Solutions to Assignment 5 of Math3379

1. Page 77, 1. Verify each of the following functions is entire.

(a) f (z) = 3x + y + i(3y − x).

Solution Assume f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Then u(x, y) = 3x + y, v(x, y) = 3y − x.

ux = 3, uy = 1, vx = −1, vy = 3.
So ux = vy and uy = −vx . And ux , uy , vx and vy are all continuous.
So f (z) is entire.

(b) f (z) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y.

Solution Assume f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Then u(x, y) = sin x cosh y, v(x, y) = cos x sinh y.
ux = cos x cosh y, uy = sin x sinh y, vx = − sin x sinh y, vy = cos x cosh y.
So ux = vy and uy = −vx . And ux , uy , vx and vy are all continuous.
So f (z) is entire.

2. Page 77, 2. Show that each of the following functions is nowhere analytic.
(a) f (z) = xy + iy.

Solution Assume f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Then u(x, y) = xy, v(x, y) = y.
ux = y, uy = x, vx = 0, vy = 1.
ux = vy implies y = 1. uy = −vx implies x = 0. So f (z) is only differentiable at z = 0 + i1 = i.
So f (z) is nowhere analytic.

(c) f (z) = ey eix .

Solution f (z) = ey eix = ey (cos x + i sin x).
Assume f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Then u(x, y) = ey cos x, v(x, y) = ey sin x.
ux = −ey sin x, uy = ey cos x, vx = ey cos x, vy = ey sin x.
ux = vy implies −ey sin x = ey sin x. So 2ey sin x = 0. Since ey > 0, we have sin x = 0. So x = kπ,
k = 0, ±1, ±2, ....
uy = −vx implies ey cos x = −ey cos x. 2ey cos x = 0. Since ey > 0, we have cos x = 0. So
x = π2 + kπ, k = 0, ±1, ±2, ....
So for each fixed z, ux = vy and uy = −vx cannot be satisfied at the same time. So Cauchy-Riemann
equations are not satisfied anywhere.
So f (z) is nowhere analytic.

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 3. Page 78, 7. Let f be a real-valued analytic function in a domain D. Prove that f (z) must be
constant throughout D.

Proof Assume that f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Since f is real-valued, we have v(x, y) = 0. Hence
vx = 0 and vy = 0.
f (z) is analytic in D, hence ux = vy = 0 and uy = −vx = 0 in D.
So f 0 (z) = ux + ivx = 0. So f (z) is constant in D.

4. Page 81, 1. Show that u(x, y) is harmonic in some domain and find a harmonic conjugate v(x, y)
when
(a) u(x, y) = 2x(1 − y).

Solution ux = 2(1 − y), uxx = 0, uy = −2x, uyy = 0.

uxx + uyy = 0 + 0 = 0. So u(x, y) is harmonic.
Since ux = vyR, we have vy = 2(1 − y).
So v(x, y) = 2(1 − y)dy = 2y − y 2 + φ(x).
Then uy = −vx implies −2x = −φ0 (x). So φ0 (x) = 2x. So φ(x) = x2 + C.
So v(x, y) = 2y − y 2 + x2 + C.

(b) u(x, y) = 2x − x3 + 3xy 2 .

Solution ux = 2 − 3x2 + 3y 2 , uxx = −6x, uy = 6xy, uyy = 6x.

uxx + uyy = −6x + 6x = 0. So u(x, y) is harmonic.
Since ux = vyR, we have vy = 2 − 3x2 + 3y 2 .
So v(x, y) = (2 − 3x2 + 3y 2 )dy = 2y − 3x2 y + y 3 + φ(x).
Then uy = −vx implies 6xy = 6xy − φ0 (x). So φ0 (x) = 0. So φ(x) = C.
So v(x, y) = 2y − 3x2 y + y 3 + C.

(c) u(x, y) = sinh x sin y.

Solution ux = cosh x sin y, uxx = sinh x sin y, uy = sinh x cos y, uyy = − sinh x sin y.
uxx + uyy = sinh x sin y − sinh x sin y = 0. So u(x, y) is harmonic.
Since ux = vyR, we have vy = cosh x sin y.
So v(x, y) = cosh x sin ydy = − cosh x cos y + φ(x).
Then uy = −vx implies sinh x cos y = sinh x cos y − φ0 (x). So φ0 (x) = 0. So φ(x) = C.
So v(x, y) = − cosh x cos y + C.

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 y
(d) u(x, y) = x2 +y 2
.

Solution ux = (−1) (x22xy

+y 2 )2
,
2 +y 2 )2 −(2xy)2(x2 +y 2 )2x 2 2 )+8x2 y 3 +6x2 y
uxx = − 2y(x (x2 +y 2 )4
= −2y(x(x2+y +y 2 )3
= −2y
(x2 +y 2 )3
.
1(x2 +y 2 )−y(2y) x2 −y 2
uy = (x2 +y2 )2 = (x2 +y2 )2 ,
−2y(x2 +y 2 )2 −(x2 −y 2 )2(x2 +y 2 )(2y) −2y(x2 +y 2 )−4y(x2 −y 2 ) 3 −6x2 y
uyy = 2
(x +y )2 4 = (x2 +y 2 )3
= 2y (x2 +y 2 )3
.
−2y 3 +6x2 y 2y 3 −6x2 y
uxx + uyy = (x2 +y2 )3 + (x2 +y2 )3 = 0. So u(x, y) is harmonic.
Since ux = vy , we have vy = − (x22xy +y 2 )2
.
2xy
So v(x, y) = − (x2 +y2 )2 dy. Let w = x2 + y 2 , then dw = 2ydy. Hence v(x, y) = − wx2 dw =
R R
x x
w
+ φ(x) = x2 +y 2 + φ(x).
2 −y 2 (x2 +y 2 )−x(2x) 2 −y 2
Then uy = −vx implies (xx2 +y 2 )2 = − (x2 +y 2 )2
− φ0 (x) = (xx2 +y 0 0
2 )2 − φ (x). So φ (x) = 0. So

φ(x) = C.
x
So v(x, y) = x2 +y 2
+ C.

5. Page 81, 2. Show that if v and V are harmonic conjugates of u(x, y) in a domain D, then v(x, y)
and V (x, y) can differ at most by an additive constant.

Proof Assume that v and V are harmonic conjugates of u(x, y) in a domain D, then ux = vy , uy = −vx ,
ux = Vy , uy = −Vx . So vy = Vy and vx = Vx .
Let w(x, y) = v(x, y) − V (x, y). Then wx = vx − Vx = 0, wy = vy − Vy = 0. So w(x, y) = C, where
C is a real constant. So v(x, y) − V (x, y) = C.

6. Page 81, 3. Suppose that v is a harmonic conjugate of u in a domain D and also that u is a harmonic
conjugate of v in D. Show how it follows that both u(x, y) and v(x, y) must be constant throughout D.

Proof Since v is harmonic conjugates of u in a domain D, we have ux = vy , uy = −vx . Since

u is a harmonic conjugate of v in D, we have vx = uy , vy = −ux . Hence ux = vy = −ux and
uy = −vx = −uy . So ux = 0 and uy = 0. So vx = vy = 0. So f 0 (z) = ux + ivx = 0. So f (z) is a
constant throughout D. Since f (z) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y), u(x, y) and v(x, y) must be constant throughout
D.