IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN AND ITS BASIC

ELEMENTS
IDEOLGY OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is an ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic ideology. Its
basic principle being

The only sovereigner is Allah

Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment of Pakistan. Ideology of
Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have
an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles.
They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and
civilization. Quaid-e-Azam said

Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam.

Elements of Ideology of Pakistan

Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophers, social customs, and
literatures. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on
conflicting ideas and conceptions. Therefore, Muslim nation demanded a separate
homeland where they could have the freedom to practice their religion and live their lives
as free individuals of an independent country. There are five principles/elements of the
ideological foundation of Pakistan.
1. Islam
2. Two Nation Theory
3. Territorial Land
4. Democratic System
5. Urdu Language

1. Islam, a Nation-Building Force

Pakistan came into being on the basis of Islam. It was only Islam, which galvanized
Muslims and lined them up behind Muslim League. Other factors, political and economic
ones, also played some part in uniting Muslims to struggle for Pakistan but Islam was the
preponderant factor as it serves as a cementing force for Muslim society and is the
primary link between Muslims the world over. Everything else follows Islam. The entire
struggle of the Muslims of the subcontinent was to have a state where they could freely
maintain their Islamic entity. No other factor was so clear and intelligible for Muslim
masses. Muslims gradually developed a national consciousness in the Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent; they collectively struggled for the right of self-determination and the
establishment of an independent homeland to be carved out from those territories where
they constituted majorities where Islam could be accepted as the ideal pattern for the
individuals life. They eventually secured what they wanted. Hence, the historical fact
which could not be denied is that the formation of the Muslim nation preceded the
demand for a homeland. Pakistan itself did not give birth to any nation; on the contrary,
the Muslim nation struggled for and brought Pakistan into being. Quaid-e-Azam said

We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory
where we could experiment on Islamic principles.

Islamic ideology is not merely a matter of belief, dogma and ritual. It is a religion in the
wider sense of the word. It is a way of life, a whole complex of social and moral norms
entwined with theological metaphysics. The fundamental teachings of Islam are
universally accepted. Belief in God, finality of prophet-hood, human rights and social
justice, management of affairs through consensus, moral values of charitableness,
tolerance and universal brotherhood; these are sonic of the cardinal principles enshrined
by the Quran and Sunnah. The only force which keeps Muslim nation united is Islam
which is the ideological foundation of Pakistan.

2. Two-Nation Theory
The Two Nation Theory was the basis of struggle for creation of Pakistan. It implies that
Muslims of Subcontinent were a nation quite distinct and separate from the Hindus. They
in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and
civilization

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to give the wake up call and decided to prepare
Muslims to fight the advertisity with similar weapons – modern education and
knowledge, employed for domination. With him, his Aligarh Movement, his books and
magazine Tahzibul Akhlaq, he started an awareness movement. he prepared the ground
for uniting and galvanizing Muslim community of the subcontinent. His colleagues
including Nawab Mohsinul Mulk and others created conditions which led to the
establishment of All-India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906, a landmark in the history of
Pakistan Movement.

On March 22, 1940 in his presidential address to the All-India Muslim League Lahore
session, the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah made it plain that

The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social
customs and literature. They neither intermarry, nor interdine together, and indeed they
belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions.

This was not a matter of mere hair-splitting but an everyday fact of life, which one cannot
fail to feel in almost every sphere of human activity. This then is the crux and substance
of the Two Nation Theory, which formed the basis of British India’s partition in two
independent Hindu and Muslim States. The Hindu majority areas of India formed India
and the Muslims majority regions came together under the unique name of Pakistan. On
the same premises Quaid-e-Azam dismissed the wishes of the Hindu and the British
colonialists for a joint Hindu Muslim nationhood as a pipe dream. With single-minded
devotion be fought against this menace and succeeded in getting the idea of a separate
Muslim identity recognized. In the 28th Annual Session of the Muslim League in 1941 in
Madras, Quaid-e-Azam formally declared this objective as the ideology of the Muslim
League. It is this very ideology which is the second important ingredient of ideology of
Pakistan.

3. Territorial Land
Amongst the constitutes of ideology of Pakistan, land is the third important element. A
piece of land was necessary for the existence, stabilization and promotion of Islamic
ideology as soul requires body. Quaid-e-Azam said in his address to Punjab Muslim
Students Federation in March 1941,

Nothing would be achieved simply by raising slogans for nation. We are one nation and
the nation cannot survive in the air, it requires an independent land to settle where it can
rule and our demand is the same.

However, All-India Muslim League demanded a separate homeland constituting the areas
in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority such as in the North-Western and
Eastern zones of India on March 23, 1940. With Jinnah’s untiring efforts, indomitable
will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims under the banner of the Muslim
League and carved out a homeland for them within 7 years, despite stiff opposition from
the Hindu Congress and the British Government.

4. Democratic System
In an Islamic state, all the affairs are decided on the basis of Shariat (Democracy). In
other words, all the social, economic, political and the cultural affairs are operated on the
basis of mutual consensus and Islamic democracy. The same system has also been
referred in Surah Al-Imram, Muhammad (P.B.U.H) used to operate all the state affairs
after discussing with his Sahabas (companions), When this questions rose that what
would be the system of government in Pakistan, it should, no doubt, be Islamic. Islamic
system of government is Islamic democracy or system of Shariat. Creation of Pakistan is
the glorious example of ijma-e-ummat (national consensus). At the time of establishment
of Pakistan, referendum was held in all the Muslim majority provinces to take their
consent to the included in Pakistan. Sharai system of state, therefore, is the fifth
ingredient of Pakistan.

5. Urdu Language
Language is not a fundamental characteristic of a nation, but still remains one of the
features by which a nation may be distinguished or one of the grounds on which
nationalism may be founded. In the sub-continent, Urdu was considered to be the
language of Muslims and Hindi to the Hindus.

During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of
the northwestern provinces of India. It was declared the official language, and all official
records were written in this language. In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a
movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and
the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the court language in the northwestern
provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian
script, which was similar to the Arabic Script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran,
the Holy Book of the Muslims. The movement grew quickly and within a few months
spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India. This
situation provoked the Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the
Urdu language. The opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to
the Muslims that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the
Muslims. So Muslims also began to think about establishing a political party of their own
for their survival and centralizing their efforts to have their rights. Consequently, All
India Muslim League was established in December 30, 1906.
The Urdu-Hindi controversy completely altered Sir Syed’s point of view. He had been a
great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity but after this event he put forward the Two-Nation
Theory, predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the
passage of time and the two communities would not join together in anything
wholeheartedly. Maulvi Abdul Haque aptly said

Urdu is the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan.

Conclusion
The fundamental concept of the ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are separate nation
having their own culture, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in
any other nation. They should be able to develop their culture and religious traditions in
an Islamic State and they should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves.

Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of Mohammad Bin
Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like Quaid-e-Azam was materialized
in 1947.

Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word ‘two nation’ for
Hindus and Muslims after being concinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred,hostility
and prejudice for the Muslims.

The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was
introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.He considered all those lived in India as one nation
and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity.Speaking at the meeting of Indian
Association he said:

“I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own
eyes.By the word ‘Nation’ I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else,We,Hindus
and Muslims live together on the same soil under the same government.Our intrests and
problems are common,and therfore,I consider the two factions as one nation.”
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their differences ewith
the Hindus with regard to religions,social and language national and international identity
and for this purpose he diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of
“Two Nation” or “Two entities.”

After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and
Muslims to progress as a single nation.He said:

” I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their
religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other.”

TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA

IQBAL
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate
homeland on the basis of two nation theory.He firmly believed in the separate identity of
the Muslims as a nation and suggested that there would be no possibility of peace in the
country unless and untill they were recognized as a nation.In the annual session of
Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930,he said:

“India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing

different religions … I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state
in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam.”

QUAID-E-AZAM’S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION

THEORY
The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah’s statement and speeches.He
expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus
came to believe in its truth.He declared:

” Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of the word
nation.By all canons of international law we are a nation.”

Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common
nationality was on idle dream.They are a totally different nation .They have an
unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart in regards to their
ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:

“Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is Sub Continent
which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nations.”

CONCLUSION
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of
Hindu society.They also came to realize the above mentioned differences between them
and the Hindus and hence demanded separate electorate on the ground that they were
different nation from Hindus.

Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the basis of the creation of
Pakistan because without this as a base,Pakistan would not come into being on 14th
August ,1947,and we would not be breathing freely in this open air of Pakistan.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES FOR ESTABLISHMENT

OF PAKISTAN
Following factors can be named to be the objectives of the establishment of Pakistan.

1. ENFORCEMENT OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD

ALMIGHTY

The Islamic State is built on the concept of the sovereignty of God Almighty. The prime
objective of the demand for Pakistan was the establishment of a state where Almighty
God’s supremacy could be enforced and a government based on the Islamic principles
could be instituted. The Quaid-e-Azam said “We did not demand Pakistan to acquire a
piece of land, but we wanted a homeland where we could introduce Ulamic principle

2.ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY ESTABLISHMENT

Nam has given an ideal concept of democracy which is distinctive!) diffenen a western
concept. In Islamic democratic system everyone is equal and no one enjoys a privileged
position on the basis of his social status, colour or creed. The Khalifa, Naih of God on
earth, strictly follows the principles of Islam and Sunnah in the administration of state
affairs. The Khalifa has dual accountability — on earth he is answerable to the people
and afterwards to God Almighty.

One of the main objectives of the freedom movement was that the Muslims of sub-
continent wanted a country where the ideal system of Islamic democracy could be
insialled. The Muslims demanded Pakistan solely because they desired to live according
to the principles of Islam. The Two-Nation Theory, which became the basis of the
freedom movement for Pakistan also implied that the Muslims of sub-continent wanted to
mould their lives according to the Islamic principles. It was because of this reason that
the famous slogan; Pakistan ka ifuitlub kiya Ui iliilia-illa-lUih. came on ever> body’s
tongue. The Quaid-e-Azam said on 14th February, 1948 at Sihi “II is my Hi in helk-f
that our salvation lies in following the gulden rules of conduct as given by our great
law-giver, the Prophet of Islam. Let us lay the foundations of our democratic system
on Islamic ideals and principles. The Almighty has taught us that our decisions in
the stale affairs shall he guided by mutual consultation.”
3. REVIVAL OF MUSLIM IMAGK AND IDENTITY

In the United India the Muslims were dominated by the Hindus in every social field. The
Muslims were not in a position to compete with the Hindus because of their
backwardness in education and politics. The Hindus had adopted a prejudicial attitude
which blocked all channels to prosperity and progress for Muslims. The national image
and identity of Muslims was in great jeopardy because of Hindu hatred and antagonism.
It” the British would have left the country as a United India, the Muslims would have
fallen a humble prey to the perpetual Hindu domination and caprice. The demand for
Pakistan was aimed at protecting the Muslims from Hindu domination and subjugation
and also at the revival of Muslim identity and national image which was in disastrous
jeopardy in the United India.

4. PROTECTION OF MUSLIM CULTURE & CIVILIZATION

Muslims were always a separate nation because of their distinctive cultural values and
patterns. They were easily distinguishable from other nations on the basis of their social
behaviour. The Muslim culture, civilization and literature were the living and proud
symbols of identity as a separate and distinct nation. Although Muslims lived with
Hindus and other nations for centuries, yet they proudly maintained their separate image
The Muslims and other nations of sub-continent remained distinct with an emphasis on
their .separateness.

Hindus always desired to crush Muslims as a nation and ultimately to merge them into
Hindu society. Several attempts were made by Hindus to erase the Muslim julture and
civilization. Hindi-Urdu controversy, Shuddi and Sanghtan movements are th; glaring
examples of the ignoble Hindu mentality. These attempts were aimed at the total
elimination of Muslim culture in order to merge it into Hindu Culture and Nationalism.

One of the great objectives of the Pakistan movement was the protection of Muslim
culture and to save it from Hindu domination. Muslims were not prepared to accept
Hindu superiority over them. They were very much alive to their sense of supremacy as a
separate and distinct nation. In fact this feeling of separateness was motivating element of
Pakistan movement. Muslims wanted to give stanilits to their nationhood which was not
possible in the United India under the Hindu hegemom Muslims, therefore, decided to
separate themselves from Hindus in order to safeguard their cultural values.

5. TWO-NATION THEORY

The entire freedom movement revolved around Two-Nation Theory which became the
basis of demand for Pakistan. It meant that Muslims were a separate nation with their
distinct culture, civilization, literature, history, religion and social values. Islam, the
religion of Muslims, was based on the concept of Tauheed and, therefore. could not be
assimilated in any other system or religion.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim leader who propounded this theorx In the
beginning he was a staunch advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Later on while observing
the prejudiced Hindu and Congress altitude toward Muslims, he came forward with his
Two-Nation concept and declared that Muslims were a separate nation having their own
culture and civilization.

The establishment of Pakistan further strengthened the Two-Nation concept which meant
that Pakistan would be a country where Islamic principles would be followed. With the
creation of Pakistan it became possible for Muslims to mould their lives according to the
principles of Islam.

6. EMANCIPATION FROM THE PREJUDICIAL HINDU

MAJORITY

Muslims came to India with conquering armies and permanently settled there in the
Indian society, though maintaining their separate identity. The conversion of Hindus to
Islam, in the later stages, caused the population of India to undergo a gradual change.
With lapse of time Muslims came to form one-fourth of the total population of India.

Muslims belonged to all walks of life and understandably dominated in all spheres of
social life during their rule. The Arab conquest was a blessing for subcontinent which
attained maximum economic prosperity during Muslim rule. The Muslim domination
aroused Hindu jealousy who had to live under Muslim hegemom in spile of (heir
numerical majority.

With the advent of the British rule Muslims lost their empire and political supremacy.
The British extended favours to Hindus in view of their numerical strength in order to
win their co-operation. Hindus who were eagerly looking for an opportunity to settle their
old score with the Muslims, were very happy on the turn of the event*-They quickly
snatched the golden opportunity offered to them by their new masters, and joined hands
with the new rulers of India for the elimination of Muslims from the Indian society.

The British and Hindus adopted a cruel policy of mass elimination against Muslims in
order to erase them as a nation and subsequently merge them in Hindu nationalism. This
policy created great difficulties for the Muslims in their social life.

Congress ministries further strengthened the Muslim suspicions who were now fully
convinced that there was no other way than separating themselves from Hindus in order
to avoid total elimination. The demand for Pakistan was based on this very feeling that
the Muslims should be emancipated from the clutches of the eternal Hindu domination

CRITICAL ANALYZATION
Pakistan began describing itself as an ideological state when the word had been made
respectable by the Soviet Union through its planned economy and rapid growth. Ideology
in the case of Pakistan was its religion.

The state is not supposed to be without a purpose. Our ideology, like most other
ideologies, was utopian. It made us different from India. India was more ‘planned’ and
‘socialist’ but was not called ideological because it did not ordain coercion. Today India
is de-Nehruising itself. Should we too de-ideologise ourselves?

Ideology means that the state has an idea which it thinks is right, and will punish anyone
who doesn’t believe the state. With the passage of time, and despite Section 123-A in the
Pakistan Penal Code punishing anyone opposing the ‘ideology of Pakistan’, Pakistan has
become relaxed about ideology. It is not like Iran; it is not like the Soviet Union either
when it was run by the Communist Party.

In an ideological state — if fascist and totalitarian — there are supposed to be no

individual liberties. The state is coercive, as in Iran, and people don’t have the right to
think freely. In that sense, one can say that Pakistan is an ‘incomplete’ ideological state, a
hybrid distasteful to the Islamists. It upsets many minds. The liberals complain the state
tolerates extremism; the orthodox detest the state’s reluctance to reach its religious
fulfilment as a violent utopia.

The two nation theory enunciates that the subcontinent is made of several
nationalities, the Hindus and the Muslims being the largest of the two. India is as
big as Western Europe and contains many many racial, religious, linguistic, and
ethnic groups. The Hindus and the Muslims are two separate nations, in terms of
diet, attitude, social behavior, economic tendencies, social interaction, behaviors,
and attitude.

STRUGGLE FOR ISLAMIC SYSTEM

Objectives Resolution Passed By The First Constituent
Assembly In 1949
The first Prime Minister of Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan's presented the "Objectives
Resolution" that was passed by the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in 1949. The
ideology of Pakistan is embodied in that resolution, which inter alia, provided that the
principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by
Islam shall be fully observed in framing the constitution and laws. It also mentioned that
the Muslims shall be enabled to lead their lives in the individual and collective spheres in
accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and
the Sunnah.
Adequate provision was made for the minorities to profess and practice their religions
freely and develop their cultures as also to protect the interests of minorities and
backward areas. The resolutions also made provision for forming a Federation wherein
the units will be autonomous.

The resolution vowed for the full independence of the judiciary and guaranteed the
fundamental rights according to Islamic as well as Universal norms, so that, as Late
Liaquat Ali Khan said; � the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful
and honored place amongst the nations of the World and make their full contribution
towards international peace and progress and happiness of humanity"

In his speech Late Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan said that the Father of the Nation,
Quaid-I-Azam, had emphasized upon these objective on many occasions, and his views
were endorsed by the nation in unmistakable terms. He said: �Pakistan was founded of

because the Muslims, of this sub-continent wanted to build up their lives in accordance
with the teachings and traditions of Islam, because they wanted to demonstrate to the
world that Islam provides a panacea to the many diseases which have crept into the life of
humanity to-day�We, as Pakistanis, are not ashamed of the fact that we are
overwhelmingly Muslims and we believe that it is by adhering to our faith and ideals that
we can make a genuine contribution to the welfare of the world��

The �Objectives Resolution� forms a substantive part of the constitution of

Pakistan, which conforms to Islamic perceptions, recognizes democracy as the only
mode of government � but a democracy that does not come into conflict with Islamic
ideals that are similar in many ways to the universal norms for justice and peace.

SALIENT FEATURES OF OBJECTIVES

RESOLUTION
On March 12, 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the
then Prime Minister of Pakistan. It was called the Objectives Resolution. It proclaimed that the
future constitution of Pakistan would not be modeled on European pattern, but on the ideology and
democratic faith of Islam.

The Objectives Resolution, which is considered to be the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional
history, proclaimed the following principles:

1. Sovereignty belongs to Allah alone but He has delegated it to the State of Pakistan through its
people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him as a sacred trust.

2. The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the
people.

3. The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by
Islam, shall be fully observed.
4. Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance
with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah.

5. Adequate provision shall be made for the minorities to freely profess and practice their religions
and develop their cultures.

6. Pakistan shall be a federation.

7. Fundamental rights shall be guaranteed.

8. Judiciary shall be independent.

The Objectives Resolution is one of the most important and illuminating documents in the
constitutional history of Pakistan. At the time it was passed, Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan called it "the most
important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance only to the achievement of
independence".

The importance of this document lies in the fact that it combines the good features of Western and
Islamic democracy. It is a happy blend of modernism and Islam. The Objectives Resolution became
a part of the constitution of Pakistan in 1985 under the Eighth Amendment.

The Constitution of 1956 consisted of 234 articles, which were divided into 13 parts and 6
schedules. One of the main features of the Constitution was its Islamic character. The Islamic
provisions were contained in the directive principles of the state policy. Along with other Islamic
provisions in the Constitution, the president, who was required to be a Muslim of at least 40 years
of age, was to set up an organization for Islamic research with the aim of establishing a true Islamic
society. The Objectives Resolution was, however, only made the preamble of the Constitution and
not included in its main text.

The Constitution of 1956 proved to be short lived as on October 7, 1958, Marital Law was
promulgated and the constitution was abrogated.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE ISLAMIC

REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN 1956
Excerpts and Summary (adopted from Keith Callard, Pakistan: A Political Study, Allen
and Unwin, 1957, pp.355)

PREAMBLE

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful

Whereas sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone, and the
authority to be exercised by the people of Pakistan within the limits prescribed by Him is
a sacred trust;

Whereas the Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, declared that
Pakistan would be a democratic State based on Islamic principles of social justice;

And whereas the Constituent Assembly, representing the people of Pakistan, have
resolved to frame for the sovereign independent State of Pakistan a constitution;
Wherein the State should exercise its powers and authority through the chosen
representatives of the people;

Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as
enunciated by Islam, should be fully observed;

Wherein the Muslims of Pakistan should be enabled individually and collectively to order
their lives in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam, as set out in the
Holy Quran and Sunnah;

Wherein adequate provision should be made for the minorities freely to profess and
practise their religion and develop their culture;

Wherein the territories now included in or in accession with Pakistan and such other
territories as may hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan should form a Federation,
wherein the Provinces would be autonomous with such limitations on their powers and
authority as might be prescribed;

Wherein should be guaranteed fundamental rights including rights such as equality of

status and of opportunity, equality before law, freedom of thought, expression, belief,
faith, worship, and association, and social, economic, and political justice, subject to law
and public morality;

Wherein adequate provision should be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of

minorities and backward and depressed classes;

Wherein the independence of the judiciary should be fully secured;

Wherein the integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence and all its
rights, including its sovereign rights over land, sea and air should be safeguarded;

So that the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful and honoured place
amongst the nations of the world and make their full contribution towards international
peace and the progress and happiness of humanity.

1. (1) Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of

Pakistan. . . .

4. Laws inconsistent with the constitution to be void.¼br> 5. (1) All citizens are equal
before law and are entitled to equal protection of law.
(2) No person shall be deprived of life or liberty save in accordance with law.

6. Protection against retrospective offences or punishment.

7. Safeguards as to arrest and detention; limits on preventive detention.

8. Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the security of Pakistan, friendly
relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt
of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.

9. Freedom of assembly.

10. Freedom of association.

11. Freedom of movement and right to hold and dispose of property.

12. Freedom of trade, business or profession.

13. Rights and safeguards respecting religious and educational institutions.

14. (1) No person shall be deprived of his property save in accordance with law.
Compulsory acquisition only for public purposes and on payment of compensation.
Existing laws and some special categories are not affected by these restrictions.

15. Slavery and forced labour prohibited.

16. Subject to law, public order and morality–

(a) every citizen has the right to profess, practise and propagate any
religion; and

(b) every religious denomination and every sect thereof has the right to
establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions 17. Preservation of culture and
language.

18. Abolition of untouchability.

19. The Supreme Court to have powers to guarantee fundamental rights

Constitution of Pakistan of 1962

The Constitution of 1962 was the fundamental law of Pakistan from June 1962 until
martial law was declared in March 1969. It was eventually replaced by the current
Constitution of 1973.

Origins
Pakistan became an independent state in 1947. The first document that served as a
constitution for Pakistan was the Government of India Act, 1935. The first Pakistani
Constituent Assembly was elected in 1947 and after nine years adopted the first
indigenous constitution, the short-lived Constitution of 1956. In October 1958, President
Iskander Mirza staged a coup d'état and abrogated the constitution. Shortly afterwards
General Ayub Khan deposed Iskandar and declared himself president[1].

On 17 February 1960 Ayub Khan appointed a commission to report on the future political
framework for the country. The Commission was headed by the former Chief Justice of
Pakistan, Muhammad Shahabuddin, and had ten other members, five each from East
Pakistan and West Pakistan, composed of retired judges, lawyers, industrialists and
landlords. The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to President Ayub
on 6 May 1961 and thoroughly examined by the President and his Cabinet. In January
1962, the Cabinet finally approved the text of the new constitution. It was promulgated
by President Ayub on 1 March 1962 and finally came into effect on 8 June 1962. The
Constitution contained 250 articles divided into twelve parts and three schedules

Islamic provisions
 The preamble of the Constitution of 1962 was based on the Objectives
Resolution.
 The Constitution laid down simply that the state of Pakistan shall be a republic
under the name of Republic of Pakistan'. The word 'Islamic' was dropped in this
Constitution. But when the National Assembly met in June 1962, there was a demand
that the word 'Islamic' should be re-introduced. There was some justification for this
demand. If Islamic provisions were to be maintained there was no reason why the
republic should not be designated an Islamic republic. The first amendment
(December 1962) therefore rectified this article.
 According to the principles of policy, steps were to be taken to enable the
Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively, to order their lives in accordance
with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam, and should be provided
with facilities whereby they may be enabled to understand the meaning of life
according to those principles and concepts.
 No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the teachings and requirements of
Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah and all existing laws shall be brought in
conformity with the Qur'an and Sunnah.
 Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as President.
  Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyat to the Muslims of Pakistan was made
compulsory.
 Proper organisation of Zakat, waqf, and mosques was ensured.
 Practical steps were to be taken to eradicate what were seen as social evils by
Islam, such as the use of alcohol, gambling, etc.
 A novel Islamic provision in the 1962 Constitution had introduced an 'Advisory
Council of Islamic Ideology' to be appointed by the President. The functions of the
Council was to make recommendations to the Government as to means which would
enable and encourage the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with
the principles and concepts of Islam and to examine all laws in force with a view to
bring them into conformity with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in
the Qur'an and Sunnah.
 There shall be an organisation to be known as Islamic Research Institute, which
shall be established by the President. The function of the Institute was to undertake
Islamic Research and Instruction in Islam for the purpose of assisting in the
reconstruction of Muslim society on a truly Islamic basis.
 The state should endeavour to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim
countries.[2]

The Constitution of 1973

After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic
constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972 the National Assembly constituted a
committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the
draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders
on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that it was discussed and
debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The
President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally the Senate approved the constitution
in August 1973. Consequently the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th
August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973 Mr. Z.A. Bhutto look over as the
tenth Prime Minister and Mr. Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan

Salient features of the Constitution of 1973

The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and
1962. It has the following salient features.

1. Written Constitution
Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962 the Constitution of 1973 is a written
document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280
articles.

2. Introductory and the Objectives Resolution

It commences with an introductory which slates the Islam shall be state religion. The
principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made substantive
part of the constitution.

3. Islamic System
The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented
Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.

4. Rigid Constitution
It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make
amendments in it. Two-third majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.

5. Federal System
The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation
of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The
Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora
(Parliament)

6. Parliamentary form of Government

The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country.
Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is leader of the Majlis-e-
Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister
selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conducts the
affairs of the country. According to 1973 Constitution the Prime Minister enjoys wide
powers.

7. Bicameral Legislature
The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan.
The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National
Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment
has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this
number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of legislature.

8. Direct Method of Election

The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National
Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.

9. Fundamental Rights
The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of
Pakistan.

• Security of person
 • Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention
• Prohibition of slavery and forced labor
• Freedom of movement
• Freedom of assembly
• Freedom of association
• Freedom of business
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of profess religion
• Right to hold property
• Equality before law
• Right to preserve language, script and culture
• Safeguard against discrimination in services.

10. Principles of Policy

The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:

• Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.

• The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.
• The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.
• Social justice shall be promoted.
• Bonds with Muslim world shall be strenghened.

11. Independence of Judiciary

The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary.
Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They
cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the
recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. In addition the Judges are paid
respectable salaries.

12. National Language

The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However
English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly regional
languages have been provided full protection.

13. Single Citizenship

The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According
to this principle the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal
Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.

14. Rule of Law

The 1973 Constitution establishes rule of law in Pakistan. According to rule of law no
person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal
before law.
15. High Treason
According to the Constitution of 1973 the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the
Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.

16. Referendum
The Constitution of 1973 has authorized the President to hold Referendum on any
national issue. Similarly the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold referendum on
any important national issue.

COMMON PROBLEMS OF MUSLIM UMMAH

ALONGWITH THEIR SOLUTION
The world of Islam today is passing through a critical period of its history. We are
confronted with many problems and find ourselves in a limbo, between aspirations and
despair. We, therefore, need to locate the key problems the Muslim nation(Muslim
Ummah) One of the major problems we face is poverty. The alleviation of poverty is
no easy task. Some think that we can ameliorate poverty by simply establishing Zach.
However, I feel that this problem is a complex one and requires a complex, multifaceted
strategy. In my article ‘Poverty Alleviation: Islamic Perspective,’ I have emphasized that
we must simultaneously establish Zach, restore endowment (Waif), and utilize monetary
and fiscal policy and banking system in a harmonious, well-coordinated manner with the
objective of attaining overall economic development. Only such a polyphonic approach
can help us combat poverty effectively in today’s world.

Education comes next. This is one of the primary problems plaguing Bangladesh. We
must craft an education policy in the light of the basic tenets of Islam. Since the existing
educational curriculum fails to meet the requirements of Islam, it must be recast. The
Alims should play a constructive and meaningful role in the reform of education in the
interest of the nation of Bangladesh. The first step they must take towards undertaking
this project is carefully considering the work already done in this field by the
International Islamic University in Malaysia, the International Islamic University in
Islamabad, Pakistan, and the International Islamic University in Chittagong, Bangladesh.
In these seats of learning, students are required to study specialized Islamic courses -
notable among them are the Quran, Islamic Studies, Fiqh, Arabic Language, Islamic
Economics etc. - along with other modern subjects. The students, thus, acquire a basic
knowledge of Islam alongside knowledge of the subjects in their field of specialization

Another problem the Muslim Ummah is facing is that of extremism or radicalism.

Islam certainly does not propound the way of extremism, but that of the middle-path or
the balanced path
Some twenty years following the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be
upon him), the Khawarij emerged as a radical current among the earlier Muslims.
Extremist in religious
belief and political thinking, the Khawarij were rejected by the mainstream of the
Ummah. Even today, there are religious groups that adopt extreme views on socio-
political and religious issues.

Misinterpretation is another problem looming before us. Large numbers of

translations of the Quran and Hadith compilation are available in the market today.
Naturally people read them and many questions arise on different issues in the minds of
these readers, who then become inclined to respond to these questions themselves even
though these readers are not well versed in the underlying principles and and methods of
interpretation (Usul). Those who want to judiciously interpret the Quran and Hadith must,
therefore, acquire knowledge of the Usul al Fiqh

Islamic parties in different countries are trying to reform the government by participating
in democratic elections. All eminent Islamic political scientists think that subject to the
sovereignty
of Allah, democracy constitutes an adequate method for establishing an Islamic state.
The modern democratic process, in fact, can be understood to be an elaboration of the
principles of Shura and Khilafah. What is the Khilafah? Khilafah means
representation. It means a beneficial, consultative government of the people through
representation of the Divine. We are all vicegerents (Khalifh) of Allah and must
understand that when we talk of democracy, we mean government under the suzerainty of
Allah and through consultation with the people. What I am hinting at here is Islamic
Democracy. This concept does not cohere completely with the model of Western
democracy but the two do have common ground. If this concept is not clarififed, some
people are likely to provide opportunities for dictatorial parties to seize power. This will
benefit the enemies of Islam. All the Alims of Pakistan supported Fatima Jinnah against
the candidacy of Field Marshal Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential elections on account
of her promise to restore democracy.

Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah and

Their Solution
Concept of Islam and Muslim Ummah
Islam is an Arabic word and connotes submission, surrender and obedience. As
a religion, Islam stands for complete submission and obedience to Allah.
Every religion of the world has been named either after the name of its founder or after the
community and nation in which that religion took its birth. For instance, Christianity takes its
appellation from the name of its prophet Jesus Christ; Buddhism from its founder
Gautama Buddha etc. Similar is the case with other religions but not so with Islam. This
religion enjoys he unique distinction of having no such association with any particular person or
people. The word Islam does not covey any such relationship for it does not belong to any
particular person, people or country. It is neither the product of any human mind nor is it confined
to any particular community. It is a Universal Religion and its objective is to create and cultivate
in man the quality and attitude of ISLAM.
Now we will understand what is Muslim Ummah or Community, the word community has
acquired certain connotations, some of which are romantic and nostalgic, some derogatory and
reactions’. In one basic sense, the concept community means “all forms of relationship that are
characterized by a high degree of personal intimacy, emotional depth, moral commitment, social
cohesion, and nation, race, occupation, or (common cause). Its archetype is the family. The
Community in Islam is not founded on race, nationality, locality, occupation, kinship,
or special interests. It does not take its name after the name of a leader or a
founder or an event. It transcends national borders and political boundaries. The
foundation of the community in Islam is the principle which designates submission to
the will of Allah, obedience to His law and commitment to His cause. In short, an Islamic
community is present only when it is nourished and fostered by Islam. The Islamic community has
a historic mission far beyond mere survival, sheer power, breeding, or psychological continuity.
Such a mission is described in the Holy Quran as follows:
“Let there be a community (or Ummah) among you, advocating what is good,
demanding what is right, and eradicating what is wrong. These are indeed the
successful (3:104)”
“You are the best community ever raised, you enforce what
is right, fight what is wrong, and belie in Allah (3:110)”

Challenges of Muslim Ummah

Muslim Ummah is facing the following challenges in the present
1. Terrorism and Muslims
2. Lack of Unity Among Muslims
3.Attacks on the Muslim World
1)Terrorism and Muslims
"There are so many acts of terrorism in the history of Islam!... when
the Muslims feel they can't win a war they do terrorism, the last one
today, September 11, 2001,in the two Towers of the World Trade
Center in New York and in the Pentagon in Washington, nobody in
their right mind could ever believe that this could ever happened"
There are more than 1.8 Billion muslins in the world and because of some extremists from others
religions who are giving a bad view of Muslims and Islam to the world this is the reason Muslims
are now known in the third world countries as Terrorists. Islam is the religion of peace,
Love and forbids the killing of innocent. These are self made stories which are
made in order to get benefits,
these kind of religious extremists/organizations first try topoison the minds of people
so that they can make the world go against Islam and Muslims. This is one of the
biggest challenges of Muslim Ummah because as in our daily life we can see that if
someone makes up his mind that something is wrong and
people/media tells him/her that it is wrong they stop avoiding that particular
thing. Same is the case with Islam, Muslims in the world which were previously seen
as tolerant and there are countless examples of deeds of forgiving their enemies not
of promoting terrorisom, a biggest example of which is given below Wahshi, an
Ethiopian warrior, was the slave of Jabir Mut'am and an uncle of Jibir,
who had also been killed in the Battle of Badr. Wahshi had been appointed by Hind to
help achieve her revenge. She asked him to kill one of the three persons (Muhammad, Ali ibn Abi
Talib or Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib) so that she might avenge her father's death. Wahshi, the
slave, says: "On the Day of Uhud I was pursuing Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib. He was attacking
the centre of the army like a ferocious lion. He killed every one whom he could approach. I hid
myself behind the trees and stones, so that he could not see me. He was too busy in fighting. I
came out of ambush. Being an Ethiopian, I used to throw my weapon like Ethiopians and it
seldom missed the
target. I, therefore, threw my javelin towards him from a specific distance after moving it in a
particular manner. The weapon fell on his flank and came out from between his two legs. He
wanted to attack me but severe pain prevented him from doing so. He remained in the same
condition till his soul departed from his body.Then I approached him very carefully and having
taken out my weapon from his body returned to the army of Quraish and waited for my freedom."
After the rout of Muslims, Hind and the other harpies she had brought with her from
Mecca, mutilated the bodies of the slain Muslims. Hind cut open Hamza's abdomen,
plucked out his liver and chewed it up. Muhammad bin Umar Waqidi, the historian,
says that she made a fire in the battlefield, roasted Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib's
heart and liver and ate them. Not satisfied with this, she cut the limbs, the ears and
the nose of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, strung them into a "necklace," and entered
Mecca wearing it as a "trophy" of victory. Muhammad, was deeply aggrieved at the
death and at the mutilation of the body of such a stalwart of Islam as Hamza ibn
Abd al-Muttalib. He bestowed upon him the titles of the "Lion of Heaven," and the
"Chief of the Martyrs."
Wahshi relates his story of conversion:
“ After the Battle of Uhud, I continued to live in Mecca for quite a long time until the
Muslims conquered Mecca. I then ran away to Taif, but soon Islam reached that area
as well. I heard that however grave the crime of a person might be, Muhammad
forgave him. I, therefore, reached him with Shahadatayn on my lips. Muhammad
saw me and said "Are you the same Wahshi, the Ethiopian?" I replied in the
affirmative. Thereupon he said: "How did you kill Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib?" I
gave an account of the matter. He was moved and said: "I should not see your face
until you are resurrected, because the heart-rending calamity fell upon my uncle at
your hands.This is what Islam is; our Prophet (S.A.W) even forgave the person who killed his
uncle and how can anyone say that Islam is a kind of religion promoting terrorism.
Islam is all about forgiving not about killing innocents and terrorizing people. So
in order to cope with this challenge Muslims need to provide information about
Islam to the people of world so that they know what the real message of Islam is
and they stop thinking of Muslims as terrorists.

2)LACK OF UNITY AMONG MUSLIMS

Solidarity, cooperation, and standingby one another are important and basic
elements for constructing a sound, united Islamic society. Solidarity, cooperation,and standing by
one another are important and basic elements for constructing a sound, united Islamic society. If
the sincere Muslim was to take a brief look at the situations of Muslims at large throughout
different parts of the world, it would be enough to make him active in establishing unity among
Muslims. If the sincere Muslim was to take a brief look at the situations of Muslims at large
throughout different parts of the world, it would be enough to make him active in establishingunity
among Muslims. Moreover, a quick glance at the situation prior to and after the renewal of the call
to Islam by Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) would shed bright light on the sound foundation for unity
among Muslims.
What was the result when the Prophet established his call? The people united and their hearts
and hands joined together. Those who immigrated from Makkah to al-Madinah were graciously
received by the Ansar (the people of al-Madinah.) The bonds of brotherhood were established to
such an extent that a member of the Ansar would offer to split his wealth and his belongings with
a Muslim brother from Makkah. Brother from Makkah. They united together; and they sacrificed
their money, wealth, and efforts. They united together; and they sacrificed their money, wealth,
and efforts. They accepted many hardships for the purpose of raising the banner of Islam--the
message the Prophet brought to them. They accepted many hardships for the purpose of raising
the banner of Islam -- the message the Prophet brought to them. Within a few years they had
become one body expressing solidarity. Within a few years they had become one body
expressing solidarity. As a result, they became united in the Arabian peninsula; they opened
Makkah; and they went far beyond the Arabian peninsula teaching about Islam. As a result, they
became united in the Arabian Peninsula; they opened Makkah; and they went far beyond the
Arabian Peninsula teaching about Islam.
Allah said in Surat Al-Imran:
"Adhere to the true Religion of Allah and do not disunite. Recall the endowment of
Allah upon you that you were enemies and Allah mended your hearts together.
Hence, they became one nation which did not regard disunity. Hence, they became
one nation which did not regard disunity. The lack of adhering to the true Religion of
Allah causes disunity. Moreover, adhering to the true Religion of Allah requires one
to be knowledgeable about it.”
3)Fitna Fitna is an Arabic word, generally regarded as very difficult to
translate but at the same time is considered to be an all-encompassing word
referring tosc hism, secession, upheaval and anarchy at once. It is often used to
refer to civil war, disagreement and division within Islam and specifically alludes to a time
involving trials of faith, similar to the Tribulation in Christian eschatology. The term comes
originally referred to the refining of metal to remove dross, but became common in
apocalyptic writings and is often used to refer to the First Islamic civil war, in 656–661 CE, a
prolonged struggle for the caliphate after the 656 assassination of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan.
The Second Fitna, or Second Islamic civil war, is usually identified as the 683–685 CE conflict
among the Umayyads for control of the caliphate. The third one refers to the taifas in the end of
the Caliph of Córdoba's rule.
Variant Qur'anic translations demonstrate some of the confusion this term has
engendered:
(8:39) "So fight them until there is no more disbelief (fitnah) and all submit
to the
religion of Allah alone"
(8:39) "And fight with them until there is no more persecution (fitnah) and
religion
should be only for Allah"
The meaning of the term is illustrated in the apocalyptic literature by people under extreme moral
and psychological stress to compromise an element of their faith in return for worldly gain, and
sometimes in return for their lives. They are made to chose, often not knowing exactly what is
good and what is evil Now this is one of the challenges Muslim Ummah is facing, we
have many examples of this which are well known to Muslims world wide.
The claims of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Salman Rushdie Asra Nomani (Imamat by a
women) Etc
4)Attack on the Muslim World
It is a fact, universally acknowledged that current world crises have assumed alarming
proportions, leaving everybody in a state of utter awe and fear. The US and its trusted ally,Britain,
are seen hell-bent on ensuring world domination through means fair or foul. Yesterday, Sudan
and Afghanistan were brutally targeted. Today it is Iraq, which is the victim of their blatant
aggression. Who knows which other Muslim country will be their next victim. Their
avaricious eyes are closely riveted on the Muslim World. Chain of events go to prove
beyond doubt that protagonists of the New World Order as envisaged by George Bush, have very
cleverly planned to undermine, cripple and (if possible) annihilate the Muslims from the planet.
These powers are already working in this direction and they have partially succeeded in their
nefarious designs as well. Some of the Muslim countries have been rendered totally ineffective
and they are seen dancing to the tune set by 'Champions' of the NewWorld Order. On the other
hand, those Muslim countries that have seen through their cunning game are being dubbed as
fundamentalists. They are denigrated as bigots and reactionaries and listed as rogue states. A
strange irony of fate, indeed! Events of recent world history go to prove beyond doubt that
Western World is in the grip of a nervous fear with regard to the resurgence of Islam. To subvert
this gushing wave of Islamic revivalism, the West has mustered all its resources to destroy all
ideological-oriented Muslim countries. As a result, these countries are falling victim to their
aggression in quick succession. Iran, Iraq, Bosnia,Chechnya, Kosovo, Malaysia, Sudan and
Afghanistan have been subjected to acts of
brute aggression. Their only 'Sin' is that they are the followers of a 'faith' whichchallenges their
hegemony in categorical terms! Recent most victim of their aggression is Iraq. Both America and
Britain have let loose hell on the helpless Iraqi people and they are persuading France as well to
join hands with them for its complete destruction. Sudan, too, is a constant eye-sore for them and
for the past many years, they have been working desperately hard to 'teach' the Sudanese
people a lesson, but thanks to the heroic struggle of this great nation that their ugly designs have
come to a naught. Sudan has fully seen through their clever game and is determined to resist
their designs. Here, we may point out that if the West wants to stir up things in Iran, it will do so at
its own peril. It may try to use Pakistan against Iran, but we are sure, this strategy won't work.
Despite differences of some peripheral nature that exist between the two countries, Pakistan and
Iran are tied together in bonds of perennial brotherhood. Surely, Pakistan will not allow itself to
used as a tool for furtherance of American designs. Iran, as we all know, is oil rich. Its Caspian oil
is a tantalizing target for the Western World to control its resources. Placed in a difficult situation,
Pakistan has to tread very carefully in its dealing with its immediate Muslim neighbors. We need
all the support from various Muslim countries in implementation of our agenda. Let us hope that
this Muslim World shows its unswerving solidarity with us for frustrating our enemies.

Solution
Muslim Ummah has passed through many vicissitudes during long history of its
existence. Its conflict with the West, has, however, varied dimensions. It is certainly far more
significant as compared to other conflicts it has experienced in the past. Western civilization has
affected about all aspects of Muslim life. As a result, impact of its ideology and philosophy is more
deeply ingrained on the Muslim mind than that of the political domination and military
supremacy of the western power over the Muslim World. In fact, the intellectual domination of
the West has influenced the thought pattern, culture and even the religious attitude of the
Muslims.
To offset the negative influences of the West, our first step must be on shedding off the spirit of
'apology' which is only another name for intellectual defeatism. And the next stage must be our
conscious and deliberate effort to follow the footsteps of the Holy Prophet (SAW). We must keep
in mind that Sunnah alone mirrors the true teachings of Islam. By applying this as an ultimate test
to the requirements of our daily life, we can easily recognize which impulses from Western
civilization might be accepted and which might be conveniently rejected. Instead of meekly
submitting Islam to foreign intellectual norms, Muslims must learn to regard Islam as the norms
by which the world is to be judged.
Muslims of the world must realise that only by regaining their lost self-confidence,
can they expect to turn their way upwards once again. They must not forget that
they will never be able to reach their goals, if they committed the folly of destroying
their own social institutions and imitate a foreign civilization - foreign not only in
an historical or a geographical sense but also in a spiritual sense.
Currently, when the influence of Western civilization is making itself more and more
felt in Muslim countries, the attitude of our intelligentsia is quite intriguing in this
matter. They are of the opinion that it is impossible for the modern man to
simultaneously follow the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet and also follow the Western
mode of life. The dilemma of the present generation of Muslims is that they are
ready to adore everything that comes from the West. They primarily adore the
foreign civilization because of its foreign, powerful and materially brilliant posture.
This 'Westernisation' is the strangest reason why the whole structure of basic
Islamic fundamentals have become almost redundant today.
The tendency on the part of Muslims to imitate a foreign civilization is the direct
concomitant of a feeling of inferiority. This, and nothing else, is the matter with the
Muslims who imitate Western civilization. They contrast West's power and technical
skill with the sad misery of the world of Islam. At this, they start believing that in
present times, there is no way but to imitate the western way. They, then, start
blaming Islam for their own shortcomings and then adopt the apologetic attitude.

In order to achieve the regeneration of Islam, it is our considered view that the
Muslims must free themselves entirely from the spirit of apology for their religion.
Rather, they must live with their heads lifted up. They must realize that they, as
Muslims, are markedly different from the rest of the world, and as such, they must
be proud of their being different. They should Endeavour to preserve this difference
as a precious quality and pronounce it boldly to the world. This does not, however,
mean that Muslims should seclude themselves from the voices coming from within.
They must always be prepared to receive new, positive influences from a foreign
civilization without necessarily destroying their own. An example of this kind was
the European Renaissance. There, we see that Europe had accepted Arab influences
in the matter and method of learning. But it never imitated the outward appearance
and the spirit of Arabian culture. They never sacrificed their own intellectual and
aesthetic independence. We must never forget that no civilization can prosper, or
even exist, after having lost this pride and the connection with its own past.
Regrettably, the world of Islam, with its growing tendency to imitate West and to assimilate
Western ideas and ideals, is gradually severing bonds which link it with its past. It is losing
therefore, not only the cultural but also its spiritual grounds.
It is pertinent to note here that Islam is not only a 'belief of heart', but also a very
clearly defined programme of individual and social life. It can be destroyed by being
assimilated to a foreign culture which has essentially different moral orientation.
Equally, it can be regenerated, the moment it is brought back to its own reality and
given the value of a factor determining and shaping our personal and social
existence in all its aspects.
Under the impact of new ideas and conflicting cultural currents, so characteristic of
the period in which we are living, Islam can no longer afford to remain an empty
form. We must, therefore, revert to the reality of Islam. It is this road alone which
can appeal to those who believe in their past and in the possibility of the
transformation into a living future.

CHALLENGES FACED BY MUSLIM UMMAH

BEFORE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH before becoming founding father of Pakistan
had first joined All India Congress but soon formed the impression that the in the garb of
secularism the congress would establish Hindu Raj in India usurping the rights of
Muslims. He broke with the congress in 1920 and was persuaded to join All India
Muslim League to strive for independent Pakistan. As a mark of devotion the Muslims of
India gave him the title of Quaid-e- Azam � the great leader.

In the general elections of 1937 the victorious Congress refused to form coalition
governments with the Muslim League. This proved to be the final Hindu-Muslim break.
In 1940 the league passed the Pakistan resolution, demanding a separate state for Indian
Muslims. However, in 1946 there was a British plan guaranteeing regional autonomy to
the Muslims within a territorially united India, but the plan failed due to inflexible
attitude of the congress, and Muslim League continued with its demand for a separate
state of Pakistan.

TEACHING PROBLEMS
 After great sacrifices of the Muslims in all the Provinces of India and relentless efforts of
All India Muslims League the state of Pakistan was allowed to be formed on August 14,
1947, by the British Government but Pakistan did not get fair share in territorial
distribution of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal and other resources of British India
due to partial attitude of Lord Mountbatten towards the congress who accepted him as the
first Governor General of independent India. Louis Mountbatten, (1900-1979), who was
the great-grandson of Queen Victoria. Mountbatten served as British viceroy of India in
1947, and governor-general of the independent dominion of India in 1947 and 1948. In
1979 Mountbatten was killed when a bomb, planted by terrorists of the Irish Republican
Army (IRA), blew up his fishing boat in Ireland waters. .

As the treasury of Pakistan had meager resources, the Muslim businessmen who migrated
from India helped the new Government. Mass scale migration of Muslims from India and
exodus of Hindu and Sikh population from Pakistan to India created numerous social and
economic problems. Because of dislocation of Government offices, Pakistan Central
Government Secretariat had to be established anew in Karachi with inadequate resources.
There were problems in the distribution of assets of Central Reserve Bank of United India
and establishing State Bank and mint and printing of currency note had to be planned and
implemented besides the postal tickets

MAJOR PROBLEMS FACING PAKISTAN

TODAY
.POVERTY
According to an analysis conducted by the government of Pakistan and published at hec.
Gov .pk(the higher education commission of Pakistan) shows that the poverty has increased
roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. Consider that if 40%of a country’s
population is earning their life below the poverty-line in which the people are deprived of basic
necessities of life such as clothing, shelter,food, education and medication, such families and
their children will be forced to think of their survival only.

ILLITERACY
Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write”.According to this
definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate. Which means half of its
population is illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child labor this
rate is expected to increase in future. Even for those who are termed as “Literate” are only
able to read and write, which in today’s technology oriented world is still considered as
illiteracy. Majority of the people forming the top controlling tier is almost unaware of
technologies and technical mindset. Thus, causing the country to adopt the new technologies
at a snail’s speed.

TERRORISM AND RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM

The whole world looks at Pakistan,as a land of terrorists. Main reason being an exploitation
through the religious leaders and reaction of the military operations both internally as well as
externally. China is getting 13 billion dollars as foreign investment because of its stable and
investor-friendly environment where as even tourists are afraid to visit Pakistan due to the
security concerns.
Even smaller countries like Romania and Philippines are getting a lot of foreign investments.
There needs to be a big shift in the mind set. Pakistani people should move away from the
clutches of the religious fanatics and must realize what is best for them and their country.

OVERPOPULATION, INFLATION, UNEMPLOYMENT

According to official Pakistani sites (actual figures may be well above the officially reported
facts), the country has an estimated 2% growth rate which for a country of official population
of 160 Million turns out to be roughly around3.2 Million every year.

This alarming growth rate is causing immense pressure on head of the families who are to
support them.

Given that about 40% of the population is already living under poverty line and 5.6% (official
figures) of the population is unemployed, the ever growing population of Pakistan is just
adding to the problems of the already under pressure nation.

Pakistan has a fast developing economy which is making its middle class grow swiftly. This is
creating more need for energy, food and homes and the prices of these things are gigantic
nowadays.
Also with the internationally growing oil prices are causing every item in the country to
doubled (and in some cases tripled) every year.

REFERENCES
1) WWW.GOOGLE.COM
2) WWW.CURRENTSOCIAL.COM
3) WWW.GUARDIAN.CO.UK
4) BOOKS.GOOGLE.CO.UK
5) CRITICALPPP.COM/ARCHIVES/29984
6) WWW.DEFENCE.PK/FORUMS/
7) PAKHISTORIAN.COM
8) WWW.SCRIBD.COM/DOC/4049700/IDEOLOGY
9) BOARDREADER.COM
10) WIKI.ANSWERS.COM
11) WWW.STORYOFPAKISTAN.COM
12) WWW.SCRIBD.COM/DOC/4050246
13) WWW.SCRIBD.COM/DOC/6731056/ISLAMIC PROVISION
14) WWW.SCRIBD.COM/DOC/18642143/CHALLENGES
15) WWW.DEFENCEJOURNAL.COM
16) WWW.SHAHFOUNDATIONBD.ORG/HANNAN/ARTICLE