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BRIEF HISTORY
Tracing the origin of statistics puts us back to ancient times when the power
and glory of an empire is measured by the vast territory it occupies and the
number of men under his command, the stronger its army base becomes, which
translates into more lands it can occupy, and thus mightier it kingdom becomes.
Official government statistics are as old as recorded history. The emperor
Yao had taken a census of the population in China in the year 2238 B.C. The old
testament contains several accounts of census taking. Government of ancient
Babylonia, Egypt and Rome gathered detail records of population and resources.
In the Middle Age, government began to register the ownership of land. In A.D.
762, Charlemagne asked for detailed description of church-owned properties.
Early in the ninth century, he completed a statistical enumeration of the serfs
attached to the land. About 1086, William the conqueror ordered the writing of
the Domesday Book, a record of ownership, extent, and value of the lands of
England. This work was England’s first statistical abstract.
The early contributors for the popularization of this field were the great
mathematicians, namely Abraham de Moivre (1667-1774) and Carl Gauss (1777-
1885) who pioneered works on the basic tenements of statistics and numerical
analysis, respectively. A Belgian, Adolf Quetelet, is referred to as the Father of
Modern Statistics because of his continued emphasis on the importance of using
statistical methods. He established a Commission of Statistics which became a
model for similar organization elsewhere. With the turn of the 8 th century, more
scholars contributed to the development of statistics. Sir Francis Galton made
extensive research works that developed correlation theorem. Further, Sir Ronald
Fisher expounded on this by working with correlation for non-normal distribution.
Now that we are in the new millennium, statistics have found its
applications also to business, social science, economics, applied sciences and
research, medicine, and entrepreneurship as well.
DIVISION OF STATISTICS
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describing what is or what the data shows. With inferential statistics, you are trying
to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance,
we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population
might think. Or, we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability
that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that
might have happened by chance in this study. Thus, we use inferential statistics to
make inferences from our data to more general conditions; we use descriptive
statistics simply to describe what's going on in our data.
Data must come from the right sources and the right people. This all
depends on the scope of the study being conducted. All the information that are of
interest to a researcher or to a decision maker must come from all the concerned
parties who are called the population. But then again, although the ideal thing to
do is to gather data from each and every member of the population, most of the
times, it is not possible. There are some factors and constraints to be considered
like the time frame given to finish the study, the budget allotted for that particular
study and the effort the researcher is willing to give to the study. In cases when
the population is so big that collecting data from each and every member of the
population is not possible, then a sample is chosen.
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TYPES OF DATA
The most important part of statistics is the collection of data since the whole
study of statistics revolves around data. If extra care is not given on gathering of
valid and correct data then all efforts of the researcher will probably just go to the
waste.
The Variable
In research, the term variable refers to the property whereby the members of
the population vary from one another. For example, the members of a group may
vary in height, weight, age, educational attainment, social economic status, IQ,
attitude and others.
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The members of the population can have property or characteristics wherein
they are alike or the same, this is referred to as constant. When a researcher is
interested to deal with only the female accounting students, then sex is constant
not a variable.
Classification of Variables
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b. Scale
3. Interval data do provide information about the distance between data
points.
Example: Temperature, IQ
4. Ratio data have equal distances between units and an absolute zero point
that is not arbitrary. Examples : height, weight, test score, age.
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Chapter 1: Overview of Statistics
Exercise 1
Name ___________________________________ Score __________
Section _________________________________ Date ___________
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II. Discrete and Continuous Data
Which of the highlighted values are discrete and which are continuous data in the
following statements?
1. The heaviest package received last week was 10.7 kilos. Continuous Data
2. The maximum temperature in Cebu on Dec. 1, 1980 according to the weather
newscaster was 92.20C. Continuous Data
3. In the city of Olongapo, a total of 300 fires were reported by the Olongapo Fire
Department to have occurred during the year 1975.Discrete Data
4. Engineer Cano’s reported income for the past year was P820,175.75 per
annum. Continuous Data
5. Only 3,205 applicants passed the Institute of Engineering Entrance Test in
PUP. Discrete Data
6. I bought a can if peaches which weighs 1.45kg. Continuous Data
7. Nissan Motor Corporation reported it sold 458 cars and 439 trucks during the
past 8 months. Discrete Data
8. The destructive typhoon Sisang before Christmas compelled the Aquino
Government to declare a state of calamity in 15 areas, including Metro Manila.
Discrete Data
9. Romeo dela Rosa died at the age of 67. Discrete Data
10. The steel platform can support a weight of 350 tons. Continuous Data
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III. Level of Measurement
Indicate which of the following variables fall into nominal, ordinal, interval or
ratio variable.
1. Time Ratio Data
2. Salaries in a large business firm Ratio Data
3. Shades of green color Nominal Data
4. Age Nominal Data
5. Perception (strongly agree, agree,
neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) Ordinal Data
6. Temperature Interval Data
7. Grade (TCC grading system) Ordinal Data
8. weight Ratio Data
9. Number of Covid19 Cases in Rizal Ratio Data
10. Mental ages Interval Data