C6 Electrical Machines

Disediakan oleh;
Mohd Saifizi Bin Saidon
 Introduction
Transformer can change the magnitude
of alternating voltage or current from
one value to another. The useful
property of transformer is mainly
responsible for the widespread use of
alternating currents rather than direct
current. Transformer have no moving
parts, rugged and durable in
construction, thus requiring very little
attention.
 Core Type Transformer
• Half of the primary winding and half
of the secondary winding are placed
around each limb.
 Shell Type Transformer
• This method of construction involves
the use of a double magnetic circuit.
Both the windings are placed round
the central limb.
Comparison of Two Type
Transformer
 Transformer

Step Up: V2>V1

Step Down: V2<V1
E.M.F Equation of Transformer
Voltage Transformation
Ratio
 Problem 1
A 2000/200 Volt, 20kVA transformer
has 66 turns in the secondary. Calculate;
i. Primary turns
ii. Primary and secondary full-load
currents.
 Answer 1
i. V2 200 1
K  
V1 2000 10

N2 1
K
N1 10
 N1  N 2 10  66 10  660turns

ii. V1 I1  V2 I 2  20 10 3

20 10 3
20 10 3
I2    100 A
V2 200
 Problem 2
An ideal 25kVA transformer has 500
turns on the primary winding and 40
turns on the secondary winding. The
primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz
supply. Calculate (i) Primary and
Secondary currents on full-load, (ii)
Secondary E.M.F and (iii) the maximum
core flux.
 Answer 2
N2 40 4
K  
N1 500 50
Volt  amperes 25 103
(i ) I1    8.33 A
V1 3000
I1 50
I2   8.33   104.2 A
K 4
E2
(ii ) K
E1
 4
E2  KE1     3000  240V
 50 
(iii ) E1  4.44 fN1m
3000
m   27 10 3Wb  27 mWb
4.44  50  500
 Three Phase Transformer
A three phase system in used to
generate and transmit electric power.
Three phase voltages are raised or
lowered by means of three phase
transformers.
Three-Phase Transformer
 Problem 3
A 3-phase, 50 Hz transformer has a
delta-connected primary and star-
connected secondary, the line voltages
being 22000 V and 400 V respectively.
The secondary balanced load at 0.8
power factor lagging. The line current
on the primary side is 5A. Determine;
(i) Current in primary and secondary.
(ii) Output of the transformer in kW.
 Answer 3
Primary phase voltage  2200V
Secondary phase voltage  400  3V
400 3 1
K 
2200 55 3
Primary phase current  5 3  5 3 A
5
Secondary phase current   K  275 A
3
Secondary line current  275 A
Output Power  3VL I L cos 
 3  400  275  0.8  152400W  152.4kW
D.C Generator

Disediakan oleh;
Mohd Saifizi Saidon
 Introduction
Although a far greater percentage of the electrical
machines in service are a.c. machines, the d.c.
machines are of considerable industrial importance.
The principal advantage of the d.c. machine,
particularly the d.c. motor, is that it provides a fine
control of speed. Such an advantage is not claimed by
any a.c. motor. However, d.c. generators are not as
common as they used to be, because direct current,
when required, is mainly obtained from an a.c. supply
by the use of rectifiers. Nevertheless, an
understanding of d.c. generator is important because
it represents a logical introduction to the behaviour
of d.c. motors. Indeed many d.c. motors in industry
actually operate as d.c. generators for a brief period.
 Generator Principles
An electric generator is a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy. An
electric generator is based on the principle that
whenever flux is cut by a conductor, an e.m.f. is
induced which will cause a current to flow if
the conductor circuit is closed. The direction of
induced e.m.f. (and hence current) is given by
Fleming’s right hand rule. Therefore, the
essential components of a generator are:
(a) a magnetic field
(b) conductor or a group of conductors
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field.
Construction of DC Generator
 Principles Component
Field System-The function of the field system
is to produce uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates. It consists of a
number of salient poles bolted to the inside of
circular frame (generally called yoke).
 Principles Component
Armature Core- The armature core is keyed
to the machine shaft and rotates between
the field poles.
 Principles Component
• Armature Winding- This is the
winding in which “working” e.m.f. is
induced.
 Principles Component
• Commutator- A commutator is a
mechanical rectifier which converts
the alternating voltage generated in
the armature winding into direct
voltage across the brushes. The
commutator is made of copper
segments insulated from each other
by mica sheets and mounted on the
shaft of the machine
 Principles Component
• Brushes- The purpose of brushes is to
ensure electrical connections between
the rotating commutator and
stationary external load circuit.
E.M.F Equations
 Problem A
Calculate the e.m.f generated by 4-pole
wave wound generator having 65 slots
with 12 conductors per slot when driven
at 1200 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.02
wb.
 Answer A

PZN
Eg 
60 A
Here, P  4;   0.02 wb; N  1200rpm;
Z  12  65  780; A  2
4  0.02  780 1200
Eg   624volts
60  2
 Problem B
An 8-pole, lap wound armature rotated
at 350 r.p.m is required to generate 260
volts. The useful flux per pole is 0.05
wb. If the armature has 120 slots,
calculate the number of the conductors
per slot.
 Answer B
PZN
Eg 
60 A
E g  60 A 260  60  8
Z   890
PN 8  0.05  350
890
No of conductors/slot   7.14
120
 Problem C
A 6-pole lap-wound D.C. generator has
600 conductors on its armature. The
flux per pole is 0.02 wb. Calculate (i) the
speed at which the generator must be
run to generate 300V. (ii) What would be
the speed if the generator were wave
wound?
 Answer C
a. Lap Wound
PZN
Eg 
60 A
E g  60 A 300  60  6
N   1500rpm
PZ 6  0.02  600
b. Wave Wound
E g  60 A 300  60  2
N   500rpm
PZ 6  0.02  600
 Types of Generators
a. Separately excited D.C. generators
b. Self-excited D.C. generators
Separately Excited Generators
 Self-Excited D.C. Generator
Type
• Series generator
• Shunt generator
• Compound generator
Series Generator

In a series wound generator, the

field winding is connected in
series with armature winding so
that whole armature current
flows through the field
winding as well as the load.
Shunt Generator

In a shunt generator, the field

winding is connected in parallel
with the armature winding so that
terminal voltage of the generator is
applied across it. The shunt field
winding has many turns of fine
wire having high resistance.
Compound Generator
Compound Generator
 Problem D
A 100 kW, 240 V shunt generator has a
field resistance of 55 Ω and armature
resistance of 0.067 Ω. Find the full-load
generated voltage.
 Answer D
Shunt generator circuit

100 10 3
IL   416.7 A
240
I sh  240 55  4.36 A
I a  I L  I sh
 416.7  4.36  421.1A
E g  V  I a Ra
 240  421.1 0.067  268.2V
 Alternator

Disediakan oleh;
Mohd Saifizi Saidon
 Introduction
The machine which produces 3-phase
power from mechanical power is called an
alternator or synchronous generator.
Alternators are the primary source of all
the electrical energy we consume. These
machines are the largest energy converters
found in the world. They convert
mechanical energy into a.c. energy. In this
chapter, we shall discuss the construction
and characteristics of alternators.
 Alternator
Like a d.c. generator, an alternator also
has an armature winding and a field
winding. But there is one important
difference between the two. In a d.c.
generator, the armature winding is
placed on the rotor in order to provide
a way of converting alternating voltage
generated in the winding to a direct
voltage at the terminals through the
use of a rotating commutator. The
field poles are placed on the stationary
part of the machine.
 Construction of Alternator
1. Stator
It is the stationary part of the machine
and is built up of sheet-steel
laminations having slots on its inner
periphery. A 3-phase winding is placed
in these slots and serves as the
armature winding of the alternator.
2. Rotor
The rotor carries a field winding which
is supplied with direct current through
two slip rings by a separate d.c. source.
This d.c. source (called exciter) is
generally a small d.c. shunt or
compound generator mounted on the
shaft of the alternator.
 Alternator Operation
The direction of induced e.m.f. can be
found by fleming’s right hand rule and
frequency is given by;
Distribution Pitch
Pitch Factor
E.M.F. Equation of Alternator
 Problem 1
A 3 phase, 50 Hz star-connected
alternator has 180 conductors per phase
and flux per pole is 0.0543 wb. Find;
a. e.m.f generated per phase
b. e.m.f between line terminals
Assume the winding to be full pitched
and distribution factor to be 0.96.
 Answer 1
E ph  2.22 KpKdZf
 2.22 1 0.96 180  50  0.0543
 1041.5V

EL  3  E ph
 1803.19V
 Problem 2
Find the number of armature
conductors in series per phase required
for the armature of a 3-phase, 50 Hz, 10
pole alternator. The winding is star-
connected to give a line voltage of
11000V. The flux per pole is 0.16 wb.
Assume, Kp=1 and Kd=0.96.
 Answer 2
EL 11000
E ph    6352V
3 3
E ph
Z
2.22 K p K d f
6352

2.22 1 0.96  50  0.16
 372.5  373
 Problem 3
The armature of an 8-pole, 3 phase, 50
Hz alternator has 18 slots and 10
conductors/slot. A flux of 0.04 wb is
entering the armature from one pole.
Calculate the induced e.m.f. per phase.
 Answer 3

No of conductor in three - phase  18 10  180

180
No of conductors/phase   60
3
E ph  2.22 K p K d Zf
 2.22 11 60  50  0.04  266.4V