Welding Symbols

Special symbols are used on a drawing to identify where welds are to be located, the type of welding joint to be
used, as well as the symbol size and amount of weld metal to be deposited in the joint. These welding
symbols have been stan¬dardized by the American Welding Society. You will come into get in touch with
these welding symbols anytime you do a welding job from a set of blueprints. You desire to have a good working
knowledge of the basic weld symbols and the regular location of all the elements of a welding symbol.

A regular welding symbol (fig. 1-11) consists of a reference line, an arrow, and a tail. The reference line could be
the foundation of the welding symbol. It is used to apply weld symbols, dimensions, and other type of data to the
weld. Simply the arrow connects the reference line to the welding joint or area to be welded. The direction of the
arrow has no attitude on the significance of the reference line. The conclusion of the welding symbol is used only
when necessary to include a specification, process, or other reference welding information. 

Weld Symbols

The term welding symbol refers to the symbol for a specific type of welding. As discussed earlier, Tig Welders,Mig
Welders,Ac Dc Welding and are all types of welds. Basic weld symbols are shown in figure 1-11 

Figure: 1.11 Basic weld symbols

Figure: 1.12 Weld symbols applied to reference line.

Figure: 1.13 Specifying weld locations.
Symbol is only part of the information required in the welding symbol. The term welding symbol refers to the full
amount of symbol, which includes all information needed to specify the weld(s) required.

Figure 1.11 shows how a weld symbol is applied to the reference line. Notice that the vertical leg of the weld symbol
is shown drawn to the left of the slanted leg. Regardless of whether the symbol is for a fillet, bevel, J-groove,
or flare-bevel weld, the vertical leg is always drawn to the left.

Figure 1.12 shows the significance of the positions of the weld symbols position on the reference line. In view A the
weld symbol is on the lower side of the reference line that is termed the arrow side. View B shows a weld symbol on
the upper side of the reference line that is termed the other side. When weld symbols are placed on both sides of the
reference line, welds must be made on both sides of the joint (view C).

When only one edge of a joint is to be beveled, it is necessary to show which member is to be beveled. When such a
joint is specified, the arrow of the welding symbol points with a definite break toward the member to be beveled. This
is shown in Figure 1.13.

METAL HANGER

Metalworking is, as its title suggests, working with metals to create individual parts. There is a wide range

of technologies that are used within metalworking to create all types of products such as small pieces

of jewelryall the way to building components and large-scale constructions. Most metalworking

processes can be categorized into three categories: forming, cutting, or joining. However, it’s also

important to note that casting is one of the most widespread methods of metalworking and involves

pouring metal into a mold, after which is cooled and solidified. This guide will attempt to provide an

overview of the most prevalent metalworking processes in the manufacturing industry today.

Forming metal

Forming is the process of fashioning metal objects through deformation, without adding or removing any

material. The process of deformation is performed using heat and mechanical loads. Forming also

includes various manufacturing technologies like bending and forging.

Metal bending

Metal bending is a manufacturing process that uses ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal, as is

generally used for equipment such as specialized machine presses. Metal bending is considered to be

quite cost-effective for batches of low to medium quantity. Basically, there are three types of bending on

a press brake: air bending (most common), bottoming and coining. 

Forging

Forging is among the oldest metalworking processes. It uses local compressive forces for the shaping of

metal. Nowadays, industrial forging is done with specialized pressing equipment (hammers), that can

weigh more than thousands of pounds! One of the significant advantages of forging is that it can produce

a part that is stronger than if it were made using casting or machining. The metal is shaped during the

forging process, and its internal grain texture slowly deforms following the general shape of the part.

After the process is complete, the finished product has vastly superior properties.

Cutting metal

Cutting is a process during which material is given shape by removing some parts using tools. This

process includes such technologies as CNC milling, routing and turning.

Machining

Machining is a collective title for various processes in which a piece of raw material is processed into a

desired shape and size by computer-controlled tools. Such methods are often referred to as subtractive

manufacturing, as opposed to additive manufacturing (3D printing) which builds a product from

scratch. Machining is usually associated with the production of metal parts, but it is used with a wide

range of materials including plastic, wood, composites, and more. The three primary machining

processes are milling, routing and turning. 

Milling

Operations in which a cutting tool rotates, bringing cutting edges to bear against a workpiece, are called

milling. Milling machines are the principal machine tool used in milling.

Routing

CNC routing is similar to milling, with some CNC routing machines capable of performing almost the

same tasks as that of milling machines. The primary functions are to cut, engrave and carve objects out
of a workpiece - essentially a replacement for the usual hand-held router, but with the help of computer-

controlled processes to eradicate human error.

Turning

Operations that rotate the workpiece as the primary method of moving metal against the cutting tool.

Lathes are used in turning as the leading principal machine tool.

Joining metal

Joining means merging several parts of a metal product by processes like welding. Some metal 3D

printing processes such as DMLS and EBM could also be called forms of welding.

Welding

Welding metal is a fabrication process that is based on joining materials via fusion which is a

combination of pressure mixed with heat. In general, a filler material is added to form the welded joint, so

that in some cases, can become even stronger than the original material. At the same time, the welding

process must secure the filler metals/melted metals from being contaminated and/or oxidized. Welded

operations can be categorized according to different energy sources that are used, among them are a gas

flame, an electric arc, a laser, and ultrasound. Among the most popular welding methods include: 

Oxy-fuel welding (oxy welding) that uses fuel gases and oxygen to weld and cut metals. 

Shielded metal arc welding (electric welding) that uses an electrode that is coated in flux to protect the

weld puddle. The electrode holder holds the wire as it slowly melts away.

Gas tungsten arc welding (inert gas) that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode for producing the

weld. However, the weld area has to be protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding

gas such as argon or helium. 

Gas metal arc welding (inert gas) that uses a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and

flows an argon-based shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to

protect it from atmospheric contamination.

Metal casting

Metal casting is a metalworking process that is known to have started in ancient times, and it is still

widely used for making sculptures, tools, and jewelry. Most popular methods include lost-wax casting and

sand casting. They are subdivided by the mold material (e.g. sand or metal) and pouring method (such as

gravity or vacuum). 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WELDING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Posted by Astro Machine Works on August 21, 2019

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Metals are among the most durable materials on the face of the planet. As such, it has taken noteworthy
developments in engineering to mold and shape metal into the machine parts and fixtures you see and use daily. One
of the steps employed in metal construction is welding, a process in which a worker melts one piece of metal with
concentrated heat on a select spot and then bonds it with a corresponding metal piece. Over time, inventors have
developed various methods to weld two or more pieces of metal together.

The three most common types of welding are MIG, TIG and stick. Each of these methods serves a variety
of welding applications. The following article covers these and other welding types and definitions.
MIG WELDING

Metal inert gas (MIG) welding is a form of manual arc welding for heavy metals, alternately known as gas metal arc
welding.

WHAT IS MIG WELDING?

MIG welding is a metal-bonding and metal-shaping process that sends an electrode through a tool gun and applies it
to corresponding metal surfaces. To prevent contamination, the welding gun employs a protective gas that shields
the weld area. The MIG process is an easy and accessible welding process for garage-based metal workers and
hobbyists.

The process works on metals that range from 24-gauge to half an inch thick. MIG welding is popular among metal-
working novices because it is a more straightforward technique to learn and master. The MIG wire does not protect
metal services from rust or corrosion. Therefore, clean and brush down bare metal parts before a MIG application.
To ensure a pure flow of the electrical wire, only use clean metal in the process.

MIG WELDING APPLICATIONS

MIG welding is one of the methods most commonly used in heavy-duty arc welding projects. Some of the metal
components that make up your city’s sewage or water system are the result of MIG welding. The process is standard
for pipe welds. As such, the water you rely on for drinking, cooking and sanitation comes through pipes that would
not be possible without MIG welding.
Due to the heavy-duty nature of the method, MIG welding is a typical technique in hard facing, which entails
welding rough materials onto base metals. You have MIG welding to thank for some of the parts you see on tractors,
cranes and other types of rolling stock.

MIG welding has also been essential in the preparation and assembly of the nation’s railroad tracks. Thanks to the
method’s ability to join thick metal pieces together with unbreakable strength, MIG welding has been responsible
for railways and public streetcar tracks that rarely require maintenance. As such, MIG welding is a chief facilitator
of transportation and commerce.

The auto industry also relies on MIG welding. At the factories where workers prepare and assemble auto parts into
finished vehicles, they use MIG welding for the heavier metals and equipment. Additionally, MIG welding is
responsible for making the factory equipment you see along production lines. MIG welding is also a popular method
at auto repair shops.

TIG WELDING

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is a manual arc welding process for heavy metals, alternately known as tungsten
gas arc welding.

WHAT IS TIG WELDING?

TIG welding is a metal-bonding process that employs a tungsten electrode to join one metal surface to another.
During the process, argon or helium gas forms a protective shield on the applied surfaces against oxidation and other
air-bound contaminants. Applications that use helium gas are also called heliarc welds. Most TIG applications rely
on a middle metal. Exceptions to the rule are called autogenous welds.

The essential difference between MIG and TIG welding is that the former relies on an ongoing wire feed, whereas
the latter relies on welding rods that you direct into the weld puddle.

TIG WELDING APPLICATIONS

TIG welding plays a vital role in the automotive industry, where the process is effective at bonding metal parts
together for the construction of cars, vans, trucks and SUVs. The tungsten electrodes work well in the factories
where workers assemble engine parts from individual pieces of metal, as well as in the plants where auto-body parts
get prepared for the assembly lines.

TIG welding is also essential in the construction industry, where the equipment gets transported to worksites and
used in the preparation of parts for buildings and public monuments. Many of the buildings you see along the streets
and thoroughfares of your community have been the work of construction crews that rely heavily on TIG welding.

The shipping industry also employs TIG welding. The process makes it easier for shipbuilders to join shaped metal
parts together for ships like aircraft carriers or cruise liners. If you have ridden a passenger ship or sailed overseas
while serving in the U.S. Navy, tungsten electrodes have likely welded the body of each ship in full or in part.

TIG welding is furthermore crucial in the aerospace industry, where the process brings together the parts that
comprise NASA’s rocket ships and space shuttles.
STICK WELDING

Stick welding is a form of hand-driven arc welding used on a range of metals. The process is alternately known as
shielded metal arc welding and flux-shielded arc welding.

WHAT IS STICK WELDING?

Stick welding is a metal-bonding method in which a flux-covered consumable electrode bonds two metal surfaces
together. During the stick-welding process, a direct or alternating current forms between the electrode and the
adjoining metal surfaces. Vapors that result from the fading electrodes generate the shielding gas. People commonly
use the process to weld steel and iron, as well as copper, nickel and aluminum.

STICK WELDING APPLICATIONS

Stick welding can help workers complete tasks large and small in virtually any location. For outbound applications,
the process is convenient because the equipment required is portable and easy to transport for on-call repair tasks.
Therefore, stick welding often comes into play in otherwise hard-to-reach locations and remote public buildings.

Stick welding is also common at outdoor construction sites, where the process makes it easy for work crews to
assemble and modify metal parts on the spot. The flux-covered electrodes are wind-resistant, which makes the
process convenient in various environments. When a disaster strikes, stick welding is often the method used to repair
damaged metal fixtures.

In remote settings, stick welding is one of the most convenient types of arc welding. When workers assemble
temporary structures for county fairs and carnivals, stick welding can strengthen and fortify the support beams of
tents and fences. For communities that live off the grid, stick welding is one of the most reliable methods for metal
repair and construction.

The portability and ease of stick welding have also made it one of the preferred methods among hobbyists and
independent craftspeople. Since the approach works with a broad variety of metals, jewelry makers sometimes
use stick welding.

ALL OTHER TYPES OF WELDING

Throughout most of the industries that employ metal construction, the processes of MIG, TIG and stick welding are
the most widely used due to the power, efficiency and versatility of each method. However, numerous other
processes can also weld two or more pieces of metal together. So how many types of welding are there? There are
many different approaches to welding, including the following 12 methods, a few of which are somewhat related to
the three most popular types.

FCAW WELDING

Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) is a method of metal-bonding akin to MIG welding, as both use a continuous
electrode. However, FCAW requires a tube-shaped wire rather than a solid one. The technique is suitable for both
indoor and outdoor use, as long as the wires have adequate shielding. FCAW is one of the more efficient approaches
to arc welding because it uses most of the electrode that goes into the process. Thanks to the shape of the flux-cored
wire, shielding gas is not necessary with FCAW. The method leaves little debris and therefore entails only a small
cleanup process after completion.
EBW WELDING

Electronic beam welding (EBW) is a metal-joining method where electron rays get fired at high velocity to join one
surface of metal to another. When the ray hits its target, the affected spot melts just enough to fuse the adjoining
piece into place. EBW welding plays a role throughout the industrial sector. The method is especially useful for
automotive and aerospace manufacturers, who employ EBW welding to fuse many of the metal parts used in cars,
trucks, planes and spacecraft. Due to the vacuum-based nature of EBW welding, the process is safe for emergency
work in evacuated buildings and houses.

AHW WELDING

Atomic hydrogen welding (AHW) is an old method of metal bonding that has mostly fallen by the wayside in favor
of more efficient and effective methods, such as gas metal arc welding. One area in which AHW is still common is
in tungsten welding. Since tungsten is highly sensitive to heat, AHW is safe for this process. American chemist
Irving Langmuir developed this process following his discovery of atomic hydrogen.

PLASMA ARC WELDING

Plasma arc welding, invented in the mid-1950s, is a method similar to gas tungsten arc welding. The process
employs an electrical current, which travels through a tiny nozzle that cuts through a shielding gas. When you need
to weld small areas on a metal surface, plasma arc welding allows for pinpoint accuracy. Plasma arc welding is ideal
for welding projects in severe temperatures, as this creates firmer and tighter welds. Aircraft manufacturers use this
method, as do independent craftspeople for a range of projects.
ELECTROSLAG WELDING

Electroslag is a process of fast welding that was an innovation during the 1950s. Electroslag welding bonds heavy
metal pieces for use in machines and industrial equipment. The process takes place in a vertical position that allows
for a clear-eyed view of the work as it takes shape. The method gets its name from the copper water holders
contained inside the tool used for electroslag welding. The water stops liquefied slag from seeping into other areas
during a welding session.

SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

One of the less frequently used forms of metal bonding is the process of submerged arc welding, which is only
suitable for stainless steel and other metals rich in iron. The process allows for the use of both automatic and semi-
automatic means, which renders it quick and efficient. Despite the speediness, the process requires a flux to shield
the metal when the welding takes place, hence the name “submerged.” With this cover, people can complete their
work without the risk of splatter. Therefore, submerged arc welding is a safe practice for independent craftspeople.

CAW WELDING

Carbon arc welding (CAW) is a bonding method that joins metals by applying temperatures that exceed 300 degrees
Celsius. In CAW welding, an arc forms between the metal surfaces and the electrode. The method was once popular,
but in recent decades, twin-carbon-arc welding has superseded it.
OXY-FUEL WELDING

Oxy-fuel welding is a process that employs liquid fuel and oxygen to weld metal into shape. French engineers
Edmond Fouché and Charles Picard invented it at the turn of the 20th century. The oxygen-generated temperature
employed in the process gets applied to concentrated areas of a metal surface. Oxy-fuel welding takes place within
an indoor environment.

RSW WELDING

Resistance spot welding is an arc welding method in which heat bonds metal surfaces. Resistance from electrical
currents generates this heat. RSW welding belongs to a group of welding methods known as electric resistance
welding.

RESISTANCE SEAM WELDING

Resistance seam welding is a method that generates heat between the faying surfaces of metals with similar
properties. Seam welding starts on one side of a joint and works its way to the other end. The process depends on
twin electrodes, typically made of copper.
PROJECTION WELDING

As a form of spot welding, projection welding is a process that localizes heat in a specific area for positioning. The
process is common in projects that involve the use of nuts, studs and other threaded metal fasteners, as well as in
crossed bars and wires.

COLD WELDING

Alternately known as contact welding, cold welding is a method that joins surfaces without any heat or melting
involved.

MANUFACTURE PROCESS OF DOOR KNOB

The Manufacturing 
Process
Though there are several processes used for metal doorknobs, including casting where a molten metal is poured into
a mold, brass doorknobs are typically forged. Forging is a process in which heated metal is forced into shaped dies
under very high pressure. Forging can produce products having superior strength, toughness, reliability, and quality
(up to 250% stronger than castings). Forging can also be more efficient and economical.

Forging

 1 The billet must first be heated to 1,400° F (759.9° C) in a gas-fired furnace to soften the metal. The billet
is then placed in a specially designed set of steel dies that are shaped to conform to the profile of the
product being made. A press applies high pressure to force the heated billet into the die cavity, where the
billet now takes the shape of the doorknob.
 2 After the doorknob is ejected from the press, it is cooled, trimmed to size, tempered, and cleaned to
remove heat scale produced during the process.

Surface preparation

 3 Next, the doorknob goes through a series of finishing steps. Separate coining, milling, drilling, and
tapping processes produce a surface ready for the polishing operation. 
Coating

 4 For further protection, an organic or inorganic coating is applied using several different processes.
Organic coatings include polyurethanes, acrylics, and epoxies. Because the solvents used in organic
coatings can produce hazardous materials and quality problems, manufacturers are turning to inorganic
coatings based on inert metals. These are applied using electroplating or physical vapor deposition (PVD).
 5 PVD applies a coating produced by sputtering and thermal evaporators in an airtight chamber. The
chamber is evacuated to high vacuum pressures (less than one millionth of an atmospheric pressure) by a
series of pumps. A thin coating is deposited one molecule at a time. For successful PVD, the brass surface
must first be extensively cleaned in a series of washing and agitating tanks, followed by electroplating with
semiprecious materials.

Quality Control
The raw material must be of suitable composition for the forging process, as established by the American Society for
Testing and Materials. Various process parameters throughout the manufacturing process are monitored and
controlled to ensure the final product meets quality standards. The finished doorknob is inspected for dimensions,
surface finish, and other properties. Some of these properties may have to conform to certain building codes.

Byproducts/Waste
Since forgings are designed to approximate final part shape, little waste is produced compared to other processes.
The forging process also results in uniformity in composition, dimensions, and structure from piece to piece and lot
to lot, which also minimizes rejects.

MANUFACTURE PROCESS HANGER

Processing of plastic
Plastic granules are melted and pressurized into a tool called mould. 
A mould is template or pattern that gives the plastic melt a desired form.
Plastic granules are melted and pressurized/injected into mould by help of a machine
called injection molding machine.

Mould of plastic hangers are shown below

The only practical processes for this are either injection molding from a thermoplastic
(e.g. PVC, ABS or the cheapest, polystyrene) or compression molding from a thermoset
plastic (e.g. an epoxy). The compression molded thermoset would be more costly due
to the raw material and the lower mold cycle rate so they are most likely injection
molded of a low cost thermoplastic. If you have a sample of one, you can determine
whether it is injection molded by looking for the following visible signs, the parting line
(showing where the mold halves meet), the gate (where the melted plastic enters the
mold) and the ejector pin marks (small, often flat circular marks. Another type of
surface mark in some injection molded articles are sink marks caused by cooling
shrinkage at excessive thickness locations. Since hangers are usually constant cross
section round rod shapes, sink marks are less likely to be present in this type of molded
part.

1, plastic injection mold for the plastic cloth hanger should be made

2, plastic injection molding machine suitable for the ready made plastic injection hanger
mold should be available

3, Prepare the raw material to be put into the material barrel of the plastic injection
molding machine

4, Put the plastic injection hanger mold onto the plastic injection molding machine to
produce the plastic clothes hangers. The raw material plastics granules are melt and
injected into the mold to fabricate plastic cloth hangers.