INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to

mankind. Energy is being utilized through the formation of electricity. As the world

continues to evolve, the resources need to multiply its number to sustain the requirements

of life. Therefore, renewable resources like salt and water can be used as an alternative to

nonrenewable resources that produce electricity.

Philippines is currently facing an electricity crisis. About 16 million of the

country’s population does not have access to electricity. Places like Divilacan,

Dinapigue, Palanan, and Maconacon that are found in the Province of Isabela suffer from

scarcity of electricity. Almost half of the income of every Filipino family is spent in

electrical bills. Also, the nonrenewable resources which are the main sources of power

are slowly depleting.

Fortunately, countries like the Philippines will benefit the most since they have a

large supply of salt and water. The country’s water contains some of the world’s richest

elements such as salt. The Philippine government can establish power plants that make

use of renewable energy sources such as salt and water to provide electricity for the

people with less harm to the environment.

Salt is a crystalline compound that is abundant in nature. Pure salt is composed of

40% sodium and 60% chlorine. Aside from its use in cooking, it also produces

electricity. Molecules of the salt are made of sodium ions and chlorine ions that have

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electrical charges because it has either gained or lost an electron. When salt is put in

water (salt water), the water molecules pull the sodium and chlorine ions apart causing

the ions to float freely. These ions serve as the carriers of electricity through water. It is

true that salt water is free and eco-friendly supplier of energy and a good conductor of

electricity.

The general intent of this study is to evaluate how salt and water can be used as

an alternative provider of electricity. The sides that are looked into are the probability of

salt and water as an alternative source of energy, its ability to provide a cheaper and

much safer source of power, and more accessible electricity source for the people who

live in remote areas. In this way, the people can prevent themselves from using

improvised lamps that use kerosene which are harmful to humans.

This will help the country solve its problem concerning electrical issues.

Moreover, it will save the nonrenewable resources from reduction. Therefore, the

researchers want to conduct the investigation to prove and evaluate how salt can be an

efficient energy source.

Statement of the Problem

This investigatory research is intended to evaluate how the probability of salt and

water can power a light bulb. The researchers want to find for applicable answers to

these following questions:

1. What are the materials needed to be able to perform the investigation?

2. What are the processes involved in making salt and water circuit?

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 3. How does the kind of salt affect the voltage being produced?

4. How much salt is needed to produce light for an LED sheet?

5. How does the connection between wires, copper plate, and aluminum rod affect

the flow of electric current?

Objective of the Study

The goal of the study is to evaluate the potential of salt and water as an

alternative source of energy. The following specific objectives are:

1. To determine the materials needed to perform the investigation.

2. To determine the procedures involved in making the salt and water circuit.

3. To determine the kind of salt that will produce a higher voltage.

4. To determine the amount of salt needed to power an LED sheet.

5. To determine the effect of connection between the wires, copper plate, and

aluminum rod.

Significance of the Study

To the Residents Near the Coastal Areas. The result of this study can provide

prior knowledge on how to create light using the natural resources like seawater that

surrounds them.

To the Students. The findings of this study can stimulate their interests and

curiosities which can encourage them to create a similar research.

To the Science Teachers. This research includes studies in the different branches

of science like chemistry and physics. Thus, the results of the experiments give

additional learning that enlightens the complexity of the subject science.

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 To the Faculty and Administration. The study will provide information

regarding the conservation of energy and electricity in school by using cheaper and safer

alternative source of light.

To the Electricians. This study will provide information to the electricians to

further improve and expand their ability to create a more accessible circuit.

To the Future Researchers. The findings of this study will serve as a basis that

will give ideas to related research that can help to expand their understanding.

To the Government. The study will provide the local government the idea in

building a power plant that makes use of salt and water as a primary source of electricity.

Scope and Delimitation

The research is conducted to show the relationship between the materials such as

salt, water, and wires and the production of alternative electric circuit considering the

intensity and duration of the light it brings.

The study is held within the Campus and the Science Laboratory of Casa Del

Niño Montessori School, San Rafael, Roxas, Isabela during the Second Quarter of the

school year 2019-2020.

Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity and definiteness to their usage, the following terms are hereby

defined in accordance with how they are used in the study.

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Salt. This refers to the solute that is being dissolved by water and composed of negative

ions.

Water. This refers to the solvent that dissolves the salt.

LED sheet. This refers to the material used in the study to measure how much power is

present in the circuit.

Aluminum Rod. This refers to the negative electrode of the circuit.

Copper Plate. This refers to the positive electrode of the circuit.

Wire. This refers to the connection of copper plate and aluminum rod.

Multi Tester. This refers to the tester used to measure the flow of direct current volt.

Electricity. This refers to the form of energy that is produced by salt and water.

Circuit. This refers to the pathway where electricity travels to salt and water.

School. This refers to Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas Science Laboratory,

San Rafael, Roxas, Isabela where the investigation is conducted

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 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Philippines is an archipelago, which makes it hard to connect every single

home to the power grid. Most of the communities are not connected to the power grid,

which means they do not have direct access to electricity. Most of the Filipinos who live

in remote areas still use fire-based lighting systems, like kerosene lamps, to light their

homes. The main goal is to make use of the most abundant natural resource that

surrounds us which is salt water or ocean water. (Mijeno, 2019)

Salt water can be a more effective conductor of electricity than pure water. When

a salt molecule is dissolved, the negative and positive ions are released in the water. The

negatively charged chlorine ions absorb the electrons which are released by the positive

sodium ions that form an opposite attraction. These ions create a connection which

makes the electricity move through the water. (Bailey, 2019)

The process of making unrefined salt is through natural evaporation but also

heating and roasting. Refined Salt is exposed to higher chemical treatment than unrefined

salt leading it to lose the natural minerals found in seawater. Refined salt is harvested

from salt mines then undergoes the process of chemical compression which results to

removal of impurities or minerals. Unrefined Salt is composed of mainly sodium and

chloride in addition, it is also composed of minerals like magnesium, sulfur, potassium,

calcium and bromine that are also found in seawater. During the chemical process of

Refined Salt, these minerals are removed causing it to have more chemical compositions.

(Andrew, 2018)

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 Kerosene lamps are the main source of lighting for remote areas in the

Philippines. Kerosene lamp is a very common lighting source that has been used by

many generations. Kerosene lamps release black carbon which is dangerous if inhaled

for an hour. It has the same effect of smoking 40 cigarettes a day. People adapting to an

alternative light source is more efficient and safer than using kerosene lamps. SALt lamp

is an environmentally-friendly provider of light due to its non-combustion system, and it

can greatly reduce carbons that are released on the environment to lessen the contribution

to the air pollution. In addition, Mijeno helps to create a device that would make people’s

lives easier. People can create energy through different ways but the only problem is

most people only have limited sources to be used. (Mijeno, 2017)

The usage of non-renewable sources in energy production is greater compared to

renewable sources. However, as the demand for electricity increases, increase in the

price of oil, loss of fossil fuels, and the tremendous warming of the earth due to

excessive creation of carbon dioxide, the presence of renewable sources becomes

important.

The use of renewable sources to produce electricity requires stationary electrical

energy storage systems with rechargeable and low-cost batteries. With the use of

batteries and salt water, it can be an alternative energy source. The salt water can help to

power a battery using the reactions of gases at the positive charge, and the reduction and

oxidation reactions in the negatively charged electrodes. In changing the salt

concentration, the usage of energy in a safer and cheaper way is controlled. (Park, Sang

Min, 2016)

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 Many Filipinos have been living without electricity. Lighting up their homes

takes a lot of time, and effort. Mijeno witnessed the lives of many indigenous people

living without electricity. Using salt and water is an effective material to light up a circuit

because it powers the ions in the battery. Electricity produced from salt water will make

a big difference in their lives. Their product will keep families from using dangerous and

expensive materials like kerosene, which contributes a massive amount of air pollution.

By using salt water circuit, families will be safer, and have more time in their livelihood

even during the night. (Balea, 2014)

Most commercial refined salt is taken from salt mines such as brine which is a

highly concentrated solution of water and salt. In this process, chemicals are used to

remove leftover minerals that are referred to as impurities in salt. After the process,

refined salt will be mineral free that makes its concentration higher than coarse salt.

Ferrocyanide, ammonium, citrate, and aluminum silicate are the composition of refined

salt. Dextrose is also used as a neutralizer to preserve its iodide. In contrast with refined

salt, unrefined salt contains much more than sodium chloride. In the production of salt,

machines that remove the minerals and other elements that are naturally found in salt is

not needed. Moreover, Unrefined Salt has not been exposed to harmful chemicals which

makes the minerals stay within its composition. Finally, the other impurities have been

removed from refined salt while Unrefined Salt is composed of the original chemical of

seawater. (Brownstein, 2013)

When salt is being dissolved in water, it will release its positive sodium ions and

negative chloride ions. This means that there are positive and negative charges present in

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salt water solution. Electricity can be produced from one electrical conductor or also

called as the electrode to the opposite ends of the salt water circuit. As a result, these

charged ions complete the salt water circuit that powers the light bulb. The amount of

salt dissolved in water will determine how bright or dim the bulb will shine. (Coppens,

2012)

As the world continuously experiences climate change, everyone is looking for an

alternative creator of electricity. The world’s main energy resources are coal and oil.

However, burning of coal to produce electricity expels large amount of carbon dioxide

into the atmosphere which contributes a lot to the production of harmful greenhouse

gases. Therefore, salt water could be the best eco-friendly source of energy for homes

and factories. It is possible to create salt water power plants along coastlines to produce

electricity that can lessen the harm to the environment. In the future, people can look

into this as an option to ensure reliable energy supplies to their homes, and this would

help reduce the damage that is released in the atmosphere.

Bengaluru and Prasad used the electrolysis method to produce electricity from

salt water. Water is composed of two elements which are hydrogen and oxygen. But

using only water cannot conduct electricity. However, adding ordinary table salt to water

will become an electrolyte solution. Salt is composed of Sodium and Chlorine ions

wherein these ions have electrical charge. These ions carry electricity through water that

can conduct electricity. (Bengaluru, Prasad, 2011)

The conversion of salt water into electricity aims for the public to discover the

potential of salt water as a renewable source of energy and to be known as a power

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source. In addition, this study implies some methods that can make future researchers

competent and try to create an experiment using salt water. By using a salt water circuit,

it helps people to save money as it may be a cheap source of energy. Salt water circuit is

environmentally-friendly. The study can help the future researchers to create a more

efficient source of power that can greatly contribute to society. (Albano, 2009)

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 METHODOLOGY

This chapter aims to discuss the process and materials needed to be able to

perform the investigation of making a salt and water circuit. This also includes the

amount of salt needed to light the salt and water circuit and how it affects the flow of

electric current. This is the part of the study where the researchers will perform the

efficiency of the salt and water circuit.

Table 1. Presentation of Materials used in Making Salt and Water Circuit.

Materials Function
400 mL Water Water will be used as the solvent in the
investigation.
Table Salt Table salt will be used as the solute in the
first investigation.
Iodized Salt These types of iodized salt will be used as
● Refined Sea Salt the solute in the second and third
● Coarse Sea Salt investigation.
LED Sheet (3 volts) Light sheet will be the material to be
powered.
26 cm wire Wire will be used to connect the aluminum
rod and copper plate for the electricity to
pass through.
Beaker The beaker will be used to measure the 400
mL of water per treatment in terms of their
solution.
15 cm Plastic Container The plastic container will be used to hold
the series of connections of the aluminum
rod and copper plate in place.

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Pliers Pliers will be used to bend the aluminum
rod to secure the wire connected to the
aluminum.
Wire Stripper Wire stripper will be used to cut the wires.
Screw Driver This will be used to twist the aluminum to
become a spring-like rod.

10 pieces Aluminum Rod Aluminum rod will serve as the negative

(38 cm, 3.6250 grams per piece)
10 pieces Copper Plate
(11.8125 grams per piece)
Triple Beam Balance
Multi Tester
Wooden Container (24 cm length x 14 This will be used to hold the plastic
cm width x 10 cm height)
electron of the circuit.
Copper will serve as the positive electron of
the circuit.
This will be used to measure the mass of
the 10 copper plates in grams, 10 aluminum
rods in grams, and the amount of salt used
per treatment in grams.
This will be used to measure the voltage
produced by the series of salt and water
circuit.
containers and the wire connections in
place.

Procedures

1. Prepare all the materials.

2. Cut the wires in 26 cm using the stripper and remove about two inches of its outer
shell on both sides.
3. Twist the aluminum rod using the screwdriver. Leave a part where the wire can
be wrapped.
4. Rub the copper plate and aluminum rod using a sandpaper to conduct more
electricity (optional).
5. Connect the copper plate and aluminium rod using the wire. Aluminum rod on
the one side, copper plate on the other side. Use the pliers to bend the aluminum
rod to secure the wire.
6. Measure the salt in grams using a tea-spoon.
7. Stir the salt in water until it is dissolved.

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 8. Put the connection of aluminum rod and copper plate in plastic containers
alternately to make a series of negative and positive electrodes.
9. In the end of the series, it must be an aluminium rod and copper plate. Aluminum
rod serves as the negative while the copper plate is the positive.
10. Connect a wire to the both sides. One for the aluminum rod and one for the
copper plate. The other end of the wires for aluminum rod and copper plate will
be connected to the light bulb.
11. Measure the volts produced by the salt and water circuit using the multi tester.

Table 2: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 10 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Types of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 10g 2.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 10g 4.4 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 10g 1.4 volts

The table shows that in the solution of 400mL of dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and

10 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl), the three types of salt used in each solution namely

Table Salt, Refined Sea Salt, and Coarse Sea Salt produced different amount of voltage.

Table Salt produced 2 volts, while Refined Sea Salt produced 4.4 volts which makes it

the highest voltage produced for the solution of 400mL of dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and

10 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl). On the other hand, Coarse Sea Salt yielded 1.4

volts making it the lowest voltage produced for the solution of 400mL of dihydrogen

oxide (H2O) and 10 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl). Based on the statement of Dr.

David Brownstein, Refined Salt experiences chemical treatment to remove the impurities

in its composition and is not purely composed of sodium and chloride.

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 In contrast to Unrefined Salt which does not undergo any chemical treatment

and enables it to preserve its natural minerals. Basically, Refined Salt is able to produce

the highest voltage among the three types of salt used in the study because of its high

chemical composition including not only sodium and chloride but chemical compounds

such as Ferrocyanide, Aluminum Silicate, Ammonium Citrate, and Dextrose.

Table 3: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 20 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Types of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 20g 2.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 20g 4.4 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 20g 2.4 volts

It can be seen in the table that, the amount of voltage produced by the 20 grams

of three types sodium chloride (NaCl) in the same amount of 400ml of dihydrogen oxide

(H20), the researchers observed that the results from both Table Salt and Refined Salt

produced the same amount of voltage as the previous trial.

On the other hand, Coarse Sea Salt increased the amount of voltage producing 2.4 volts.

According to Little Potato Company, Coarse Sea Salt is a versatile type of salt. Its

compositions are similar to Table Salt however, it contains large particles and is less

refined which makes it harder to dissolve. Therefore, due to its versatility and minerals,

Coarse Sea Salt can produce higher voltage with the help of enough water that requires

the ability to dissolve the particles present in Coarse Sea Salt.

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Table 4: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 30 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 30g 2.8 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 30g 4.6 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 30g 2.8 volts
In this table, it is presented that the amount of voltage produced by the three types

of sodium chloride used in the study (NaCl) is gradually increased as the researchers

increased the amount of solution to 400mL of dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and 30 grams of

sodium chloride (NaCl). Table Salt and Coarse Sea Salt both produced 2.8 volts

however, Refined Sea Salt produced 4.6 volts. As stated by Dr. Ananya Mandal, if an

electrolyte has a high number of ions in a solution, it is concentrated.

Therefore, if a large amount of sodium chloride separates from the compound to

give free ions the electrolyte is strong. On the contrary, if a small amount of sodium

chloride disperses from the compound, the electrolyte is weak. Different properties of

electrolytes can be used in the process of electrolysis where elements and compounds in

a solution are being separated and extracted.

Table 5: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 40 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 40g 3.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 40g 4.6 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 40g 2.6 volts

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 The present table shows that in the solution of 400mL of dihydrogen oxide (H2O)

and 40 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl), Table Salt is the only type of sodium chloride

(NaCl) used in the study whose voltage is increased to 3 volts in respect to the results of

table 4. However, Refined Sea Salt remained constant and produced 4.6 volts in both

table 4 and table 5, and Coarse Sea Salt decreased from 2.8 volts in the previous table to

2.6 volts.

Anne Marie Helmenstine, a science educator and a doctor of Philosophy in

biomedical sciences articulated that Table Salt is 97% to 99% sodium chloride but other

compounds that are present in Table Salt depend on its source. There are two main

sources of Table Salt, it can be from either mineral halite which is mined or evaporated

sea water or sea salt. Since the Table Salt used by the researchers came from sea water or

sea salt, it consists not only of sodium and chloride but also consists of substances such

as magnesium, calcium chloride, sulfates, algae, sediments, and bacteria. In addition,

sodium fluoride is also added as a common additive of Table Salt, and it may also

contain pollutants associated with water which make it flow more freely producing the

highest voltage among the three sodium chloride (NaCl) used in the solution of 400mL

of dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and 40 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl).

Table 6: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 50 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 50g 3.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 50g 4.4 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 50g 3.0 volts

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 In this table, it is presented that the amount of voltage produced by the three types

of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the solution of 400mL dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and 50

grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) is seemingly different from the findings in table 5. It

can be seen in Table 6 that Table Salt and Coarse Sea Salt both produced 3 volts while

Refined Sea Salt yielded 4.4 volts. Obviously, Refined Sea Salt has the highest voltage in

the current table.

In comparison with the evidence provided in table 2 where Refined Sea Salt also

produced the highest amount of voltage, the researchers observed that it is due to the

fundamental differences of the components of the three types of salt why the voltages

vary. In addition, a physician in West Bloomfield, Michigan, Dr. David Brownstein said

that Refined Sea Salt is contaminated with toxic sodium ferrocyanide, ammonium citrate,

and aluminum silicate. Basically, Refined Sea Salt yielded the highest amount of voltage

because of its toxicity.

Table 7: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 60 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 60g 3.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 60g 4.4 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 60g 3.0 volts

In this table, the three types of 60 grams Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and the 400mL

solution of Dihydrogen Oxide (H2O) produced different voltages. However, the result of

the previous table regarding Table Salt yielded the same voltage which is 3.0 volts.

Refined Sea Salt also had the same result as table 6 which is 4.4 volts. On the other hand,

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Coarse Sea Salt produced 3.4 voltage which is higher than the previous trial. It can be

seen in table 3 that the results of Table Salt and Refined Salt remained the same while

Coarse Sea Salt is the only type of salt that increased.

Therefore, due to the polarity of both water and sodium chloride and the strong

covalent bond of water, salt is being dissolved. It is said that the ions in sodium chloride

(NaCl) conduct electricity, that is why the conductivity is proportional to the

concentration of salts in the solution.

Table 8: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 70 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to
the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen
Oxide (H2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 70g 3.9 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 70g 4.5 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 70g 3.0 volts

In this table, the solution of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and the 400mL of

Dihydrogen Oxide (H20) of the three types of salt used in this study produced different

voltages either increased or decreased. Table Salt solution produced 3.9 volts, Refined

Salt yielded the highest voltage among the three types of salt in this table which is 4.5

volts. And, Coarse Sea Salt being the lowest which is 3.0 volts.

As seen in the interpretation of table 5, Table Salt is composed of substances

aside from mainly sodium and chloride. The researchers observed that when salt is mixed

in water, it should be dissolved properly to produce high voltage. Therefore, despite

putting 70 grams of table salt into the 400mL solution of water, it can still be thawed

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properly. The sodium and chloride molecules were pulled by the strong covalent bonds

of Dihydrogen Oxide (H2O) setting it to lose the negative and positive charge of table

salt. The released electric charges from the solution of salt and water floats freely

enabling it to produce higher voltage. The connection between the wires, aluminum rod

and copper plate is also a variable that can affect the flow of electric charge. The

researchers observed that the tighter the connection, the stronger and higher voltage will

be produced.

Table 9: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt and
Water Solution with 80 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to the type
of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen Oxide (H 2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 80g 4.1 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 80g 4.3 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 80g 3.0 volts

The table shows that among the 80 grams of three sodium chloride (NaCl) used in

the study, Table Salt is the type of salt whose voltage is increased to 4.1 volts compared

to the results in table 8. Meanwhile, the voltage produced by Refined Sea Salt dropped to

4.3 volts, and Coarse Sea Salt is stabled in 3 volts. Similar to the evidence presented in

table 5, Table Salt has almost 100% composition of sodium chloride.

In addition to the statement of Anne Marie Helmenstine, a science educator,

Table Salt contains additives such as sodium fluoride, folic acid, and iodine in the form

of potassium iodide and sodium iodate. These substances allow its particles to move

freely in a solution with water, permitting the Table Salt produced the highest increased

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voltage in the solution of 400mL of dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and 80 grams of sodium

chloride (NaCl)

Table 10: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt
and Water Solution with 90 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with
respect to the type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of
Dihydrogen Oxide (H2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 90g 3.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 90g 4.4 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 90g 3.0 volts

In this table, among the solution of 90g of three different types of Sodium

Chloride (NaCl) and 400mL of Dihydrogen Oxide (H2O), Refined Salt produced the

highest voltage in this treatment which is 4.4 volts. Table Salt decreased its voltage

production to 3.0 volts having the same voltage as Coarse Salt which is still stable at 3.0

volts.

According to Natalie Andrews, saturation is the point where the solute can no

longer be dissolved by the solvent. Unsaturated salt solution is classified when salt

crystals are decreasing in size and eventually dissolving. Meanwhile, saturated solution

where the salt crystals stick together forming smaller crystal particles. Therefore, in this

study the saturation of table salt was reached making it drop from 4.1 volts to 3.0 volts.

When molecules of table salt are hydrated by water, the released ions float into the water.

However, when table salt reached its saturation point, the ions collided again through the

process of recrystallization. Table salt can either produce stable volts but it will slowly

deplete.

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Table 11: Presentation of Treatment for Mixture and Voltage Produced for Salt
and Water Solution with 100 Grams of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with respect to the
type of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) used and the Amount of Dihydrogen Oxide (H 2O).

Type of NaCl Amount of H2O Amount of NaCl Voltage

1. Table Salt 400mL 100g 3.0 volts
2. Refined Salt 400mL 100g 4.2 volts
3. Coarse Salt 400mL 100g 2.2 volts

The table presents the solution of 400mL dihydrogen oxide (H2O) and 100g of

sodium chloride (NaCl) in each type of salt used to perform the study. It can be observed

from the current table that some of the voltages produced is decreased and sustained.

Table Salt remained 3 volts in both table 8 and table 9. However, the voltage of two

other salt decreased. Refined Sea Salt produced 4.2 volts while Coarse Sea Salt yielded

2.2 volts.

Likewise with what is stated in table 10, the solution of salt in water has already

reached its saturation point. Saturation is when the amount of salt poured in water does

not levitate and only goes to the bottom of the solution since it cannot be dissolved any

more by water. Natalie Andrews also stated that there are many factors that affect the

solubility of salt in water including the solution of salt, the temperature of water, and the

type of salt used in a solution.

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 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This part of the study shows the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data

gathered. In this part, the findings about the voltage produced by different types of

sodium chloride (NaCl) such as Table Salt, Refined Sea Salt, and Coarse Sea Salt in 400

mL of water is shown and determined.

One factor ANOVA

Mean N Std. Dev Type of Salt (NaCl)

2.98 10 0.671 TABLE SALT
4.42 10 0.123 REFINED SEA SALT
2.68 10 0.567 COURSE SEA SALT
3.36 30 0.917 Total

ANOVA table
Source SS df MS F p-value
Treatment 17.304 2 8.6520 32.96 5.67845E-08

Error 7.088 27 0.2625

Total 24.392 29

Post hoc analysis

p-value for pairwise t-tests
COARSE SEA TABLE REFINED SEA
SALT SALT SALT
2.68 2.98 4.42
COARSE SEA SALT 2.68
TABLE SALT 2.98 .2015
REFINED SEA SALT 4.42 3.62E-08 1.00E-06

22
 Tukey
simultaneous
comparison t-values
(d.f. = 27)
COARSE SEA SALT TABLE SALT REFINED SEA SALT
2.68 2.98 4.42
COARSE SEA SALT 2.68
TABLE SALT 2.98 1.31
REFINED SEA
SALT 4.42 7.59 6.28

Critical values for experimentwise error

rate:
0.05 2.49
0.01 3.18

23
< -4.303 4.303 >

t-distribution
P(lowe P(uppe
df = 2 r) r) t
.9750 .0250 4.303
.0250 .9750 -4.303

Ho: There is no significant difference between the different treatments namely, Table

Salt, Refined Sea Salt and Coarse Sea Salt in terms of producing volts through NaCl and

H2O Solution.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the different treatments namely, Table Salt,

Refined Sea Salt and Coarse Sea Salt in terms of producing volts through NaCl and H2O

Solution.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

Reject Ho and Accept Ha: Since the P value is less than the significance level which is

5.67845275207352E-08, there is a significant difference between the different treatments

which involves Table Salt, Refined Sea Salt and Coarse Sea Salt. The data suggest that

refined sea salt has the highest result in producing voltage with a weighted mean of 4.42

and a standard deviation of 0.123. This suggests that in making NaCl and H2O solution,

one must use a Refined Sea Salt to produce voltage that is greater than or equal to 4.

24
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

Circuit is an interconnection of electronic components and a closed path where

electrons flow in a wire to produce electricity. Salt and water circuit is an alternative

source of electrical energy to help people from the far-flung areas that do not have
25
sufficient and accessible supply of electricity. This kind of circuit can also produce

enough volts that can light an LED sheet.

Salt (NaCl) with a scientific name Sodium Chloride, is a crystalline compound

that can be found in beds of aqueous evaporated minerals that result from the drying up

of enclosed surface of water like the Philippines for being known as an archipelago.

Molecules of Salt (NaCl) contain sodium ions and chlorine ions that have electrical

charges serve as the carriers of electricity through water.

This study aims to find out if the Solution of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and

Dihydrogen Oxide (H2O) as Potential Source of Electric Energy is effective in producing

light. The experiments were conducted in a plastic container with water, aluminum rod

and copper plate connected by wire, and three types of Salt (NaCl) depending on the

treatment.

Conclusion

The results showed that the amount and kind of salt have a large impact on

producing electrical charges. The researchers observed that the voltage produced by the

solution of salt and water is determined by the type of sodium chloride (NaCl) that is

being used. Based on the results of the different treatments in solution of 400 mL of

26
water and different types of salt used in the study such as Table Salt, Refined Salt, and

Coarse Sea Salt, every salt produced different amounts of volts depending on the amount

of salt in grams. Meanwhile, it derived to an outcome which Refined Salt produced the

highest voltage. Moreover, it is advisable that the connection of copper plate and

aluminum rod to the wires is secured and tightened to have a better flow of electric

current via circuit to the LED sheet.

Recommendation

The researchers of the study suggest that it is safer to use a circuit made from a

solution of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O) because it is proven that salt and water circuit is

less harmful to humans and more accessible especially to the people who live in far-flung

areas. As a matter of fact, it is less expensive than the source of electricity we have

today, since the two major components of the circuit is only salt and water which

everyone has access to.

It is also suggested that the future researchers create a more sufficient device of

the circuit. It is advisable that during the investigation of the treatments, future

researchers must make sure that the connection of copper plate and aluminum rod to wire

is secured and tightened. Furthermore, it is also recommended that another study of this

kind be done as a follow-up to validate the results obtained from this study.

27
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Albano, M. (2009). IP: Converting Saltwater into Electricity. Retrieved from

https://ptiu13.wordpress.com/best-works-2/from-previous-grade-levels/ip-

converting-saltwater-into-electricity/

28
Andrew, J. (2018). Minerals in Unrefined Salt. Retrieved from

https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/minerals-unrefined-salt-8972.html

Andrews, N. (2018). How Much Water Is Needed To Dissolve Salt? Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/much-water-needed-dissolve-salt-8755948.html

Bailey, A. (2019). Saltwater Circuit. Retrieved from

https://prezi.com/p/ovyrw87737hj/saltwater-circuit/

Balea, J. (2014). The Philippine startup wants to light up poor homes with lamp running

on salt nd water. Retrieved from https://www.techinasia.com/salt-light-poor-

homes-philippines

Beck, K. (2020). What Happens When Salt Is Added to Water? Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/happens-salt-added-water-5208174.html

Bengaluru, A. a. (2011). Producing Electricity from Saltwater. Retrieved from

https://www.amrita.edu/news/producing-electricity-saltwater

Brownstein, D. (2013). The difference between refined salt and unrefined salt. Retrieved

from https://www.louix.org/the-difference-between-refined-salt-and-unrefined-

salt/

Brownstein, D. (2014). Why Salt Is Good For You and 5 Healthy Ways To Use It.

Retrieved from https://www.drbrownstein.com/why-salt-is-good-for-you-5-

healthy-ways-to-use-it-2/

29
Coppens, T. (2012). How to Make a Salt Water Circuit. Retrieved from

https://hubpages.com/education/How-to-Make-a-Salt-water-Circuit

Helmenstine, A. (2019). What Is Table Salt. Retrieved from

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-table-salt-604008

Mijeno, A. (2017). The Power of SALt. Retrieved from https://impakter.com/the-power-

of-salt/

Mijeno, A. (2019). Business Talk with Aisa Mijeno, CEO and Co-Founder of SALt.

Retrieved from https://primer.com.ph/business/2019/03/11/business-talk-with-

aisa-mijeno-ceo-and-co-founder-of-salt/

Park, S. e. (2016). Saltwater as the energy source for low-cost, safe rechargable

batteries. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303681050_Saltwater_as_the_energy_s

ource_for_low-cost_safe_rechargeable_batteries

Santiago, A. (2017). Kosher vs sea salt: What's the difference? Retrieved from

https://www.littlepotatoes.com/blog/kosher-vs-sea-salt-whats-the-difference/

30
APPENDICES

31
Weighting

Measuring

Assembling

32
Testing

CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL DATA

NAME : Gia Angelica P. Hernando

BIRTH DATE : June 3, 2005

CIVIL STATUS : Single

BIRTH PLACE : Roxas, Isabela

33
 PARENTS : Mr. and Mrs. Max Hernando

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2011 - 2017

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2017 - 2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL DATA

NAME : Sohayah M. Macaraob

BIRTH DATE : April 27, 2005

CIVIL STATUS : Single

BIRTH PLACE : Roxas, Isabela

34
 PARENTS : Mr. and Mrs. Hadji Jalil Macaraob

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2011 - 2017

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2017 - 2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL DATA

NAME : Quinny May Valiery A. Reyno

BIRTH DATE : September 22, 2004

CIVIL STATUS : Single

BIRTH PLACE : Roxas, Isabela

35
 PARENTS : Mr. and Mrs. Baltazar Reyno

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY

School: : La Salette of Roxas College

Year : 2011 - 2017

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2017 – 2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL DATA

NAME : Jezreel Maureen C. Santos

BIRTH DATE : October 11, 2004

CIVIL STATUS : Single

BIRTH PLACE : Roxas, Isabela

36
 PARENTS : Mr. and Mrs. Jason Santos

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2011 - 2017

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2017 - 2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL DATA

NAME : Zyrille Jane J. Uy

BIRTH DATE : November 8, 2004

CIVIL STATUS : Single

BIRTH PLACE : Roxas, Isabela

37
 PARENTS : Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Uy

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2011 - 2017

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School: : Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Roxas

Year : 2017 - 2020

38