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What is leadership?
Leadership is the ability to guide a group toward the achievement of Goals (Riggio, 2008)
To set a path, goal, or vision for the people who are being led.
To motivate people to pursue and eventually achieve the goal.
Leadership vs Management
Key Focuses
Leadership Emergence refers to the qualities or traits that causes an individual to become a leader versus a
non-leader
Leadership Performance or Effectiveness focuses on what traits or behaviors of a leader led to valued
outcomes
Great Man/Woman Theory
This was originally called the “Great Man” theory suggested first by Sir Francis Galton (1869)
A universalist theory that states that great leaders are born, not made
Trait Theory - Certain traits shared by leaders that are lacking among nonleaders
Stodgill (1974) compared the characteristics of leaders to non-leaders. A few characteristics were correlated
with leadership, but the relationships were only weak.
Leadership style is a consistent set of behaviors exhibited by leader in dealing with subordinates
Lewin, Lippitt and White (1943) looked at the effects of leader behavior on groups performance and morale
within young boys’ after-school activities clubs. Young boys were trained to adopt one of three different styles:
Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-faire
Meta-Analysis - Locke & Schweiger (1978)
Job Satisfaction
o 60% Democratic leadership
o 9% Authoritarian leadership
o 3% No difference
Productivity
o 22% Democratic leadership
o 10% Authoritarian leadership
o 56% No difference
Initiating Structure: organizing and defining what group members should be doing
Plans ahead
Decides how things are to be done
Assigns tasks
Makes expectations clear
Stresses achievement
The University of Michigan Leadership Studies also identified two important leader behaviors.
In the 1960’sBlake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid represents four leadership styles found by crossing:
Concern for Production (Task)
Concern for People (Relationships)
Situational Perspective
According to the situational perspective, a leader is the person who best meets the requirements of the group’s
current situation
Fielder argued the effectiveness of each style is contingent on their match with the situation.
The most important feature of the situation was the degree of control.
Leadership Style
Task Oriented – primarily concerned with getting the job done
Relationship Oriented – primarily concerned with maintaining good group relations
You recognize your style and understand key situational variables that you might be able to change
The Decision-making model by Vroom and Yetton (1973) is a theory that matches characteristics of the
situation with leader decision-making strategies
The theory predicts proper leader behavior in making decisions and gives “prescriptions” for the decision maker
to follow.
Vroom (1976) asked managers to give example of successful and unsuccessful decisions they recently made.
65% of the managers whose own method fell within the feasible set had successful decision outcomes
only 29% of those who failed to follow the model were successful.
The probability of making a successful decision was doubled using the model
On the downside the model is narrow and only focuses on decision making which is only one aspect of
leadership.
Charismatic leadership theory states that leaders possess some exceptional characteristics that cause followers
to be loyal and inspired.
Charismatic leaders communicate shared group goals and convey confidence in their own abilities and those of
followers
Transcendent Goal or Vision (House, 1977) - A transcendent goal is a moral mission for the group and the
method to accomplish this mission.
Vision and articulation. - Has a vision—expressed as an idealized goal—that proposes a future better
than the status quo; and is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to
others
Personal risk. Willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs and engage in self-sacrifice to
achieve the vision
Environmental sensitivity. Able to make realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and
resources needed to bring about change
Sensitivity to follower needs. Perceptive of others’ abilities and responsive to their needs and feelings
Unconventional behavior. Engages in behaviors that are perceived as novel and counter to norms
Charismatic Leaders
Charismatic leaders are most effective when goals are unclear and situational conditions are unstable.
Some researchers suggest that charismatic leaders possess exceptionally high-quality social skills and an
ability to inspire followers at a deep emotional level (Riggio, 1987)
May be helpful in understanding voluntary organizations
Transformational Leadership - James MacGregor Burns (1978) first discussed difference between Political
leaders
Applied to organization by Bass (1985)
Transformational leadership focuses on the leader’s ability to provide shared values and a vision for the
future of the work group.
Transactional Leadership focuses on the ability of the leader to exchange or make transactions
Meta-analyses find that transformational leadership is better in fostering work group effectiveness