Chapte Rome
r5
Techno Engineering (aqueducts, fortification walls,
roads, building, concrete. )
Social Latin speech typical of people of the
peninsula. Status depended on landowning.
Women always under the paterfamilias (oldest
living male of family), they over time gained
personal protection & eco. rights. Christians
were persecuted because have to worship
emperor, but then it changed to everyone
being Christian after Consta. Municipal
aristocracy crushed out, because had escape
as directly responsible for short taxes + lost
wealth. Christianity spread rapidly in urban
centers. (After split) Edu. Few still
wrote/spoke simplified Latin, but Latin of the
masses evolved into the Romance dialects. In
the N. & E., people spoke Germanic & related
Scandinavian languages. E. of Elbe River
spoke Slavic languages.
Eco. Agriculture is essential, then all that soldier
farmer crap happened and now there are
broad states (grow cash [wine,etc.]). They
became dependant on export grain. Pax
Romana (Roman Peace) benefited trade.
Treasury drained from buying mil. Towns’
prosperity ruined by MOAR TAX MOAAAAR &
fighting stopping trade. Ambitious rulers take
all the metal coinage, some revert to barter.
Pol. Used to be bunch hilltop communities (in
Italy :3), then after some swamp draining
became an urban nucleus. Political privilege
depends on land. Started w/ a Council of
Elders, change to Republic, change to
Principate (kept same forms of Republic,
change the balance of power). Then “Third-
China
Connected the Yangzi & Yellow rivers. Qin built
roads to connect empire & move mil. Faster.
Chang’an carefully planned, became model of
urbanplanning. Recognized importance of tech.
Iron arrived, did best metallurgy. Crossbows &
cavalry help mil. Watermills & collars that let
horse breathe better, carry more stuff.
Basic unit was family, including ancestors.
Believed ancestors would help them, so
maintained favor. Each generation required to
have sons. Doctrine of Confucius became very
influential. Confucianism= interdependent unit.
Guided into right path through edu., imitation of
proper models, & self-improvement. Made values
of Chin. Society: loyalty, obedience to auth.,
respect for elders & ancestors, concern for honor
and appropriate conduct. Carried over to into
relationship btn individual & state. Rich women
under pressure to conform to expectations.
Shunned to have women participate in urban life.
Lower women were likely less affected. Women
& the “three submissions”. Competition btn
family to see which woman ( in-law, wife,
daughter, sister) influences husbands, sons, &
brothers & for a larger share of eco. resources.
Believed divinity in nature, worshipped & tried to
appease forces of nature. (Han) Rich lived in
fancy multistory houses while the poor lived in
alleys and packed buildings. Daoism popular w/
commons.
Agr. Produced wealth & taxes that supported
imperial China. Agr. Spread in Yangzi R. Valley,
need transport, connected Yangzi & Yellow. Btn
seasonal agr. tasks, a man donated 1 month of
labor a year for public works. Also required 2
years of mil. Population growth & increasing
trade gave rise to local market centers, grew to
become county seats from which officials
operated. Monopoly on silk. Continued military
vigilance= burden finances & worsened eco.
People again owned vast lands.
Conductedd cencus. Graddually grew. Pop.
Growth, shortage of good land spurred pioneers.
Govt. sometime set up settlements at mil.
Strategic sites. Took over N. land, pushing
nomads back. Expanded to tropical forests of
S.China. Settled in W. oasis. For centuries,
“Warring States Period”. Qin burst forth and take
Century Crisis” (pol, eco, & mil. Problems).
Diocletan “pulled the empire back from the
brink of self-destrucEXPPPLLLOOOOSSSIOON.
Constantine makes everyone Christian,
transfer cap to Constantinople (former
Byzantium). Deep gulf between E. greek-
speaking lands & W. that came under German
rulers. E. realm becomes Byzantine Empire.
395, W. formally becomes separate entity. By
530, W. had fragmented into kingdoms under
Germanic rulers. Most influential W.
churchman= Patriach of Rome, which
acquired title of Pope & SUPREME ORDER
HAHAHAHA.
over everyone. Many factors for rise of Qin:
rulers exploited exhaustion of others from
interstate rivalry, sate less urbanized, had many
turdy poor for mil., king had strong auth. After
exp. Of mobilizing manpower for irrigation. Ruler
made totalitarian. Broke down on Confu, because
its demands for benevolent & nonviolent
conduct= check on his power. Drew thought
known as legalism. Wanted to eliminate all rivals
to auth., abolished primogeniture as it allowed
vast lands to few eople. Then took out slavery.
Careated free peasantry where everyone gave
tax & provided labor to the state. Standarization
provided unity, before states ahd diff. stuff to
show independence. Standar measure & coin,
law code, writing, etc. Rebellions stopped Qin.
Some guy outlasted rivals and formed Han.
Tempered legalism w/ Confucianism, became the
standard for later. Followed mandate of heaven.
Central govt. run by Prime Minster, civil service
director, & 9 ministers. Faction fights, official
corruption, peasant uprisings, nomad attacks led
to fall of Han. China entered periof of pol.;
fragmentation, & eco. & cult. Regression.