Thermodynamics Chapter 1

1.1 Using Thermodynamics

a. Principles learned in T.D. are used to solve problems

1.2 Defining Systems

a. System- Whatever we want to study.
b. Surroundings- Everything External to the system
c. Boundary- What distinguishes a system from its surroundings

1.2.1 Closed Systems

a. Closed System- Defined when a particular quantity of matter is under study.
Always contains the same matter. There can be no transfer of mass across its
boundary
b. Isolated System- A special type of closed system that does not interact in any way
with its surroundings.

1.2.2 Control Volumes

a. Control Volume- A region of space through which mass flows within a boundary
studied

1.2.3 Selecting the System Boundary

The Choice of system boundary is governed by 2 considerations

1. What is known about a possible system’s boundaries

2. The objective of the analyses

1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior

a.
b.

1.3.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic View Of T.D.

a. Macroscopic- Concerned with the overall behavior. Also known as Classical T.D.
b. Microscopic- AKA statistical T.D. is concerned directly with the structure of matter.

1.3.2 Property, State, and Process

a. Property- Is a macroscopic characteristic of a system such as mass, volume, energy,
pressure, and temperature to which a numerical value can be assigned at a given
time.
b. State- refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties
c. Process- When any of the properties of a system change
d. Steady State- When none of the properties of a system change over time
1.3.3 Extensive and Intensive Properties
a. Extensive Property- is the sum of the values for the parts into which the system is
divided. Depend on size or extent of a system. T.D consists mainly of carefully
accounting for changes in these properties. E.g. mass, volume, energy
b. Intensive Property- Something that can be measured in terms of intensity and
cannot be increased by addition of one thing to another.

1.3.4 Equilibrium
a. Equilibrium- A balance of forces but also a balance of other influences. The
influence depends on the type of equilibrium.
Types of equilibrium:
a. Mechanical
b. Thermal
c. Phase
d. Chemical
b. Equilibrium State- When no observable changes are found after a system is
isolated.

1.4 Measuring Mass, Length Time, and Force

a. Base Unit- A set of primary dimensions

1.4.1 SI Units
a. SI Base Units- Discussed in table 1.2 page 8
b. Unit conversions- set off by pairs of vertical lines

1.4.2 English Engineering Units

a. English Base Units- 1foot= 0.3048 m; g=32 ft/s2
b.

1.5 Specific Volume

a. Specific Volume- the reciprocal of the density
a. v= 1/p
b. Molar Basis- the number of kilomoles of a substance, n, equals mass, m, in
kilograms divided by the molecular weight, M, in Kg/Kmol.
a. n=m/M

1.6 Pressure
a. Pressure
b. Absolute Pressure- Pressure with respect to the zero pressure of a complete
vacuum

1.6.1 Pressure Measurement

a. Figure 1.7- relates to equation 1.11
b. Figure 1.8- relates to equation 1.12
1.6.2 Pressure Units
a. Gage Pressure- when pressure of the system is greater than the local atmosperic
pressure
a. P(gage)= p(absolute) – patm(absolute)
b. Vacuum Pressure- When the local atmospheric pressure is greater than the
pressure of the system
a. P(vacuum)= patm(absolute) - p(absolute)
c. Pascal- the SI unit of pressure
a. 1 pascal = 1 N/m2
b. 1 kPa = 103 N/m2
c. 1 bar = 105 N/m2
d. 1 MPa = 106 N/m2

1.7 Temperature
a. Thermal (Heat) Interaction- Over time, hot objects decrease in volume and cold
objects increase in volume due to equalizing temperatures in the environment,
b. Thermal Equilibrium- When observable changes in objects cease
c. Temperature- notion of the hotness or coldness of objects
d. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics- When two objects are in thermal equilibrium
with a third object they are in thermal equilibrium with one another. The third
object is usually a thermometer

1.7.1 Thermometers
a. Thermometric Property- Any object with at least one measurable property that
changes as its temperature changes. AKA a thermometer.
b.

1.7.2 Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales

a. Kelvin Scale- an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale that provides a
continuous definition of temperature valid over all ranges of temperature.
b. Rankine scale- the unit of which is the degree rankine is
a. T(Degree R) = 1.8T(K)

1.7.3 Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales

a. Triple Point- The state of equilibrium between steam, ice, and liquid
b. Celsius Scale-
c. Fahrenheit Scale

1.8 Engineering Design and Analysis

a.
b.

1.8.1 Design
a. Design Constraints
b.
1.8.2 Analysis
a. Engineering Model
b.

1.9 Methodology for Solving Thermodynamics Problems

1. Known- Read the problem carefully and write what is known in the problem

2. Find- State what needs to be determined

3. Schematic and Given Data- Draw a sketch of the system to be considered. Decide
whether a closed system or control volume is appropriate for the analysis. Carefully
identify the boundary. Label the sketch with information from the problem
statement.

Record all property values given. Sketch appropriate property diagrams (sec. 3.2).
Locate key stat points and indicate the processes executed by the system.

4. Engineering Model-
5. Analysis-