NAV
 NAV n Radio both

1. Diff between GPWS n EGPWS. KInd of warning EGPWS gives, how does it
wor 

!. RNP, what e"a#t$% is that, RNP 1 better or RNP 1&

'. GRID ()RA on *e++ #hart

. -ANPA-onstant
-ANPA-onstant ang$e non +re#ision a++roa#h

/. V)R, DV)R0Do++$er V)R,

V)R, ND2, whi#h one wo3$d %o3 +refer to 3se and wh%

4. Showed -hennai a++roa#h +$ateWhi#h t%+e of a++roa#h is thatV)R 

5. RADI)
RADI ) A6
A67
7

8. RVS( #ontingen#ies

9. A66
A66 t%+es of +ro*e#tions, if %o3 are at e:3ator whi#h t%+e of #hart wo3$d %o3

3se0+ro*e#tion t%+e

thse are the one i #o3$d re;e;ber as of now, wi$$ $et %o3 +eo+$e now
now,, if i #o3$d
re#o$$e#t ;ore of the;

:. <ow ;an% sate$$ites are re:3ired for RAI(=

:. What airs+a#es are there in India=

:. What is RVS(
RVS(  what are the re:3ire;ents for an air#raft to enter rvs;
airs+a#e=

:.What is RNP

So;e radio aids :3es that I got ased>

 #o;+ass errors 0a##e$?de#e$

 f;s and it@s interfa#es

 irs #onstr3#tion, woring, $i;itations, re$ation b?w ti;e to a$ign vs $atit3de

7hat@s a$$ I #o3$d thin of.

 

-(

It was a #o;bined ora$ for Gen. Navigation  Radio AidsInstr3;ents.

1.Re:3ire;ents for air#raft to enter a RVS( A

Airs+a#e.
irs+a#e.

!.-$ass of Airs+a#e in India.

'.GPWS and EGPWS, Reasons for EGPWS that it gives 3s the warnings and a$erts
for terrain ahead a$so=

.<ard Iron  Soft iron (agnetis; B What ind of ;agnetis; wi$$ an air#raft
a#:3ire if it is ha;;ered for a $ong ti;e= B EGPWS (ode 4.

/. Cor Navigation, $ots of e++esen -harts :3estions were ased.

-o$o3rs for GRID ()RA, S#a$e on e++. -hart, A

A++roa#h
++roa#h +$ates 6)-
a++roa#h0GS o3t.

Radio?Genera$ navigation #o;bined ora$0+revio3s atte;+t>

+itot stati# instr3;ents

e"+$ain stati# +ress3re

7A7)A7, wh%=

e"+$ain densit% error 

;a#h ;eter errors

INS setting?fa$i3res

Radio a$ti;eter errors

7-AS 7A
7A,RA
,RA range

what is a V)6(E7=

night effe#t

siderea$ da%
 

V)R errors

V)R tra#ing +rob$e;

V)RD(E #o$o#ation #riteria

G$ide S$o+e #overage range

what is P RNAV

s+eed to be ;aintained when in a D(E ar#

grid ;ora 0#o$o3rs on the #hart

R6 on a (er#ator 

Vref
Vref s+eed #ategories

#onverting #$i;b gradient to Ro- 0the e"a;iner was $ooing for a r3$e of th3;b
for;3$a

an% f3rther in+3ts on genera$ nav wi$$ be a++re#iated

good $3#F

) ;ine was +atheti# the% got into #harts and were $ie %o3 need to now those
 *e+ #harts ver% we$$

 Navigation what
what of +ara$$e$ of $atit3de what
what are th3;b $ines g#

Dint see; satisfied with answers

7hen what is e; waves define +ro+er$% and a$$

What are vor errors

what is dead s+a#e

what is d3#t +ro+ogation I s3++ose

 

 Nav VIVA
VIVA A+r !&1! 
3estions
3estions



Started with basi#s :3estions on definition of -o3rse, 7ra#, <dg

D(E Ar#  <ow to #a$#3$ate the a++ro" distan#e to to3#hdown

A++roa#h -hart ? S7AR ? SID

7here was a #hart that was for so;e air$ine ? o+erator s+e#ifi#. -an so;e one he$+
in finding o3t what a$$ are the s%;bo$s 3sed for vario3s air$ines ? o+erators.

6ots of (enta$ DR :3estions gain ti;e ? s+eed re:d

Airs+a#e -$assifi#ations what abo3t SAR in these air s+a#es Need he$+ on this

S6)P

-an so;eone te$$ abo3t 3n#ontro$$ed airs+a#e. It is given at ;an% +$a#es that in In
India there are no 3n#ontro$$ed air s+a#e. 23t I re;e;ber d3ring R7R #$asses $ots
of ti;e 3n#ontro$$ed airs+a#e was ;entioned d3ring ro3ting.

where a$$ other than aviation are 6a;bert #harts 3sed.

 

Given two $ongs on e:3ator 0Not dia;etri#a$$% o++osite. What tra# to fo$$ow if
the% have to ;eet re#i+ro#a$ at the +o$es. A
An%one
n%one an% idea on this.

RVS(
RVS( re:;ts  what are the fig3res for differen#e between the a$ti;eters, A$t
A$tit3de
it3de
ho$d ? warning. DG-A -AR gives different fig3res on diff +ages. Re:;t of 7-AS
is it there or *3st re#o;;ended. 7he

3estions on notes on a A+#h -hart. Don@t answer witho3t $ooing at the #hart
even if it is too obvio3s an answer. As far as I now, if the #ontro$$er te$$s %o3 to do
so;ething then it is 3nderstood that he is in #ontro$ and doing so de+ending on the
traffi# 23t I thin he e"+e#ted ;e to $oo at the #hart and reado3t the note.

E7)PS, who has to a++rove and wh%= Definition. E;+hasis on ni$ winds and
sing$e engine #r3ise s+eeds. <e e+t hinting on what are the environ;enta$ fa#tors
that are affe#ting.

Answers and #$arifi#ations on the above wi$$ be a++re#iated.

Airs+a#e -$assifi#ations what abo3t SAR in these air s+a#es

-AR Se#tion 9 Series E Part 1.

!.4 -$assifi#ation of airs+a#es

 

!.4.1 A7
A7S airs+a#es sha$$ be #$assified and designated in a##ordan#e with the

fo$$owing>

-$ass A. ICR f$ights on$% are +er;itted, a$$ f$ights are +rovided with air traffi#

#ontro$ servi#e and are se+arated fro; ea#h other.

-$ass 2 . ICR and VCR f$ights are +er;itted, a$$ f$ights are +rovided with air 

traffi# #ontro$ servi#e and are se+arated fro; ea#h other.

-$ass -. ICR and VCR f$ights are

ar e +er;itted, a$$ f$ights are +rovided with air 

traffi# #ontro$ servi#e and ICR f$ights are se+arated fro;

fr o; other ICR f$ights and

fro; VCR f$ights. VCR f$ights are se+arated fro; ICR f$ights and re#eive traffi#

infor;ation in res+e#t of other VCR f$ights.

-$ass D. ICR and VCR f$ights are +er;itted and a$$ f$ights are +rovided with air 

traffi# #ontro$ servi#e, ICR f$ights are se+arated fro; other ICR f$ights and

re#eive traffi# infor;ation in res+e#t of VCR f$ights, VCR f$ights re#eive traffi#

infor;ation in res+e#t of a$$ other f$ights.

-$ass E. ICR and VCR f$ights are +er;itted, ICR f$ights are +rovided with air 

traffi# #ontro$ servi#e and are se+arated fro; other ICR f$ights. A$$ f$ights

re#eive traffi# infor;ation as far as is +ra#ti#a$. -$ass E sha$$ not be 3sed for 
 

#ontro$ Hones.

-$ass C. ICR and VCR f$ights are +er;itted, a$$ +arti#i+ating ICR f$ights re#eive

an air traffi# advisor% servi#e and a$$ f$ights re#eive f$ight infor;ation servi#e if 

re:3ested.

-$ass G . ICR and VCR f$ights are +er;itted and re#eive f$ight infor;ation

servi#e if re:3ested.

!.4.! Airs+a#e
Airs+a#e #$asses have been #$assified in AIP India ENR 1..

Sear#h and Res#3e

AIP India 4th Edition Gen '.4

!. Area of res+onsibi$it%

!.1.7he Sear#h  Res#3e servi#e is res+onsib$e for entire India territor% in#$3ding
territoria$ waters as we$$ as airs+a#e over highseas en#o;+assed b% -hennai,
Ko$ata and (3;bai CIRs.
 

RVS( re:;ts  what are the fig3res for differen#e between the a$ti;eters, A$t
RVS( A$tit3de
it3de
ho$d ? warning. DG-A -AR gives different fig3res on diff +ages. Re:;t of 7-AS
is it there or *3st re#o;;ended.

8 AIR-RAC7 SS7E(S>

8.1 7he air#raft sha$$ be e:3i++ed to ;eet the fo$$owing ;ini;3; e:3i+;ent

for RVS( o+erations>

8.1.1 7wo
7wo inde+endent a$tit3de ;eas3re;ent s%ste;s sha$$ be insta$$ed.

Ea#h s%ste; sha$$ be #o;+osed of the fo$$owing e$e;ents>

a -ross#o3+$ed stati# so3r#e?s%ste;, with i#e +rote#tion if 

$o#ated in areas s3b*e#t to i#e a##retionB

 b E:3i+;ent for ;eas3ring stati#

stati# +ress3re sensed b% the stati#
stati#

so3r#e, #onverting it to +ress3re a$tit3de and dis+$a%ing the

 +ress3re a$tit3de to the f$ight

f$ight #rewB

# E:3i+;ent for +roviding a digita$$% en#oded signa$

#orres+onding to the dis+$a%ed +ress3re a$tit3de, for a3to;ati#

a$tit3de re+orting +3r+osesB

d Stati# so3r#e error #orre#tion 0SSE-?Position

0S SE-?Position Error -orre#tion

0PE-, if needed to ;eet the +erfor;an#e #riteria of +aras '.',

 

'. or '.4 of Anne"3re II atta#hed, as a++ro+riateB and

e Signa$s referen#ed to a +i$ot se$e#ted a$tit3de for a3to;ati#

#ontro$ and a$erting. 7hese signa$s wi$$ need to be derived fro;

a$tit3de ;eas3re;ent s%ste; ;eeting the #riteria of this -AR,

and in a$$ #ases, enab$ing the #riteria of +aras 8.1.' and 8.!.4 to

 be ;et.

8.1.! )ne se#ondar% s3rvei$$an#e radar trans+onder 0;eeting 7S) -11!

standards with an a$tit3de re+orting s%ste; that #an be #onne#ted

to the a$tit3de ;eas3re;ent s%ste; in 3se for a$tit3de ee+ing.

8.1.' Airborne -o$$ision Avoida

Avoidan#e
n#e S%ste; 0A-AS II 0;eeting 7S)

-119b
-119b standards to i;+rove the safet% $eve$ of f$ights o+erating

within RVS( airs+a#e.

8.1. An
An a$tit3de a$erting s%ste; that a$erts the #rew a3ra$$% and vis3a$$% if 

dis+$a%ed a$tit3de deviates fro; the se$e#ted a$tit3de b% ;ore than

J '&& feet 0for air#raft for whi#h a++$i#ation for t%+e #ertifi#ation was

;ade on or before A+ri$ 9, 1995 or J !&& feet 0for air#raft for whi#h

a++$i#ation for t%+e #ertifi#ation is ;ade after A+ri$ 9, 1995.

8.1./ An
An a3to;ati# a$tit3de #ontro$ s%ste; sha$$ be re:3ired whi#h sha$$

 be #a+ab$e of #ontro$$ing

#ontro$$ing a$tit3de with
within
in to$eran#e band of J 1
1/
/
 

;etres 0J /& feet abo3t #o;;anded a$tit3de, when o+erated in the

a$tit3de ho$d ;ode in straight and $eve$ f$ight 3nder non t3rb3$ent,

non g3st #onditions.

A-AS II is re:3ired.

<e% g3%s gave ;% Radio Aids A7P6 ora$s %esterda% in -hennai.

Cirst thing he did was +3$$ o3t an ICR #hart and ased ;e a few :3estions abo3t
s%;bo$s, et#. ICR +$ates, ased ;e $ot of :3estions and then ased ;e how I wo3$d

do a -ANPA a++roa#h 3sing the #hart.

3estions ased were

AWR  +rin#i+$e and e"+$ain

Se#ondar% Radar 

(a#h;eter, wh% is it re:3ired, e"+$ain the f3n#tioning.

-o;+ass errors

What is an AD- and how does it wor 0 in+3ts, o3t+3ts et#

What is EPR and e"+$ain wh% it is 3sed

he% g3%sF

i had ;% ora$ toda% for radio as we$$ as for nav......

nav......

its was +rett% eas%.

eas%......:3ite
.....:3ite genera$ st3ff.....in nav de% ;ight as 3 st3ff fr;
 +ro*e#tions, a++ +$ates,
+$ates, enro3te #harts......E7)PS
#harts......E7)PS for s3re, ;in f3e$ re:ired for *ets,
 

diff between a$ternate n s3itab$e aerodro;e, don@t forget to do +erfor;an#e re$ated

to+i#s s#h as -.G +osition effe#ts on range, wn sh3d 3 rre+ort
e+ort A
A7 7- 0 variation fr;
fi$ed 7AS, #hange in E7A at fi" et#........effe#t of wt on g$ide .......a?s re: for ;a"
g$ide, t%+e of +ro*e#tion on enro3te #hart.....et#

Don@t get to do +erfor;an#e n f$t +$annin :3e.

Cor radio...its +rett% basi#s bt 3 sh3d be #$ear abt f3nda@s......hw a#t3a$$% things
wor.......de% ;ight as 3 s3;thin o3t of da bo" bt if 3 a++$% $itt$e $ogi# 3 w3d b
ab$e to ans doseF the% won@t #over ;#h abt a3to s%ste;s, engine insr3;ents n o$...FF

A$$ da best to 3 g3%sFF

Done with ;% ora$ toda% on$% gen nav

Ased ;e to $o#ate isogona$ $ines,ifr and vfr air+orts,grid ;ora and its def.,$o#ate
s%;bo$ for ro3te #o;;3ni#ation fre:3en#% in the enro3te #harts se#tion.

Draw non standard ho$ding +attern for '&& inbo3nd and te$$ a$$ three entr% +oints.

Eto+s different #ategories 5/,1!& and 18&.eto+s entr% and e"it +oint.

7errestria$
7errestria$ ;agnetis;

where is +a+i $ight $o#ated $eft or right side te$$ fro; a++roa#h +$ate got #onf3sed
in this :3es.
7hats a$$ i #an re#a$$

Gen Nav :3estions ased at 2o;ba% toda%>

1. E"+$ain RVS(.
RVS(. Is 7-AS ;andator%= If %o3 were to f$% fro; 2o;ba% to
6ondon how wo3$d %o3 find o3t whi#h airs+a#es ;andatori$% re:3ire %o3 to have
7-AS=

!. 6ooing at the S3nrise?S3nset tab$e in the e++ (an3a$ +$ease get the s3nrise

ti;e in 2o;ba% for toda%= Is this ti;e 6(7, 7-

ti;ing 7-,, or IS7= P$ease find the IS7
 

'. E"+$ain Grid ()RA, S%;bo$s  RVS(, CIR bo3ndar%, WL fre:3en#%, and
Airs+a#es

IN A7P6 RadioAids  Inst@;nts )RA6S>

Do the% as

1 A++roa#h -harts, ICR -harts, et#..

! <o$ding Pattern :3estions on entries et#..

' Radio Aids  Instr3;ents Regs. e"a;+$e> fai$3re of radio #o;;. in VCR, ICR
et#..

) g3%s #$eared ;% A7P6 -G Viva ie. radio aids and nav together.

3estions ased>

1. -PD6- FFF 07hat was the first :3estion.

!. ADS?-PD6-
ADS?-PD6- what is the differen#e.

'. -harts 0(EA, ()-A, ()RA, Grid ()RA

. What t%+e of +ro*e#tion = Where is the standard Para$$e$s

P ara$$e$s =

/. 6a;berts -oni#a$ -onfor;a$  E"+$ain in de+th.

4. What is #onfor;a$ ==
 

5. RVS(  Re:3ire;ents.

8. E7)PS.

9. (a#h (eter  A thoro3gh E"+$anation.

1&. ASI  E"+$ain.

11. W" Radar fai$3re on#e airborne wi$$ %o3 ret3rn = (onsoon has been
de#$ared. > Sir, if the Sig W" -hart has an% weather enro3te, it wo3$d #a$$ for an%
i;;ediate ret3rn, nder what #onditions wi$$ %o3 #ontin3e es+ if its an 7A at the
destination. Sir, if I wi$$ #he# the enro3te w" for the tota$ f$ight ti;e to and ba#.
If no signifi#ant W", I wi$$ go thro3gh ;% (E6. If ;% (E6 sa%s its an
#o;+3$sor% re:3ire;ent then if the aerodro;e is Iso$ated?Non
I so$ated?Non (aintenan#e
(aintenan#e
E:3i++ed then I wi$$ t3rn ba# so that the air$ine #an fi" the e:3i+;ent or +rovide
an a$ternate o+tion to the PAL.

0I #o3$d see in their rea#tion that this was ;% tr3;+ #ard :3estion

1!. 6ow Visibi$it%

Visibi$it% Pro#ed3res FFF GS C)R 7<E CIRS7 7I(E )N PPR3Ne..
7his is being ;entioned here. 7he% are definite$% asing 6V
6VP
P nowada%s.

After answering their :3estion, the% s;i$ed and said, this is not DG-A b
b3t
3t the
-AA where
where %o3 are fro; .

1'. -(V  -a$#3$ated (et Visib.

 

1. S$o+.

Co$$owed b% an MA66 7<E 2ES7M .

 +s. g3%s I didnt 3se an%

an% boos. 3st 3sed goog$
goog$ee to o+en websites an
and
d ;ade ;%
own notes whi#h I #an 3nderstand  this has he$+ed ;e s3+er big ti;e. <ad I
st3died fro; o"ford or other boos, I wo3$d have s#rewed it 3+. 7hans.

7hans for the advise..

I #he#ed  ES I +assed.. 2oth NAV  RADI) AIDS )ra$s.....

3estion ased>

1st :3estion> what is %o3r strongest to+i#==

7hen fo$$owed b%> +ersona$ detai$s et#  then fo$$owing>

6a;bert +ro+erties

7ransaverse ;er#ator 

e++eson #hart

Perfor;an#e :3estions

-P PNR :3estions

RVS(

RADI) AIDS
 

What is ba#gro3nd=

What is %o3r stringest to+i#=

Wh% sho3$d we +ass %o3==

7hen fo$$owing>
D(E

I6S

7rans+onder 

INS IRS

GR)S

At the end, 2est of for the f3t3re...

7he e"a;iners so3nded to3gh b3t at the end, were de#ent$% fair in asing
:3estions...

An%one $ooing to +ass, +$s read the entire thread, no s3r+rise :3estions were
ased to an%one in ;% gro3+

(3;bai VIVA Nov 1! 3estions Re:d



Criends answers re:3ired on the fo$$owing Nav s ased in A

A+r 
+r 
 

7here was a #hart that was for so;e air$ine ? o+erator s+e#ifi#. -an so;e one he$+
in finding o3t what a$$ are the s%;bo$s 3sed for vario3s air$ines ? o+erators.

Airs+a#e -$assifi#ations what abo3t SAR in these air s+a#es

-an so;eone te$$ abo3t 3n#ontro$$ed airs+a#e. It is given at ;an% +$a#es that in In
India there are no 3n#ontro$$ed air s+a#e. 23t I re;e;ber d3ring R7R #$asses $ots
of ti;e 3n#ontro$$ed airs+a#e was ;entioned d3ring ro3ting.

where a$$ other than aviation are 6a;bert #harts 3sed.

Given two $ongs on e:3ator 0Not dia;etri#a$$% o++osite. What tra# to fo$$ow if
the% have to ;eet re#i+ro#a$ at the +o$es. A
An%one
n%one an% idea on this.

Answers and #$arifi#ations on the above wi$$ be a++re#iated.

So;e Info now

3estions on notes on a A+#h -hart. Don@t answer witho3t $ooing at the #hart
even if it is too obvio3s an answer. As far as I now, if the #ontro$$er te$$s %o3 to do
so;ething then it is 3nderstood that he is in #ontro$ and doing so de+ending on the
traffi# 23t I thin he e"+e#ted ;e to $oo at the #hart and reado3t the note.
 

E7)PS, who has to a++rove and wh%= Definition. E;+hasis on ni$ winds and
sing$e engine #r3ise s+eeds. <e e+t hinting on what are the environ;enta$ fa#tors
that are affe#ting.

A7P6 radio aids viva on &4?1!?!&1!  (3;bai



1 def of wave$ength

! #a$#3$ate fre:3en#%, wave$ength

wave$ength is 1./ K(

' draw and e"+$ain $i;a#on

 e"+$ain I6S

/ ;a*or draw ba# of I6S 0 he wanted to here fa$se g$ide s$o+e inter#e+tion
4 #an 3 do I6S a++roa#h witho3t )3ter ;arer 

5 what sho3$d be %o3r height at 'N( on 'deg g$ide s$o+e

8 e"+$ain g%ros

9 what is wonder in g%ros

De# !&1!  2)(



1E;+$o%;ent Stat3s  Where= <o3rs on 7%+e= 7ota$ 7i;e et#.

Gen. Nav 

!Whats the sha+e of the Earth=

'Whats is -o;+ression=
 

Define 6at  6ong verbati;

/Define G-  Rh3;b 6ine

4Define Na3ti#a$ (i$e  -onvergen#%

5Pro*e#tions  Whats the best=

87e$$
87e$$ ;e ever%thing I sho3$d now abo3t 6a;berts  -onstr3#tion, Definitions,
Pro+erties et#.

9e++ -harts  Definite gri$$ing for abo3t 1& ;ins on vario3s Intri#a#ies.

1&Whats )rtho;or+his;=

11Whats Airwa%
Airwa% width on $and and on water=

1!E7)PS  3ite a $ot of :3estions there.

Radio Aids
Aids  Instr3;entation 

1Whats a wave= Whats a Radio Wa

Wave=
ve= <ow do I +rod3#e a radio wave=

!A2 wave trave$s in / ;i#ro se#s. Whats the dist. between A  2=

'Des#ribe RNAV

Define RNP

/Differen#e between RNAV 1  RNP1=

4GPS  7e$$ ;e ever%thing abo3t it.

5Detai$ o3t the Errors in GPS.

8What is RAI(=

9IVSI  Draw and e"+$ain ever%thing %o3 now abo3t it. In#$. errors.

1&What is a G%ro=

11Pro+erties of G%ros
 

1!What is Wander=

1' E"+$ain Wander, its t%+es, for;3$ae to #a$#. Drift and 7o++$e.

1 Cor;3$ae of Pre#ession

1/ E"+$ain vario3s t%+es of G%ros.

Co$$owed b%  o3@ve done we$$.-ongrat3$ations and a$$ the best

Co$$owing :3estions were ased

1. S6)P

!. ASI errors

'. INS  IRS

. 7%+e
7%+e of +ro*e#tion 3sed on e++esen #harts and where are the std Para$$e$s
;entioned

/. RVS( #ontingen#% +ro#ed3res.

4. E7)PS Enro3te a$ternate a$ternate Dis+at#h re:3ire;ents.

5. E7)PS Ade:3ate and S3itab$e Airfie$d.

8. e++esen Enro3te #harts  I6S a++ -harts 0Wh% is the GS #rossing A$t
;entioned in briefing=

9. Grid ()RA definition

1&. I6S -ategories

11. whi#h #ategor% of I6S is the D< refered to

1!. -an a wrong #oordinates be fed in to the INS and wi$$ the s%ste; a##e+t=

1'. What is the (DA? DA and what are the a#tions at these +oints.
 

1. -ANPA  -DCA

1/. What is SS2 and where is it 3sed

14. se$#a$ <)W D)ES I7 W)RK 

15. -PD6-
18. si+ distan#e and that ha++ens in whi#h band

19. E"+$anation for s%;bo$s on #harts

!&. Identif% RVS( wa% +oint on

#hart.htt+>??i;ages.ibsrv.
#hart.htt+>??i;ages.ibsrv.net?ibsrv?res?sr.
net?ibsrv?res?sr...$ies?sowee.gif 
..$ies?sowee.gif 

$ivetoi$$

i have +osted eto+s a$ternate re:3ire;ents, not o+erating ;ini;a. i be$eieve that

was what was ased.

as far as 3r do3bt on a$ternate ;ini;a for ifr f$t +$anning?dis+at#h, the fig3res 3
:3ote are a++$ied in CA
CAA?7-
A?7- and are not i#ao +ro#ed3re.

india doesnt a#t3a$$% s+e#if% a$ternate ;ini;a for air+orts. the% s+e#if% aerodro;e
o+erating ;ini;a for ea#h air+ort and i be$eive the sa;e are 3sed for a$ternate
 +$anning. b3t i; not
not 1&&O s3re of the $ast bi
bit.
t. wi$$ tr% and #onfi
#onfir;
r; this with a
 +rofessiona$ dis+at#her in one
one of the ;a*or air$ines.

 Now, #o;ing to viva :3es

:3estions,
tions, sorr% i have been a bit
bit $aH%.

had ;% vivas on 5th b3t +osting the s now.

 NAV
 NAV

1. what is tr3e north, ;agneti# north, #o;+ass north. diff b?w the; a$$

!. define $att, $ong= what is +ri;e ;eridian =what is ti;e Hone=

 

'. whi#h is ;ore a##3rate d;ed;e fi" or g+s fi"=

. e"+$ain rvs;. what is it= wh% is is needed= what are the e:+t re:d= be$ow !9& is
1&&& se+eration, above !9& a$so 1&&& ft, then wh% is it red3#ed, it is sa;e..e"+$ainF

/. what is eto+s, e"+$ain in 3r own words whatever 3 now abt it. #ategories=

4. e"+$ain #an+a?#dfa in 3r own words. how is it diff fro; nor;a$ non +re#.
a++roa#h=

5. define ;sa. show it in a++roa#h #hart 0he o+ens a rando; a++roa#h +$ate in the
 *e++esen binder $%ing in front of hi;. where is th
thee highest obsta#$e in this
this
a++roa#h #hart=

8. te$$ ;e abt ;ora. whi#h #hart is it fo3nd on 0enro3te. what does it ;ean in
ter;s of #$earan#e.

RADI) AIDS

1. e"+$ain woring of ndb. show ;e with diagra;s. na;e a$$ the errors. e"+$ain
night effe#t error. e"+$ain whats ha++ening inside the devi#e at the $oo+ antenna
d3ring night error. within
within what dist fro; ndb #an night error be ignored=

!. e"+$ain i$s. what are the antennas 3sed. where are the% $o#ated on the gro3nd=
where is the d;e antenna +$a#ed if its I6S?D(E insta$$ation. e"+$ain fa$se g$ide
s$o+e. wh% does it ha++en. how do 3 avoid it= how wi$$ 3 now when f$%ing i$s
a++roa#h if 3 r on fa$se g$ide s$o+e.
'. e"+$ain radar basi# theor%. t%+es of radar 0+ri;ar%?se#ondar%. e"a;+$e of
 +ri;ar% 0i said AWR.
AWR. e"+$ai
e"+$ain
n woring and ;odes o off awr. what is the fre:3en#
fre:3en#%
%
3sed= wh%= what are t%+es of bea;s 3sed= wh%= what is gain=

ora$ :3estion at #hennai



 NAV
 NAV
 

1. e"+$ain 1 in 4& r3$e, how wi$$ 3 a++$% it to get #ross wind #o;+onent on fina$s.

!. what +ro*etion does *e++esen 3se= how ;an% std +ara$$e$s= where are the%
de+i#ted on the #hart=

'. What a$$ t%+es of bo3ndaries are shown on the #harts= s%;bo$s for these
 bo3ndaries=Grid ()RA
()RA how is it #a$#3$ated
#a$#3$ated==

. RNAV and RNP, definition and diffren#e. RVS( #ontingen#% +ro#ed3res. <)W
;3#h differen#e betn #a+t and #o+i$ot a$ti;eter is +er;itted to #ontin3e rvs;=
wh% rvs;=

/. (ass and 2a$an#e  what is 2)W, its signifi#an#e= what is (7)W, its
signifi#an#e=

4. whats -ANPA= diff betn DA and (DA= whats DDA= wh% /& ft is added, wh%
not 4& or & ft= is it sa;e for a$$ a#, for $ighter a# it sho3$d be $ess=

RADI) AIDS

1. whats d3#t +ro+ogation= whi#h fre: band=

!. Night effe#t of ndb  e"+$ain= how ;3#h range

r ange red3#tion taes +$a#e d3e to this=

'. INS+rin#i+$e. G%ros e"+$ain wander 

. SE6-A6 e"+$ain

/. A3to+i$ot
A3to+i$ot +rin#i+$e of o+erationFFF

4. whats %aw da;+er=FFF

5. SS2= wh% is it re:3ired=

8. whats a;+$it3de and fre: ;od3$ation= Give so;e e"a;+$es of where is it 3sed=
 

9. diff betn V)R and DV)R= wh% is it #a$$ed do++$er= how is fre:
fr e: ;od3$ation
3sed in DV)R=

1&. wh% is ;a#h;eter +referred over 7AS in high $eve$ navigation=

11. what SSR= diff betn ;ode a, # and s=

1!. ASI errors, effe#t of diff b$o#ages.

A7P6 NAV and Radio )ra$s -hennai A+ri$ !&1' atte;+t



Cirst of a$$ the% as is te$$ 3s abo3t 3rse$f= what have 3 done= if e;+$o%ed= where=
et#. )n the basis of this the% de#ide whi#h :3estions to as. Cor a fresher
fr esher the% wi$$
;ost$% sti# to theoreti#a$ :3estions fro; the boo whereas for an e"+erien#ed
#andidate, :3estions #an range fro; basi#s to +ra#ti#a$ as+e#ts of f$%ing0eg one
A'!& +i$ot got ased where is the $o#ation of E67 in the #o#+it=

 Ne"t :3estion whi#h

whi#h the% see;ed to be as
asing
ing a $ot of #andidate
#andidatess is..Where is the
s%$$ab3s for A7P6 ora$ e"a;= 0I said -AR..

Genera$ Nav

1 Cie$d $i;ited 7)W=

!-$i;b $i;ited 7)W=

'What is -$i;b gradient=

 If f$a+s are 3sed how wo3$d it affe#t the 7)W=

<e then got into enro3te #harts..<igh$ighted an area and to$d ;e to e"+$ain

ever%thing i #o3$d see in that area

 

/definitions(ea, (o#a, Grid (ora

4-an (o#a be $ess than Grid (ora= 0e

0ess be#a3se (o#a is on$% for the width of
the airwa% whereas Grid (ora is for the entire Grid

5Show RNAV wa%+oints, #o;+3$sor% re+orting +oints, f$%over wa%+oints

8E"+$ain the differen#e between 6a;bert -onfor;a$ -oni#a$ -hart and (er#ator
-%$indri#a$ Pro*e#tion -hart=

9What is #onstant of #one= wh% is it 3sed and what is its signifi#an#e=

1&In $a;berts if s#a$e red3#es between std +ara$$e$s and is $east at the +ara$$e$ of
origin then wh% do we sti$$ 3se it=

11o3 are the #a+tain. o3 are doing an E7)PS f$ight. What wi$$ be %o3r a#tion if 
the weather at the a$ternate fa$$s be$ow the E7)PS ;ini;a=

#ase 1 o3 are *3st abo3t to enter the E7)PS seg;ent

#ase ! o3 are in E7)PS seg;ent

1! What is ade:3ate aerodro;e and s3itab$e aerodro;e=whi#h is better=wh%=

Radio Aids and instr3;ents

1<ow is IRS different fro; INS=

!What is ring $ser g%ro= Draw and e"+$ain.

'What are the errors of artifi#ia$ horiHon= Whi#h t%+e of g%ro is it

Whi#h t%+e of g%ro is dire#tiona$ g%ro=

/ASI b$o#age readings in #$i;b and des#ent=

4A$ti;eter b$o#age readings in #$i;b and des#ent=

5Whats the re$ation between fre:3en#%

fr e:3en#% and wave$ength=
 

8What ha++ens to s+eed of $ight as we go 3+= 0Re;ains #onstant

9What ha++ens to s+eed of so3nd as we go 3+=

1&Whi#h instr3;ent gets affe#ted be#a3se of this=

11If (a#h no is ratio

r atio of 7A
7AS?6SS
S?6SS then wh% doesnt it get aaffe#ted=
ffe#ted=
1!In 6SS'8.9Qs:.rt 07 in degree e$vin wh% is 7 e"+ressed in degrees e$vin=

1'Whi#h #o;+onent gets affe#ted ;ore d3e to $ow te;+ at high a$tit3des stati#
 +ress3re or d%na;i# +ress3re=

1E"+$ain the woring of V)R= its $i;itations=

1/What is DV)R= how does it re;ove site error=

14What is 7-AS != what indi#ations does it give=

15What do %o3 te$$ the A7- when %o3 re#eive 7-AS RA=

18)n what instr3;ent do %o3 get 7-AS indi#ations=

197e$$
197e$$ ;e another SSR instr3;ent onboard the air#raft= 0ans. D(E

!&What are the errors of D(E=

!1Whi#h t%+e of +ro+agation does it 3se= Range given b% whi#h for;3$a=

for ;3$a=

!! )verhead the bea#on what range infor;ation wi$$ D(E give=

!'Whi#h instr3;ent gets affe#ted be#a3se of s%waves=<ow does it affe#t=

!At night #overage of ND2 in#reases or de#reases= ti$$ what range= 0ans.
de#reases. we #an 3se it ti$$ 5&n;

!/What is (#rit=

!4Wh% is (a#h no 3sed after a #ertain $eve$ in #$i;b=

!5-an we deter;ine at what a$tit3de wi$$ the #offins #orner be b% $ooing at IAS=

hi ever%one,
 

I had #$eared ;% radio aids  instr3;ent ora$ in a+ri$ !&1' atte;+t b3t #o3$dn@t
;ae it in nav.

7he fo$$owing :3estions were ased to ;e this ti;e>

1 What is $atit3de, $ongit3de, rh3;b $ine=

! What is earth@s #o;+ression=

' What is ortho;or+his;=

 What is #onvergen#%
#onvergen#%=for;3$a=
=for;3$a=

/ 7e$$
7e$$ ;e ever%thing %o3 now abo3t ;er#ator and $a;bert +ro*e#tion= 0e"+$ain

ever%thing #onstr3#tion, +ro+erties, sha+es of rh3;b $ine, G.-., s#a$e variation et#
4 What is transverse and ob$i:3e ;er#ator=

5 What is GPS=

8 7here was a V)R a++roa#h +$ate, was ased to brief hi; the a++roa#h.

What is the (SA, CAC=

(SA was !4&&@, he ased if #o;ing inbo3nd A7- #$ears %o3 to des#end to !4&&@ at
!4n; wo3$d %o3 des#end=0I said %es i wo3$d des#end as i a; #o;ing inbo3nd i
wi$$ enter the ;sa short$%. I dont now if its #orre#t be#a3se te#hni#a$$% ;sa #$ears
obsta#$es 3+ti$$ !/n; on$% 

7e$$
7e$$ ;e the ;issed a++roa#h +ro#ed3re of this a++roa#h.

9 <e too an enro3te #hart and ased ;e to $o#ate a +arti#3$ar $o#ation 0*odh+3r
in the #hart= 0ans. $o#ate it b% o+ening the +age where the +age nos are written
a#ross the $o#ation na;e, eg. *odh+3r +g5# et# the% want to see %o3 do this

And what are the standard +ara$$e$s of this #hart=

 

7hats it, %o3 #an go now

(% $ast atte;+t at nav ora$s was +atheti#, b3t this ti;e it was good, ho+ef3$$%, i
wi$$ #$ear this ti;e.

A7P6 viva :3estions 3$% !&1'



1 What is ba$an#ed fie$d $ength= 7)DRASDR 

! What are the fa#tors affe#ting 7)DR=

' What is the (7)W for %o3r air#raft=

 Cor 25'58&& and for A''&, the 7)DR wi$$ re;ain the sa;e or it is different=

/ What are the #he#s 3 do before entering EEP=

4 Wh% AP is ;andator%= Is it a $ega$ re:3ire;ent=

5 What it does=

8 what +ro#ed3re %o3 fo$$ow in #ase of t3rb3$en#e=

9 When %o3 dis#onne#t the thr3st, what ha++ens=

1& Does the (N is ;aintained= )r it ee+ #hanging=

11 wh% it is i;+ortant to ;aintain the (N at a high a$tit3de and not IAS=

1! what ha++ens in #ase of IAS

I AS going 3+ n down= What r 3r a#tions=

1' what is AD-= Cro; where does it gets in+3t fro;= And where does the o3t+3t
go=

1 e"+$ain IRS=

 

1/ (NPS airs+a#e f$%ing what RNP=

14 e:3i+;ent a re:3ired for f$%ing into (NPS airs+a#e=

15 what is (N te#hni#= Do we 3se in do;esti# airs+a#e=

18 e"+$ain I6S g$ide +ath= <ow it wors= e"+$ain how the a?# ;aintain the g$ide=
19 where is g$ide +ath $o#ated=

!& %o3r a?# is a++roved for ht I6S #ategor%=

!1 state I6S ;ini;a= Cor %o3r a?#=

!! where %o3@$$. find the ;ini;a for %o3r a?#=

!' where wi$$ %o3 find the I6S ;ini;a= Whi#h do#3;ent %o3@$$ $oo for=

!' what is -AR= <ow ;an% se#tions are there=

! If I6S fai$s what indi#ation %o3 wi$$ get=

!/ what +ro*e#tions %o3r enro3te #hart 3ses=

!4 state i;+ortant +ro+erties of enro3te #hart=

!5 what do %o3 ;ean b% ortho;or+hi# #hart=

!8 what is the 3++er $i;it of 6a;bert #hart=

!9 what is ba# #o3rse a++roa#h=

'& is %o3r air#raft is a++roved for 2?-=

'1 what is s+e#ia$ o+erations=

I #o3$d answer ;an% of the;, *3st ho+ing for the best res3$tsFFF.

A7P6 VIVA NE !&1, (AA

 



<i a$$,

I a++eared for Nav  Radio ora$s together on 14th 3ne !&1 at (AA,answered
a$;ost 5&O b3t fai$ed both.

<ere are the :3estions.

errors of ND2,

 ;ost sig error in D(E

 diff between -V)R  DV)R 

 define RV
RVS(,what
S(,what are the #ontingen#ies

 e:3i+;ents needed for RVS(

 what is S6)P

 what is eto+s

 define eto+s entr% +oint

 what is the diff between RNP1.  RNP 1&

 what is i;+roved #$i;b=

 what are the de+art3re seg;ents

 define $da  ba$an#ed fie$d $ength

 effe#t of tae off ro$$ in a s$o+ed rw%.

 height of s#reen height for wet rw%

 $vto

 diff between IRS  INS

 how is a$igning done

 

 what ha++ens if wrong $at?$ong are +3t whi$e a$igning

viva :3estion


he$$o

was ased the fo$$owing :3estions in de$ &8?&9?1 0nav

1. what #g +osition is better forward or aft

!. e"+$ain abt A6D, 6DR.

'. e"+$ain #onvergen#% ang$e,

. e"+$aing rn+, rnav

/. wht is rn+ /

4. what are  ro3tes 0e" ;3;de$

he%



g3%s *3st had ;% ora$s for the o#tober atte;+t was giving radio and gen nav so;e
of the :3estions that i #o3$d re#o$$e#t are>

RADI)

!) <AVE A ENGINE CAI6RE IN A 5'5 AC7ER 7<A7  <AVE A RA )N

)R 7-AS ASKING ) 7) -6I(2, W<A7 WI66 2E )R NEL7
A-7I)N=
 

I had to$d the; that if air#raft in nor;a$ #onditions i wo3$d have answered the
above :3estion b3t engine fai$3re dont now sir , so then the answer the% gave was
 -<ANGE
-<ANG E )R AIR-RAC7 ()DE 7) 7A CR)( RA 7<EN I7 ) )N6
N6
7E66S ) M7RACCI- 7RACCI-M AND C)R 7<E IN7RDER AIR-RAC7 I7
 N)W KN)WS 7<A7 7<A7  R N)7 C)66) C)66)WING
WING ))R R RA AN()RE AND
<IS RA WI66 -))RDINA7E WI7< ( AIR-RAC7
A--)RDING6...P<EW..

'<)W D) ) RED-E IS) -677ER I AN AWR IN A ()DERN

AIR-RAC7 =

again didnt now ;3#h abo3t it e"#e+t its to do so;ething with the swe+t gain ,
an%wa% so the answer to this is 7<ERE IS A 277)N 7<E PANE6 W<I-<
SAS G-S GR)ND -677ER SPRRESS.

W<A7 IS SE6-A66=

7<IS )NE I 2E6IEVE ()S7 )C S <ERE -AN ANSWER.

/W<A7 IS E67&4=

E(ERGEN- 6)-A7)R 7RANS(I77ER 2EA-)N 7RANS(I77S )N

&4(< CREN- C)R SEAR-< AND RES-E )PERA7I)NS.

4W<A7 IS 7<E DICCEREN-E 2E7WEEN EGPWS AND GPWS 7E66 S

A66 7<E A6ER7S , ()DES
() DES AND WA
WARNINGS
RNINGS =

7<IS IS A DIRE-7 ES7I)N I7S DERE IN GSP A

AND
ND )LC)RD 2))KS
A6S) RE(E(2ER 7) 7A6K A2)7 ()DE 5 W<I-< GIVES REA-7IVE
WINDS<EAR.
 

5D) ) GE7 A PI-7RE )N )R AWR RADAR S-REEN )C A

WINDS<EAR=

I 7)6D 7<E( WE GE7 ADI) AND VISA6 A6ER7S 27 N)7 SRE )C
A PI-7RE )N 7<E AWR S-REEN.

8)N GR)ND -AN ) SWI7-< )N )R 7-AS W<I6E 7ALING AND
W<A7 D)ES I7 GIVE 7A )R RA=

I 7)6D 7<E( N)7 SRE SIR A2)7 SWI7-<ING I7 )N GR)ND , 7<E

ANSWER IS ) -AN SWI7-< I7 )N AND ) GE7 )N6 7A.

7<A7S I7 GS A66 7<IS 6AS7ED C)R A27 1&1/ (INS S7D DEEP, IC

) KN)W )R S7CC WE66 7<E WI66 -6EAR ). A66 7<E 2I
was ased abo3t

rvs;.

(n+s

edto vs eto+s

ho$ding +atterns with s+eed and wind #orre#tions

#$i;b seg;ents

rod #a$#3$ations

at+$ #ross #o3ntr% re:3ire;ent

enro3te #harts @

ta"i #harts @

ES7

he$$o,
 

I gave both, b3t #$eared on$% Nav, there were two +eo+$e on the +ane$. I was ased
the fo$$owing

(NPS> where do the% e"ist, I had read on$% abo3t NA

NA7
7((NPS
NPS so to$d the;
At$anti# )#ean,b3t he wasn@t satisfied

Differen#e between RNAV and RNP

In D3bai if we $ose RVS( #a+abi$it%

#a+abi$it% and are o3t of radar #overage how ;3#h wi$$
we have to deviate to get o3t of the airwa%= I don@t now the answer to this one,
 +$ease $et ;e now.
now. I said it sho3$d be 1/n; b3t hhee said we wi$$ get iinto
nto another
airwa%.

Going fro; 2o; to -o o3t of radar #overage have to deviate /&n; d3e weather
wi$$ we #$i;b or des#end=

-an we f$% Ano$i1A if we do not have g+s=

Variation $ine in e++esen

If we have b$o#ed A)A +robes what do we do to ADR= A'!& :3estion

If we enter a s+eed $ower than green dot in the f;gs wi$$ the air#raft de#e$erate=
 

)n a ' degree GP what is o3r height at ./ n;

What is the R)D on a  degree GP if GS is 1!&t= I #o3$dn@t get this one either,
 +$ease $et ;e now

)-7 !&1/ NAV VIVA ES7I)NS



1. ' n; in on ' deg I6S, what is %o3r height.

!. Estab$ished on I6S , G?S goes o3t, what wi$$ %o3 do=

'. Advantages
Advantages of IRS

. -P, PNR 

/. Differen#e between RNAV and RNP a++roa#hes

4. <ow does air#raft ;aintain an RNP &./ a++roa#h?7ra# 

5. -an IRS be a$igned in air= An

And
d wh%=

8. What wi$$ %o3 do if %o3 $oose IRS data in f$ight=

9. What is ;ore a##3rate, D(E a++roa#h or GPS a++roa#h=

1&. <ow does C(S generate air#raft@s +osition=

I was a$so ased

1. A$ti;eters

!. V)R

'. (NPS

. RVS(

/. ADC ERR)RS.
 

6 !&14, DE6<I

GEN NAV

 NAV
 NAV
1 define CAC

! S6)P

' RRS(, what is RRS( red3#ed r3nwa% se+aration ;ini;a

 DDA, what is this =

/ diff between RNAV / and RNAV 1&, where it 3sed and give e"a;+$e

4 enro3te #hart +ro*e#tion

Radio AIDS

Radio

1 what a$$ instr3;ents in %o3r air#raft

! what are advantages of (6S )ver I6S

' signifi#an#e of o3ter ;arer

 DV)R and V)R differen#e, wh% DV)R IS 2E77ER==

/ RVS( #ontingen#%, in #ase of instr3;ent fai$3re

4 what is RVS(

5 things to re;e;ber whi$e entering fro; RV

RVS(
S( to non RV
RVS(
S( airs+a#e

8 whi#h a$$ g%ros are there na;e an% two

9 DGI has whi#h g%ro

 

1& 7SI has whi#h g%ro

11 GPWS a$$ ;odes, how ;an% are there in GPWS AND <)W (AN in
EGPWS

1! What is ;ode 5, +redi#tive or rea#tive =

1' what is +redi#tive wind shear

1 instr3;ents for RVS(