BRITISH STANDARD BS 7166:1989

Specification for

Wedge and socket

anchorages for wire
ropes

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UDC 62 – 219.521.2:62 – 231.32:621.87.876:624.078.7:677.072.68:001.4:620.1:006.3/.8:614.8

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 BS 7166:1989

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Mechanical

Handling Standards Policy Committee (MHE/-) to Technical Committee
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MHE/1, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Associated Offices Technical Committee

British Chain Manufacturers’ Association
British Forging Industry Association
British Ports Association and the National Association of Ports Employers
British Railways Board
British Steel Industry
Chain Testers Association of Great Britain
Corporation of Trinity House
Department of Trade and Industry (National Physical Laboratory)
Federation of Wire Rope Manufacturers of Great Britain
Health and Safety Executive
Lloyds Register of Shipping
Ministry of Defence

The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:

Association of Supervisory and Executive Engineers

British Coal
Drop Forging Research Association
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association
Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes
Independent Engineering Insurers’ Committee
National Association of Lift Makers
Steel Castings Research and Trade Association

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Mechanical
Handling Standards
Policy Committee, was
published under the
authority of the Board
of BSI and comes
into effect on Amendments issued since publication
31 May 1989

© BSI 06-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference MHE/1
Draft for comment 87/76630 DC

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 BS 7166:1989

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Designation and information to be supplied 1
4 Constructional details 1
5 Workmanship 2
6 Type tests 2
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7 Proof tests on socket bodies 3

8 Marking 3
9 Manufacturer’s certificate 3
Appendix A Pulsatory fatigue test 4
Appendix B Storage of socket bodies and wedges 4
Appendix C Information on the correct method of selection and fitting 4
Appendix D Method of assembly 4
Appendix E Inspection in use 5
Figure 1 — Typical wedge and socket anchorage components:
socket body and wedge 2
Figure 2 — Wire rope in line with pinholes (point of attachment) 4
Figure 3 — Two methods of dealing with the tail-end
of the wire rope 6
Publications referred to Inside back cover

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 BS 7166:1989

Foreword

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Mechanical
Handling Standards Policy Committee. It covers requirements for wedge and
socket anchorages which are among the simplest devices for the termination of
wire ropes. Such anchorages consist of a flat, pear-shaped wedge which fits into
a suitably tapered socket or body (see Figure 1). The wedge has a peripheral
groove to take a wire rope and the socket is often of the clevis type with an eye
and pin fitting.
Wedge and socket anchorages are intended for on-site attachment and can be
used as a quick means of replacing and re-reeving wire ropes on cranes,
excavators, lifts, etc.
This standard specifies type tests on the socket body and on the wedge and socket
anchorage assembly. A proof test on each socket body is also required. In service,
the performance of an assembly will depend upon the design of the wedge and
socket anchorage and on the type and construction of the actual wire rope used.
The in-service termination efficiency may therefore be less than the type
performance. Where considered necessary, suitable additional testing should be
carried out to establish the termination efficiency; attention is drawn to the
testing requirements of Section 6(1)(b) of the Health and Safety at Work, etc.
Act 1974.
Accidents involving wedge and socket anchorages are possible from causes such
as the use of incompatible (mismatched) components and assembly where the
wedge has not been properly and firmly seated in the body.
Purchasers ordering wedge and socket anchorages for wire ropes to BS 7166 are
advised to specify in their purchasing contract that the manufacturer operates a
quality system in compliance with the appropriate Part of BS 5750, or suitable
equivalent, to ensure for themselves that products claimed to comply with
BS 7166 consistently achieve the required level of quality.
Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E give guidance on storage
of components, method of selection and fitting, method of assembly and
inspection in use respectively.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
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1 Scope
This standard specifies the performance
requirements for wedge and socket anchorages
designed for use as terminal attachments with
either one size or two adjacent nominal sizes of steel
cored or fibre cored wire rope of tensile grade up to
and including 1 960 N/mm2 in the nominal diameter
range of 8 mm to 96 mm.
This standard also applies to wedge and socket
anchorages that are incorporated into the structure
of a lifting appliance, e.g. a wire rope hoist block.
NOTE 1 Wedge and socket anchorages are not intended for use
in the make-up of lifting slings for multi-purposes as defined in
BS 6166-1.
NOTE 2 Steel ropes with independent wire rope core (IWRC) in
the tensile strength range 1 960 N/mm2 to 2 200 N/mm2, which
are outside the range specified in BS 302-1 to BS 302-8 inclusive,
are used with wedge and socket anchorage terminations. Such
anchorages are acceptable, provided they are tested with such
ropes and comply with all the performance requirements of this
standard.
NOTE 3 The titles of the publications referred to in this
standard are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this British Standard, the
following definitions apply.
2.1
socket body
a component having an internal tapered orifice in
the form shown in Figure 1 suitable for housing a
wedge (see 2.2) and the rope(s) with which it is
associated
NOTE The socket body is usually of the clevis type with eyes to
accommodate a pin.
2.2
wedge
a flat pear-shaped component as shown in Figure 1
having a peripheral groove suitable for fitting into a
tapered socket body (see 2.1) to house a rope of
matching nominal diameter
2.3
eyes
bosses on the lugs of the socket body having co-axial
pinholes through which a pin can pass (see 2.4)
2.4
pin
a cylindrical bar to be fitted through the eyes in the
lugs of the socket body arranged so as to be secure
when in position but which can be readily
disassembled
2.5
wedge and socket anchorage
a component used as a terminal attachment for wire
rope, comprising a socket body and matching wedge
usually for on-site attachment and for quick rope
replacement purposes
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BS 7166:1989
2.6
proof test force
the force applied to a socket body in a static tensile
test (see 7.1)
2.7
basic design size
the diameter of the largest wire rope with which the
wedge and socket anchorage is designed to be used
2.8
competent person
a designated person qualified by knowledge and
practical experience which would enable the testing
and examination of wedge and socket anchorages as
specified in 7.2 and E.4 to be carried out and any
defect to be located and evaluated in terms of
possible detrimental effect
3 Designation and information to be
supplied
3.1 A designation of a wedge and socket anchorage
shall include the following:
a) the number of this British Standard,
i.e. BS 7166;
b) the letters WSA;
c) basic design size;
d) the minimum breaking load of the strongest
rope for which the wedge and socket anchorage is
designed (in tonnes).
Example of designation: BS 7166, WSA, 16, 16.4 t.
3.2 The designation forms the minimum
information to be supplied by the purchaser on his
enquiry and/or order.
4 Constructional details
4.1 Socket body
If the form of the socket body is asymmetric as
shown in Figure 1(a), it shall be arranged so that the
axis of the live or loaded side of the rope aligns with
the centre of the pinholes in the lugs.
If the form of the socket body is symmetric as shown
in Figure 1(b) it shall be used on lift applications
only.
4.2 Wedge
The wedge shall be flat and shall have a peripheral
groove which shall be of radius profile to suit the
size of wire rope(s) for which it is designed
[see Figure 1(a)].
The wedge shall be of sufficient size to prevent it
from passing right through the socket body, even
when no rope is fitted.
NOTE It is recommended in Appendix B that a small hole be
drilled in the wedge to enable it to be wired to the socket body for
storage purposes.
1
 BS 7166:1989
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Figure 1 — Typical wedge and socket anchorage components: socket body and wedge
5 Workmanship
5.1 Socket body
5.1.1 General. The surfaces of socket bodies shall be
clean and sharp edges shall be radiused. All flashes
or fins produced in any casting process, if used, shall
be removed.
NOTE 1 Surface defects may be removed by grinding, provided
that the wall thicknesses are not reduced below the minimum
wall thickness specified by the manufacturer.
NOTE 2 Other minor casting defects caused by the
manufacturing processes where these are used may be rectified
by removal and subsequent welding, provided that the thickness
of sound material remaining at the effective point immediately
before welding is at least 50 % of the original thickness.
The method of repair should comply with the rectification of steel
castings as specified in BS 4570.
5.1.2 Pinholes. The pinholes in the lugs of the socket
body where provided shall be machined in one
operation and the centre line of the holes shall be at
right angles to the centre line of the socket body.
5.2 Wedge
The surfaces of the wedge shall be in a clean
condition and sharp edges shall be radiused. The
surface of the peripheral radiused groove shall be
smooth.
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6 Type tests
6.1 Socket body
6.1.1 Purpose of tests. The purpose of type tests is to
prove the design, material and method of
manufacture of the socket body.
NOTE Tests to prove complete wedge and socket anchorage
assemblies with the associated wire rope are given in 6.2.
6.1.2 Tensile test
6.1.2.1 General. Two tensile tests shall be carried
out on each size of socket body of each design,
material and method of manufacture.
6.1.2.2 Force applied and requirement. A force equal
to 50 % of the minimum specified breaking load of
the strongest rope for which the socket body is
designed shall be applied and held for 2 min. On
removing this force, the socket body shall be deemed
to have satisfied the test requirement if, compared
with their initial values, both the following apply:
a) the increase in the diameter of the pinholes in
the lugs when measured in any position does not
exceed 0.2 % or 0.1 mm, whichever is the greater;
Not for Resale

b) the increase in dimension W [see Figure 1(a)]
at the base of the socket body does not
exceed 0.2 % or 0.1 mm, whichever is the greater.
6.2 Wedge and socket anchorage assemblies
6.2.1 Purpose of tests. The purpose of type tests is to
assess the suitability of each design, material and
method of manufacture of wedge and socket
anchorage assembly including the socket body,
wedge and associated wire rope for which the
anchorage was designed.
If zinc coated wire ropes are to be used in a
termination application, then the same type and
finish of wire rope shall be used in the type tests.
NOTE This test may be carried out concurrently with that
specified in 6.1 for socket bodies.
6.2.2 Tensile test
6.2.2.1 General. Two tensile tests shall be carried
out on each size of wedge and socket anchorage of
each design, material and method of manufacture
and for each nominal diameter of rope, d. When the
sockets are tested in pairs, the distance between the
inner faces of the sockets shall be at least 30d.
6.2.2.2 Force applied and requirement. A force equal
to 80 % of the minimum specified breaking load of
the strongest rope of each nominal diameter for
which the wedge and socket anchorage is designed
shall be applied. The force shall be applied quickly
up to 60 % of the same minimum specified breaking
load but increased slowly until the 80 % value has
been reached. The force shall be held for 2 min. On
removing the force the wedge and socket anchorage
shall be deemed to have satisfied this test provided
the load is retained.
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Both wedge and socket anchorages shall pass the
tests.
6.2.3 Pulsatory fatigue test. When a wedge and
socket anchorage is to be subjected to fluctuating
stress in service over an extended period, e.g. in a
lift installation, the purchaser may require evidence
that an additional prototype pulsatory fatigue test
has been successfully carried out. This requirement,
when necessary, is to be stated in the enquiry
and/or order.
In such cases the test shall be carried out in
accordance with A.1 to A.4 inclusive, and the
anchorage shall comply with the requirement
in A.5.
1)
Marking BS 7166 on or in relation to a product represents a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, i.e. a claim by or on
behalf of the manufacturer that the product meets the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of the claim is therefore solely
the responsibility of the person making the claim. Such a declaration is not to be confused with third party certification of
conformity, which may also be desirable.
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BS 7166:1989
7 Proof tests on socket bodies
7.1 Proof test force
Each socket body shall be subjected to a proof force
equivalent to 40 % of the minimum specified
breaking load of the strongest rope for which the
wedge and socket anchorage is designed.
7.2 Requirement
After removal of the proof load, each socket body
shall be carefully examined by a competent person
and shall be deemed to comply with the standard
only if found free from visible flaw or defect.
8 Marking
8.1 Basic design size
Each socket body and wedge shall be legibly and
permanently marked with the basic design size.
NOTE The marking of the socket body and the wedge with the
basic design size is intended to ensure that the two components
are kept together and used together. Mismatching is dangerous.
8.2 Identification
Each socket body and wedge shall be permanently
marked with such marks or symbols as will provide
identification with the manufacturer’s certificate of
test.
8.3 Care in marking
The marking shall not affect the performance of the
socket body or the wedge.
9 Manufacturer’s certificate
The manufacturer or supplier shall provide a
certificate of test and examination with each
consignment of wedge and socket anchorages giving
the following information:
a) the name and address of the manufacturer or
supplier;
b) basic design size;
c) the identification marks or symbols, as
required by the marking clause (see 8.2);
d) the proof test force applied (see 7.1);
e) the highest minimum breaking load of the rope
for which the wedge and socket anchorage is
designed;
f) a statement of conformity with this
British Standard, i.e. BS 71661).
3
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 BS 7166:1989

Appendix A Pulsatory fatigue test An oversized wedge, or a wedge of incorrect taper,

will not enter the socket body sufficiently to give a
A.1 This prototype test shall be carried out on a
secure termination; too small a wedge will protrude
wedge and socket anchorage assembly comprising
too far through the socket body and the high
socket body, wedge and associated wire rope.
localized loading may cause the socket body to crack
A.2 For lift applications the rope constructions used and open out, allowing the wedge to pull through.
for the test shall be in accordance with BS 302-1 and D.3 The wire rope should be fitted so that the live or
BS 302-4.
loaded part of the rope is not kinked where it leaves
A.3 For other applications the rope shall be the the socket body, but pulls directly in line with the
strongest specified by the wedge and socket point of attachment of the socket (see Figure 2).
anchorage manufacturer for that size of rope. Incorrect fitting will result in premature failure of
A.4 The tests shall be carried out on four test pieces the rope.
of the required size of wedge and socket anchorage.
Each assembly shall be subjected to a cyclic tension
along the rope axis from 15 % to 30 % of the relevant
minimum breaking load of the rope.
The machine frequency shall not exceed 4 Hz.
A.5 Each wedge and socket anchorage shall
withstand 75 000 cycles and shall then satisfy the
test specified in 6.2.2.

Appendix B Storage of socket bodies

and wedges
It is essential that a socket body and its mating
wedge are kept together as a set. A small hole
drilled in the wedge will enable the two components
to be wired together for storage purposes.

Appendix C Information on the

correct method of selection and fitting
Information and instruction on the correct method
of selecting and fitting wedge and socket anchorages
and on in-service inspection should be provided by
the manufacturer or supplier.
An outline is given in Appendix D and Appendix E.

Appendix D Method of assembly

D.1 It is essential to use only a wedge and a socket
body of the correct dimensions and strength for the
particular steel wire rope. Failure to do so may
result in the rope pulling through the fitting or in
failure of the wire rope or the anchorage.
D.2 Socket bodies and wedges from different
manufacturers are not interchangeable, even
though they may be designed for the same size of
wire rope. Components of different designs should
not be mixed and the fit of the wedge (with the rope)
in the socket body should always be checked at the
time of assembly.
Figure 2 — Wire rope in line with pinholes
(point of attachment)
D.4 When the termination is made up, the tail-end
of the rope left protruding should be long enough for
whatever securing method is to be used (see D.8).
D.5 Multi-strand ropes tend to show distortion
when they are bent around small radii and may
require temporary serving, e.g. with electrician’s
tape during fitting of the socket body. This serving
should be subsequently removed, as far as possible,
to allow for inspection of the wire rope.

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D.6 After a wedge and socket anchorage
termination has been made or re-made, it is
essential that the wedge and the wire rope are
properly seated in the socket body before the
equipment is put into service. Failure to do so may
allow the rope to pull through the fitting or,
particularly when the wire rope is new, the wedge
may be sprung out of the socket.
D.7 Initially the wedge should be hammered home.
A wooden packer should be used to protect the
fitting and wire rope against damage.
Simultaneously a load should be applied to the ends
of the wire rope. A substantial load should then be
raised and left suspended, but not unattended, to
seat the wedge and rope firmly into the socket body.
The wedge should be properly seated before the
assembly is put into service.
D.8 Two typical ways of dealing with the tail-end
length of rope protruding from the socket,
depending on the circumstances of use, are as
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follows.
a) The tail-end may be looped back on itself and
secured by a wire rope grip (in accordance with
BS 462) or clamped to form a loop. The loop
should be lashed to the live or loaded part of the
rope by suitable means, such as soft binding wire,
to prevent flexing of the rope in service
[see Figure 3(a)]. If this method is used, the
tail-end length of rope should be about 15 times
the diameter of the rope, e.g. 195 mm tail end
length for a 13 mm diameter wire rope.
b) Where there is a possibility of the loop
interfering with an obstruction, such as the
working structure, which might cause the wedge
to loosen and the rope to pull free, the tail-end
length of the rope should not be looped back, but
should be fitted with a simple clamp or wire rope
grip (in accordance with BS 462) and laid parallel
to the live or loaded part of the rope. If a wire rope
grip is used, a distance piece, or a short length of
rope of the same diameter, will be necessary to
ensure that the rope is adequately gripped
[see Figure 3(b)]. If necessary the tail-end may be
lashed to the live part with soft binding wire.
In both a) and b), the clamp or wire rope grip is used
to ensure that the rope cannot slip through the
anchorage before the wedge has had a chance to seat
adequately. The clamp or wire rope grip should not
be allowed to encroach on the fused-end of the rope.
NOTE The lift industry has for many years used an alternative
method of securing the tail end by applying a wire rope grip
across the live rope and tail end. This method is not
recommended in other than lift applications.
2) Obtainable from Public Enquiry Point, HSE, St. Hugh’s House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY.
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BS 7166:1989
D.9 Special care is necessary when tension may be
completely removed from the rope, e.g. when a load
is set down and where there is a possibility that the
wedge may become loosened.
Appendix E Inspection in use
E.1 Wedge and socket anchorages should be
inspected at least once a week depending on usage.
NOTE Where this type of termination is used on suspension
ropes of goods or passenger lifts, the wedge and socket anchorage
should be inspected at every periodic examination; attention is
drawn to HSE Guidance Note PM 7 (revision 1 June 1982) Lifts:
thorough examination and testing2).
E.2 Particular attention should be paid to the
following:
a) rope damage, e.g. broken wires, or deformation
of the wire rope where it emerges from the socket
body;
b) the condition of the socket body, e.g. cracks,
particularly if the wedge is seen to protrude
excessively. The lugs of the socket body should be
examined for possible deformation, cracks or
other defects;
c) the security and tightness of the wedge fitting;
d) condition of the pin including screw threads
and presence of the split cotter pin correctly
positioned and locked in.
E.3 The socket body and the wedge and the part of
the wire rope lying inside the fitting should be
examined each time the assembly is dismantled for
any reason. A wedge or socket body found to be
damaged should be replaced by another assembly.
E.4 When a rope is to be reterminated with a wedge
and socket anchorage, this can be achieved by either
of the following:
a) shortening the rope and resocketing in a new
position; or
b) using the same position on the rope, provided
that a competent person considers that any part
of the previous flattening and/or damage to be
acceptable.
No part of any previous flattening and/or damage
should be on the live or loaded part of the rope.
5
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 BS 7166:1989

Figure 3 — Two methods of dealing with the tail-end of the wire rope

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 BS 7166:1989

Publications referred to

BS 302, Stranded steel wire ropes.

BS 302-1, Specification for general requirements.
BS 302-2, Specification for ropes for general purposes.
BS 302-3, Specification for zinc coated ropes for ships.
BS 302-4, Specification for ropes for lifts.
BS 302-5, Specification for ropes for hauling purposes.
BS 302-6, Specification for ropes for mine hoisting.
BS 302-7, Large diameter ropes3).
BS 302-8, Higher strength ropes3).
BS 462, Specification for wire rope grips.
BS 4570, Specification for fusion welding of steel castings.
BS 5750, Quality systems4).
BS 6166, Lifting slings.
BS 6166-1, Methods of rating.
HSE Guidance Note PM7. Lifts: thorough examination and testing5).

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3)
In preparation.
4)
Referred to in theforeword only.
5)
Obtainable from Public Enquiry Point, HSE, St. Hugh’s House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY.

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 BS 7166:1989

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