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Профессиональный Документы
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M. H. Lewin
RCA Laboratories, Radio Corporation of America
Princeton, New I ersey
INTRODUCTION not insert between the CRT face and the pen any
material (such as a sheet of paper) which will pre-
Recent work on systems to facilitate the input of vent light transmission.
graphical information to a computer has resulted in The Rand tablet consists of a thin Mylar sheet
the development of the light penl and the Rand containing on one side, an array of etched copper
tablet. 2 Both of these devices allow a user to lines in the X direction and, on the other side, a
"write" on a flat surface with a special, hand-held similar array of fine lines in the Y direction. By
electronic pen. Periodically, the pen position is de.:. means of capacitor encoding networks, also etched
tected and converted into a machine-readable ad- on the same sheet, a unique voltage pulse train is
dress. In this way, the pattern which is traced out applied to each X and Y line from a common pulse
by the pen is directly converted into binary code pattern generator. The pen in this case is merely a
and stored in the machine. Devices such as these metallic electrostatic pickup connected to a high
promote the easy input of graphical data such as input-impedance amplifier. The pulse train picked
curves, maps, diagrams, and other drawings. They up by the pen depends on the X and Y lines nearest
should also be of interest to many researchers con- to its tip. This serial pulse pattern (in Gray code to
cerned with character and pattern recognition. eliminate errors) is converted into a parallel binary
The light pen is normally used in conjunction address with appropriate peripheral logic, which
with a cathode-ray tube as the writing surface. A includes a shift register and a code converter. The
light-sensitive element in the pen generates a sig- system is entirely digital and the tablet is relatively
nal when the flying spot on the tube face reaches inexpensive. In addition, thin paper sheets can be
the pen tip. The timing of this signal, relative to inserted between the tablet surface and the pen for
the timing of the scanning pattern, establishes the tracing maps and curves .
.pen position. Appropriate digital and analog periph- Both of the approaches described above utilize
eral circuits are necessary to convert this signal the pen as the signal pickup device and the writing
into an equivalent binary address for storage. Clear- surface as the signal generator. While the Rand tab-
ly, the speed of movement of the pen is limited by let system materially simplifies the writing surface
the scanning frame rate of the CRT. Also, one can- used and reduces the complexity of the peripheral
831
WINDING
PLANE
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STRIPES PER
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MULTILAYER TABLET The total thickness of the system can be kept small
by using sheets only a few mils thick. Each X layer
The writing surface is constructed by stacking or has an identical companion Y layer oriented orthog-
laminating as many thin winding layers as there are onal to it.
pen address bits. Thus, for a tablet to resolv~ any The layout of a winding pattern to detect a given
one of 1024 X 1024 locations, ten-double-sided address bit is, of course, a function of the posi-
sheets are required. Half of the winding layers are tion-to-address coding scheme used. By using a
oriented in the X direction, half in the Y direction. closed, cyclic code, such as Gray code, one is as-
sured that no more than one address bit in a given used. (The indecision correction algorithm involved
coordinate direction can be undecided. That is, for is described in the next section.) Assuming such a
any pen position, the head can be located over, at code, winding patterns can be laid out as illustrated
most, one boundary between sectors. For these rea- by the simple 8 X 8 example shown in Fig. 6. The
sons, it would appear that a conventional binary "most significant" X or Y layer has only two sec-
coding scheme should not be used because the pen tors, the next four, then eight, etc. The total num-
point may be positioned over more than one indeci- ber of X or Y winding layers (address bits) de-
sion boundary. However, the addition of a small pends on the resolution required in the location of
amount of external logic, no more complicated than the pen tip. The "least significant" layer (the one
that requ.ired for a parallel Gray-to-binary con- with the largest number of sectors) may have only
version, may allow a conventional binary code to be one stripe per sector (i.e., n = 1).
X2 OUTPUT XI OUTPUT xoOUTPUT
II
:
I
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1
X2: TWO SECTORS XI: FOUR SECTORS Xo : EIGHT SECTORS
----------
All of the winding layers must be close to the iented at 45 0 to the X or Y orthogonal stripes.
pen point to allow the generation of sufficiently Thus, the pen must be marked or shaped appropri-
large output signals. The output voltage induced in ately to insure that it is held roughly in the correct
a more significant layer (one with many stripes per orientation. Small variations from 45 0 will not
sector), when the pen is over a given sector, is the change the induced signals appreciably.
sum of the voltages induced in all the stripes of that Other more sophisticated head designs, which
sector (refer to Fig. 5). This integrating effect al- allow the system to operate indep~ndently of pen
lows one to locate a more significant layer at a dis- orientation, are possible. For example, one can use
tance from the pen tip which is larger than that for more than one air gap in the pen tip. Using two or-
a less significant layer. Thus, the tablet is laminated thogonal gaps (pulsed at different times) * as the
with the most significant winding layers at the bot- pen orientation changes, the magnitude of the in-
duced signal from one gap increases while that from
tom and the least significant layers nearest to the
the other decreases. Orthogonal gaps can also be
surface.
used to generate a rotating magnetic field. Another
Note that, in order to detect approximately equal methodt involves using two or more air gaps to
magnitUde signals at the outputs of the X and Y
*Suggested by J. A. Rajchman.
layers, the air gap in the magnetic head must be or- tDue to J. Avins.
generate a number of discrete field orientations them one, X and zero) available from each layer.
(say, three), one of which will always be acceptable One and zero are acceptable signals (positive and
for any pen orientation. Periodically, these orienta- negative pulses). X represents almost no output
tions are sequentially tested and the acceptable one pulse-an undecided bit. An examination of the
is chosen. This testing may involve the use of an one, zero transitions, when counting in conventional
additional test winding layer whose stripes are all binary code, will show that if one follows the fol-
oriented at 45 0 to the X and Y stripes. Each of lowing simple rules, errors at multiple-transition
these arrangements, however, increases the com- boundaries can be resolved and the conventional
plexity not only of the magnetic head but also of binary pattern can be used:
the peripheral electronics. At this stage, the require- Detect the most significant bit which is unde-
ment of proper pen orientation, which allows the cided (i.e., the most significant X output). Ar-
system to be very simple, does not appear to be a bitrarily decide this bit to be one or zero.
very severe user restriction. If necessary, some sim- Force all less significant bits to be the comple-
ple mechanical approach, such as housing the head ment of the bit chosen above. *
at the end of a flexible shaft (similar to that used The addition of a very small amount of external
in speedometer cable), would permit the sleeve of logic will allow this procedure to be used. For ex-
the pen to rotate while the head orientation stays ample, in the circuit shown in Fig. 7, an undecided
relatively fixed. output is arbitrarily decided as a zero and all less
significant outputs are forced to be one.
INDECISION CORRECTION ALGORITHM
*This method will work provided that the winding pat-
terns are designed such that, for any two adjacent address
For a system such as the one described above, bits having a transition boundary in the same position, the
there are actually three possible output signals (call "zone of indecision" for the more significant bit overlaps
that of the less significant bit.
OUTPUT
A ... ,
A i + 10_-~._ _ _ 1 ---J
TABLET LAYER j
OUTPUT PU LSE
The pen tip contains a linear ferrite core, 3/16" cally damp output ringing. A photograph of a typical
O.D. and lJ8" J.D., wound with 30 turns, and driven output impulse is shown in Fig. 9. The reverse polar-
from a conventional General Radio pulse generator. ity signal has the same shape. The waveform is clean
Approximately 100 volts is developed across the and has sufficient amplitude to set a flip-flop. It can
head winding during the pulse peak. The core has a
no doubt be made larger with appropriate pen drive
15 mil air gap. Little attempt was made to optimize
the core drive circuit so as to obtain optimum out- circuit design. The timing indicated shows that one
put signals. Each of the winding layers is termi- need not be concerned with the speed of movement
nated in 100 ohms. This value was chosen to criti- of the pen. The pen is marked to permit proper
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Figure 9. Typical winding output pulse across 100 ohms. Ver-
tical scale: 0.1 volt/div. Horizontal scale: 0.2
,usec/div. The author wishes to express his appreciation to
H. Schnitzler, who constructed the experimental de-
orientation of the air gap with respect to the wind-
vices and who assisted in many of the tests.
ing stripes.
A set of ten peripheral circuits, which includes REFERENCES
the logic given in Fig. 7 and which also contains
digital-to-analog converters, is used to demon-
1. B. M. Gurley and C. E. Woodward, "Light-
strate the operation of the tablet by permitting the
Pen Links Computer to Operator," Electronics,
position of the pen to be displayed as a spot on a
CRT face. pp. 85-87 (Nov. 20, 1959).
2. M. R. Davis and T. O. Ellis, "The Rand Tab-
CONCLUSIONS let: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication
Device," Proc. 1964 Fall Joint Computer Confer-
By constructing the writing surface as the super- ence.
----
L...,R PASS NO.1 (START) II ------.,.. 2n
31 .-:::::::---- 4n
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RETURN R-L
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CONTI NUE TH I S PATTERN
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In 21
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