Module 1 Learning Objectives: Statistics

7/22/19
Statistics
Module 1, Lecture 2
Introduction to
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distribution
Central Tendency
Variability
MaryEllen Tancred, Ph.D
Module 1 Learning Objectives

In this module, students will be able to:
1.  Define basic terms in statistics including independent and dependent variable; nominal,
ordinal, interval and ratio measurements; and discrete and continuous data.
2.  Define descriptive statistics.
3.  Describe and apply frequency distribution and measures of central tendency.
4.  Describe measures of variability.
5.  Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a given data set.
6.  Describe and apply bivariate descriptive statistics.
7.  Define and describe the use of inferential statistics and give examples of inferential
statistics.
8.  Define multivariate analysis.
1
7/22/19
Introduction: Statistics and

the Clinical Laboratory
Statistical analyses are used in clinical laboratories
primarily for method evaluation and quality control.
Introduction: Statistics and

the Clinical Laboratory
Method Evaluation
Quality Control
2
7/22/19
Common examples include
o  Frequency Distributions
o  Descriptions of center
o  Descriptions of spread
o  Descriptions of shape
Descriptive Statistics-
3
7/22/19
Table Illustrating Frequency Distribution of BUN
results of normal patients assayed:
Range of Patient BUN Results Frequency of Results
(number of patients)
3 – 6 mg/dL 5
7 – 10 mg/dL 10
11 - 14 mg/dL 18
15 – 18 mg/dL 10
19 – 22 mg/dL 5
Table Illustrating Frequency Distribution of BUN
results of normal patients assayed:
Range of Patient BUN Results Frequency of Results
(number of patients)
3 – 6 mg/dL 5
7 – 10 mg/dL 10
11 - 14 mg/dL 18
15 – 18 mg/dL 10
19 – 22 mg/dL 5
4
7/22/19
5
7/22/19
6
7/22/19
7
7/22/19
Descriptive Statistics-Measures of
Center (Central Tendency)
Data can be further described and

summarized using measures of central
tendency.
Descriptive Statistics-Measures
of Center (Central Tendency)
8
7/22/19
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
Commonly Used Stats Abbreviations
9
7/22/19
10
7/22/19
11
7/22/19
To Determine the Mean
12
7/22/19
Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Center

(Central Tendency)
Example: Determine the Symbol/ Meaning
Abbreviation
Mean of the following
BUN (mg/dL) values 12, ΣX Sum/add up (Σ) the data points
11, 16, 14, 13, 13, 15 (X):
using the formula 12+11+16+14+13+13+15 = 94
n total number of data points = 7
X =
∑X
n X data points = 12, 11, 16, 14,
13, 13, 15
Mean = 13.4 mg/dL
Mean (average) value of the
dataset 94/7 = 13.4
13
7/22/19

(Central Tendency)
Abbreviation
11, 16, 14, 13, 13, 15 (X):
X =
∑X
n X data points = 12, 11, 16, 14,
13, 13, 15
Mean = 13.4 mg/dL
dataset 94/7 = 13.4

(Central Tendency)
Abbreviation
11, 16, 14, 13, 13, 15 (X):
X =
∑X
n X data points = 12, 11, 16, 14,
13, 13, 15
Mean = 13.4 mg/dL
dataset 94/7 = 13.4
14
7/22/19

(Central Tendency)
Abbreviation
11, 16, 14, 13, 13 15 using (X):
the formula 12+11+16+14+13+13+15 = 94
X =
∑X
n X data points = 12, 11, 16, 14,
13, 13, 15
Mean = 13.4 mg/dL
dataset 94/7 = 13.4

(Central Tendency)
The Median is the middle value. To determine the

median
1.  the data is first arranged in rank order from the
least value to the greatest value.
2.  The median value is the data point that divides the
dataset in half (50% of the data points will be
above and below the median value).
15
7/22/19
Example: 1. Arrange the BUN data from least value
to most:
Determine the Median of
the following BUN (mg/dL) 11, 12, 13, 13, 14, 15, 16
values 12, 11, 16, 14, 13, 13,
15
In this example, there are 2. Determine the value that divides the
an odd number of data data in half (the middle value, where 50%
points (7 numbers) of the data points are above and below this
value). In this case there is an odd number
of data points, making one of the data
points the median value. The median BUN
value is 13.0 mg/dL.
Example: 1. Arrange the BUN data from least value to
most:
values 12, 11, 16, 14, 13, 13,
15
In this example, there are
an odd number of data 2. Determine the value that divides the data in
points (7 numbers) half (the middle value, where 50% of the data
points are above and below this value). In this
case there is an odd number of data points,
making one of the data points the median
value. The median BUN value is 13.0 mg/dL.
16
7/22/19
most:
values 12, 11, 16, 14, 13, 13,
15
an odd number of data 2. Determine the value that divides the data in
points (7 numbers) half (the middle value, where 50% of the data
points are above and below this value). In this
case there is an odd number of data points,
making one of the data points the median value.
The median BUN value is 13.0 mg/dL.
most:
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
the following BUN (mg/dL)
values 12, 11, 16, 14, 13, 15
an even number of data
points (6 numbers) 2. In this case, 2 data points are in the
middle of the data set (50% of data points
are above and below these values). The
median is determined by averaging the 2 data
points (13 + 14 divided by 2). The median BUN
17
7/22/19
most:
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
the following BUN (mg/dL)
values 12, 11, 16, 14, 13, 15
an even number of data
points (6 numbers) 2. In this case, 2 data points are in the
middle of the data set (50% of data points
are above and below these values). The
median is determined by averaging the 2 data
points (13 + 14 divided by 2). The median BUN
Example: 1. The most frequent value in
Determine the Mode of a dataset is the Mode:
the following BUN (mg/
dL) values 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 2. In this case, the number 12
16 occurs more frequently than
the other numbers.
Therefore, the Mode for this
set of BUN data is 12 mg/dL.
18
7/22/19
Example: 1.  The most frequent value in a
dataset is the Mode:
Determine the Mode of
the following BUN (mg/ 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 19, 19
dL) values
2. In this case, there are 2 numbers
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, that occur more frequently than the
19, 19, 19 other numbers in the dataset.
Therefore, there are 2 modes for this
set of BUN data: 12 mg/dL and 19
mg/dL. This is an example of bi-
modal distribution.
1.  The most frequent value in a
dataset is the Mode:
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 19, 19
2. In this case, there are 2 numbers

that occur more frequently than the
other numbers in the dataset.
Therefore, there are 2 modes for this
set of BUN data: 12 mg/dL and 19
mg/dL. This is an example of bi-
modal distribution.
19
7/22/19
Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Shape

and Center (Central Tendency) Summary
Shape:
Normal,
Skewed,
Bi-Modal
Center:
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Measures of Shape and Center
(Central Tendency) Summary and Notes
Normal Distribution
•  Bell shaped, symmetrical
•  Mean, Median, and Mode are equal
•  Equal lengths of tails
20
7/22/19
Skewed Distribution
•  Positively skewed: the right tail is
longer than the left tail. The mean is
greater than the median.
Skewed Distribution
•  Positively skewed: the right tail is
longer than the left tail. The mean is
greater than the median.
21
7/22/19
Skewed Distribution
•  Negatively skewed: the right tail is
shorter than the left tail. The median
value is greater than the mean.
Bimodal Distribution
•  There are 2 modes, and 2 normal
distributions
22
7/22/19
Descriptive Statistics-Variability
(Spread, Dispersion)
Calculations of Variability include

o  Range
o  Standard Deviation (SD)
o  Variance
23
7/22/19
of Variability
Example: The range is the difference
Determine the Range of between the highest and
the following BUN (mg/ lowest values
dL) values
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
19 The Range is 19-11 = 8.
SD Calculation and Abbreviations
The formula for SD (s, σ)
24
7/22/19
Measures of Variability
Determine the Standard Data used to Calculate SD
Deviation (s, SD, σ) of the
following BUN (mg/dL)
X
values.
11 11 – 12.7 = - 1.7 2.89
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
n = 7, ΣX = 89 12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
Mean = 12.7 13 13 – 12.7 = 0.3 .09
14 14 – 12.7 = 1.3 1.69
SD Calculation
15 15 – 12.7 = 2.3 5.29
Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43
SD = √11.43/6 = 1.38
X
values.
11 11 – 12.7 = - 1.7 2.89
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
n = 7, ΣX = 89 12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
Mean = 12.7 13 13 – 12.7 = 0.3 .09
14 14 – 12.7 = 1.3 1.69
SD Calculation
15 15 – 12.7 = 2.3 5.29
Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43
SD = √11.43/6 = 1.38
25
7/22/19
X
values.
11 11 – 12.7 = - 1.7 2.89
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
n = 7, ΣX = 89 12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
Mean = 12.7 13 13 – 12.7 = 0.3 .09
14 14 – 12.7 = 1.3 1.69
SD Calculation
15 15 – 12.7 = 2.3 5.29
Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43
SD = √11.43/6 = 1.38
X
values.
11 11 – 12.7 = - 1.7 2.89
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
n = 7, ΣX = 89 12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
Mean = 12.7 13 13 – 12.7 = 0.3 .09
14 14 – 12.7 = 1.3 1.69
SD Calculation
15 15 – 12.7 = 2.3 5.29
Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43
SD = √11.43/6 = 1.38
26
7/22/19
X
values.
11 11 – 12.7 = - 1.7 2.89
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
n = 7, ΣX = 89 12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
Mean = 12.7 13 13 – 12.7 = 0.3 .09
14 14 – 12.7 = 1.3 1.69
SD Calculation
15 15 – 12.7 = 2.3 5.29
Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43
SD = √11.43/6 = 1.38
X
values.
11 11 – 12.7 = - 1.7 2.89
11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15,
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
n = 7, ΣX = 89 12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
12 12 – 12.7 = - 0.7 0.49
Mean = 12.7 13 13 – 12.7 = 0.3 .09
14 14 – 12.7 = 1.3 1.69
SD Calculation
15 15 – 12.7 = 2.3 5.29
Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43
SD = √11.43/6 = 1.38
27
7/22/19
Taking the data
from the previous
slide, the Standard
Deviation of the
following BUN (mg/
dL) values (11, 12,
12, 12, 13, 14, 15) is
1.38.
Mean = (12.7) + 1 34% 34%
SD (1.38) can be 11.3 12.7 14.1

displayed 1 SD from the mean is 12.7 + 1.38 giving a range of 11.3 to 14.1.
graphically.
This means that 68% of the values will fall between 11.3 to 14.1
(within 1 SD). This shows a normal distribution where half of the
values are greater than the mean, and half the values are below the
mean.
Taking the data
from the previous
slide, the Standard
Deviation of the
following BUN (mg/
dL) values (11, 12,
12, 12, 13, 14, 15) is
1.38.
Mean = (12.7) + 2 313.5% 34% 34% 13.5%
SD (2 x 1.38) can 9.94 11.3 12.7 14.1 15.5

be displayed 2 SD from the mean is 12.7 + 2.76 giving a range of 9.94 to 15.5.
graphically.
This means that 95% of the values will fall between 9.94 and 15.5
(within 2 SD).
28
7/22/19
Taking the same
data from the
previous slides, the
Standard
Deviation of the
following BUN (mg/
dL) values (11, 12,
12, 12, 13, 14, 15) is
1.38. 34% 34%
13.5%
Mean = (12.7) + 3
313.5%
2.5% 2.5%
8.56 9.94 11.3 12.7 14.1 15.5 16.8
SD (3 x 1.38) can 3 SD from the mean is 12.7 + 4.14 giving a range of 8.56 to 16.8.
be displayed
This means that 99.7% of the values will fall between 8.56 and 16.8
(within 3 SD).
graphically.
The Variance: the variance is calculated by
squaring the standard deviation. It is also calculated
by dividing the sum of squares by (n-1).
29

Module 1 Learning Objectives: Statistics

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Module 1 Learning Objectives: Statistics

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

7/22/19

Module 1 Learning Objectives

2. Define descriptive statistics.

4. Describe measures of variability.

6. Describe and apply bivariate descriptive statistics.

8. Define multivariate analysis.

Introduction: Statistics and

Introduction: Statistics and

Data can be further described and

Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Center

Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Center

Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Center

Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Center

Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Center

The Median is the middle value. To determine the

11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 19, 19

2. In this case, there are 2 numbers

Descriptive Statistics-Measures of Shape

Calculations of Variability include

Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43

Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43

Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43

Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43

Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43

Sum = 89 Sum = 11.43

SD (1.38) can be 11.3 12.7 14.1

SD (2 x 1.38) can 9.94 11.3 12.7 14.1 15.5

Вам также может понравиться

2.  Define descriptive statistics.

4.  Describe measures of variability.

6.  Describe and apply bivariate descriptive statistics.

8.  Define multivariate analysis.