Crusades Mercantilism

11th - 14th centuries Colonies exist for the benefit of the parent
Created European interest in products of Asia country
and Middle East Colonies provide
raw materials
Examples of Trade markets
The Price of Spice Countries tried to
Money goes as follows: create a favorable
1 pound (L) = 20 shillings (s) balance of trade
1 crown = 5 shillings Wealth!
1 shilling = 12 pence (d)
1 penny = 4 farthings Reasons for Exploration – The Three G’s
1 mark = 13s 4d Religious
Spices, silks, gems, porcelain Economic
Adventure
Impact of the Renaissance
Search for Columbus’s voyage
knowledge Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella
Search for adventure c. 1492 – Cuba, W. Indies
Monopoly of Italian Changed forever the history of the globe
trade with East  Earth a sphere, but size estimates
Questioning attitude  incorrect
Improvements in Mistaken all his life that he had found
Shipping Indies – “Indians”
Better maps
Improvement in ship building and rigging of Amerigo Vespucci – mapped New World
sails America’s Namesake
Sternpost rudder – improved steering
• Invented in China – Han Dynasty England - Where?
Lateen sails – sail in any direction regardless East Coast of North America
of wind
1600s – England establish colonies
Ships! - Lateen caravel Failed early colonies in N. America –
Roanoke most famous
Adoption of new Eventually Plymouth Rock and Jamestown
instruments compass British East India Company
and astrolabe Manage economic and military relations
Astrolabe
• measured distance of sun/stars above Why?
horizon Gain military strength
• Calculated latitude Gain wealth
Magnetic compass – Chinese – direction Exploitation of natural resources the norm
without sight of land Eager to turn colonies into permanent
Three-masted caravels – larger sails, large settlements
cargo rooms with more provisions Encouraged long-term settlement
viable, long-lasting colonies desirable
Religion - Religious desire to convert pagan Grew rapidly – men, women and children
peoples in the New World stayed
Cities, communities grew
More Money Strong systems of local government
The Commercial Revolution allowed more
money for investment. English Colonists
Growth of joint stock companies allowed Colonists went to escape religious
people to share the risks. persecution
Some colonists were convicts
Greatest number of indentured servants
Worked for masters in exchange for
payment for voyage over
Used African slaves
Tobacco/cotton grown in southern
settlements
Crash Course - North America
Native American Relations
Initial relationship with Indians was
relatively peaceful
Relationship soured during French/Indian
Wars
Turned antagonistic, violent
France – Where?
Surveyed Atlantic Canada
Colonized Canada
Later explored:
Mississippi
Great Lakes
major rivers
Eventually took over
Mississippi Basin
area
Why?
Focused on economic exploitation
Rich supply of animal furs
Made little effort to create long-term
settlements
Only 11,000 settlers came from 1608-
1763
British attacked settlements
Hunters, trappers, soldiers – remarkably
adept at adapting selves to environment
Knew woods, rivers of North America
well
Learned language of Native Americans –
Made alliances – Huron
Portugal – Where?
Coast of Africa – Strategic
Claimed several Atlantic island groups
Madeiras
Azores
Colonization
Far East and Southeast Asia
Too strong to conquer
Settled for trading ports
Goa, Malacca, Sri Lanka
Prince Henry the Navigator
Royal family supported exploration
Created maritime center/navigation
school at port of Sagres
Mediterranean trade
Trade relations with Muslim nations
Long series of naval wars with Ottoman Turks
Spain – Where?
Colonization
Started in Caribbean
• Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola
(DR/Haiti)
New Spain
• Mexico, Central America, Southwest
United States
Spain – Why are they different?
Existing populations wiped out not allowed to
remain intact - Conquistadors
Cortes – 1519 – Aztecs
• Tenochititlan – Mexico City – New
Spain
Pizarro – 1531 – Incas
Treaty of Tordesillas
Line of demarcation – Spain and Portugal
West side’s size not clear
1493, 1494 Pope draws line
Spanish/Portuguese
Resource extraction: #1 priority
Treatment of Native Americans harsh
Indians first as slaves, then exploited for
cheap labor
Importation of African slaves massive
Primarily brought over males
#s only kept up through importation, not
reproduction
Missionaries/priests – conversion to
Catholicism a priority