CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

3.0 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

4.0 METHODOLOGY

4.1 TOPOGRAPHY.

4.2 DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION.

5.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

5.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 Zircon geosystem were commissioned to carry out geophysical survey

to locate a prolific point for borehole drilling at the site of MR SHOPE
SEUN located at IJEBU ODE, OGUN STATE. With a view to locate
a prolific point for drilling a productive borehole. The survey method
includes;

a. Electrical Resistivity Profiling (HP)

b. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES).

 The Direct Current Electrical Resistivity method of geophysical

prospecting using the schlumberger electrodes array was adopted, curve
type obtained from the data is a HKH-curve;

 Quantitative interpretation of the sounding curve shows that the site is

underlain by alternating of sandy/lateritic clay topsoil, sandy-clay/clay
substratum, weathered basement and fresh but fractured basement
constitutes the aquifer units within the study area;

 Expected yield of the well is rated MODERATE, and groundwater

development in the site is considered viable,

 The overburden depth is around 28m at the VES and air or mud drilling
can be used to penetrate the overburden;

 Ground water development through fairly deep borehole drilling is

recommended at the site to maximum depth of 40-45 meters;

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 The hole should be properly gravel packed and grouted to prevent the
influx of foreign materials into the hole and so as to give it natural
sorting and packing;

 Geophysical survey investigation data is only relative and not

absolute. Driller should carefully grind through the overburden
unit and the hole should be properly cased into a stable unit.
Therefore, recommended points can be plus or minus as well as
suspected fracture unit. Also driller can terminate the hole based
on the formation condition during drilling provided that the target
has been obtained;

 The interpretation of the result was summarized in the table below;

H THICKNESS(M) RESISTIVITY(ΩM) CURVE

P t1t2t3-tn-1 ℓ1 ℓ2 ℓ3… ℓn TYPE
0.2 0.8/0.8/2.0/3.0/3.1/11.7 268/199/311/240/545/76/1504 HKH

 Nobody is liable for the quality/ quantity of water in the hole

because the actual quantity/quality of water can only be
determined after drilling.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Zircon geosystem was commissioned to carry out a geophysical

investigation for groundwater resources evaluation at MR SHOPE
SEUN site.

Reconnaissance studies includes physical inspection of the site and

the immediate vicinity, evaluation of available geological maps and
analysis of geophysical/ lithological logs within the study area.

This reports presents a summary of field activities, background data

analysis, field data acquisition and recommendation of the
geophysical investigation carried out at the site.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the groundwater resources evaluation includes the

following;

 To carry out geologic/geophysical /hdrogeological reconnaissance

of the site for the purpose of locating viable positions for geo-
electric sounding i.e. vertical electrical sounding and to delineate
the geo-electric strata underlying the sounding stations and
determine their geo-electric parameters as it relates to ground
water; identifies aquifer units and determine thickness/depth of
occurrence;

 To evaluate (from I, above) the ground water potential of the

study area and the viability of ground water abstraction through
borehole drilling.

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2.0 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

The project is within the Precambrian Basement complex of Nigeria.

It is believed that three major rock types characterized the basement
complex. The lithological units comprises migmatite gneisss complex
of Archean to Paleoproterozoic age, the schist belt of Paleoproterozoic
age and older granite of pan African orogeny of 600Ma. In the area
investigated, the basement rock exhibits no visible outcrop.In the
basement complex of this nature, the ground water occurs in the
weathered rocks and fractured basement. The permeability and
saturativity of the ground water system are dependent on secondary
structural features. These includes extents and volume of fractures,
fissures of joints as well as the depth of weathering. Basement
rocks are known to have porosity and negligible permeability.
consequently, the development of the aquifer is limited to the
overburden resulting from chemical weathering of the bedrock and
fractured/fissure system in the underlying bedrock. A
pre drilling investigation should therefore be focus on how effectively
those fractured zones could be located.

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3.0 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

Geophysical survey is the study of variation in the values physical

parameters of the crust of the earth and means of gaining information
about the sub -surface materials. This method of electrical resistivity
is based on evaluating the apparent resistivity(ℓ) of sub surface
materials by passing a known alternating current of low frequency or
reversing direct current up to 96 voltage in the ground and measuring
a potential difference between the two points. Thus obtained the
actual resistance of the two points. The current is sent into the ground
via two electrode A and B while the resultant potential difference is
measured between two potential electrodes M and N. the resistance
obtained is related to the apparent resistivity(ℓ) the distance between
the electrodes are fixed and four electrodes are at the same time over
over a constant distance, while the distance between the current
electrodes are constant subject to AB>5MN. The method uses the
principles of ohms law which identifies that each medium or material
capable of conducting electricity has a resistance peculiar to it. This
technique also exploits the fact that earth conducts electricity. From
ohms law V=IR (Current ×Resistance)

R=V/I

When a set of information is collected necessary manipulation and

interpretation will be made to bring out clearly what happens
underground.

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4.0 METHODOLOGY

By using the RESISTIVITY METER, the study was systematically

approached by first carrying out horizontal resistivity profiling
(H.R.P). only one profile was carried out in the area. Wenner
configuration array was used to measure the spatial variation in
apparent resistivity or to find the lateral extent or anomaly in each
site. The points of suspected anomaly were subsequently probed
using schlumberger array with current electrode spacing of 50m due
to limited space. Potential spacing of 0.5-7.5 was used while equally
maintaining the potential electrodes and geometric relationship at
MN <or =1/5AB.The quantitative interpretation of the sounding
curves involved curve matching and computer iteration techniques.
The interpretation of the result was summarized in the table below;

HP THICKNESS(M) RESISTIVITY(ΩM) CURVE

t1t2t3-tn-1 ℓ1 ℓ2 ℓ3… ℓn TYPE
0.2 0.8/0.8/2.0/3.0/3.1/11. 268/199/311/240/545/76/ HKH
7 1504

4.1 TOPOGRAPHY.

The terrain of the survey area is a bit flat with no visible outcrop

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4.2 DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION.

The vertical electrical sounding (VES) data was subjected to two

stages interpretation process techniques namely; manual curve
matching technique and computer iteration technique.

The manually interpreted values and the raw field data are fed into the
computer as input model for the final quantitative interpretation both
the field records and the derived values showing resistivity along the
traverse for the VES are displayed in the table and graphs.

INTERPRTATION OF THE VES

LAYER RESISTIVITY THICKNES PROBABLE LITHOLOGY

(ohm-m) (M)
1 268 0.8 Top soil
2 199 0.8 Hardpan
3 311 2.0 Laterite
4 240 3.0 Lateritic clay
5 545 3.1 Clay
6 76 11.7 weathered basement
7 1504 Fresh but fractured
basement

5.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The sounding curves and their computer interpretation are presented

in this report the result of the sounding shows a system of seven geo-

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 electric layers for VES. The summary of the VES Interpretation is
shown in the tables above. the overburden is saturated with water.
The fracture zone is deep-seated at the VES with the possibility of
improving the yield of the borehole if penetrated. However, it must be
noted that the area under study has a moderate underground water
yield. In the basement complex of this nature, underground water is
restricted to the fractured underlying basement rock below the
overburden

5.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

With peculiar reference to the result from geo-resistivity investigation

carried out, the hydro geological characteristics of the subsurface
layers have been presented on the basis of varied resistivity and
thickness as evaluated in the VES data. Base on the interpreted data
obtained from the field, the VES favors a moderate yield
underground water development. Nobody is liable for the quality/
quantity of water in the hole because the actual quantity/quality
of water can only be determined after drilling. If drilling is
inevitable, the proposed borehole should be drilled to a depth of about
40 TO 45M in the VES. AIR OR Mud drilling may be used to
penetrate the overburden which is about 28m, it should sustain
an appropriate submersible pump especially when the expected
yield is put into consideration.

VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING OF THE FIELD DATA

LOCATION IJEBU ODE ARRAY SCHLUMBERGER

STATE OGUN EQUIPMENT APEX RES. METER
DATE 09/10/16 PURPOSE BOREHOLE

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GEOLOGY GNEISS COORDINATE NE-SW 6 52 40.1 N 3 35 40 E
OPERATOR GEOLOGIST WEATHER RAINY

AB/2 K VES
FACTOR
1.00 2.36 262
2.00 11.80 233
3.00 27.80 276
4.00 49.48 277
6.00 112.00 288
6.00 55.00 237
8.00 99.00 247
10.00 156.00 256
10.00 58.90 411
15.00 137.00 326
20.00 245.00 247
25.00 388.82 222
30.00 562.00 191
35.00 765.00 206
40.00 1001.00 214
40.00 323.00 230
45.00 412.40 237
50.00 512.00 246
60.00 742 290

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Fig, showing VES

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