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3 Particles of Matter
held together by strong held together by strong not held together by strong
forces of attraction forces of attraction forces of attraction
vibrate in a fixed position able to move throughout the free to move in any
but cannot move throughout liquid direction
the solid
** 1.4.1 Melting
1. Melting is the process in which a solid changes into a liquid at a fixed temperature
1. The temperature at which melting takes place is called the melting point.
2. During melting, the particles of the solid gain heat energy to overcome the strong
forces of attraction between them so that they can move away from their orderly
arrangement to the disorderly arrangement of the liquid state. Therefore, the
melting point is fixed for each solid.
3. Melting point can be used to identify a substance and to test its purity.
For e.g., ice (solid water) has a melting point of 0oC, so a solid that melts at 0oC
is probably water.
4. Figure 1.1 shows how the temperature of a substance changes with time during
temperature
Mixture of solid
D
and liquid
Liquid
5. For all pure substances, the freezing point is the same as the melting point.
6. Figure 1.2 shows the temperature of a substance changes with time during
freezing, when a molten substance is allowed to cool naturally.
Temperature
W liquid
4. During boiling, the particles take in heat energy to break all forces of
attraction that are holding them together, so that, the particles are able to move
freely and be far apart.
[Note : This is why the gas produced from a boiling liquid completely fills a
room.]
7. Figure 1.3 shows how the temperature of a substance changes with time during
boiling, when it is steadily heated.
Temperature
boiling starts at
point A
74°C
A B
liquid
boiling
1.4.5 Condensation
1.4.6 Sublimation
3. Examples of such substances : solid carbon dioxide (dry ice), ammonium salts
(ammonium chloride) and iodine, mothballs (naphthalene)
1.4.7 Summary :
Solid
freezing
melting sublimation
boiling/evaporation
Liquid Gas
condensation