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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to the management of Indian


Railways for giving us an opportunity to complete our project “INDOOR CABLES,
OUTDOOR UNDERGROUND CABLES AND OPTICAL FIBER INSTALLATION”
for the partial fulfillment of degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

We are thankful and deeply indebted to, Mr. Ch. Srinivasa Rao, Sr.
Divisional Signal & Telecom Engineer, Visakhapatnam & Mr. Gopal Krishna, SENIOR
SECTION ENGINEER (SSE/T) at The Railway Communications and Telecom Cables
Division, Marripalem, Visakhapatnam who have shown keen interest and considerable
patience and extended their valuable help during project period.

We consider it our privilege to express our gratitude to Prof. B.S.N.MURTHY


Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his valuable
suggestions and constant motivation that greatly helped in the project work completion.

We also thanks, Mr. K. Pavan Kumar, Associate Professor, who has taken time,
interest and efforts to guide us at stages of the preparation of this report up to date.

Finally we would like to thank our well wishers and friends for their cooperation to
complete this project.
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ABSTRACT

M odern signaling is vital for safe and punctual movements of trains. In the Indian
Railways the Signaling and Telecommunication Department is responsible for
providing modern, efficient and reliable signaling systems as well as telecommunication
systems. In keeping with this, the Corporate Safety Plan (20032013) of the Railways
lays down policy, provision of new technology, asset up gradation and renewal,
maintenance, inspection and human resource development for Signaling and
Telecommunication Wing.
In electrified as well as non-electrified section of Indian Railways, on
important routes, OFC cable as well as six quad jelly filled cables are being laid but on
non- important routes only quad cables are being laid. Wherever OFC and quad cables are
being laid, control communication is provided on OFC with normal arrangements by
providing S T M -1 a n d P.D.MUX e q u i p m e n t a t e v e r y s t a t i o n . Block circuits,
emergency sockets and level crossings gate communication are provided on quad cable.
Wherever OFC cable is not being laid and only quad cable is being laid, control as well as
block communication are being provided on the quad cable itself.
Earlier cable containing paper as well as polythene insulated copper quads were
used. Such type of cable is now obsolete but is still in use where old installation exists.
Now cable containing only polythene insulated quads is used.
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical
fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a
protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.
This project provides the insight into the basic requirements of any underground cable
to survive the expected life period and needs. The project also deals extensively with the
different types of cables in use in telecommunication networks and the parameters offered for
various utilities.
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LIST OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………..i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..ii
LIST OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………….iii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..1


1.1 About Indian Railways……………………...
……………………….1

1.2 Railway Zones ……………………………........................................1


1.3 Broad Construction of any Telecommunication Cable ……..…..…..2
1.4 The classification of underground cables with regard to design
features …………………………………………………………..…3
1.5 Design Features…………………………...………………………...3
1.6 Purpose of Insulation Underground Cables ………………………..4
1.7 PAIRING AND OVERLAY …………………………………………….4
1.8 UNIT FORMATION …………………………..……………………....4
1.9 Core……………………………..…………………………………..5
1.10 FILLING COMPOUND…………………………………………………5
1.11 SCREEN……………………………………………………………...5
1.12 SHEATH……………………………………………………………...5
1.13 CONDUCTOR…………………………………………………………5
1.14 Armouring…………………………………………………………...6
1.14.1 Bedding……………………………………………………………...6
1.14.2 Nominal thickness of the Galvanised steel Tape armouring………..6
1.14.3 The standard armouring types…………………………………...….6
1.15 Jacket……………………………………………………………….6
1.16 Nominal thickness of the Jacket……………………………………7
1.17 Identification and Length markings on a Cable…………………….7
1.18 Sealing of the Ends…………………………………………………7
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CHAPTER 2: POLYTHENE INSULATED JELLY FILLED CABLES……………..8

2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………8


2.2 Polythene insulated Jelly Filled Polythene Sheathed Under Ground
Cable………………………………………………………………...8
2.2.1 The temperature correction for attenuation………………………….9
2.2.2 Correction Factor for Conductor Resistance………………………...9
2.2.3 Code for Wire Identification………………………………………....9
2.2.4 Code for Tape or Binder for Unit Identification…………………....10
2.2.5 Code for Conductor Insulation……………………………………...10

CHAPTER 3: COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT………………………………..…..12

3.1 Four Wire Station Control Telephone …………………………......12


3.1.1 Application …………………….......................................................12
3.1.2 Description …………………………………………………...…....12
3.1.3 Construction …………………………………………………….....12
3.1.4 Specifications ……………………………………………………...12
3.2 Two Wire Way station Control Telephone……….……..…………13
3.2.1 Application …………………………………………………….......13
3.2.2 Description.………………………………………………...……....13
3.2.3 Construction …………………………………………………….....13
3.2.4 Specifications ……………………………………………………...13
3.3 Universal Way Side DTMF control telephone………………….…14
3.4 Six Pin Emergency Plug and Socket………………………...…….17
3.5 4W/2W Portable Emergency Control Telephone for Use in
Electric Field Sections…………………………………..…………19
3.5.1
Scope……………………………………………………………...19
3.5.2 Features………………………………………………………...….19
3.5.3 Technical Description………………………………….……….…19
3.6 Block Bell Equipment………………………………………….….21
3.6.1 Application………………………………………………………...21
3.6.2 Technical Description………………………………………….….21
3.6.3 Circuit Description………………………………………………...22
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3.6.4 Specification…………………………………………………....….22
3.6.5 Construction…………………………………………………….….22

CHAPTER 4: FLEXIMUX……………………………….……………………………....24

4.1 General Description………………………………………………….24


4.2 System Architecture……………………………………….………...24
4.3 Power Supply
Modules…………………………………………..….25
4.4 Circuit Description………………………………………………..…27
4.5 Network Interface Module…………………………………………..28

CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES….………………………....29

5.1 Advantages of Polythene Insulated jelly Cables................................29


5.2 Disadvantages of Paper Insulated Cables…………………………...29

CHAPTER 6: OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE…………………………………………...…..32

6.1 Introduction to Optical Fiber.............................................................32


6.2 Construction………………………………………………………...32
6.2.1 Buffer Tube………………………………………………………...33
6.2.2 Features of Tight Buffer Tube…………………………………..…34
6.2.3 Features of Strength Member…………………………………..….34
6.2.4 Features of Outer Jacket…………………………………………...34
6.3 Strength of Optical Fiber Cable……………………………………34
6.3.1 Cladding Diameter…………………………………………...…….35
6.3.2 Core/Clad Concentricity………………………………………...…35
6.3.3 Fiber Curl……………………………………………………….….35
6.4 Optical Transmission And Reception………………………...……35

CHAPTER7: JOINT AND TERMINATION OF OPTIC FIBER CABLE……….…..36

7.1 Methods Of Joining Fiber Optic Cable……………………………36


7.1.1 Splicing……………………………………………………...…….36
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..38
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BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….......vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Mechanical Protection …………………………………………………….…….3

Figure 3.1 2 Wire Control Telephone……………………………………………………...12

Figure 3.2 Universal Way Side DTMF Control Telephone………………………………..17

Figure 3.3 6 Pin Emergency Plug and Socket ……………………………………………..18

Figure 3.4a 2/4 Wire Portable Emergency Control Telephone…………………………...…20

Figure 3.4b 2/4 Wire Portable Emergency Control Telephone (Inside View)……………....21

Figure 3.5 Block Bell Equipment……………………………….………………………….23

Figure 4.1 System Architecture…………………………………………………………….25

Figure 4.2 Sub rack…………………………………………………………………….…..26

Figure 5.1 PIJF Cable………………………………………………………………………30

Figure 5.2 Layers of Units in PIJF cable…………………………………………………...31

Figure 6.1 Cross section of Optical fiber……………………………………………..…....33

Figure 7.1 Mechanical splicing……………………………………………………………..36

Figure 7.2 Fusion splicing……………………………………………………...…………...37


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BIBILOGRAPHY

India Telecom By Information Gatekeepers, INC

• Electrical Cables for Power and Signal Transmission by Oswald I. Gilbetson

• Underground CABLE FAULT Location by Barry Clegg

• Power and Communication Cables: Theory and Application by R. Bartnikas (editor)


and K. D. Srivastava (editor)

• High Speed Signal Propagation: Advanced Black Magic by Howard W. Johnson and
Martin Graham

• Plastic Optical Fibers: Principles, Components, Installation by Andreas Weinert

• http://www.relemaccables.com/

• http://www.cablemasterinc.com/

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