Pie Chart:

A special chart that uses “pie slices” to show relative sizes of data.
Step 1:
Put your data in a table
Step 2:
Then add up all the values to get a total
Step 3:
Divide each value by the total and multiply by 100 to get a percent
Step 4:
Now you are ready to start drawing. Draw a circle.
Step 6:
Draw lines from the center of the circle. Each slice of the pie represents the
relative share of each component.
Example:

Example :
Suppose we want to construct a Pie chart of Laptop brands uses at students of
CSE Department.

Pie Chart

HP Lenovo
17% 13%

Dell
26%
Microsoft
44%
Exercise:

Wellstone Inc. produces and markets replacement covers for cell phones in a
variety of colors. The company would like to allocate its production plans to
five different colors: bright white, metallic black, magnetic lime, tangerine
orange, and fusion red. The company set up a kiosk in the Mall of America for
several hours and asked randomly selected people which cover color was
their favorite. The results follow:

bright white 130

metallic black 104
magnetic lime, 325
tangerine orange, 455
fusion red. 286

a. What is the table called?

b. Draw a bar chart for the table.
c. Draw a pie chart.
d. If Wellstone Inc. plans to produce 1 million cell phone covers, how many of
each color should it produce?

Constructing a frequency Table/Frequency Distribution

(Quantitative Data):

A grouping of quantitative data into classes showing the number of observations

in each class.
Steps:
Step 1: Decide the number of classes.
Step 2: Determine the class interval or class width.
Step 3: Set the individual class limits.
Step 4: Use tally.
Step 5: Count the number of items in each class.
Example:

The following data are the number of bits produced by 25 students

using different devices: No. of bits:
8,9,7,10,12,6,10,15,14,13,11,10,9,6,8,10,13,15,16,11,12,12,10,9,8
 1) Prepare a frequency table of bits.

Solution: Number of classes, K=?

We know,

2K ≥ n Or, √n

Or, 2K ≥ 25 = √25

Or, 25 ≥ 25 =5

Or, 32 ≥ 25

So, K= 5
highestvalue − lowestvalue
Class width, i ≥
k

16 − 6
≥
5

≥2

So, i = 2
Table: Frequency distribution of bits produced by devices

Class Tally Frequency Cumulative Mid Relative Percentage

interval marks no. of frequency value, Frequency of Relative
devices(fi) (C.F.) Xi frequency

6-8 ||| 3 3 7 3
25 = 0.12 12

8-10 |||| | 6 9 9 0.24 24

10-12 |||| || 7 16 11 0.28 28

12-14 |||| 5 21 13 0.2 20

14-16 |||| 4 25 15 0.16 16

5
Total = 1 Total=100
 fi = 25
i =1

❖ Limiting values are included in the lower classes.

Question 2: Calculate no. of devices which produces bits 10 or more

Answer: 7+5+4= 16

Question 3: Find Percentage of devices which produce less than 12 bit.

16
Answer: *100% = 64%
25

limit lower+limit upper

• Mid-point =
2
Mid-point/ mid value of a class interval is considered as a typical
(approximated) value for all values in that class interval.
 • Cumulative frequency:

Cumulative frequency of the 1st class interval = frequency.

Cumulative frequency of a class interval
= frequency + cumulative frequency of the preceding class interval

• Relative frequency and Percentage frequency:

Relative frequency = frequency/n
Percentage frequency = Relative frequency × 100%