg seed is required.
➢ The depth of sowing should not be more than 3cm
➢ Spacing: 45 x 15 cm.
➢ Critical stage of Irrigation: 4-5 leaf stage, Flowering, Pod formation
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Sesamum phyllody Phytoplasma(Transmitted by the
vector Orosius albicintus)
Bacterial blight Xanthomonas campestris pv.
sesami
Cercospora leaf spot / White Cercospora sesami
spot
❖ Major Insect:

Leaf webber, roller and capsule borer Antigastra catalaunalis

Hawk or Dead head moth Acherontia styx
Linseed gall fly Dasyneura sesame
Gall fly Asphondylia sesami
Leaf hopper Orosius albicinctus
Page | 31
Aphids Aphis gossypii
❖ Yield:
❖ Average : 8-10 q/ha.
Sunflower
❖ B.N: Helianthus annus

❖ Family : Compositae
❖ Chromosome no.:
❖ Origin: Southern United states & Mexico
❖ Auxin activity is more in Apical portion of flower.
❖ Sunflower is a day neutral crop.
❖ The head of sunflower is called as Capitulai.
❖ Sunflower contains 45-50% oil.
❖ Climate: The crop requires a cool climate during germination and seedling growth.
➢ Seedlings tolerate frosts moderately well until they reach the four to six leaf stage
of development.
➢ It requires warm weather from the seedling stage up to flowering stage and
warm and sunny days during flowering to maturity.
❖ Soil:
➢ Sunflower can be grown on a wide range of soils and tolerates a moderate pH
range and some salinity.
➢ It thrives best on deep loam soils with good drainage and irrigation facilities.
➢ The optimum range of soil pH for this crop is 6.5 to 8.5.
❖ Sowing time:
➢ Kharif : July to 1st week of August
➢ Rabi : November 1st to 2nd week
➢ Summer : February 2nd week
➢ Germination type : Epigeal
❖ Seed rate & spacing:
➢ Normal : 8-10 kg per hectare.

➢ The seed should be sown at 3-4 cm depth for better stand.
➢ Kharif : 60 x 20 cm.
➢ Rabi : 45 x 20 cm.
❖ Critical stage of irrigation:
Page | 32 ➢ Bud initiation (35-40 DAS)
➢ Flower opening (55-65 DAS)
➢ Seed filling (65-90 DAS)
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Alternaria blight Alternaria carthami
Leaf spot Cercospora carthami
Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum
❖ Major Insect:
Capitulum borer (Head borer) Helicoverpa armigera
Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua
Shield bug Galeatus scrophicus)
Green jassid Amsacta biguttula
❖ Yield:
➢ The sunflower crop is ready for harvest when moisture in seed is 20 percent.
➢ Average yield : 18-20 q/hectare.
Sugarcane:
❖ B.N: Saccharam spp.

❖ Family : Graminae
❖ Chromosome no.: 80
❖ Origin : Indo-Burma.
❖ India’s position in area and production of Sugarcane is 2nd.
❖ Brazil > India > Cuba > China
❖ Cuba is known as Sugarcane bowl of world.

❖ India’s leading sugarcane producing states are UP>MH>TN.
❖ Classification:
➢ S. officinarum : Noble/thick/and juicy cane ,low fiber, content, 2n:80
➢ S.barberi: Indian cane, medium sucrose and high fiber content. 2n: 82-124
Page | 33 ➢ S.sinense: Chinese cane ,medium sucrose, high fiber content. 2n: 118
➢ S.spontaneum
➢ S.robustum
❖ Classification:
Classification
Tropical cane Indian cane Wild cane
Saccharum Saccharum Saccharum Saccharum Saccharum

officinarum barberi sinensis spontaneum robustum
❖ Climate:
➢ Sugarcane is a tropical plant.
➢ It grow most successfully in those regions where the climate is more or less
tropical.
➢ It is a long duration crop.
➢ Best temperature suited for sugarcane is 28-32°C.
➢ For ripening, relatively low temperatures in the range of 12° to 14° are desirable.
❖ Soil:
➢ Sugarcane cane be grown on all types of soil ranging from sandy loam to clay
loam.
➢ Well drained loamy soil is best suitable for sugarcane.
➢ Saline, alkaline and acidic soil are not suitable for this crop.
➢ Optimum soil pH required is 6.5-7.5
❖ Planting season: In India, sugarcane is planted thrice a year –
Season Month Planted in region Crop Duration
Spring Feb.- March North India 12 Month
Autumn Sept.- October North India 12 Month
Adsali/Eksali July-Aug. South India 18 Month
Prominent sugarcane based cropping system in tropical and subtropical regions of the
country
Sub tropical Tropical region

Paddy- Autumn Sugarcane-ratoon-wheat Bajra-Sugarcane(pre-seasonal)-Ratoon- wheat
Greengram- Autumn Sugarcane-ratoon-wheat Paddy-Sugarcane-Ratoon- Finger millet
Maiz- Autumn Sugarcane-ratoon-wheat Paddy-Sugarcane-Ratoon- Wheat
Kharif Crops-Potato-Spring Sugarcane-ratoon- Paddy-Sugarcane-Ratoon- gingelly
Page | 34 Wheat
Kharif Crops-Mustard-Spring Sugarcane-ratoon- Paddy-Sugarcane-Ratoon- urd
Wheat
Kharif Crops-Pea/Coriander-Spring Sugarcane Cotton-Sugarcane-Ratoon–wheat
ratoon-Wheat
Kharif Crops-Wheat-late Planted Sugarcane-ratoon- Sugarcane-Ratoon-Kharif rice-Winter rice
Wheat
❖ Seed rate:
➢ Planted setts should have 3 buds with 10 to 12 month age.
➢ Sett rate: 3 budded: 35,000-40,000 setts/ha.
➢ 2 budded: 80,000 setts/ha.
➢ 1 budded: 1, 20,000 setts/ha.
❖ Zero tillage is mostly practiced in Sugarcane.
❖ Saline soil is unfit for cultivation of sugarcane.
❖ Planting method:
Flat bed method Used in North India, Shallow furrow at 75-90 cm spacing with 8-10 cm
depth.
Ridge & Furrow Used in South India, Dead furrow with 10-15 cm
depth, ridge is made, end to end method.
Trench method Used in Coastal area, Deep 'U' shaped trench at 75-
90 cm spacing with 20-25 cm depth.
Distant planting Developed at IISR, Lucknow, single budded setts
are planted in nursery 0 20 qt or 1800 setts ha-'.After 45-60 days, single
buds are transplanted in main field.
Rayangans method Developed cane shoots with transplanting of single sprouted bud, not
adopted in India, used for gap filling.
Mechanical planting IISR, Lucknow, tractor mounted sugarcane planter

puts a seed sett & puts a fertilizer on the side of sett
and after that cover the soil over planting material,
Cheap method of planting.
Skip furrow Combine method of Flat bed and trench method,
Trenches are dug 45 cm apart and a gap of 90 cm is
left after each two rows of cane planted at 45 cm.
Pit method Practised in sloppy land, 20-30 cm pits dug in row
along the contour with row-row spacing of 75 cm.
Canes are placed in pit in triangle and covered with
soil.
❖ Nutrient management:
N 150-250 KG 50% Basel Dose

25% after 3 months of planting
25% after tillering stage
P 100-150 KG
K 100-150 KG
Page | 35 S 15-20 KG
ZnsO4 10 KG
❖ Higher dose of nitrogen enhance vegetative growth, resulting in reduced sucrose content.
❖ Application of nitrogen fixing (Azospirillum and Gluconacetobacter) and phosphate
solubilizing (Phosphobacteria) bio-fertilizers were found to reduce the requirement of
chemical fertilizers to the extent of 25%.
❖ Irrigation Phases of Sugarcane:
Germination phase – 0 to 60 DAP
Formative phase – 60-130 DAP
Grand phase – 130-250 DAP
Maturity phase – 250-365 DAP
❖ Most critical stage for irrigation is Formative stage.

❖ Formative (Tillering) and Grand phase are the most sensitive for water stress.
❖ Symptoms for Judging Sugarcane maturity:

➢ Arrowing and plant’s growth is stopped.
➢ Cane become brittle, produces metallic sound and breaks easily at nodes (most
important symptoms)
➢ Buds swell out at nodes.
➢ Brix (Brix hydrometer/Refractometer) reading is between 18-20 per cent.
➢ Glucose content is < 0.5 per cent when tested by Fehling solution.
❖ Crop Logging:
➢ Crop Logging is a method of plant analysis for assessing nutrient requirement of
crops, given by H.F. Clements.
➢ It was used in sugarcane at Hawaii.
➢ Potassium (K) is responsible for translocation of sugar in sugarcane.
➢ Blind/light hoeing is done at 1 week after planting.

➢ Earthing up is done at 4 month after planting to protect from lodging, facilitate

irrigation and economical water use efficiency.
❖ Institute/Organization related to sugarcane:
➢ Breeding Institute (SBI), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
➢ Institute of Sugarcane Research, (IISR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Page | 36 ➢ Indian Sugar Institute (ISI), Kanpur
➢ Indian Sugar Mills Association, New Delhi
➢ National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Ltd (NFCSF), New Delhi
➢ AICRP on sugarcane was stated in 1970-71.
❖ International:
➢ International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Mauritius,
➢ Brazilian Society of Sugar and Ethanol Technologists, Brazil.
❖ Recovery: In north India, the crop is harvested earlier (in 10-12 months) yields about
600-1000 Quintals per hectare and in south India harvested later (in 18 months). It yields
about 800-1300 Quintals per hectare.
➢ Juice by ordinary crusher : 50-65%
➢ Juice by Power crusher : 60-70%
➢ Juice by Vaccum crusher : 70-75%
➢ Sucrose Content in Cane: 13-24
➢ Gur recovery from Juice : 10 %
➢ Crystallized Sugar from Gur : 62.5%
➢ Molasses : 3.5-4 %
➢ Rab : 18 -20 %
❖ Major disease:
Disease Pathogen
Red rot Colletotrichum falcatum (Perfect stage:
Physalospora tucumanensis)
Smut Ustilago scitaminea
Sett rot or Pineapple disease Ceratocystis paradoxa
Wilt Cephalosporium sacchari
Gummosis Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vasculorum
Red stripe Pseudomonas rubrilineans
Ratoon stunting Clavibacter xyli sub sp. xyli
Grassy shoot Phytoplasma
❖ Major Insect:
Early shoot borer Chilo infuscatellus snellen
Internode Borer Chilo sacchariphagus indicus
Top Shoot Borer: Scirpophaga excerptalis
Sugarcane Wooly Aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera
Mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari
Scale Insects Melanaspis glomerata
Whiteflies Aleurolobus barodensis

❖ Yield:
➢ The average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare.
➢ Southern states : 1000-1200 quintals/hectare.
Page | 37 Tobacco:
❖ B.N: Nicotiana tabacum

❖ Family : Solanaceae
❖ Origin : Central Amaerica
❖ Indian tobacco has two spp.:
➢ Nicotiana tabacum :
• Plant height 150-250 cm.
• Large and narrow leaf
• Nicotine content is 0.5-5.5 %
• Used for smoking and chewing purpose
• Grown on light soils.
➢ Nicotiana tabacum :
• Plant smaller than tabacum.
• Nicotine content is 3.5 – 8%
• Used for hookah, chewing, and snuff purpose.
• Mostly grown on heavy soils.
❖ Climate:
➢ Tobacco is a tropical crop.
➢ Sensitive Waterlogging.
➢ Average temp of 26°C.
➢ Tobacco seeds require about 21°C temperature for germination.
➢ Rainfall / irrigation during active vegetative growth is essential
❖ Soil:
➢ Tobacco is adapted to moderately acidic soils with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5.
➢ Sodic soil are unfit for tobacco production because the plants absorb a lot of
chloride ions which results a poor burning quality of leaves.

❖ Sowing time and seed rate:

➢ The optimum time for sowing is the second fortnight of August.
➢ A seed rate of 2-3 kg/ha is quite sufficient.
❖ Important Operation:
➢ Topping: Removal of flower heads either alone or with few upper/top leaves from
Page | 38 the plant to improve the size and quality of leaves.
➢ De-suckering:
• After topping auxiliary bud grow; removal of such lateral branches or suckers/
auxiliary buds is called de-suckering.
• The main aim of topping and de-suckering is to divert energy and nutrient from
flower head to leaves.
➢ Priming:
• Removal of mature leaves
• Entire harvest needs 5-6 priming.
• Used in cigarette and wrapper tobacco.
➢ Curing:
• It is essentially a drying whereby most of the moisture of leaf is removed to
impart required color, texture, and aroma to the final product.
• E.g. Flue curing used for cigarette process.

Space for your notes…
Page | 39

Space for your notes…
Page | 40
Always try to give your best. With quality material and good teachers
you can improve yourself as per the requirement of exam. “Quality is
never an accident; it is always the result of you continues effort.”-
Agri Coaching Chandigarh

Agri Coaching Chandigarh Classes: Rice and Wheat Cultivation

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❖ Botanical name : Oryza sativa

Season Sowing Time Harvest Time

Aman June-July Nov.-Dec

Boro Nov-Dec March-April

Hybrid rice 15 kg/ha

❖ Dapog method: 1.5-2 kg/m2

SRI method 25 * 25 (cm.)

❖ Rice plant is transplanted at :

❖ Manure & fertilizer:

❖ Hulling percent in rice is 66 %.

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Insect Zoological Name

Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens

Brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens

Rice Gundhi bug Leptocorisa acuta

White backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera

Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis

➢ The grain contain about 20 -25 % moisture at harvesting time.

Agri Coaching Chandigarh www.agricoaching.in Contact: 9828822277

❖ Botanical name : Triticum spp.

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Late 125 kg/ha

❖ Germination type : Hypogeal

❖ Critical phases for irrigation are:

Agri Coaching Chandigarh www.agricoaching.in Contact: 9828822277

Insect Zoological name

Agri Coaching Chandigarh www.agricoaching.in Contact: 9828822277

❖ B.N: Zea mays

Agri Coaching Chandigarh www.agricoaching.in Contact: 9828822277

Kharif crop 15-20 kg /ha

❖ Critical stage of water:

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❖ Maize protein is called zein.

Insect Zoological Name

➢ Hybrid: 50-60 q/ha.

❖ B.N : Sorghum bicolor

Agri Coaching Chandigarh www.agricoaching.in Contact: 9828822277

➢ Soils with clay loam or loam texture.

❖ The best high yield variety of Rabi Jowar : M 35-1

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Sorghum midge Contarinia sorghicola

❖ B.N :Pennisetum typhoid

❖ Germination type: Hypogeal type

➢ It does best on well drained sandy loams.

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❖ B.N: Gossypium spp.

Cotton Name Plant height (m.) Fiber length(cm.)

Gossypium arborium 1.5-2.0 1.25-2.0

Gossypium harbaceum 1-1.5 1.5-2.50

Gossypium hirsutum 1.5 1.8-3.0

Gossypium barbadense 1.5 3.6-5.0

❖ Cotton is known as white gold.

Hybrid Bt. Cotton

➢ (UNR was developed in USA)

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❖ Critical stage of Irrigation: Flowering, Boll formation

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Insect Zoological name

❖ B.N: Corchorus spp.

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It is also known as Mitha Pat/Tossa.