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Agri Coaching Chandigarh
Cereals crop
Rice
❖ Temperature :
Max=
36-380C
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Optimum = 30-320C
Minimum= 10-120C
❖ Soil: Clay or clay loams are most suited for rice cultivation.
❖ A major part of rice crop in India is grown under low land condition.
❖ Acidic soil are good for rice cultivation it grow well in soil having a pH range between
5-6.5. (As per the norms by IRRI)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_criteria_of_an_ideal_rice_soil
❖ Sowing Time:
❖ Seed rate:
Broadcasting 100kg/ha
Drilling 60 kg/ha
❖ Spacing
Transplanting 20 * 10 (cm.)
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Hybrid rice 20 * 15(cm.)
FYM :
N : 100
250-300
kg /ha
q/ha
P : 60 kg K : 50
/ha kg/ha
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Blast of Rice Pyricularia oryzae
Brown Spot Helminthosporium oryzae
Page | 4 Sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani
False smut Ustilaginoidea virens
Udbatta disease Ephelis oryzae
Foot rot or Bakanae disease Fusarium moniliforme
Bacterial leaf blight (Kresek”) Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
❖ Major Insect:
❖ Yield:
Wheat:
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Minumum=
4.50C
Optimum = 210C
Maximum= 320C
❖ Seed Rate:
Normal 100kg/ha
FYM :
10-15 N : 120
tonnes/ kg /ha
ha
P : 60 kg K : 40
/ha kg/ha
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Black or stem rust - Puccinia graminis tritici
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Brown or leaf rust Puccinia triticina (P. recondita
Yellow or stripe rust Puccinia striiformis
Loose smut Ustilago nuda tritici
Karnal bunt - Neovassia indica
Hill bunt or Stinking smut Tilletia caries / T.foetida
Flag smut Urocystis tritici
Tundu or yellow ear rot(Bacteria Corynebacterium tritici + Anguina tritici
+Neamtode)
Molya disease: Heterodera avenae (Nematode)
Ear-Cockle of wheat Anguina tritici
Powdery mildew - Erysiphe graminis var. tritici
❖ Major Insect:
❖ Yield :
➢ Moisture content at harvesting stage in wheat is : 25 -30 %
➢ Irrigated area- 40-45q/ha.
➢ Rainfed condition- 20-25q/ha.
➢ In India Average Yield 30q/ha.
Maize
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Min.=
8-100C
Optimum = 32-350C
maximum= 40-440C
❖ Soil:
➢ Maize is best adapted to well drained sandy loam to silty loam soil.
➢ The crop is very sensitive to water logging.
➢ It can be grown successful in soils whose pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.5.
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Tassel & silk:
❖ Tassel : The terminal male flower clusters are called tassel.
❖ Silk : The style is a very long silky filament, bears the female hairy cluster of which is
known as silk.
❖ Seed rate:
Page | 10
❖ Major Insect:
❖ Yield:
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Page | 11
Sorghum:
❖ Temperature:
Minimum=
8-100C
Optimum = 32-350C
Maximum= 36-380C
❖ Soil:
FYM :
10-15 N : 100
tonnes/ kg /ha
ha
P : 50 kg K : 40
/ha kg/ha
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Downy Mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi
Anthracnose and red rot - Colletotrichum graminicolum
Rust Puccinia purpurea
Ergot or Sugary disease Sphacelia sorghi
Grain smut / Covered smut Sphacelotheca sorghi
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
Shootfly Atherigona varia soccata
❖ Yield:
➢ The right stage for harvest is when grains have become hard having less than 25 %
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moisture.
➢ Irrigated condition: 25-30 q/ha.
➢ Fodder: 300-400 q/ha
Pearl Millet:
Moisture:
12.4%
Protein : 11.6 % Fat : 5%
Minerals : Carbohydrates
2.7% : 67%
FYM :
10-15 N : 100
tonnes/ kg /ha
ha
P : 50 K : 40
kg /ha kg/ha
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Downy mildew Sclerospora graminicola
Smut Tolyposporium penicillariae
Rust Puccinia pennisetti
Ergot or Sugary disease Claviceps fusiformis
❖ Yield:
➢ Harvest the crop when grains are hard enough having about 20 % moisture.
➢ Rain fed crop yields about 12 to 16 quintals/ha.
➢ Irrigated crop yields about 25 to 35 quintals/ha.
➢ Fodder: 300-400q/ha.
Fiber crops:
Cotton:
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❖ Soil:
➢ Black soil is best suitable for cotton.
➢ Cotton can be successfully grown on all soil except sandy, saline, and
waterlogged soil.
➢ Cotton needs a fertile soil with good moisture holding capacity.
Page | 16 ❖ Seed rate:
American
Desi
cotton :
Cotton: 10-
18-20
15 kg/ha.
kg/ha.
❖ Spacing:
American Desi
cotton: cotton:
60*30cm. 60*15cm.
Hybrid Ultra-
cotton: narrow-
100*60cm. row:
19*19cm.
❖ Sowing Time:
➢ North India : 1st fornight of May
➢ Central India : Last week of June to 1st week of July
➢ In Tamil-Nadu: Sept.- Oct.
❖ Manure & Fertilizer:
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FYM :
N : 40-
15-20
60 kg
tonnes/
/ha
ha
P : 25- K : 25-
30 kg 30
/ha kg/ha
❖ Major Insect:
❖ Yield:
➢ Common: 15-20 q/ha.
➢ Hybrid : 25-30 q/ha.
Jute:
❖ Harvesting:
➢ Jute is harvested any time between 120 days to 150 days when the flowers have
been shed, early harvesting gives good healthy fibers.
➢ The plant from 8 to 12 feet high are cut with stickles at or close the ground level.
➢ The harvested plants are left in field for 3 days for the leaves to shed.
❖ Steeping/Soaking:After 2-4 days of harvesting the plants are shaken for complete leaf
shedding and they are tied in bundles of about 20-22cm in diameter.
❖ Retting:
➢ Retting is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are taken to the tank by
which fibres get loosened and separated from the woody stalk.
➢ The bundles are steeped in water at least 60 cm to 100 cm depth.
➢ The retting process is completed in 8 to 30 days, when the barks separate out easily
from the stick or wood and the fibers are ready for extraction.
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Legume Crops:
Chick Pea:
❖ Major Insect:
Pigeon Pea:
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❖ Major Insect:
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❖ Yield:
➢ Pigeon pea may yield about 20-25 quintals of grain and 50-60 quintals of sticks per
hectare.
➢ In storage time grain moisture should be 10-11%.
Pea:
➢ Field pea is highly sensitive to water logging, hence a well-drained loam soil is
considered best for pea cultivation.
➢ They tolerate a moderate soil pH range (6.5-7.5). The optimum pH is 6.5
❖ Sowing time:
➢ Second fortnight of October is the optimum time for sowing of field peas in north
Page | 24 Indian states.
➢ Sowing after October results in drastic yield reduction.
❖ Seed rate & Spacing:
➢ Garden pea: 100-120 kg/ha.
➢ Field pea : 75-80 kg/ha.
➢ Spacing : Approx. - 30x10cm.
❖ Critical stage of Irrigation: Pre-flowering, Pod development
❖ Maturity of pea is measured by: Tendrometer
❖ Arkel variety is sickle shaped pods.
❖ Sylvia : Whole pod is edible.
❖ Aparna is first dwarf variety.
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi
Powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni
Rust Uromyces fabae
❖ Yield:
➢ Garden pea: 80-120 q/ha.
➢ Field pea : 20-25 q/ha.
Oilseed crops:
Soybean:
Grain
development
stage.
❖ Nodule formation starts 2-3 weeks after sowing and nitrogen fixation start 2 weeks
after nodule formation up to 6-8 weeks.
❖ Nodule formation by Rhizobium japonicum.
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina
Collar rot / Sclerotial blight Sclerotium rolfsii.
Yellow mosaic Virus (Vector: white fly –Bemisia
tabaci)
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
Page | 26 ❖ Yield:
➢ At harvest the moisture content of the seeds 15-20 %.
➢ Improved varieties of Soybean yield 30-35 quintals of grain per hectare.
Groundnut:
Classification:
Spreading/trailing
Erect/Bunch type
type
❖ Climate:
In
groundnut
Flowering
Pegging
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Pod
formation
Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
White grubs : Holotrichia consanguinea,
Aphids Aphis craccivora
Groundnut bud borer Anarsia ephippias
Pod borer Anisolabis stalli
Pod bug Aphanus sordidus
Groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella
❖ Yield:
➢ Bunch Type : 15-20 q/ha.
➢ Spreading Type : 20-30q/ha.
Mustard:
❖ Climatic requirements:
➢ Mustard thrives well in dry and cool climate, therefore mustard mostly grown as
Rabi season crop.
➢ This crop does not tolerate frost.
➢ Mustard crop requires the temperatures between 10°C to 25°C.
Page | 29 ❖ Soil:
➢ Mustard can be grown in wide varieties of soils that ranges from light to heavy
loamy soils.
➢ Soil ideal pH range for Mustard is 6.0 to 7.5.
❖ Sowing time and seed rate:
➢ Mustard usually sown in Sept – Oct months.
➢ For better germination, seeds should be sown maximum of 6 cm depth in the
soil.
➢ Pure mustard crop seed rate 4-6 kg/ha.
➢ Mixed crop seed rate: 2 – 3 kg per hectare.
Spacing:
➢ Mustard /Rai : 45cm x 20cm.
➢ Toria /Rapeseed: 30 x 10cm.
❖ Critical stage of irrigation:
➢ Rosette stage
➢ Siliqua formation stage
❖ Pusa Jai Kisan: Its first variety Brassica juncea developed in the world.
❖ NRCHB-506 : It is the first hybrid of mustard in India developed from Directorate of
Rapeseed and Mustard Research ,Bharatpur Rajsthan
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Sclerotinia Stem Rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
White Rust Albugo candida
Downy Mildew Peronospora parasitica
Alternaria Black Spot Alternaria brassicae
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella
Leaf webber Crocidolomia binotalis
Mustard saw fly Athalia lugens proxima
Cabbage head borer Hellula undalis
Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi
Painted bug Bargrada hilaris cruciferarum
❖ Yield:
➢ Rapeseed: 14-20 q/ha.
➢ Mustard: 20-25 q/ha.
Sesamum:
Page | 30
❖ Soil:
➢ Soil is well drained and light loamy soil for better growth performance.
➢ Adding well rotten Farm Yard Manure to the soil is beneficial in getting higher
yields.
➢ Sandy soils and saline are not suitable for sesame cultivation.
❖ Seed rate and spacing:
➢ For planting one hectare usually 3-4 kg seed is required.
➢ The depth of sowing should not be more than 3cm
➢ Spacing: 45 x 15 cm.
➢ Critical stage of Irrigation: 4-5 leaf stage, Flowering, Pod formation
❖ Major Disease:
Disease Pathogen
Sesamum phyllody Phytoplasma(Transmitted by the
vector Orosius albicintus)
Bacterial blight Xanthomonas campestris pv.
sesami
Cercospora leaf spot / White Cercospora sesami
spot
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
❖ Yield:
❖ Average : 8-10 q/ha.
Sunflower
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
Capitulum borer (Head borer) Helicoverpa armigera
Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua
Shield bug Galeatus scrophicus)
Green jassid Amsacta biguttula
❖ Yield:
➢ The sunflower crop is ready for harvest when moisture in seed is 20 percent.
➢ Average yield : 18-20 q/hectare.
Sugarcane:
Classification
❖ Climate:
➢ Sugarcane is a tropical plant.
➢ It grow most successfully in those regions where the climate is more or less
tropical.
➢ It is a long duration crop.
➢ Best temperature suited for sugarcane is 28-32°C.
➢ For ripening, relatively low temperatures in the range of 12° to 14° are desirable.
❖ Soil:
➢ Sugarcane cane be grown on all types of soil ranging from sandy loam to clay
loam.
➢ Well drained loamy soil is best suitable for sugarcane.
➢ Saline, alkaline and acidic soil are not suitable for this crop.
➢ Optimum soil pH required is 6.5-7.5
❖ Planting season: In India, sugarcane is planted thrice a year –
Season Month Planted in region Crop Duration
Spring Feb.- March North India 12 Month
Autumn Sept.- October North India 12 Month
Adsali/Eksali July-Aug. South India 18 Month
Prominent sugarcane based cropping system in tropical and subtropical regions of the
country
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❖ Seed rate:
➢ Planted setts should have 3 buds with 10 to 12 month age.
➢ Sett rate: 3 budded: 35,000-40,000 setts/ha.
➢ 2 budded: 80,000 setts/ha.
➢ 1 budded: 1, 20,000 setts/ha.
❖ Zero tillage is mostly practiced in Sugarcane.
❖ Saline soil is unfit for cultivation of sugarcane.
❖ Planting method:
Flat bed method Used in North India, Shallow furrow at 75-90 cm spacing with 8-10 cm
depth.
Ridge & Furrow Used in South India, Dead furrow with 10-15 cm
depth, ridge is made, end to end method.
Trench method Used in Coastal area, Deep 'U' shaped trench at 75-
90 cm spacing with 20-25 cm depth.
Distant planting Developed at IISR, Lucknow, single budded setts
are planted in nursery 0 20 qt or 1800 setts ha-'.After 45-60 days, single
buds are transplanted in main field.
Rayangans method Developed cane shoots with transplanting of single sprouted bud, not
adopted in India, used for gap filling.
❖ Nutrient management:
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❖ Higher dose of nitrogen enhance vegetative growth, resulting in reduced sucrose content.
❖ Application of nitrogen fixing (Azospirillum and Gluconacetobacter) and phosphate
solubilizing (Phosphobacteria) bio-fertilizers were found to reduce the requirement of
chemical fertilizers to the extent of 25%.
❖ Irrigation Phases of Sugarcane:
❖ Major Insect:
Insect Zoological name
Early shoot borer Chilo infuscatellus snellen
Internode Borer Chilo sacchariphagus indicus
Top Shoot Borer: Scirpophaga excerptalis
Sugarcane Wooly Aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera
Mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari
Scale Insects Melanaspis glomerata
Whiteflies Aleurolobus barodensis
❖ Yield:
➢ The average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare.
➢ Southern states : 1000-1200 quintals/hectare.
Page | 37 Tobacco:
❖ Soil:
➢ Tobacco is adapted to moderately acidic soils with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5.
➢ Sodic soil are unfit for tobacco production because the plants absorb a lot of
chloride ions which results a poor burning quality of leaves.
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Always try to give your best. With quality material and good teachers
you can improve yourself as per the requirement of exam. “Quality is
never an accident; it is always the result of you continues effort.”-
Agri Coaching Chandigarh