Newton’s Interpolation 9

Newton’s Interpolation
Established the Newtons forward difference interpolation formula.
Solution: Give the set of (n+1) values, viz.( x 0 , y 0 ) , ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , … … … . ( x n , y n ) , of x and y ,
it is required to find y n ( x ) , a polynomial of the nth degree such that y and y n ( x ) agree at the
tabulated points. Let the values of x be equidistant.
i.e., Let x i=x 0 +ih for i=1,2,3 , … … … … . n
Since y (x ) is a polynomial of the nth degree, it may be written as
y n ( x ) =a0 +a 1 ( x−x 0 ) + a2 ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) +a 3 ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 )+ … … … … … ..+an ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 )( x −x2 ) … … … ( x−
………(1)
Imposing now the condition that y and y n ( x ) should agree at the set of tabulated values.
When x=x 0 then y 0=a 0
When x=x 1 then y 1=a0 +a1 ( x−x 0 )
 y1 = a0 + a1h
 a 1 h= y 1 - a 0
 a 1 h= y 1− y 0
 a 1 h=∆ y 0
∆ y0
 a 1=¿
h
When x=x 2 then y 2= a 0+ a1 ( x 2−x 0 ) + a2 ( x 2−x 0)( x 2−x 1)
 y 2= y 0 + a1 2 h+a 2 2 h . h
 y 2= y 0 +2 a1 h+2 a2 h
2

y 2= y 0 + 2∆ y 0 +2 a2 h2
 2 a2 h = y 2− y 0−2 ∆ y 0
2

= y 2− y 0 −2( y 1− y 0 )
= y 2− y 1−( y 1− y 0 )
= ∆ y 1−∆ y o
= ∆ 2 y0
∆ 2 y 0 ∆2 y 0
a 2 = =
2 h2 2! h 2
Similarly we get
∆3 y 0
a 3=
3 ! h3
…………….
…………….
∆n y 0
a n=
n! hn
Putting the value of a 0 , a1 , a2 … … … … … … .. an ∈ (1 ) we get
∆ y0 ∆2 y0
y n(x) = y 0 + ( x−x 0) + ( x −x0 ) ( x−x 1 )
h 2 ! h2
 Newton’s Interpolation 10
3
+ ∆ y0
( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 )+ … … … … … …
3! h3
∆n y 0
+ n ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 ) … … … …..( x −xn −1 ) ……. (2)
n!h
Sitting x=x 0 + ph
x−x 0
Then =p
h
x−x 1 x−( x0 +h) x−x 0 h
= = − =p−1
h h h h
x−x 2 x−( x 0 +2 h ) x−x 0 2 h
= = − = p−2
h h h h
Similarly,
x−x n−1 x−( x 0 + ( n−1 ) h ) x −x0 ( n−1 ) h
= = − = p−( n−1 )
h h h h
Putting this value’s in (2) we get
p ( p−1 ) 2 p ( p−1 ) ( p−2 ) 3 p ( p−1 )( p−2 ) … .( p−n+1) n
y n ( x ) = y 0 + p ∆ y 0+ ∆ y 0+ ∆ y 0+ …+ ∆ y0
2! 3! n!
x−x 0
Where p =
h
Which is the Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula and is useful for
interpolation near the beginning of a set of tabulated value.

1. Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values.

y ( 0 )=1 , y (1 ) =0 , y ( 2 ) =1and y ( 3 )=10
Hence obtain y(4)
Soln. the difference table is as follows:
x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3
0 1
-1
1 0 2
1 6
2 1 8
9
3 10

Here h=1, x 0=0

x−x 0 x−0
Hence p= = =x
h 1
Therefore from Newton’s forward interpolation formula we get
x ( x−1 ) x ( x−1 ) ( x−2 )
y(x) = 1+x(-1)+ ( 2) + (6 )
2! 3!
= 1-x+ x 2−x + x ( x 2−3 x +2 )
= 1-x+ x 2−x + x3 −3 x2 +2 x
 Newton’s Interpolation 11
= x −2 x +1
3 2

Which is the required polynomial and y (4)=43−2 ( 4 )2 +1

¿ 64−32+1
¿ 33
2. The population of a country in the decennial census were as under .Estimate The
population for the year 1895.
Year : x 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931
Population : y(In thousands ) 46 66 81 93 101

Solution : We know that the Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula is ,

p (p−1) 2 p ( p−1 ) ( p−2) 3
y n(x)= y 0+p∆ y 0 + ∆ y 0+ ∆ y 0+… …
2! 3!
p ( p−1 )( p−2 )+ … …+( p−n+1) n
+ ∆ y 0 ……………………………..(1)
n!
x−x 0
[ Where , p= ]
h
Now, put
h =10 , x 0= 1891 , x = 1895
1895−1891
p= 10
=0.4
The difference table is:

x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3 ∆4
1891 46
20
1901 66 -5
15 2
1911 81 -3 -3
12 -1
1921 93 -4
8
1931 101

Hence (1) gives,

0.4 ( 0.4−1 ) 0.4 ( 0.4−1 ) (.4−2 ) 0.4 ( 0.4−1 ) ( 0.4−2 )( 0.4−3 )
y(1895) = 46 + 0.4(20) + (-5)+ (2)+ (−3 )
2! 3! 4!
0.4 (−0.6 ) 0.4 (−0.6 )(−1.6 ) 0.4 (−0.6 )(−1.6 )(−2.6 )
=46 + 8 + (-5)+ (2)+ (−3 )
2 6 24
=54.85 thousands

3. Given,
sin 45 °=0.7071
sin 50° =0.7660
sin 55° =0.8192
sin 60° =0.8660
 Newton’s Interpolation 12
Find sin 52 by using Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
°

Solution: We know that the Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula is,
p (p−1) 2 p ( p−1 ) ( p−2) 3
y n(x)= y 0+p∆ y 0 + ∆ y 0+ ∆ y 0+… … …+
2! 3!
p ( p−1 )( p−2 )+ … …+( p−n+1) n
∆ y0
n!
… ...(1)
x−x 0
[Where, p= ]
h
We have,
x 45 ° 50° 55° 60°
y 0.7071 0.7660 0.8192 0.8660

The difference table is as followed:

x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3
45° 0.7071
0.0589
50° 0.7660 -0.0057
0.0532 -0.0007
55° 0.8192 -0.0064
0.0468
60° 0.8660

52 °−45 °
Here, h=5° , x0 =45 ° , x=52° , p= =1.4
5°
So, from (1) we get,
1.4 ( 1.4−1 ) 1.4 ( 1.4−1 ) (1.4−2)
y (52 °)=0.7071+ 1.4(0.0589)+ (−0.0057)+ (−0.0007)
2! 3!
¿ 0.7071+0.08246−0.001567+0.0000392
¿ 0.7880032
Thus , sin 52° =0.788 ( approximately ).

Established the Newton’s backward difference interpolation formula.

Solution: Given the set of (n+1) values viz. ( x 0 , y 0 ) , ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , … … . ( x n , y n ) of x and y , it
is required to find y n ( x ) , a polynomial of the nth degree such that y and y n ( x ) agree at the
tabulated values, let the values of x be equidistant. i.e.,
Let x i=x 0 +ih for i=1,2,3 , … … … … . n
Since y (x ) is a polynomial of the nth degree, it may be written as
y n ( x ) =a0 +a 1 ( x−x n ) + a2 ( x−x n ) ( x−x n−1 ) +a 3 ( x−x n ) ( x−x n−1 ) ( x−x n−2 )+ … … ...+ an ( x−x n ) ( x−x n−1 )( x −xn−2 ) … … …
Imposing now the condition that y and y n ( x ) should agree at the set of tabulated values.
 Newton’s Interpolation 13
When x=x n then y n=a 0
When x=x n−1then y n−1=a0 +a1 ( x n−1−x n )
 y n−1 = y n +a 1( x n−1−x n )
a 1 ( x n−x n−1 )= y n - y n−1
a 1 h= y n− y n−1
∇ yn
a 1=
h
When x=x n−2 then y n−2= a 0+ a1 ( x n−2−x n ) + a2 (x n−2−x n)( x n−2−x n−1)
 y n−2= y n −a1 ( x n−x n−2 )+ a2 (x n−x n−2)(x n−1−x n−2 )
 y n−2= y n −a1 2h+ a2 2h . h
 y n−2= y n −2 a1 h+ 2 a2 h
2

2 a2 h = y n−2 +2 a1 h− y n
2

= y n−2−2( y n− y n−1)− y n
= y n−2 +2 y n−2 y n−1− y n
= y n−2 + y n−2 y n−1
= y n− y n−1 − y n−1+¿ y ¿n−2

= ( y ¿ ¿ n− y n−1)−( y ¿ ¿ n−1− y n−2) ¿¿

=∇ y n−∇ y n−1
= ∇2 yn
∇2 yn
a 2 =
2 ! h2
Similarly we get,
∇3 yn
a 3= 3
h .3 !
…………….
…………….
∇n yn
a n= n
h .n !
Putting the value of a 0 , a1 , … … … … … … .. an ∈ (1 ) we get
∇ yn ∇2 y n
y n(x) = y n + ( x −xn ) + 2 ( x −xn ) ( x−x n−1 )
h h .3 !
+ ∇3 yn
( x −xn ) ( x−x n−1 ) ( x−x n−2 ) +… … … … … ………..
h 3 .4 !
∇n y n
+ n ( x−x n ) ( x−x n−1 )( x−x n−2 ) … … … … ..( x−x 1 ) ……………… (2)
h .n !
Sitting x=¿ x n + ph
x−x n
Then =p
h
x−x n−1 x−( xn −h) x−x n h
= = + =p+ 1
h h h h
 Newton’s Interpolation 14
x−x n−2 x−( x n−2 h ) x−x n 2 h
= = + = p+2
h h h h
Similarly,
x−x 1 x−( x n−( n−1 ) h ) x−x n ( n−1 ) h
= = + = p+ ( n−1 )
h h h h
Putting this value’s in (2) we get
p ( p+1 ) 2 p ( p +1 )( p+2 ) 3 p ( p+ 1 )( p+2 ) … .( p+n−1) n
yn ( x) = yn + p ∇ yn + ∇ y n+ ∇ y 0 +… … …+ ∇ yn
2! 3! n!
x−x n
Where p =
h
Which is the Newton’s backward difference interpolation formula and is useful for
interpolation near the end of a set of the value.

4. The population of a country in the decennial census where as under .Estimate the
population for the year 1925.
Year : x 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931
Population : y (In thousands ) 46 66 81 93 101

Solution: Here the interpolation is desired at the end of the table and so we use Newton’s
backward differences interpolation formula.
We know that the Newton’s backward difference interpolation formula is,
p ( p+1 ) 2 p ( p +1 )( p+2 ) 3 p ( p+ 1 )( p+2 ) … .( p+n−1) n
yn ( x) = yn + p ∇ yn + ∇ y n+ ∇ y 0 +… … …+ ∇ yn
2! 3! n!
Now, put
h=10 , x 0= 1931 , x=1925
1931−1925
p= = -0.6
10
The difference table is :
x y ∇ ∇2 ∇3 ∇4
1891 46
20
1901 66 -5
15 2
1911 81 -3 -3
12 -1
1921 93 -4
8
1931 101

Hence (1) gives,

−0.6 (−0.6+1 ) −0.6 (−0.6+1 ) (−0.6+2 )
y(1925) = 101 + (-0.6)8 + (-4)+ (-1) +
2! 3!
−0.6 (−0.6+1 ) (−0.6+2 )(−0.6+ 3 )
(−3 )
4!
 Newton’s Interpolation 15
= 96.84 thousands
 Newton’s Interpolation 16
5. The table below gives the value of tan(x) for 0.10≤ x ≤ 0.30
X 0 .10 0.15 0.20 0.255 0.30
Y= tan(x) 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093
Find tan 0.26
Solution. We know Newton’s backward difference interpolation formula is,
p ( p+1 ) 2 p ( p +1 )( p+2 ) 3 p ( p+ 1 )( p+2 ) … . ( p+ n−1 ) n
yn ( x) = yn + p ∇ yn + ∇ y n+ ∇ y 0 +… … …+ ∇ yn … … … … … … …
2! 3! n!
x−x n
Where p=
h
Here x=0.26, x n=0.30 , h=0.05
0.26−0.30
p= =−0.8
0.05
The difference table is as follows,

x Y ∇ ∇2 ∇3 ∇4

0.10 0.1003
0.0508
0.15 0.1511 0.0008
0.0516 0.0002
0.20 0.2027 0.0010 0.0002
0.0526 0.0004
0.25 0.25553 0.0014
0.0540
0.30 0.3093

Here(1) gives
−0.8 (−0.8+1 ) −0.8 (−0.8+1 ) (−0.8+2 ) −0.8 (−0.8+1 ) (−0.8+2
y ( 0.26 )=0.3093−0.8 ( 0.0540 ) + ( 0.0014 ) + ( 0.0004 ) +
2! 3! 4!
= 0.2662