Step 3 - to understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Individual work

Student name

Jorge Ivan Mendieta Muñoz

Group: 9
Identification number:5826178

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering

Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
2019 16-04
 Introduction

In this work the development of the activities proposed for unit 2 step 3 is consigned:
to understand the behavior of the waves in open and closed media, for this we carry
out the investigation of several basic concepts such as refraction and total reflection
of an electromagnetic wave, the different types of propagation media that the waves
have, the polarization of a wave and practical exercises where the coefficient of
reflection and transmission of a wave is calculated, the reflected and transmitted
power and finally Snell's law is used to calculate the trajectory Total wave.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves travel through the waveguide in different propagation modes.
One way is the way in which energy can be propagated along a guide, so that all
these modes exist, certain boundary conditions must be satisfied. In theory there are
an infinite number of propagation modes and each one has its cutoff frequency from
which it exists.
The propagation modes depend on the wavelength, its polarization and the
dimensions of the guide. As each mode has an associated cut-off frequency, the
frequency of the signal to be transmitted must be greater than the cut-off frequency,
in this way the electromagnetic energy will be transmitted through the guide without
attenuation.
The longitudinal mode of a waveguide is a particular type of standing wave formed by
waves confined in the cavity. With respect to the transverse modes it has:
a. TE electric transverse mode: the electric field component in the propagation
E±z =0
direction is null. ^

b. Magnetic transverse mode TM: the magnetic field component in the propagation
H ±z =0
direction is null. ^

c. TEM electromagnetic transverse mode: the component of both the electric and
E±z =0 y ^
magnetic fields in the propagation direction is zero. ^ H ±z =0
Hybrid mode, are those that do have component in the direction of propagation in
both the electric and magnetic fields
(Blog Guide of electromagnetic waves, s.f.)
Functioning:
In rectangular waveguides the fundamental mode is TE1,0 yand in circular waveguides
it is TE1,1 the bandwidth of a waveguide is limited by the appearance of higher modes,
in a rectangular guide is TE2,0

Figure 1 Modos de propagación tomado de: http://grupo5-guiadeondas.blogspot.com/2013/11/mododominante.html

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is the path described by the electric field
vector component in its propagation, so as to maintain orthogonality with respect to
the magnetic field vector component.
There are different types of polarization:
Linear: In this case the trajectory of the electric field is linear. In turn, the linear
polarization can be:
Horizontal: This occurs when the vector component of the electric field of the wave is

horizontal to the earth's surface.

https://ikastaroak.ulhi.net/edu/es/IEA/ICTV/ICTV02/es_IEA_ICTV02_Contenidos/website_22_polarizacin_de_la_onda_electromagntica.html

Vertical: This occurs when the vector component of the electric field of the wave is
perpendicular to the earth's surface.

Figure 3 wave Polarization taken from:

https://ikastaroak.ulhi.net/edu/es/IEA/ICTV/ICTV02/es_IEA_ICTV02_Contenidos/website_22_polarizacin_de_la_onda_electromagntica.html

Circular: In this case the electric field vector component advances by rotating on the
propagation axis.
 Figure 4 Wave polarization taken from:
https://ikastaroak.ulhi.net/edu/es/IEA/ICTV/ICTV02/es_IEA_ICTV02_Contenidos/website_22_polarizacin_de_la_onda_electromagntica.html

The circular polarization can be:

Destrógira: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is to the right.
Levógira: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is to the left.
(BIRT LH ICTV02.- The broadcasting signal. Part one: TV terrestrial., S.f.)

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

From Snell's law it follows that if lightning passes from one medium to another, with a
higher refractive index, the refracted ray approaches the normal. If you do it to
another one with a lower refractive index, you move away from the normal one, that
is, the angle of refraction is greater than that of incidence. There will therefore be a
limit or critical angle (θ L) for the which the refracted ray comes out tangent to the
separation surface of the two means.

When it occurs, this phenomenon is known as total reflection, because for angles of
incidence greater than the limit angle, the ray It does not refract, producing only the
phenomenon of reflection.
[ CITATION Lal1 \l 9226 ]

It is that phenomenon that occurs when the light strikes a large angle in a less
restrictive environment than the first one, as passing from the air to the water or
even glass in it almost does not produce refraction through the second medium but
the light is reflected internally a clear example are mirages.
These occur when the refractive index of a medium changes a certain direction, giving
rise to a continuous refraction of the light rays and, therefore, a deviation from the
initial rectilinear path. Thus, on hot days, the air that is just above the earth's surface
has a lower refractive index than the air in the upper layers, so it gives the impression
of the existence of water in the soil and of behaving similar to a mirror.
[ CITATION Pre \l 9226 ]

Figure 2 Reflexión total tomado de: http://e-ducativa.catedu.es/44700165/aula/archivos/repositorio/3000/3236/html/41_reflexin_tot

Figure 3 reflexión total tomado de: http://e-ducativa.catedu.es/44700165/aula/archivos/repositorio/3000/3236/html/41_reflexin_tot

In total reflection the light does not lose intensity.

The most common reflection utility is in the manufacture of planar, or flat, mirrors.
For an observer, the image of an object reflected in a mirror seems to originate
somewhere behind the surface of the mirror. The image will appear in the measure
behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. The size of the reflected image will
also be equal to the size of the actual object. Because the eye places the image at a
point where the rays of light converge when it extends beyond the plane of the
mirror, the image is not real and is known as a virtual image. [ CITATION Woo16 \l 9226 ]

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

When the light passes from a denser medium with refractive index n1, another less
dense medium, with refractive index n2, the incident beam of light is refracted in such
a way that it is not able to cross the surface between both media fully reflecting and
being completely confined he has luminous in the optically denser medium through
which it spreads.

Figure 4 Refracción tomado de: https://www.slideshare.net/altorres4/refraccin-ngulo-crtico-y-la-reflexin-total-ley-de-snell

the index of refraction can also be defined as the ratio of the wavelength of light in a
vacuum in relation to the wavelength of light in a medium
Refraction plays an important role in the design of lenses for glasses, telescopes and
microscopes. Transparent materials of a certain index of refraction, such as glass or
plastic, are used to cause the rays of light to converge or diverge to form an image of
some object. Normally, the lenses are disc-shaped, with two curved surfaces or on a
flat surface and the other curve. The curved part of a lens can be concave or convex.
All the rays that pass through a lens are refracted, with the exception of the rays that
pass through the central point, which is called the optical center. Divergent lenses
create virtual images that are upright and smaller than the actual object. A
converging lens causes the light rays to converge on the main focus, which is behind
the lens. The image size will depend on the distance of the object in relation to the
focal length of the lens and the amount of lens curvature. [ CITATION Woo16 \l 9226 ]

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Snell's law constitutes the proposal of geometric optics for the calculation of angles of
reflection and refraction of light. Snell's first law, also known as the law of reflection,
simply states that the angle of incidence of lightning is equal to the angle of
reflection, measuring both angles with respect to the normal of the surface.
Based on Snell's second law, also known as the law of refraction, tells us that:
n1 sin θ1=−n2 sin θ2 ,

where n1and n2 are the refractive indexes of the media (1) and (2), respectively, the

deduction from the previous equation can be seen in the appendix (A.1). Now we
have to
c
n=
v
Where:
n=index of refraction of theindex∈question
c=speed of light ∈a vacuum(3 × 108m/ s)
v=speed of light ∈the middle∈question
Then the previous equation is as follows
c c
sin θ1=− sin θ2 ,
v1 v2

Therefore, in order for equality to be met, the phase velocity must be met, υ2 must
be negative
(PDF INADE, s.f.)

Figure 5 Example of Snell's law taken from: http://search.ebscohost.com.bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login.aspx?

direct=true&db=ers&AN=87997350&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site

Snell's law is an important part of optics, which is the study of light and other forms
of radiation. An important application of Snell's law is fiber optics, which is the flexible
use of glass fibers to send data and information through light. Light passes through
the fibers and many miles. The light that passes through the fibers can refract.
Understanding refraction and refraction angles through Snell's law allows scientists to
use the right material in fiber optic cables and to use the right type of cables for
different applications.

Application exercises:
2
+¿=200 mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P1 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω .
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
Calculate the reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.
 Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.
¿=9
CCC=582
Data:
f =9 MHz
2
mW /m ¿
P+¿=200
1

η1=120 π Ω

η2=178 Ω

P−¿=? ¿
1

P+¿=? ¿
2

Coefficient of reflection:
η2 −η1 582−120 π
г= = =0.213< 0°
η2+ η1 582+120 π

the reflactance is of:

 2
R=|г| =0.2132 =0. 0454=4.54 %

The transmittance:
T =1−R=1−0.0454=0. 954=95.4 %

Calculate the reflected power

¿

the transmitted power

¿

2
+¿=200 mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =9 MHz and P1 , coming from a wave generator
located 30 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )perpendicularly
on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=582Ω and 10 cm thick. The wall is made of a
non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a
receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the receiver.

Data:
2
P+¿
1 200 mW /m

(η1 =120 π Ω)
η2=582Ω
(η3 =120 π Ω)

In this case, it is necessary to calculate the propagation constants in the wall and use
them to approximate the total calculations, considering the contribution of both
media.
As the wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material:

2
μ0 η
η=
√
ϵ 0 ϵr
→ ϵr = 1
η2 ( )
120 πΩ 2
ϵ r= ( 582 Ω ) =0.42

Now you can calculate the phase constant of the wall.

ω
β=ω √ μ0 ϵ 0 ϵ r= ϵ
c0 √ r

2 π∗9∗106
β= √ 0.42=0.12215rad /m
3∗108

η3+ j η2 tan( βx )
η¿ =η2
η2+ j η3 tan( βx )

120 π + j 582 tan ( 0.12215∗0.10 )

η¿ =582
582+ j120 π tan ( 0.12215∗0.10 )

Where x=0.10 is obtained from the wall thickness that is 10 cm=0.10 m

Calculando
η¿ =(376.99+ j 4.13) Ω

Now with the value of the first input impedance we can calculate the first refractive
coefficient
η¿ −η aire
Γ 1=
η¿ +ηaire

(376.99+ j 4.13)−120 π
Γ 1= =0.00007+ j 0.0544=0.0544
(376.99+ j 4.13)+120 π

transmission coefficient:
τ 1 =1+ Γ 1

τ 1 =1+ 0.00007+ j 0.0544

Percentage of power transmitted to the wall:

2
T 1=1−|Γ 1| =1−0.0544 2

T 1=1−0.002958=0.997 →1

T 1=100 %

This indicates that of the power emitted by the emitter, only 100% is transmitted to
the wall, but
not that this is the power received by the receiver.
The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:
R1=1−T 1

we replace the values:

R1=1−1

R1=0

R1=0 %

Calculate the reflected power

¿
 the transmitted power
¿
The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:
η¿ −η pared
Γ2=
η¿ +η pared

(376.99+ j 4.13)−582
Γ2= =−0.2087
(376.99+ j 4.13)+582

Which results in a transmittance equivalent to:

2
T 2=1−|Γ 2| =1−0.20872

T 2=0.956

T 2=95. 5 6 %

R2=1−T 2

we replace the values:

R2=1−0.956

R2=0.044

R2=4.4 %

Calculate the reflected power

¿
the transmitted power
¿
The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a product of
both
transmittances:
T t=T 1 +T 2

T t=0.956∗1=0.956
In other words, of the power emitted by the transmitter, only 95.56% reaches the
receiver.

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 582 mm thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

The refractive index of ice is:

θ2=sen−1 ( n1n2 sen θ )

1

We replace:

θ2=sen−1 ¿

θ2=sen−1 ( 1.3096∗0.70 8 )

θ2=sen−1 ( 0.92 7 )
θ2=6 7.97°
 dAB
dAB=tan ( 68 ° )=
582mm
dAB=582mm∗tan ( 6 7.9 7 ° )
dAB=582mm∗2.4 7
dAB=1437 .54 mm

Now we calculate the index of refraction of material 3

n3∗sen (22 .03 ° )=n aire∗sen ( 6 7.97 ° )

1.00029∗sen (6 7.97 ° )
n3 =
sen ( 22. 03 ° )
1.00029∗0.927
n3 =
0.3751
0.92 7
n3 =
0.37 51
n3 =2.47

From air to material 3 it is fulfilled that:

θ2 +θ3 =90 °

θ3 =90 °−6 7 . 9 7 °

θ3 =22.03°

dBC
dBC =tan ( 21.93 ° )=
582 mm
dBC =582 mm∗tan ( 22.03° ° )
dBC =582 mm∗0.40 46
dBC =235. 5 mm
θ 4=sen−1 ¿

θ 4=sen−1 ( 1.6 25∗0.38 )

θ 4=sen−1 ( 0.6 175 )

θ 4=3 8 . 13°

dCD
dCD=tan ( 37.6 ° )=
582 mm
dCD=582 mm∗tan ( 3 8 . 13° )
dCD=582 mm∗0.7 86
dCD=457.45 mm

dAD=dAB+dBC + dCD
dAD=1437.54+235.5+ 457.45
dAD=2131mm

Conclusions
Conclusion 1:
Conclusion 1:

It was learned that reflection and refraction of waves are two phenomena that occur
when a wave that propagates in a certain medium meets a separation surface with
another medium. Where the reflection does not change the velocity of wave v, nor its
frequency f , nor its wavelength λ . and refraction does not change the frequency of
wave f , but in doing so its velocity v, its wavelength λ must also change.

Conclusion 2:

We can also conclude when a wave strikes perpendicular to the border between a
dielectric without losses and a perfect conductor a total reflection of waves occurs in
these conditions the reflected wave becomes a pulsating wave with the same
frequency of the incident wave but which doubles its amplitude and as a result gives
two waves of equal amplitude but that propagate in totally opposite directions

Bibliography

Woodwell, G. ((2016)). Reflection and refraction. Salem Press Encyclopedia of

Science. Retrieved from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=ers&AN=89317193&lang=en&site=eds-live
BIRT LH ICTV02.- The broadcasting signal. First part: terrestrial TV. (s.f.). Retrieved
from
https://ikastaroak.ulhi.net/edu/es/IEA/ICTV/ICTV02/es_IEA_ICTV02_Contenido
s/website_22_polarizacin_de_la_onda_electromagntica.html
Blog Guide of electromagnetic waves. (s.f.). Retrieved from http://grupo5-
guiadeondas.blogspot.com/2013/11/mododominante.html
Snell's law of refraction. (s.f.). Retrieved from
http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/ondas/snell/snell.htm
The physical optical light. (s.f.). Obtained from juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-
tic/41008970/helvia/sitio/upload/beamer_sobre_la_luz.pdf
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https://inaoe.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1009/624/1/JuarezMJC
.pdf
Prezzi (s.f.). Retrieved from https://prezi.com/og0pjhl6e_cf/indice-de-refraccion-
total/
Chen, W. (2005). The electrical engineering manual. Boston: Academic Press, (pp.
519-524). Retrieved from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=en&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=
pp_519
Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagation of electromagnetic waves. Wireless fixed
broadband. (pp. 31-51). Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=en&site=ehost-live
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Recovered from
http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140
Woodwell, G. (2016). Reflection and refraction. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science.
Retrieved from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=ers&AN=89317193&lang=en&site=eds-live
 Mohn, E. (2017). Snell’s law. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=ers&AN=87997350&lang=en&site=eds-live&scope=site