TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Introduction To Chemistry

When you were in primary school, you used to learn science as a single subject. At this level of
study, the subject will be broken up into three related subjects, namely Chemistry, Biology and
Physics. The three subjects are closely related. You will require the knowledge of one subject to
study the other. For example, you will apply the knowledge of chemistry to study different
chemical reactions that take place in the body for studying biology of the human body, etc.
Likewise as a biologist, you will need the knowledge of physics to study movements of different
limbs of the body, etc. Therefore, these few examples show how the three subjects are
interdependent. Chemistry is usually studied along with other related subjects such as biology,
physics, earth sciences and mathematics. A person studying science is called a scientist. A
scientist specialized in the study of chemistry is called a chemist.

The Concept of Chemistry

Explain the concept of Chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of nature, properties and composition
of matter. Matter can be defined as anything that has weight or mass and can occupy space.
Therefore, in chemistry we study materials that make up the earth and universe. These range
from living to non-living materials. We apply the knowledge of chemistry to study the
composition, behavior and nature of materials around us. This study enables us to make the best
use of these materials to improve our welfare.

Materials Objects Made by Application of Chemistry

Mention materials objects made by application of chemistry

Chemistry is such an important subject that it is applied in other fields such as agriculture,
manufacturing, medicine, processing and food industries, education, cosmetics and home care
industries, etc. All these industries are responsible for the production of materials that we need
to support and hence improve our lives. Materials made by the application of chemistry
knowledge include soap, chalk, shoes, clothes, petroleum products, alcoholic and non-alcoholic
beverages, cosmetics, drugs, and many others. Can you mention some of the materials made by
the application of chemistry knowledge?
This, therefore, means that chemistry is applied in factories, homes, hospitals, pharmacies,
research centers, higher learning institutions, etc.
Many products made by the application of chemistry in industry are all around us. Some of these
materials are summarized in the table:

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Some products made by application of chemistry

Field where applied Examples of products

Medicine Drugs, vaccines, nutritional supplements
Agriculture Agro-chemicals ( fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,
acaricides), animal drugs and vaccines, animal feed and
supplements
Manufacturing Vehicles, cement, plastics, chemicals, paints, iron
industry sheets, vanishes, glue
Food and beverage Soft and alcoholic drinks, baked food, canned food,
industry spices, cooking oil, salt
Home care and Cosmetics, detergents, toothpaste, shoe polish,
cosmetics industry insecticides, antiseptics, disinfectants
Transport Fuels, lubricants, oil, grease, tar, coolants, tyres
Textile industry Clothes, dyes, bleaches, wax, threads
Leather industry Shoes, handbags, belts, leather articles

The importance of chemistry in life

Areas Where Chemistry is Applied

Mention areas where chemistry is applied

In everyday life, we need different substances to meet our basic human needs like food, shelter,
clothing, comfort and health. Application of chemical knowledge enables the production of
different materials and products that we need to live better.
Examples of these materials, as mentioned early, are (paraffin), sugar, common salt, soft drinks,
medical drugs (medicines), toothpaste and plastics. Others are spirits, wines, shoe polishes,
cement, baking soda, petrol, diesel and cosmetics (soaps, body oils and lotions, body and hair
creams, etc)
All these materials, among others, are made by applying chemical processes. They are needed
for a better living. Can you mention more materials made through chemistry knowledge?

Some materials made by application of chemistry

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Nature is made of materials that may be useless, less useful and even harmful. There are also
things that are very useful to our lives. Through chemistry, we are able to transform (change)
various materials chemically or physically into forms or products that are more useful to man
For example, most laboratory chemicals you use at school are prepared from minerals that are
mined from the rocks in the earth.

Laboratory chemicals

Man cannot use most substances unless they are transformed into products that are more useful.
Limestone lying idle in earth is useless until it undergoes deliberate physical and compositional
transformation into cement. The cement is used for construction of buildings, roads, bridges and
many different structures.
We also need to change different mineral ores through a number of processes into useful
substances such as steel, aluminium, tin, etc. Man has learned how to change harmful substances
into useful products since the long ago.

Common salt may be made from twohazardous substances–hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide.

Chemistry is all around us. We often use chemical products and engage ourselves in chemical
processes more than we can tell. Look at the picture below.
This is an example of a chemical activity in which we can engage ourselves without knowing.

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 A woman washing clothes

Many items we use at school, home and industry are made by applying chemical processes. The
soap we use to wash our clothes and clean our bodies is made from animal fat and an alkali.
Many items are made from plastic. Many kinds of plastics are made from crude oil. What items
are made from plastics in your home? Soft drink bottles are made from glass. The major
component of glass is sand. Glass is made by mixing sand with metal oxides in a furnace at high
temperatures. Some clothing is made from natural fibers such as cotton or silk.
Other fabrics like polyester and nylon are made from chemicals found in coal and crude oil.
What are your clothes made of?

Clothes made from cotton fibres

Man has used medicines extracted from plants and animals since the beginning of time. For
example, cinchona tree contains quinine, which has a bitter taste. Quinine was and is still used
for treatment of malaria. Penicillin is extracted from a fungus called penicillin. Nowadays, it is
possible to make chemicals that have the same effects as naturally occurring drugs.
This forms the basis of the pharmaceutical drugs industry. What medicines extracted from plants
and animals are used in your school or local dispensary?

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Injection drugs and vaccines are made from plant or animal extracts
Apart from clothing, it is a tradition to put on shoes and other attire. Rubber shoes are made
from rubber. Rubber is a sticky milky fluid obtained from certain tropical trees. Skin shoes and
handbags are made from skins and hides of animals. The process of converting these raw
materials into the items mentioned above involves chemistry knowledge.
What other items made by chemical processes do you know?

Skin shoes

Sustainable crop and animal production is also enhanced by application of chemistry

knowledge. The use of chemicals in agriculture is inevitable. Fertilizers, insecticides, acaricides,
herbicides (weed killers) have and are still playing a good role in agricultural and animal
production. In some ecological zones, in order to get good harvest, fertilizer, herbicide and
insecticide application is necessary. The same case applies to animal production. As regards to
control and prevention of tick-borne diseases, application of different acaricides is often
stressed. Also is the use of different drugs to treat internal parasites such as worms, and vaccines
to prevent certain diseases.

The Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life

State the importance of Chemistry in daily life

There are a number of reasons for studying chemistry. If you ask someone to tell you the reason
for studying chemistry, he/she will give reasons based on how the subject touches him/her.
However, there are general and universal reasons as to why we should devote our valuable time
and energy to the study of chemistry. In general, we study chemistry because it helps as to
understand:

 the composition of materials around us;

 the nature, properties and behaviour of these materials;
 why and how materials behave as they do;

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  how a new material, based on the known properties of its allies or counterparts might
behave;
 how to make new materials which will be useful to us; and
 how to extract and use materials from the earth to improve our welfare.
In economic and occupational terms, we can say that the knowledge of chemistry helps us:

 to produce professionals in different disciplines such as pharmacy, engineering, medical

and natural science professions; and
 make items, goods and materials for sale such as chemical laboratory equipments and
reagents, medicines, rubber, cement, paints, steel, plastics, etc. What other materials do you
think can be included in the list?
Therefore, we can summarize that the study of chemistry is important for survival, development
and welfare of man as well as sustainable production of crops and animals.

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