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INTRODUCTION

Statistics is the science that deals with the collection, presentation,


analysis and interpretation of numerical or quantitative data. It is a very powerful
tool of research and a strong basis for decision-making and forecasting. All
inventions and discoveries underwent serious studies and researches before it
can be presented or introduced to the people. It is with the help of statistics that
enables inventors to make conclusions; managers, company owners or ordinary
people to make decisions and researchers to make forecasts. Statistics is very
important that it is used and being applied in almost every field of study and in
every sector of society.

BRIEF HISTORY

Tracing the origin of statistics puts us back to ancient times when the power
and glory of an empire is measured by the vast territory it occupies and the
number of men under his command, the stronger its army base becomes, which
translates into more lands it can occupy, and thus mightier it kingdom becomes.
Official government statistics are as old as recorded history. The emperor
Yao had taken a census of the population in China in the year 2238 B.C. The old
testament contains several accounts of census taking. Government of ancient
Babylonia, Egypt and Rome gathered detail records of population and resources.
In the Middle Age, government began to register the ownership of land. In A.D.
762, Charlemagne asked for detailed description of church-owned properties.
Early in the ninth century, he completed a statistical enumeration of the serfs
attached to the land. About 1086, William the conqueror ordered the writing of
the Domesday Book, a record of ownership, extent, and value of the lands of
England. This work was England’s first statistical abstract.

It is thus safe to relate the history of statistics as a tool of public


administration to account for it populace. Hence we can understand why the study
was named statistics which comes from the Italian word “statista” (meaning
stateman”). It was first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719-1772), a professor at
Marlborugh and Guttengen. Dr. E. A. W. Zimmerman introduced the word
statistics to England. Its use was popularized by Sir John Sinclair in his work
“Statistical Account of Scotland 1791-1799”.

The early contributors for the popularization of this field were the great
mathematicians, namely Abraham de Moivre (1667-1774) and Carl Gauss (1777-
1885) who pioneered works on the basic tenements of statistics and numerical
analysis, respectively. A Belgian, Adolf Quetelet, is referred to as the Father of
Modern Statistics because of his continued emphasis on the importance of using
statistical methods. He established a Commission of Statistics which became a
model for similar organization elsewhere. With the turn of the 8 th century, more
scholars contributed to the development of statistics. Sir Francis Galton made
extensive research works that developed correlation theorem. Further, Sir Ronald
Fisher expounded on this by working with correlation for non-normal distribution.

Now that we are in the new millennium, statistics have found its
applications also to business, social science, economics, applied sciences and
research, medicine, and entrepreneurship as well.

DIVISION OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics is all of the methods and treatments employed in


the collection, description and analysis of numerical data. The purpose of a
descriptive statistics is to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They
provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with
simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative
analysis of data.

inferential statistics is the logical process from sample analysis to a


generalization or conclusion about the population. It is also called statistical
inference or inductive statistics. With descriptive statistics you are simply

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describing what is or what the data shows. With inferential statistics, you are trying
to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance,
we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population
might think. Or, we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability
that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that
might have happened by chance in this study. Thus, we use inferential statistics to
make inferences from our data to more general conditions; we use descriptive
statistics simply to describe what's going on in our data.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Data must come from the right sources and the right people. This all
depends on the scope of the study being conducted. All the information that are of
interest to a researcher or to a decision maker must come from all the concerned
parties who are called the population. But then again, although the ideal thing to
do is to gather data from each and every member of the population, most of the
times, it is not possible. There are some factors and constraints to be considered
like the time frame given to finish the study, the budget allotted for that particular
study and the effort the researcher is willing to give to the study. In cases when
the population is so big that collecting data from each and every member of the
population is not possible, then a sample is chosen.

A sample is a subset or a representative part of the population. Choosing


of a sample from a population must also be given as emphasis so as not to result
to a very noticeable sampling error. A sampling error is the difference between
the information in the sample and the information in the population that occurs
because a sample is only a subset of the population.

Parameters are numbers that summarize data, like an average or


percentage, that describes the entire population. Statistics are numbers that
summarize data from a sample, i.e. some subset of the9 entire population.

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TYPES OF DATA

The most important part of statistics is the collection of data since the whole
study of statistics revolves around data. If extra care is not given on gathering of
valid and correct data then all efforts of the researcher will probably just go to the
waste.

Data can either be quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data are


observations in the form of numerical values. Qualitative data are observations in
the form of categorical labeling of a characteristic. Though quantitative data is the
main focus in the study of statistics, qualitative data are also importance because
most of them can be qualified.

Data can also be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary data


are observations made by the researcher himself while secondary data are those
that come from sources like journals, books and magazines, which are collected
by other researchers. Ideally it is better if primary data are used in the study of
statistics because the researcher himself controls the collection. But there are
cases when it is not possible for a researcher to collect the necessary data by
himself that he has to settle for secondary data.

The Variable

In research, the term variable refers to the property whereby the members of
the population vary from one another. For example, the members of a group may
vary in height, weight, age, educational attainment, social economic status, IQ,
attitude and others.

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The members of the population can have property or characteristics wherein
they are alike or the same, this is referred to as constant. When a researcher is
interested to deal with only the female accounting students, then sex is constant
not a variable.

Classification of Variables

A. According to functional relationship


1. Independent variable. This is sometimes termed as a predictor variable.
2. Dependent variable. This is sometimes called the criterion variable.

For example, the academic achievement is dependent on IQ. IQ is the


independent variable and the academic achievement is the dependent
variable.

B. According to continuity of values


1. Continuous Variable. These are variables that can take the form of
decimals, like weight, height, length, and school achievement.
2. Discrete or discontinuous variable. These are variables that are in integer
form. Examples are number of children, number of rooms, and number of
correct answers in a quiz.

C. According to scale/level or measurement


a. Categorical
1. Nominal Data. This property allows one to make statements or similarities
or differences. They name objects. Examples: Sex , Political Affiliation,
Religion
2. Ordinal data have the mathematical property of indicating order or place.
Example: Ranking of beauty contestants, taste test result

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b. Scale
3. Interval data do provide information about the distance between data
points.
Example: Temperature, IQ
4. Ratio data have equal distances between units and an absolute zero point
that is not arbitrary. Examples : height, weight, test score, age.

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Chapter 1: Overview of Statistics
Exercise 1
Name ___________________________________ Score __________
Section _________________________________ Date ___________

I. Identify the following.


Statistics 1. Theory and method of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing and interpreting data.
Adolf Quetelet 2. Father of modern statistics.
Inferential 3. Concerned with drawing conclusions about a
population base on pre-selected samples from the
same population.
Qualitative Data 4. Characteristics of a person or an object being studied.
Population 5. Totality of all objects of a certain class or characteristic
under study.
Ratio Data 6. A type of measurement
wherein zero is non-arbitary.
Variable 7. A finite group of objects selected from the population
and processing identical characteristics as that of the
population.
Sir Ronald Fisher 8. Most prominent contributor to the development of
statistics in the 20th century.
Continuity of values 9. A characteristic that can assume different values

10. Standard deviation of a sample.

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II. Discrete and Continuous Data
Which of the highlighted values are discrete and which are continuous data in the
following statements?
1. The heaviest package received last week was 10.7 kilos. Continuous Data
2. The maximum temperature in Cebu on Dec. 1, 1980 according to the weather
newscaster was 92.20C. Continuous Data
3. In the city of Olongapo, a total of 300 fires were reported by the Olongapo Fire
Department to have occurred during the year 1975.Discrete Data
4. Engineer Cano’s reported income for the past year was P820,175.75 per
annum. Continuous Data
5. Only 3,205 applicants passed the Institute of Engineering Entrance Test in
PUP. Discrete Data
6. I bought a can if peaches which weighs 1.45kg. Continuous Data
7. Nissan Motor Corporation reported it sold 458 cars and 439 trucks during the
past 8 months. Discrete Data
8. The destructive typhoon Sisang before Christmas compelled the Aquino
Government to declare a state of calamity in 15 areas, including Metro Manila.
Discrete Data
9. Romeo dela Rosa died at the age of 67. Discrete Data
10. The steel platform can support a weight of 350 tons. Continuous Data

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III. Level of Measurement
Indicate which of the following variables fall into nominal, ordinal, interval or
ratio variable.
1. Time Ratio Data
2. Salaries in a large business firm Ratio Data
3. Shades of green color Nominal Data
4. Age Nominal Data
5. Perception (strongly agree, agree,
neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) Ordinal Data
6. Temperature Interval Data
7. Grade (TCC grading system) Ordinal Data
8. weight Ratio Data
9. Number of Covid19 Cases in Rizal Ratio Data
10. Mental ages Interval Data

IV. Label each as descriptive or inferential.

Descriptive Statistics 1. Average grade of 24 Statistics students.


Inferential Statistics 2. Financial analysts say that mortgage may soon hit
bottom.
Descriptive Statistics 3. The guard in a mall records the number of shoppers
for the past month.
Inferential Statistics 4. The HR manager determines the association of
educational attainment and the performance level of call
center agents in a certain company.
Descriptive Statistics 5. The Philippine Regulation Commission ranks the
result of the CPA professional examination in 2019.

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