CHAPTER I

COMPOSITE INDEX
ASHRAE HANDBOOK SERIES

This index covers the current Handbook series published by The page reference for an index entry includes the book letter
ASHRAE. The four volumes in the series are identified as follows: and the chapter number, which may be followed by a decimal point
and the beginning page within the chapter. For example, the page
R = 1998 Refrigeration
number S31.4 means the information may be found in the 2000 Sys-
A = 1999 Applications tems and Equipment volume, Chapter 31, beginning on page 4.
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment Each Handbook is revised and updated on a four-year cycle.
Because technology and the interests of ASHRAE members
F = 2001 Fundamentals
change, some topics are not included in the current Handbook
Alphabetization of the index is letter by letter; for example, Heat- series but may be found in the earlier Handbook editions cited in
ers precedes Heat exchangers, and Floors precedes Floor slabs. the index.

Abbreviations, F36 Adsorption, F22.1 penetration, S24.2

table, F38.1,2,3,4 dehumidification, S22.1, 9 residential, S24.10
Absorbents indoor air cleaning, A44.11 safety requirements, S24.12
liquid, F22.3 industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.24 selection, S24.8
Absorptance Aeration standards, S24.2, 5
fenestration, F30.17 farm crops, F11.11; A22.4, 10 test methods, S24.2
table, F3.8 Aerosols, S24.1 arrestance, S24.2, 3
Absorption, F22.1 Affinity laws DOP penetration, S24.4
dehumidification, S22.1, 9 pumps, centrifugal, S39.7 dust-holding capacity, S24.2, 3
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.18 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency dust-spot efficiency, S24.2, 3
Absorption refrigeration, R41 (AFUE) environmental, S24.5
ammonia-water-hydrogen cycle, R41.9 Age of air, F26.4 fractional efficiency, S24.2
ammonia-water technology, R41.9 Air leakage (scan), S24.4
basic cycles, F1.14; R41.2 dry F6.1 particle size efficiency, S24.2
ammonia-water, F1.18; F20.1 drying, S22.10 penetration, S24.4
heat transformer, R41.2 emittance (table), F25.2 types, S24.5
multiple-effect, R41.2 liquefaction, R38.5 air washers, S19.7
single-effect, R41.2 lubricant solubility, R7.20 combination, S24.5
water-lithium bromide, F1.16; F20.1 moist. See Moist air electronic, S24.5, 7; S9.1; S28.2
chillers, S4.1 properties, F6.16 electrostatic precipitators, S24.7
evolving technologies, R41.11 separation, R38.13 evaporative coolers, S19.7
generator-absorber heat exchange cycle, standard, F29.18 fibrous media filters, S24.5
R41.11 thermal resistance (table), F25.2,4 renewable media filters, S24.5, 7
liquid desiccant absorption, R41.12 Air-and-water systems, S3 Air conditioners
solid-vapor sorption, R41.11 changeover temperature, S3.7, 8 engine-driven, S47.7
triple-effect cycle, R41.11 load, S3.7 packaged terminal, S5.3; S47.5
solar cooling, A32.19, 26; S33.3, 8 Air cargo. See Air transport design, S47.5, 6
terminology, R41.1 Air changes per hour (ACH), F26.3 sizes/classifications, S47.5
water-lithium bromide technology, R41.2 Air cleaners (see also Filters, air; Industrial testing, S47.7
components, R41.3 exhaust gas cleaning) residential, A1.4; S5.6
control, R41.7 gaseous (indoor air) rooftop units, S5.8
machines, R41.4 adsorbers, A44.11 room, S5.2; S47.1
double-effect chillers, R41.5 chemisorbers, A44.12 codes/standards, S47.4
single-effect chillers, R41.4 economics, A44.17 design, S47.1
single-effect heat transformers, R41.5 energy consumption, A44.16 coils, S47.2
maintenance, R41.8 environmental effects on, A44.18 compressors, S47.2
operation, R41.6 installation, A44.17 fans, S47.2
ACH. See Air changes per hour (ACH) location, A44.14 restrictors, S47.2
Acoustics. See Sound media selection, A44.14 features, S47.3
Activated carbon, A44.11 operation/maintenance, A44.18 filters, S47.3
effectiveness, A44.16 safety, A44.17 installation/service, S47.4
Actuators sizing, A44.15 noise, S47.4
valve,F15.5 S42.4 terminology, A44.11 performance, S47.2
Adjustable frequency drives. See Variable testing, A44.18 efficiency, S47.2
speed drives types, A44.13 energy conservation, S47.3
Adjustable speed drives. See Variable speed particulate, S24 sensible heat ratio, S47.2
drives industrial ventilation, S24.1 sizes/classifications, S47.1
Adjusting. See Testing, adjusting, and maintenance, S24.8 split system, S5.6; S45.1, 6
balancing particle collection mechanisms, S24.5 coil placement, S45.8
ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index diffusion, S24.5 service life (table), A35.3
(ADPI) direct interception, S24.5 through-the-wall, S5.2
Adsorbents electrostatic effects, S24.5 unitary, S45; S45.6
impregnated, S25.25 inertial deposition, S24.5 air handlers, S45.7
solid, F22.4; A44.11 straining, S24.5 application, S45.1

I.1
I.2
Air conditioners (Continued)
capacity control, S45.6
certification, S45.5
codes/standards, S45.5, 6
desuperheaters, S45.4
efficiency, S45.5
electrical design, S45.7
installation, S45.1
maintenance, S45.3
mechanical design, S45.7
multizone, S45.4
piping, S45.6
refrigerant circuit, S45.6
flow control, S45.6
safety controls, S45.6
residential, A1.4
space conditioning/water heating, S45.4
types, S45.3, 4
unit ventilators, S31.1
window-mounted, S5.2
Air conditioning
absorption. See Absorption refrigeration
air-and-water systems, S3
aircraft, A9
airports, A3.10
all-air systems. See All-air systems
ammonia systems, R3.1
animal buildings, A21.4
archives, A20
arenas, A4.4
atriums, A4.8
auditoriums, A4.3
automobiles, A8.1
bakeries, R27
bars, A3.6
bowling centers, A3.8
buses, A8.6
bus terminals, A3.10
candy manufacturing plants (table), R28.1
casinos, A3.6
central systems. See Central systems
changeover temperature, S3.7, 8
chillers. See Chillers
clean spaces, A15
coils. See Coils
colleges, A6.3
commercial buildings, A3; S5.7
computer rooms, A16
concert halls, A4.4
convention centers, A4.5
cooling load calculations, F28
data processing areas, A16
decentralized systems, S5
features, S1.3
space requirements, S1.4
desiccant dehumidification and, S22.9
dormitories, A5.1, 8
educational facilities, A6
engine test facilities, A14
exhibition centers, A4.5
fairs, A4.7
fixed guideway vehicles, A8.10
floor-by-floor systems, S5.7
forced-air systems, small, S9
four-pipe systems. See Four-pipe systems
geothermal energy systems, A31.13
gymnasiums, A4.5
health care facilities, A7
historic buildings, A20.7
hospitals, A7.2
hotels, A5.1, 3
houses of worship, A4.3
industrial environments, A11; A28
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
in-room terminal systems. See In-room performance, A9.2, 4
terminal systems carbon dioxide concentration, A9.10
kitchens, A3.5, 6; A30 environmental control system, A9.4
laboratories, A13 air conditioning packs, A9.4
libraries, A20 air cycle machine, A9.5
load. See Cooling load configurations (figure), A9.6
mines, A26 cabin pressure control, A9.2, 4, 6, 9
motels, A5.1, 3 design conditions, A9.2
museums, A20 ambient (figures), A9.3
natatoriums, A4.5 ventilation, A9.4
nightclubs, A3.6 engine bleed air system, A9.4
nuclear facilities, A25 load determination, A9.3
nursing homes, A7.12 pneumatic system, A9.4
office buildings, A3.6 regulations, A9.1
outdoor equipment, S5.8 heating, A9.4
outpatient health care facilities, A7.11 humidity, A9.10
packaged systems, S5.1 oxygen levels, A9.10
advantages, S5.1 ozone concentration, A9.1, 7, 9
disadvantages, S5.1 ventilation, A9.1, 4
industrial/commercial, S5.9 Air curtains, S17.8
outdoor equipment, S5.8 industrial environments, A28.18
rooftop, S5.8 Air diffusers. See Air outlets
paper products facilities, A23.1 Air diffusion, F32; S17
photographic processing/storage areas, A19 air jets, F32.1
places of assembly, A4 angle of divergence, F32.2
plant growth chambers, A21.17 Archimedes number, F32.6
power plants, A24.9 centerline velocity, F32.2
printing plants, A17 example, F32.
public buildings, A3 classification, F32.1
radiant panel systems, S6 Coanda effect, F32.6
radio stations, A3.9 entrainment ratios, F32.5
railroad cars, A8.8 isothermal free axial jets, F32.2
residential, A1 isothermal radial flow jets, F32.6
restaurants, A3.5 multiple jets, F32.6
refrigeration equipment, S4.1 nonisothermal free jets, F32.6
retail stores, A2 surface jets, F32.6
retrofitting throw, F32.5, 13
contaminant control, R6.12 ceiling mounted diffusers, F32.17
room-by-room systems, S5.4 interior spaces, F32.17
schools, A6.2 perimeter spaces, F32.17
self-contained systems, S5.7 duct approaches, F32.14
ship docks, A3.10 evaluation, F32.12
ships, A10 air diffusion performance index (ADPI),
solar energy systems, A32.16, 17, 26 F32.13
split systems, S5.6; S45.1, 6 air velocity, F32.13
stadiums, A4.4 draft, F32.12
subway stations, A12.17 effective draft temperature, F32.12
system selection, S1.1 temperature gradient, F32.13
system space requirements, S1.4 exhaust inlets, F32.14
television studios, A3.9 methods
temporary exhibit buildings, A4.7 displacement ventilation, F32.11
textile processing plants, A18.4 mixing systems, F32.7
theaters, A4.3 unidirectional ventilation, F32.11
thermal storage, A33.5 outlets. See Air outlets
transportation centers, A3.9 return air design, F32.17
two-pipe systems. See Two-pipe systems return inlets, F32.14
unitary systems. See Unitary systems system design, F32.14
universities, A6.3 design procedure, F32.15
warehouses, A3.11 example, F32.15
warm humid climates,F24.9 terminology, F32.1
wood products facilities, A23.1 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI),
Air contaminants. See Contaminants, F32.13
gaseous; Contaminants, particulate Air distribution, S1.5; S2.9; S17.6
Air coolers. See Coolers aircraft cabins, A9.8
Air cooling animal environments, A21.3, 6
evaporative. See Evaporative cooling bowling centers, A3.8
Aircraft, A9 central system, A40.1
air conditioning, A9.5 communications centers, A3.9
typical schematic (figure), A9.7 control, A45.10; S2.14
air distribution, A9.8 data processing areas, A16.4
air filters, A9.4, 9 duct design. See Duct design
air quality, A9.9 fixed guideway vehicles, A8.11
cabin pressurization forced-air systems, small, S9.5
control, A9.6, 9 industrial environments, A28.9, 14
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index I.3

in-room terminal systems, S3.5 dampers, S2.6, 7 Air pollutants. See Contaminants, gaseous;
kitchen makeup air, A30.9 dehumidification, S2.5 Contaminants, particulate
laboratories, A13.9 draw-through, S2.3 Air pollution control. See Industrial exhaust
modeling, F31.10 economizers, S2.7 gas cleaning
places of assembly, A4.2 fans, S2.4, 6, 8 Airports, A3.10
railroad cars, A8.10 Air quality
filter, S2.7
retail stores, A2 aircraft cabins, A9.9
heating, S2.5
ships, A10.5 animal buildings, A21.2
sound control, A46.2, 31 humidification, S2.5 bus terminals, A12.13
static pressure control, S17.7 humidifiers, S2.8 diesel locomotive facilities, A12.22
terminal boxes. See Terminal units location, S2.4 indoor. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.3 mixing plenum, S2.7 outdoor
textile processing plants, A18.4 outside air, S2.8 standards, U.S. (table), A44.6
zone control, A45.12 reheat, S2.8 typical, U.S. (table), A44.7
Air exchange rate rooftop parking garages, A12.8
modeling, F26.21 sound control, A46.6 process and product requirements (table),
empirical, F26.20 sequencing, A40.22 A11.2
multizone, F26.21 road tunnels, A12.5
set point reset, A40.23
single-zone, F26.21 tollbooths, A12.7
sound isolation, S2.9
multizone measurement, F26.27 Air terminals. See Air outlets; Terminal units
time constants, F26.3 sound levels, A46.4 Airtightness
tracer gas measurement, F26.10 vibration isolation, S2.9 measurement, F14.21
constant concentration method, F26.27 Air intakes, S2.7 Air-to-transmission ratio, S3.8
constant injection method, F26.27 contamination estimation, A43.6 Air transport, R31
decay method, F26.27 hospitals, A7.2 commodity requirements, R31.2
Air filters. See Filters, air location to avoid contamination, A43.2 design considerations, R31.2
Airflow vehicular facilities, enclosed, A12.26 refrigeration, R31.3
around buildings, F16 Air jets, F32 shipping containers, R31.3
air intake contamination estimation angle of divergence, F32.2 Air washers, S19.5, F5.11
minimum dilution, F16.10 Archimedes number, F32.6 air cleaning, S19.7
critical dilution, F16.11 cooling, S19.5
centerline velocity, F32.2
critical wind speed, F16.11 dehumidification, S19.7
cooling towers, F16.7 example, F32. performance factor, S19.7
flow patterns, F16.1; A43.3 classification, F32.1 heat/mass simultaneous transfer, F5.11
internal pressure, F16.9 Coanda effect, F32.6 humidification, S19.6
modeling/testing, F16.9 entrainment ratios, F32.5 maintenance, S19.7
similarity requirements, F16.10 throw, F32.5, 13 spray type, S19.5
scaling length, F16.1 Air leakage (see also Infiltration), F26.1 high velocity, S19.6
through a wall opening, F16.7 building components (table), F26.15 textile processing plants, A18.4
wind data, F16.5 building distribution, F26.13 water treatment, A47.9; S19.8
example, F16.6 commercial buildings, F26.24 Algae
meteorological station, F16.3, 5 controlling, F26.14 control, A47.5
remote site estimation, F16. 6 All-air systems, S2.1
air-vapor retarder, F26.16
wind effects on system operation, F16.7 advantages, S2.1
fume hood, F16.9 leakage function, F26.12 air distribution, S2.9
pressure balance, F16.9 measurement, F26.12, 13 air handlers, S2.3
system volume, F16.9 Air leakage area, F26.12 constant volume, S2.9, 11
ventilation, F16.7 Air outlets, F32.7; S17.1 control, S2.14
wind pressure, F16.3 characteristics (table), S9.4 cooling, S2.4, 8
Bernoulli equation, F16.3 classification, F32.2 costs, S2.3
coefficients, F16.3 Group A, F32.7, 16 dehumidification, S2.5, 8
clean spaces, A15.3 Group B, F32.8, 16 disadvantages, S2.2
computational fluid dynamics, A38.9 Group C, F32.10, 16 dual-duct, S2.11
computer-aided modeling, A15.4 Group D, F32.10, 16 economizers, S2.7
condensers, evaporative, S35.15 heating, S2.2, 5
Group E, F32.10, 16
displacement flow, F26.2 humidification, S2.5, 8
entrainment flow, F26.2 dampers, S17.3, 4, 5 multizone, S2.12
furnaces, S28.2 industrial environments, A28.14 primary equipment, S2.4
laminar, A15.4 location, F32.15; S9.3 single-duct, S2.9
measurement of, A36.2 performance, F32.10 variable-air-volume, S2.10, 11
near exhaust hoods, A29.4 selection, F32.15; S17.1 zoning, S2.2
nonunidirectional, A15.3 smudging, S17.2 Alloys. See Metals and alloys
perfect mixing, F26.3 sound control, A46.8 Altitude chambers, R37.6
smoke management, A51.5 sound level, S17.2 Altshul-Tsal equation
solar energy systems, A32.25 surface effects, S17.2 friction factor, F34.7
unidirectional, A15.4, 10 temperature differential, S17.2 Aluminum
Airflow retarders, F23.15;F24.5,7,8 A42.5 boilers, S27.3
testing, A36.2
heating climates,F24.6 Ammonia
types, S17.3
mixed climates,F24.7 air-conditioning systems, R3.1
warm humid climates,F24.8 ceiling diffusers, F32.1; S17.4 in animal environments, A21.2, 9
Air handlers, A40.1; A45.10; S2.3; S45.7 grilles, S17.3 refrigerant. See Refrigerants
coils. See Coils registers, S17.3 refrigeration systems. See Refrigeration
control response, A40.3 slots, S17.3 Ammonia-water
cooling, S2.4, 8 VAV, S17.2 absorption technology, R41.9
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.4
Ammonia-water (Continued)
properties, F21.1
refrigeration cycle, F1.18
Ammonia-water-hydrogen
absorption technology, R41.9
Anchor bolts
seismic restraint, A53.8
Anemometers, F14.15; A36.2
cup, F14.15
deflecting vane, F14.15
laser Doppler, F14.16
revolving vane, F14.15
thermal, F14.15
Animal environments, F10.1; A21.1
air contaminants, F10.4; A21.2
ammonia, A21.2, 9
carbon dioxide, A21.2
air distribution, A21.3, 6
air inlets, A21.6
air ionization, F10.5
air quality control, A21.2
cooling
air conditioning, A21.4
earth tubes, A21.4
evaporative, A21.4
disease control, A21.3
evaporative cooling, A21.4; A50.8
fans, A21.6
heating
heat exchangers, A21.4
supplemental, A21.4
insulation, A21.5
lighting, F10.3
laboratory conditions, A13.13
moisture control, A21.2
physiological control, F10.2
heat production, F10.2, 7
genetics affecting, F10.7
heat transfer, F10.3
recommended practices, A21.7
beef cattle, F10.7; A21.7
chickens, F10.12
dairy cattle, F10.7; A21.7
laboratory animals, F10.14; A21.9
poultry, A21.8
sheep, F10.9
swine, F10.10; A21.7
turkeys, F10.12
shades, A21.3
temperature control, F10.3; A21.1
ventilation, A21.5
air inlets, A21.6
emergency alarm, A21.7
flow control, A21.7
ideal rate (figure), A21.1
mechanical, A21.5
natural, A21.5
Animals
air transport, R31.2
laboratory, A13.13; A21.9
Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
furnaces, S28.6
typical values (table), S28.6
gas-fired heaters
U.S. requirements (table), S29.2
Antifreeze
coolants, secondary, F21.4
ethylene glycol, F21.4
hydronic systems, S12.16
effects on system performance, S12.16
precautions, S12.17
propylene glycol, F21.4
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
Apartment buildings HVAC systems, A36
hot water demand/use (tables), A48.4, 11, 12, hydronic systems, A36.6
16 induction systems, A36.6
service water heating, A48.12, 15 kitchen ventilation systems, A30.9
ventilation, A1.6 refrigeration systems, R44
Appliances steam distribution systems, A36.14
cooling load, F29.8 temperature controls, A36.15
heat gain (table), F28.11, 12 variable-air-volume systems, A36.4
Applications Barley
CFD, F33.4 drying, F11.13
Approach, A40.6, 12; S36.1 Bars, A3.4, 6
Aquifers Baseboard units, S32.1
thermal storage, A33.9 application, S32.5
Archimedes number, F32.6 design effects, S32.4
Archives. See Museums, libraries, and finned-tube, S32.1
archives nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
Arenas, A4.4 radiant, S32.1
ancillary spaces, A4.4 radiant-convector, S32.1
load characteristics, A4.4 rating, S32.3
smoke management, A51.13 Basements, A42.1, 3
Argon heat loss, F28.11
recovery, R38.14 Baudelot coolers. See Coolers, liquid
Asbestos, F9.4 Beer. See Beverages
Atriums, A4.8 Beer’s law, F3.11
smoke management, A51.13 Bernoulli equation, F2.2, 8; F16.3; F34.1
Attics kinetic energy factor, F2.2
construction, F24.1 Beverage plants, R25.10
moisture control liquid CO2 storage, R25.11
heating climates,F24.4 refrigeration systems, R25.11
mixed climates,F24.7 Beverages, R25
warm humid climates, F24.8 beer
temperature, F28.9 production, R25.1
thermal resistance (table), F25.15 storage requirements, R10.5
Auditoriums, A4.3 beverage coolers, R25.10
Automatic control. See Control; Controls, carbonated, R25.10
automatic cooling time calculations, R9.1
Automobiles freezing time calculations, R9.7
air conditioners, A8.1 fruit juice, R24
compressors, A8.3 thermal properties, R8
condensers, A8.3 wine
controls, A8.6 production, R25.8
design factors, A8.2 storage temperature, R25.10
evaporators, A8.4 Bin method, F31.20
lubricants, A8.3 Bioaerosols, F9.4; F12.1, 2, 5, 6; S24.10
receiver-drier assembly, A8.4 Biocides, A47.5
refrigerants, A8.3 Biological safety cabinets, A13.5
flow control, A8.5 Biomanufacturing, A15.5
defrosters, A8.1 Blast freezers. See Freezers
engine test facilities, A14 BLC. See Building loss coefficient (BLC)
heaters, A8.1 Blowers. See Fans
controls, A8.6 Boilers, S4.2; S10.3; S27
design factors, A8.2 air supply, S30.20
heater cores, A8.4 aluminum boilers, S27.3
ventilation, A8.1 burners, S26.1
controls, A8.6 carbonic acid, S10.2
Backflow-prevention devices, S42.13 cast iron boilers, S27.1
BACnet, A38.11 dry-base, S27.1
Bacteria wet-base, S27.1
control, A47.5 wet-leg, S27.1
food, growth in, R11.1 central plants, S11.3
humidifiers, growth in, S20.1 classifications, S27.1
Bakery products, R27 codes, S27.6
cooling, R27.4 combination boilers, S27.5
dough production, R27.2 condensing boilers, S27.4
freezing, R27.5 connections (figure), S10.4
ingredient storage, R27.1 construction materials, S27.1
thermal properties (table), R27.6 control, A45.1; S27.6
Balance point hot water reset, A6.1
building, F31.17 copper boilers, S27.3
heat pumps, S45.8 draft types, S27.3
Balancing (see also Testing, adjusting, and economizers, A6.1
balancing) efficiency, S27.5
air distribution systems, A36.3 combustion, S27.5
dual-duct systems, A36.4 overall, S27.5
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
seasonal, S27.6
electric boilers, S27.5
gas-fired, S26.1
venting, S30.16
integrated boilers, S27.5
modeling, F31.13
noncondensing boilers, S27.4
oil-fired
venting, S30.17
performance testing, S27.6
piping, S10.3
Hartford loop, S10.3
rating, S27.5
residential, A1.3
selection, S27.5
service life (table), A35.3
service water heating, A48.21
sizing, S27.6
standards, S27.6
steam boilers, S27.1
steel boilers, S27.2, 3
fire-tube, S27.2
scotch marine, S27.2
water-tube, S27.2
stokers, S26.9
storing, A47.11
venting, S30.16, 17
wall-hung boilers, S27.5
waste heat boilers, S10.3
water boilers, S27.1
water treatment, A47.10
working pressure, S27.1
high-pressure, S27.1
low-pressure, S27.1
Boiling, F4.1
critical heat flux, F4.4
evaporators, F4.1, 4
flow mechanics, F4.5
heat transfer, F4.5
film boiling, F4.2, 4
heat transfer equations (table), F4.3
natural convection systems, F4.1
nucleate, F4.1, 2
points
refrigerants (table), F19.3
table, F38.1, 2
pool boiling, F4.1
Bowling centers, A3.8
Brayton cycle, R38.8; S7.8
Bread. See Bakery products
Breweries, R25
carbon dioxide production, R25.6
refrigeration
fermenting cellar, R25.4
Kraeusen cellar, R25.5
refrigeration systems, R25.7
stock cellar, R25.5
wort cooler, R25.3
storage tanks, R25.6
vinegar production, R25.8
Brines. See Coolants, secondary
Building commissioning, A41
advantages, A41.1
authority, A41.1
cost factors, A41.2
functional performance testing, A41.4, 5
objectives, A41.2
phases
acceptance, A41.4
construction, A41.4
design, A41.3
post-acceptance, A41.6
predesign, A41.2
team, A41.1
F = 2001 Fundamentals
training program, A41.5
Building diagnostics, A39.2
Building energy monitoring. See Energy
monitoring
Building envelopes,F17.2; A42
ceilings, A42.5
condensation, concealed, S20.3
condensation, visible, S20.2
fenestration, A42.6
foundations, A42.1
museums, libraries, and archives, A20.7
roofs, A42.5
thermal bridges, A42.8
design recommendations, A42.10
detrimental effects, A42.9
mitigation of, A42.9
thermal mass, A42.12
wall/roof interface, A42.8
wall/window interface, A42.7
walls, A42.3
Building materials
thermal properties (table), F25.6,15
vapor transmission properties (table), F25.17
Building thermal mass, A42.12
building precooling, A40.24
charging/discharging, A33.19
effects of, A33.18
thermal storage systems, A33.18
Burners, S26.1
air supply, S30.20
commercial
gas-fired, S26.2
oil-fired, S26.5
controls, S26.12
combustion, S26.14
drafts, S26.14
flame quality, S26.13
ignition, S26.13
operating, S26.12
programmer, S26.13
safety/interlocks, S26.13
conversion, S26.1, 2
dual-fuel gas/oil, S26.7
gas-fired, S26.1
altitude compensation, S26.3
atmospheric, S26.2
combustion/adjustments, S26.3
power-type, S26.2
premix, S26.2
ring, S26.2
pulse combustion, S26.2
venting, S30.16
industrial
gas-fired, S26.2
oil-fired, S26.5
oil-fired, S26.4
air atomizing, S26.6
fuel handling system, S26.8
fuel preparation system, S26.9
fuel storage, S26.7
horizontal rotary cup, S26.6
mechanical atomizing, S26.6
return-flow, S26.6
pressure atomizing, S26.5
return-flow, S26.5
steam atomizing, S26.6
venting, S30.17
residential
gas-fired, S26.1
oil-fired, S26.4
venting, S30.16, 17
Bus air conditioning, A8.6
air inlets/outlets, A8.7
interurban buses, A8.8
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.5
loads, A8.7
urban buses, A8.8
Bus garages. See Garages, bus
Bus terminals, A3.10; A12.12
ventilation, A12.12
equipment, A12.23
operation areas, A12.13
contaminant criteria, A12.13
control, A12.14
effects of alternative fuel use, A12.14
ventilation rate, A12.14
platforms, A12.13
Butter. See Dairy products
Bypass boxes. See Terminal units
Cafeterias
air conditioning, A3.4
hot water demand/use (table), A48.11
service water heating, A48.11, 16
Calcium chloride
brines, F21.1
Candy, R28
manufacture, R28.1
coating, R28.4
cooling, R28.3
dipping, R28.2
drying, R28.3
refrigeration plant, R28.4
storage, R28.5
humidity, R28.6
storage life (table), R28.5
storage requirements (table), R10.3
temperature, R28.6
Capillary tubes, R45.21; S21.2
capacity balance, R45.23
selection, R45.24
Carbon dioxide
combustion, F18.1, 10
greenhouse enrichment, A21.14
in aircraft cabins, A9.10
in animal environments, A21.2
liquefaction, R25.7
measurement, F14.22
amperometric electrochemical detectors,
F14.22
colorimetric detectors, F14.23
nondispersive infrared detectors, F14.22
photoacoustic detectors, F14.23
potentiometric electrochemical detectors,
F14.23
storage, R25.11
volume in water (table), R25.10
Carbon monoxide
analyzers, A12.7
parking garages, A12.8, 9
road tunnels, A12.1, 5
tollbooths, A12.7
Carnot refrigeration cycle, F1.6
Casinos, A3.4, 6
Cast iron
boilers, S27.1
Cattle
growth, F10.7
heat and moisture production, F10.9
lactation, F10.7
recommended environment, A21.7
reproduction, F10.8
Cavitation, F2.5
pumps, centrifugal, S39.9
valves, S42.2
Ceiling
air movement, A42.6
cathedral
construction, F24.1
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.6
Ceiling (Continued)
moisture control
heating climates, F24.6
mixed climates, F24.7
warm humid climates, F24.8
heat loss, F28.10
insulation, A42.5
moisture control,A42.6
panels. See Panel heating and cooling
R-values, F25.14
sound correction, A46.22
sound transmission, A46.31
Central plants, S11.2
boiler, S11.3
chiller, A45.14; S11.1, 3
distribution design, S11.4
district heating and cooling, S11.2
emission control, S11.4
heating medium, S11.3
hotels and motels, A5.7
loads, S4.4
thermal storage, S11.3
Central systems, S4
chilled water system, A40
cooling equipment, S4.1
distribution, S4.3
piping, S4.3
pumps, S4.3
features, S1.3
furnaces, S28.1
heating equipment, S4.2
humidifiers
industrial/commercial, S20.5
residential, S20.5
instrumentation, S4.3
loads, S4.4
residential forced air, S9
space requirements, S1.4; S4.3
supervisory control, A40
Cetane number
engine fuels, F18.6
CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD)
Charging
refrigeration systems, R46.4
Cheese. See Dairy products
Chemical industry refrigeration, R36
equipment characteristics, R36.3
load characteristics, R36.2
refrigeration equipment, R36.6
refrigeration systems, R36.5
safety requirements, R36.2
Chemisorption, A44.12
Chickens (see also Poultry)
growth, F10.12
heat and moisture production, F10.12
reproduction, F10.12
Chilled water
basic systems, S12.1, 11
heat transfer vs. flow, A36.7
testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.8
central plant systems
testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.14
cogeneration distribution, S7.30
density (table), A33.11
district heating and cooling, S11.3, 19, 31
optimal temperature, A40.14
pumping system, A40.2, 5, 13, 14
pump sequencing, A40.13, 17
reset, A40.13, 14
thermal storage, A33.10, 19
water treatment, A47.10
Chillers, R43; S38
absorption, S4.1
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
ammonia-water, R41.9
heat-activated, S7.26
water-lithium bromide, R41.4
central plants, A45.14; S11.1, 3
centrifugal, R43.8; S38.8
air cooled, R43.12; S38.12
components, S38.8
control, S38.10
fouling, S38.10
free cooling, R43.12; S38.12
heat recovery, R43.11; S38.11
maintenance, S38.12
noise/vibration, S38.10
purge units, R43.11; S38.11
rating, S38.10
refrigerant selection, R43.8; S38.8
refrigerant transfer units, R43.11; S38.11
selection, S38.10
controls, R43.4; A45.14; S38.4, 10
capacity, S38.4, 14
regulating, R43.4; S38.4
safety, R43.5; S38.5
costs, S38.4
direct expansion, S38.1
piping, R2.21
economizing, S38.1
engine-driven, S47.1
components, S47.1
controls, S47.4
economics, S47.7
emissions, S47.5
engine room ventilation, S47.6
heat rejection/recovery, S47.3
maintenance, S47.3
noise/vibration control, S47.4
rating, S47.2
expansion turbines, S38.1
flash, S38.1
heat recovery, R43.3; S38.3
liquid injection, S38.1
load distribution, A40.18
maintenance, R43.5; S38.5, 12, 15
modeling, F31.16
multiple, R43.2; S38.2
parallel, R43.2; S38.2
series, R43.2; S38.2
noise generation, A46.9
operation optimization, A45.15
performance, S47.2
rating, S47.2
reciprocating, R43.6; S38.6
components, S38.6
control, R43.7; S38.7
performance, S38.6
refrigerant selection, R43.6; S38.6
selection, S38.7
refrigerant pressure optimization, A45.15
refrigeration cycle, S38.1
screw, R43.13; S38.12
applications, R43.15; S38.15
capacity control, R43.14; S38.14
components, S38.12
maintenance, S38.15
performance, S38.13
selection, R43.3; S38.3, 7, 10
sequencing, A40.5, 17, 20
service life (table), A35.3
standards, S38.5
subcooling, S38.1
vapor compression
modeling, F31.15
vibration control, A46.10
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F5.8
Chimneys, S30
accessories, S30.22
draft fans, S30.24
draft hoods, S30.22
draft regulators, S30.23
flue gas heat extractors, S30.24
heat exchangers, S30.24
vent dampers, S30.23
capacity calculation examples, S30.11
caps, S30.25
codes, S30.27
design equations, S30.2
draft, S30.1
altitude correction, S30.7
available, S30.1, 3, 7
theoretical, S30.1, 2, S7
fireplace, S30.19
flow losses, S30.7
flue gas, S30.1
friction loss, S30.8
functions, S30.1
gas appliance venting, S30.16
conversion to gas, S30.17
masonry chimneys, S30.17
prefabricated vents, S30.17
vent connectors, S30.17
without draft hoods, S30.17
gas temperature, S30.5
gas velocity, S30.8
heat transfer, S30.5
masonry chimneys, S30.17, 19
mass flow, S30.5
materials, S30.20
oil-fired appliance venting, S30.17
condensation/corrosion, S30.17
corrosion, S30.18
equipment replacement, S30.19
masonry chimneys, S30.19
vent connectors, S30.18
resistance coefficients, S30.8
configuration effects, S30.9
manifolding effects, S30.9
standards, S30.21, 27
terminations, S30.25
wind effects, S30.2, 25
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). See Refrigerants
Chocolate, R28
Choking, F2.7
Churches. See Houses of worship
Cinemas, A4.3
Clean spaces, A15
aerospace, A15.10
air filters, A15.3, 7, 10
airflow, A15.3
computer-aided modeling, A15.4
nonunidirectional, A15.3
unidirectional, A15.4, 10
applications, A15.2
biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A15.5
classes of (table), A15.2
construction/operation, A15.13
contaminant control, A15.2, 6
cooling, A15.11
energy conservation, A15.13
fire safety, A15.12
high-bay cleanrooms, A15.10
airflow, A15.10
prefilters, A15.11
humidity control, A15.12
makeup air, A15.11, 13
noise control, A15.13
particle sources, A15.2
pharmaceutical cleanrooms, A15.5
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
aseptic, A15.5
qualification of, A15.8
start-up of, A15.8
contaminant control, A15.6
control/monitoring, A15.8
design concerns, A15.6
isolators, A15.7
nonaseptic, A15.8
unidirectional hoods, A15.7
pressurization, A15.12
process exhaust, A15.11, 13
semiconductor cleanrooms, A15.9
airflow, A15.10
clean tunnel, A15.9
open-bay, A15.9
system sizing/redundancy, A15.12
temperature control, A15.12
terminology, A15.1
testing, A15.4
vibration control, A15.13
Climate. See Weather data
Climatic test chambers, R37
Clo, F8.8
Clothing
insulation, F8.8
table, F8.9, 10
moisture permeability, F8.8
table, F8.9
CNR. See Composite noise rating (CNR)
Coal, F18.6
characteristics, F18.7
classification (table), F18.7
handling facilities, A24.5, 8
heating value, F18.8
stokers, S26.9
Coanda effect
air diffusion, F32.6
Codes (see also Standards), S48
air conditioners, room, S47.4
boilers, S27.6
building codes, S16.1
chimneys/fireplaces/gas vents, S30.27
cogeneration, S7.47
condensers
evaporative, S35.19
water-cooled, S35.7
coolers, liquid, S37.4
dehumidifiers, room, S47.8
duct construction, S16.1
engines, S7.47
furnaces, S28.10
makeup air units, S31.9
motors, S40.1, 13
nuclear facilities, A25.8
piping, S41.6
service water heating, A48.22
turbines, S7.47
Coefficient of performance (COP), F1.3; S47.2
compressors, S34.1
economic (ECOP)
cogeneration, S7.33
Cogeneration, S7
codes, S7.47
combined cycle power plants, S7.34
controls and instruments, S7.38
design/installation, S7.35
engine sizing, S7.40
distribution systems, S7.29
design considerations, S7.29
media
chilled water, S7.30
electrical, S7.29
hot water, S7.30
steam, S7.29
F = 2001 Fundamentals
economic feasibility, S7.43
estimate, S7.44
load duration curve, S7.44
two-dimensional, S7.46
simulation, S7.47
electrical systems, S7.27
generators, S7.27
power quality, S7.28
utility interface, S7.27
expansion engines/turbines, S7.35
heat-activated chillers, S7.26
heat recovery, S7.19
combustion turbines, S7.24
engines, S7.20
steam turbines, S7.24
load profiling, S7.32
maintenance, S7.40
noise control, S7.39
packaged systems, S7.32
peak shaving, S7.33
performance, S7.33
ECOP, S7.33
incremental heat rate, S7.33
prime movers
engines, S7.1
fuel cells, S7.35
selection, S7.32
thermal output, S7.19
heat/power ratio, S7.20
heat quality, S7.20
turbines
combustion, S7.8, 42
steam, S7.12, 42
regulations, S7.28
standards, S7.47
terminology, S7.43
thermal energy storage, S7.33
utilization systems, S7.30
air, S7.31
desiccant systems, S7.32
district heating/cooling, S7.32
HVAC, S7.32
hydronic, S7.31
service hot water, S7.32
vibration control, S7.39
foundations, S7.39
Coils
air-cooling, S2.8; S21.1, F5.13
airflow resistance, S21.6
applications, S21.1, 3
aqueous glycol coils, S21.1
construction/arrangement, S21.1
control, A45.4; S21.2
cooling/dehumidifying performance,
S21.9
example, S21.13
cooling-only performance, S21.7
examples, S21.8
direct-expansion coils, S21.2
fluid flow arrangement, S21.3
heat/mass simultaneous transfer, F5.13
heat transfer, S21.6
load determination, S21.14
maintenance, S21.15
modeling, F31.12
on ships, A10.2, 6
rating, S21.5
refrigerant coils, S21.2
selection, S21.5
water coils, S21.1
air-heating, S23
applications, S23.4
aqueous glycol coils, S23.2
construction, S23.1
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.7
control, A45.5
design, S23.1
electric coils, A45.6; S23.3
maintenance, S23.5
on ships, A10.2, 6
rating, S23.4
refrigerant coils, S23.3
selection, S23.3
steam coils, A45.5; S23.2
water coils, A45.5; S14.8; S23.2
condensers
air-cooled, S35.8
evaporative, S35.15
dehumidifying, S21.1
heat/mass simultaneous transfer, F5.13
modeling, F31.12
desuperheating, S35.17
energy recovery loops, S44.15
halocarbon refrigeration systems
piping, R2.22
heat reclaim, S23.3
preheat, S2.7
reheat, S2.8; S23.2
Colebrook equation
friction factor, F34.7
Collectors, solar (see also Solar energy),
A32.6, 14, 23, 25; S33.3
Colleges, A6.3
Combustion, F18.1
air pollution, F18.13
air required, F18.8; S30.20
table, F18.2, 9
altitude compensation, F18.3
analysis, F14.31
calculations, F18.8
air required, F18.8
efficiency, F18.12
example, F18.11, 12
flue gas dew point, F18.10
flue gas produced, F18.10
theoretical carbon dioxide, F18.10
water vapor produced, F18.10
coals, F18.6
characteristics, F18.7
classification (table), F18.7
heating value, F18.8
condensation, F18.15
continuous, F18.2
control, S26.14
corrosion, F18.15
diesel fuel, F18.6
efficiency
boilers, S27.5
engine fuels, F18.6
cetane number, F18.6
excess air, F18.9
fuel oils, F18.5
characteristics, F18.5
distillate oils, F18.5
heating value, F18.6
residual oils, F18.5
sulfur content (table), F18.6
viscosity, F18.6
gas burners, S26.3
gaseous fuels, F18.4
flammability limits, F18.1
table, F18.2
illuminants, F18.9
liquefied petroleum gas, F18.4
natural gas, F18.4
gas turbine fuel, F18.6
heating values, F18.3
table, F18.3, 4, 6
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.8 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Combustion (Continued) communications centers, A3.9 vibration, S34.3

ignition temperature, F18.2 design criteria (table), A3.2 reciprocating, R3.10; S7.40; S34.4
table, F18.2 energy consumption (tables), A34.8, 9 application, S34.9
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.27 garages, A3.10 capacity control, S34.8
lean burn, S47.6 indoor air quality, F26.9 crankcase, keeping liquid from, R2.28
liquefied petroleum gas, F18.4 kitchen ventilation, A30 features, S34.7
liquid fuels, F18.5 load calculations, F28 table, S34.5
engine fuels, F18.6 load characteristics, A3.1 lubrication, S34.8
fuel oils, F18.5 malls, A2.6 modeling, F31.15
natural gas, F18.4 nightclubs, A3.4, 6 performance, S34.4
oil burners, S26.4 office buildings, A3.6 motor efficiency, S34.6
principles, F18.1 restaurants, A3.4, 5 table, S34.5
pulse, F18.2 retail facilities, A2 special devices, S34.8
reactions, F18.1 service water heating, A48.10 types, S34.4
solid fuels, F18.7 ship docks, A3.10 valves, S34.7
soot, F18.16 transportation centers, A3.9 refrigerant acoustic velocity (table), S34.30
stoichiometric, F18.1; S47.6 warehouses, A3.11 retail food store refrigeration, R47.9
venting, S30 Commissioning rotary, S34.9
Comfort (see also Physiological principles, automatic controls, F15.15 fixed vane, S34.9
humans) buildings. See Building commissioning rolling piston, S34.9
comfort zones, F8.12, 18 desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7 efficiency, S34.10
figure, F8.12 laboratories, A13.17 features, S34.10
environmental indices, F8.19 makeup air units, S31.10 lubrication, S34.10
effective temperature, F8.19 pumps, centrifugal, S39.13 rotary vane, R3.12; S34.11
heat stress index, F8.20 thermal storage systems, A33.21 volume ratio, S34.11
humid operative temperature, F8.19 Communications centers, A3.9 single-screw, S34.11
skin wettedness index, F8.20 Composite noise rating (CNR), A46.26 twin-screw, S34.17
wet-bulb globe temperature, F8.20 Compressors, S34 screw, R3.13; S7.42
wet-globe temperature, F8.21 air conditioners, room, S47.2 lubricant cooling, R3.13
wind chill index, F8.21 ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2 single, S34.11
table, F8.22 centrifugal, S7.41; S34.26 capacity control, S34.14
environmental parameters, F8.10 angular momentum, S34.27 compression process, S34.11
air velocity, F14.28 capacity control, S34.31 economizers, S34.13, 14
asymmetric thermal radiation, F8.13 critical speed, S34.32 features, S34.12
draft, F8.13 design, S34.34 lubrication, S34.13
floor temperature, F8.14 accessories, S34.35 noise/vibration, S34.17
mean radiant temperature, F8.10; F14.28 bearings, S34.35 oil-injected, S34.13
plane radiant temperature, F8.12; F14.28 casings, S34.34 oil injection free, S34.13
radiant temperature asymmetry, F8.12 impellers, S34.34 performance, S34.16
vertical air temperature difference, F8.14 drivers, S34.33 volume ratio, S34.14
humidity, F14.29; S20.1 efficiency, S34.30 twin, S34.17
local discomfort, F8.13 isentropic analysis, S34.27 capacity control, S34.18
nonuniform conditions, F8.13 lubrication, S34.34 compression process, S34.17
predicted mean vote, F8.16; F14.29 Mach number, S34.30 economizers, S34.21
predicted percent dissatisfied, F8.17 noise, S34.33 efficiency (figure), S34.20
radiant heating, A52.2 paralleling, S34.34 features, S34.17
special environments, F8.22 polytropic analysis, S34.28 hermetic, S34.21
extreme cold, F8.24 refrigeration cycle, S34.26 lubrication, S34.20
hot and humid environments, F8.24 surging, S34.31 volume ratio, S34.18
infrared heating, F8.22 testing, S34.31 scroll, S34.22
comfort equation, F8.23 vibration, S34.33 capacity control, S34.24
steady-state energy balance, F8.16 chemical industry refrigeration, R36.6 efficiency, S34.24
two-node model, F8.17 compressor drives, R3.2 features, S34.22
thermal sensation scale, F8.12 dynamic, S34.1 noise/vibration, S34.24
zones, F8.12, 18; F9.11 engine-driven, S7.40, 41, 42 trochoidal (Wankel), S34.25
figure, F8.12 halocarbon refrigeration systems performance, S34.25
Commercial piping, R2.19 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F33
duct construction, S16.2 heat pump systems, S8.6 applications, F33.4
forced-air systems, small. See Residential modeling, F31.15 energy equation, F33.3
furnaces, S28.8 motors, S40.4 conduction equation, F33.3
gas burners, S26.2 noise generation, A46.9 conjugate heat transfer, F33.3
humidifiers, S20.5 operation and maintenance, S34.35 finite element formulations, F33.3
oil burners, S26.5 orbital, S34.22 finite volume formulations, F33.3
Commercial and public buildings, A3 positive-displacement, S34.1 multispecies flows, F33.3
air leakage, F26.24 liquid hazard, S34.3 post processors, F33.3
airports, A3.10 motors, S34.3 preprocessors, F33.3
bars, A3.4, 6 performance, S34.1 theory, F33.1
bowling centers, A3.8 actual, S34.1 stream function, F33.1
bus terminals, A3.10 COP, S34.1 stream function-vorticity formulation,
cafeterias, A3.4 efficiency, S34.2 F33.1
casinos, A3.4, 6 ideal, S34.1 vorticity transport, F33.1
central cooling systems protective devices, S34.2 turbulence modeling, F33.4
supervisory control, A40 shock, S34.3 direct numerical simulation (DNS), F33.4
characteristics (table), A34.5 testing, S34.3 large eddy simulation (LES), F33.4
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index I.9

viscosity models. F33.4 coil construction, S35.8 Conductivity, thermal

direct numerical simulation (DNS), F334 condensing unit, S35.10 foods, R8.9
eddy viscosity, F33.4 control, S35.11 industrial insulation (table), F25.20
large eddy simulation (LES), F33.4 air-side, S35.12 liquids (table), F38.2
turbulence models, F33.4 refrigerant-side, S35.11 moist air
Computer rooms. See Data processing areas fans, S35.9 figure, F6.16
Computers, A38 heat transfer, S35.9 rocks (table), F25.17
abbreviations for programming, F36.1 installation, S35.13 soils, F25.16; S11.9
table, F36.2 maintenance, S35.13 table, F25.17
artificial intelligence, A38.11 noise, R47.13 solids (table), F38.3
artificial neural networks, A38.11 pressure drop, S35.9 vapors (table), F38.1
case-based reasoning, A38.11 rating, S35.10 Constant volume
fuzzy logic, A38.11 net refrigeration effect, S35.10 all-air systems
knowledge-based systems, A38.11 total heat rejection, S35.10 dual-duct, S2.11
knowledge discovery, A38.11 remote from compressor, R47.11; S35.10 single-duct, S2.9
building automation systems, A38.10 ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2 terminal units, S2.13
BACnet, A38.11 piping, R3.15 Containers (see also Trucks, trailers, and
computational fluid dynamics, A12.6; A38.9; cascade, R44.1 containers)
A51.14 chemical industry refrigeration, R36.6 air transport, R31.3
computer-aided design (CAD), A38.9 evaporative, R3.17; R47.11; S35.14 marine transport, R30.7
design tools airflow, S35.15 surface transport, R29
acoustic calculations, A38.7 capacity control, S35.18 Contaminants
building energy simulation, A38.8 codes, S35.19 exhaust dilution, A43.6
computational fluid dynamics, A38.9 coils, S35.15 clean spaces, A15.2, 6
computer-aided design (CAD), A38.9 desuperheating, S35.17 food, R11
duct design, A38.5 wetting method, S35.15 refrigerant systems, R6
equipment selection/simulation, A38.7 desuperheaters, S35.17 dirt, R6.6
load calculations, A38.5 freeze prevention, S35.16 generation by high temperature, R5.9
piping design, A38.6 heat transfer, S35.14 lubricants, R6.7
refrigerant properties, A38.7 liquid subcoolers, S35.17 metallic, R6.6
smoke control analysis, A51.12, 14 location, S35.16 moisture, R6.1
system simulation, A38.8 maintenance, S35.19
motor burnout, R6.7, 11
tunnel ventilation, A12.5, 6 multicircuiting with liquid coolers, S35.17
noncondensable gases, R6.7
ventilation, A28.7; A38.7 multiple-condenser installations, S35.16
sludge, tars, and wax, R6.6
graphics, A38.9, 10 trapped drop legs, S35.16
solvents, R6.7
hardware options, A38.1 purging, S35.18
textile processing, A18.6
Internet, A38.12 rating, S35.17
Contaminants, gaseous, A44
modeling, A38.10 standards, S35.19
ambient air standards (table), F9.2; A44.6
security, A38.3 water
animal environments, F10.4
smoke control analysis, A51.12, 14 consumption, S35.18
chemical families (table), A44.2
software options, A38.2, 3 treatment, S35.18
supervisory control, A38.10 halocarbon refrigeration systems classification, F12.1
World Wide Web, A38.12 piping, R2.18 combustion, F18.13; S25.27; S47.6
Concert halls, A4.4 pressure control, R2.27 concentration, indoor
Concrete in chillers, S38.6, 8, 13 limits (table), F9.8;A44.3
cooling, R35.1 modeling, F31.14 measurement, A44.8
water heating for, A48.20 retail food store refrigeration, R47.10 prediction, A44.7
Condensate water-cooled, S13; S35.1 concentration, outdoor
steam systems, F35.14; S10.6; S11.7, 18 circuiting, S35.5 standards, U.S. (table), A44.6
water treatment, A47.11 codes, S35.7 typical, U.S. (table), A44.7
Condensation, F4.7 fouling factor, S35.3 control techniques, A44.9
combustion, F18.15 heat removal, S35.1 adsorption, A44.11; S25.24
concealed, S20.3 cooling tower systems, S13.1 catalysis, A44.12
dropwise, F4.6 once-through systems, S13.1 chemisorption, A44.12
energy recovery equipment, S44.5, 13 heat transfer, S35.2 desiccant dehumidification, S22.9
fenestration, F30.60 fouling factor, S35.3 dilution ventilation, A44.10
max. humidity to prevent (table), S20.2 overall coefficient, S35.2 hoods/local exhaust, A44.9
film, F4.6 refrigerant-side film coefficient, S35.2 incineration, S25.27
heat transfer coefficients (table), F4.8 surface efficiency, S35.3 source elimination, A44.9
inside horizontal tubes, F4.9 tube-wall resistance, S35.3 spray dry scrubbing, S25.18
inside vertical tubes, F4.9 water-side film coefficient, S35.2 wet-packed scrubbers, S25.19
noncondensable gases, F4.9 liquid subcooling, S35.5 environmental tobacco smoke, F12.1, 2, 15;
oil-fired appliances, S30.17 maintenance, S35.7 A44.4
outside horizontal tubes, F4.9 noncondensable gases, S35.6 compounds in (table), A44.5
outside vertical tubes, F4.9 pressure drop, S35.4 fogs, F12.1
prevention, F23.5 standards, S35.7 gases, F12.2
dehumidification for, S22.9 types, S35.5 flammable, F12.15
windows (table), S20.2 brazed plate, S35.6 harmful effects, A44.1
steam, F4.9 shell-and-coil, S35.6 inorganic gases, F9.11
visible, S20.2 shell-and-tube, S35.5 exposure control, F9.12
Condensers, S35 tube-in-tube, S35.6 health effects, F9.12
air conditioners, room, S47.2 Conductance, thermal, F3.3 sources, F9.11
air-cooled, R47.10; S35.8 Conduction standards, F9.12
air requirements, S35.9 steady-state, F3.1 table, F9.11
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.10 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Contaminants, gaseous (Continued) Continuity, F2.2 road tunnel ventilation, A12.7

measurement, F14.30; A44.8 Control (see also Controls, automatic), A45 scale, A47.4
measurement methods (table), A44.10 absorption units, R41.7, 10 ship air conditioning
sampling techniques (table), A44.9 aircraft cabin pressure, A9.6, 9 merchant, A10.5
mists, F12.1, 2 air handling systems, A40.22; A45.10 naval, A10.7
nuclear facilities, A25.2, 4, 5 all-air systems, S2.14 smoke, A51
odors, F13 automobile air conditioning, A8.6 snow melting systems, A49.9, 12
organic gases, F9.13 biological growth, A47.5 solar energy systems, A32.15, 25, 26; S33.18
exposure control, F9.13 boilers, A45.1; S27.6 sound, F7.4; A46.1, 42
health effects, F9.13 building pressurization, A45.2 static pressure, A45.2
sources, F9.13 burners, S26.12 limit control, A45.16
standards bus terminal ventilation, A12.14 steam systems, S10.13
table, F9.10 central air conditioning, A40 steam turbines, S7.13
ozone, A44.15 chemical plants, R36.3 supervisory. See Supervisory control
permissible exposure limits (PEL), F9.1 chilled water pumps, A40.5, 13, 14 terminal units, A45.8
plant environments, F10.20 chillers, R43.4, 7, 10, 14; A40.17; A45.14; thermal in insulation, F23;F24
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), F9.5 S38.4, 7, 10, 14 thermal storage systems, A33.4, 21; A40.25
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), engine-driven, S47.4 unit heaters, S31.7
F9.5 cogeneration systems, S7.38 unit ventilators, A45.11; S31.3
properties (table), F9.8;A44.3 combustion turbines, S7.11 VAV systems, A45.1
radioactive, F12.16 condensers vibration, A46.37
radon, F9.16; A44.15 air-cooled, S35.11 zone systems, A45.12
action levels (table), F9.16 evaporative, S35.18 Controlled atmosphere storage
recommended exposure limits (REL), F9.1 cooling coils, A45.4; S21.2 apples, R21.3
smog, F12.2 cooling tower fans, A40.9 pears, R21.4
soil gases, F9.14 cooling towers, A45.4 refrigerated facilities, R13.3
sources, A44.4 corrosion, A47.2, 9 vegetables, R23.4
building materials/furnishings, A44.5 dehumidifying coils, S21.2 Controls, automatic (see also Control), F15
cleaning agents, A44.5 design principles classification, F15.4
equipment, A44.6 building/mechanical subdivision, A45.17 electric, F15.4
occupants, A44.6 controlled area size, A45.18 direct digital controller, F15.4
outdoor air, A44.6 energy conservation, A45.17 hybrid, F15.4
load matching, A45.18 pneumatic, F15.4
tobacco smoke, F9.6; A44.4
mechanical/electrical coordination, self-powered, F15.4
threshold limit values (TLV), F9.1
A45.17 closed loop (feedback), F15.1
toxicity, A44.1
night setback, A45.19 commissioning, F15.15
vapors, F12.2
sensor location, A45.19 components, F15.4
flammable, F12.15
system selection, A45.18 auxiliary devices, F15.11
volatile organic compounds (VOC), F9.8;
duct heaters, A45.17 controlled devicesF15.4
A44.5
economizers, A40.22; A45.5 dampers, F15.6
exposure control, F9.11
energy recovery equipment, S44.6, 14, 17 positive positioners, F15.7
health effects, F9.10
engines, S7.6 valves, F15.4
sources, F9.10
environmental test facilities, R37.4 controllers, F15.10
Contaminants, particulate fans, A45.1; S18.8; S40.7 direct digital, F15.10, 17
aerosols, S24.1 fire, A51 electric/electronic, F15.10
air cleaners. See Air cleaners fixed guideway vehicle air conditioning, pneumatic receiver, F15.10
ambient air standards (table), F9.2 A8.11 static pressure, A45.2, 16
animal environments, F10.4 forced-air systems, small, S9.2 thermostats, F15.10
asbestos, F9.4 furnaces, S28.1, 7 sensors, F15.8
bioaerosols, S24.10 gaseous contaminants, A44 flow rate, F15.9
classification, F12.1 heaters humidity (hygrometers), F15.9
collection mechanisms, S24.5; S25.11, 16 electric, S29.4 indoor air quality, F15.9
combustion, F18.13; S47.6 gas-fired, S29.2 lighting level, F15.9
dusts, F9.7; F12.1; S24.1 heating coils, A45.5 location, A45.19
combustible, F12.16 heat pumps, engine-driven, S47.9, 10 power transmission, F15.9
environmental tobacco smoke, F12.1, 2, 15 heat pumps, unitary, S45.10 pressure, F15.9
fogs, F12.1, 2 heat recovery systems, S8.19 temperature, F15.8
fumes, F12.1, 2 humidifiers, S20.8 computers for, A38.10
measurement, F14.30 humidity, A45.6; S20; S22 control action types, F15.2
particle size distribution, F12.4 hydronic systems, A45.1, 5; S12.9; S14.8 floating action, F15.3
permissible exposure limits (PEL), infrared heaters, S15.4 incremental action, F15.3
table, F9.5 kitchen ventilation, A30.16 proportional/integral (PI), F15.3, 16
pollen, F12.5 laboratory systems, A13.11 proportional/integral/derivative (PID),
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), F9.5 low temperature, R3.6 F15.3
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), makeup air units, A45.12; S31.9 proportional-only (P), F15.3
F9.5 moisture in insulation, F23;F24 timed two-position, F15.2
radioactive, F12.16 motors, S40.6 two-position, F15.2
recommended exposure limits (REL), F9.1 optimization, A40 heat anticipation, F15.2
size, F12.2 outdoor air quantity, A45.7 dampers. See Dampers
smokes, F12.2 parking garage ventilation, A12.9 direct digital, F15.4, 10, 17; A36.16
suspended particles, F12.2, 14 plant growth chambers, A21.17 feedback (closed loop), F15.1
synthetic vitreous fibers, F9.5 radiant panels, A45.8; S6.19 fundamentals, F15
terminal settling velocities (table), S25.7 railcar air conditioning, A8.10 in explosive atmospheres, A45.16
threshold limit values (TLV), F9.1 refrigerant flow, R45 in mobile applications, A45.16
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
open loop, F15.1
positive positioners, F15.7
proportional/integral (PI), F15.3
proportional/integral/derivative (PID), F15.3
proportional-only (P), F15.3
refrigerant flow, R45
safety, A45.16
service life (table), A35.3
supervisory. See Supervisory control
switches, R45.1
differential control, R45.2
float, R45.3
fluid flow-sensing, R45.2
pressure control, R45.1
temperature control, R45.2
terminology, F15.1
testing, A36.15
transducers, pressure, R45.2
tuning, F15.16
digital controllers, F15.17
PI controllers, F15.16
valves. See Valves
Convection
forced, F3.13; F4.5
mass, F5.5
natural, F3.11; F4.1
Convectors, S32.1
application, S32.5
design effects, S32.4
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
rating, S32.3
Convention centers, A4.5
Conversion factors, F35
Coolants, secondary, F21
acetone
properties (table), R39.10
brines, F21.1
corrosion inhibition, F21.2; A47.10
calcium chloride solutions, F21.1
density (figure), F21.1
properties (table), F21.2
specific heat (figure), F21.1
thermal conductivity (figure), F21.5
viscosity (figure), F21.2
diethyl benzene
properties (table), R39.10
environmental test facilities, R37.2
ethanol
properties (table), R39.10
ethylene glycol, F21.4
density
figure, F21.4
table, F21.7
properties (table), F21.6
specific heat
figure, F21.5
table, F21.8
thermal conductivity
figure, F21.6
table, F21.8
viscosity
figure, F21.12
table, F21.9
halocarbons, F21.13
properties (table), F21.14
hydrofluoroether
properties (table), R39.10
inhibited glycols, F21.4
corrosion inhibition, F21.12
service considerations, F21.12
limonene, F21.15
properties (table), F21.14; R39.10
low-temperature refrigeration, R39.11
properties (table), R39.10
F = 2001 Fundamentals
methanol
properties (table), R39.10
methylene chloride (R-30), F21.13
properties (table), F21.14
nonhalocarbon nonaqueous fluids, F21.13
polydimethylsiloxane, F21.15
properties (table), F21.14; R39.10
properties (table), R4.2
propylene glycol, F21.4
density
figure, F21.10
table, F21.10
properties (table), F21.6, 7
specific heat
figure, F21.12
table, F21.10
thermal conductivity
figure, F21.12
table, F20.11
viscosity
figure, F21.13
table, F21.11
refrigeration systems, R4
sodium chloride solutions, F21.1
density (figure), F21.5
properties (table), F21.3
specific heat (figure), F21.5
thermal conductivity (figure), F21.4
viscosity (figure), F21.4
trichloroethylene (R-1120), F21.13
properties (table), F21.14
Coolers (see also Refrigerators)
beverage, R25.10
cryocoolers, R38.8
forced-circulation air, R42
air distribution, R42.2
components, R42.2
controls, R42.2, 4
cooling capacity, R42.4
defrosting, R42.3
refrigerant feed, R42.3
types, R42.1
retail food store, R47
walk-in, R47.7; R48.3
water, R25.10
Coolers, liquid (see also Evaporators), S37
Baudelot, S37.2
brazed (semiwelded) plate, S37.1
direct-expansion, S37.1
evaporative
use with evaporative condensers, S35.17
flooded, S37.2
freeze prevention, S37.5
heat transfer, S37.2
coefficients, S37.3
fouling factors, S37.4
in chillers, S38.6, 8, 12
maintenance, S37.5
oil return, S37.5
piping, R2.20
pressure drop, S37.4
fluid side, S37.4
refrigerant side, S37.4
refrigerant flow control, S37.5
shell-and-coil, S37.2
shell-and-tube, S37.1, S37.2
tube-in-tube, S37.1
types (table), S37.1
vessel design, S37.4
chemical requirements, S37.4
electrical requirements, S37.5
mechanical requirements, S37.4
codes/standards, S37.4
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.11
Cooling (see also Air conditioning)
absorption equipment, R41
animal environments, A21.4
bakery products, R27.4
coils. See Coils
concrete, R35.1
air blast, R35.2
chilled water, R35.1
inundation, R35.2
design data, F27.3
ebullient, S7.21, 36
evaporative. See Evaporative cooling
foods and beverages
cooling time calculations, R9.1
fruits and vegetables, R14
forced-air cooling, R14.4
hydrocooling, R14.3
load calculation, R14.1
package icing, R14.5
rate of cooling, R14.1
vacuum cooling, R14.5
geothermal energy systems, A31.13
greenhouses, A21.13
radiant, A52.1, 8
radiant panel systems, S6
radiative, A32.16
solar energy systems, A32.16, 17, 26
water systems, S12; S12.11, 12
Cooling load, S3.7
central plant, S4.4
CLTD/CLF, F29.1
diurnal, forecasting, A40.28
exterior zones, S3.1
nonresidential, F29
building design considerations, F29.3
hooded equipment (table), F29.8
lighting (table), F29.5
people (table), F29.4
unhooded equipment (table), F29.10
flat roofs (table), F28.2
glass load factors (table), F28.3
walls (table), F28.11;F29.29
appliances, F29.8
humans, F29.3
limitations (data), F29.17
heat balance, F29.20
conduction transfer functions, F29.23
heat extraction rate and room temperature,
F29.2
heat gain
fenestration, F29.13
infiltration, F29.18
latent heat, F29.19
shading (exterior), F28.22;F29.14
sol-air temperature, F29.15
ventilation, F29.18
walls and roofs, F28.27
heat sources, F29.3
appliances, F29.8
appliances (table), F29.8
humans, F29.3
humans (table), F29.4
lighting,F29.3
motors,
electric, F29.7
office equipment, F29.9
sol-air temperature, F29.15
standard air, F29.18
TETD/TA method, F29.1
transfer function method (TFM), F29.1
residential calculations, F28
block load, F28.1
cooling load temperature difference
(CLTD), F28.2; F29.1
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.12 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Cooling load (Continued) vertical spray, S36.3 maintenance, A35.4

multifamily residences (table), F28.2
single-family residences (table), F28.2
glass load factor (GLF), F28.2
multifamily residences (table), F28.3
single-family residences (table), F28.3
latent factor, F28.5
sensible heat factor, F28.5
shade line factor (SLF), F28.2
shading coefficient, F28.2; F29.21
table, F28.4
Cooling towers, S4.1; S36
approach to the wet bulb, A40.6, 12; S36.1
capacity, S36.2
capacity control, A40.9; A45.4; S36.8
airflow, A40.10
fan cycling, S36.8
fan sequencing, A40.9
flow modulation, A40.9
modulating dampers, S36.8
two-speed fans, S36.8
variable-frequency fan drives, S36.8
variable vs. fixed speed fans, A40.8
design conditions, S36.2
drift, S36.10
eliminators, S36.10, 12
economics, S36.7
fill, S36.3
fogging, S36.10
free cooling, S36.9
direct, S36.9
indirect, S36.9
freeze protection, S13.3; S36.10
heat/mass simultaneous transfer, F5.13
indirect evaporative coolers, S13.3; S19.4
inspections, S36.11
Legionella pneumophila, S36.12, 13
maintenance, S36.11
materials of construction, S36.7
modeling, F31.16
number of transfer units (NTU), S36.15
performance
curves, S36.13
monitoring, S36.11
thermal, S36.14
tower coefficients, S36.18
piping, S13.2; S36.8
plumes, S36.10
principle of operation, S36.1
recommissioning, A47.8
selection, S36.7
service life (table), A35.3
shutdown, A47.9
siting, S36.7
sound, S36.10
attenuators, S36.10
start-up, A47.8
testing, A36.15; S36.14
certification, S36.14
field acceptance test, S36.14
instruments, A36.15
procedure, A36.15
theory, S36.15
counterflow integration, S36.16
cross-flow integration, S36.17
heat/mass transfer, S36.15
types, S36.2
direct contact, S36.3
chimney (hyperbolic), S36.5
counterflow, S36.5
cross-flow, S36.5
forced draft, S36.5
horizontal spray, S36.3
induced draft, S36.5
F = 2001 Fundamentals
wet/dry, S36.5
indirect contact, S36.2, 6
closed-circuit fluid coolers, S36.6
coil shed, S36.6
open systems, S13.1
water treatment, S13.2; S36.13
winter operation, S36.10
inspections, S36.12
COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
Copper
boilers, S27.3
tube. See Pipe
Corn
drying, F11.12; A22.1
fungi (table), F11.2
Corrosion, A47.2
brines, F21.2
caustic cracking, A47.2
combustion, F18.15
concentration cell corrosion, A47.2
contributing factors, A47.2
control, A47.3, 9
cathodic protection, A47.4; S11.23
buried pipe, S11.23
cycles of concentration, A47.3
in boilers, A47.10
in cooling towers, A47.4
in geothermal energy systems, A31.8
inhibitors, A47.3
in steam/condensate systems, A47.11
materials selection, A47.3
passivation, A47.4
protective coatings, A47.3
energy recovery equipment, S44.5
erosion corrosion, A47.2, 3
galvanic corrosion, A47.2
inhibited glycols, F21.12
microorganism influence, A47.2, 5
oil-fired appliances, S30.17, 18
oxygen corrosion, A47.2, 11
pitting, A47.2
secondary coolant systems, R4.5
service water systems, A48.7
stress corrosion cracking, A47.2, 3
types, A47.2
white rust, A47.4
Costs (see also Economics)
all-air systems, S2.3
analysis period, A35.2
capital recovery factors (table), A35.7
discount formulas (table), A35.11
economic analysis techniques, A35.6
cash flow, A35.11
computer analysis, A35.11
present value (worth), A35.7
simple payback, A35.6
uniform annualized costs, A35.9
energy, A35.2, 6
financing alternatives, A35.5
cost sharing, A35.6
energy savings, A35.6
leasing, A35.5
low interest, A35.6
outsourcing, A35.5
inflation, A35.8
interest/discount rate, A35.2
life-cycle, A35.8
energy recovery equipment, S44.1
operation and maintenance, A37.1
piping insulation, S11.16
life-cycle savings
insulation, F23.10
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
estimating, A35.4
operating, A35.2
electrical energy, A35.3
maintenance, A35.4
natural gas, A35.4
other fuels, A35.4
snow melting systems, A49.8, 9
owning, A35.1
initial cost, A35.1
insurance, A35.2
taxes, A35.2
periodic, A35.2
refrigerant phaseout, A35.5
summary form (table), A35.1
Cotton
drying, F11.12; A22.8
Crawl spaces
heat loss, F28.9
insulation, A42.1, 2
moisture control, F24.10
temperature, F28.9
Crops. See Farm crops
Cryogenics, R38
biomedical applications, R40
cryomicroscopy, R40.6
cryopreservation, R40.1
cryoprotective agents, R40.2
cryosurgery, R40.7
induced hypothermia, R40.7
specimen preparation, R40.6, 7
cryocoolers, R38.8
recuperative
Brayton, R38.10
Joule-Thomson, R38.8
regenerative
Gifford-McMahon, R38.11
orifice pulse tube, R38.10
Stirling, R38.10
cryogenic fluids, R38.1
flammability, R38.25
power requirements (table), R38.8
storage vessels, R38.22
transfer, R38.23
equipment, R38.16
compressors, R38.16
expansion devices, R38.17
heat exchangers, R38.17
regenerators, R38.19
freezers, industrial
carbon dioxide, R15.5
liquid nitrogen, R15.5
hazards, R38.24
instrumentation, R38.23
insulation, R38.19
selection (table), R38.22
thermal conductivity (table), R38.20
liquefaction of gases, R38.3
system comparison (table), R38.7
properties of materials, R38.1
purification of gases, R38.15
recovery of gases, R38.13, 14
refrigeration cycles
Brayton, R38.8
figure, R38.9
cascade, R38.6
Claude, R38.5
figure, R38.5
Heylandt, R38.5
isenthalpic expansion, R38.4
isentropic expansion, R38.5
Joule-Thomson, R38.4
figures, R38.4, 9
Linde, R38.4
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
mixed refrigerant, R38.6
Stirling, R38.10
figure, R38.10
separation of gases, R38.12
Dairy products, R19
aseptic packaging, R19.20
butter
manufacture, R19.6
refrigeration load, R19.9
buttermilk, R19.5
cheese
cheese room refrigeration, R19.13
manufacture, R19.9
cream, R19.5
display refrigerators, R47.3
ice cream, R19.13
freezing, R19.16
freezing points (table), R19.15
hardening, R19.17
mix preparation, R19.14
refrigeration equipment, R19.19
refrigeration requirements, R19.16
milk, dry, R19.22
milk, evaporated, R19.21
milk, fresh, R19.1
processing, R19.2
refrigeration system, R19.5
storage, R19.4
milk, sweetened condensed, R19.22
storage requirements (table), R10.3
thermal properties, R8
UHT sterilization, R19.19
yogurt, R19.5
Dampers, F15.6
air outlet, S17.3, 4, 5
automatic control with, F15.6
fire and smoke control, A51.9
furnaces, S28.2, 7
modulating, S36.8
multilouver, S17.5
multishutter, S17.3
operators, F15.7
opposed blade, S2.6; S17.3, 5
outdoor air, A45.7
parallel blade, S2.7
return air, S2.7
sound control, A46.8
splitter, S17.5
types, F15.6
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A12.24
vent, S30.23
Dams
concrete cooling, R35.1
Darcy equation
friction loss, F34.7
Darcy-Weisbach equation, F34.12; F2.8
ducts, F32.12
piping, F35.1
pressure drop, F35.1
water-cooled condensers, S35.4
water systems, S39.4
Data processing areas, A16
air-conditioning systems, A16.2, A16.5
central station, A16.3
chilled water distribution, A16.5
controls, A16.5
humidification, A16.5; S20.1
precision units, A16.3
redundancy, A16.6
refrigeration, A16.5
cooling loads, A16.2
design criteria, A16.1
ancillary spaces, A16.2
F = 2001 Fundamentals
I.13
computer rooms, A16.1 Dehydration
tables, A16.1 farm crops, F11; A22
room isolation, A16.2 industrial systems for, A27
direct-cooled computer equipment, A16.5 refrigeration systems, R46.1
energy conservation, A16.6 Density
fire protection, A16.6 bulk F5.5
heat recovery, A16.6 chilled water (table), A33.11
instrumentation, A16.6 fluids, F2.1
return air, A16.5 liquids (table), F38.2
supply air distribution, A16.4 solids (table), F38.3
ceiling plenum supply, A16.4 vapors (table), F38.1
underfloor plenum supply, A16.4 Dental facilities, A7.13
zoning, A16.4 Desiccants, F22.1
Definitions. See Terminology applications, F22.1
Defrosting cosorption of water vapor/air contaminants,
air coolers, forced circulation, R42.3 F22.6
air-source heat pump coils, S8.7, 8; S45.9 cycle, F22.1
ammonia liquid recirculation systems, R3.23 dehumidification, S22
heat pumps, engine-driven, S47.9, 10 cogeneration, S7.32
household refrigerators and freezers, R49.6 isotherms, F22.5
meat coolers, R16.2 life, F22.5
retail food store refrigerators, R47.13 liquid absorbents, F22.3; S22.2, 3
Degree-day method, F31.17 regeneration, S22.3
variable-base, F31.19 refrigerant system, R6.3, 5
Degree-days equilibrium curves, R6.4
U.S./Canada monthly and yearly, 1981 solid adsorbents, F22.4; S22.2, 4
Fundamentals, Chapter 24, pp. 23-28 Desuperheaters
(See explanation on first page of Index) air conditioners, unitary, S45.4
Dehumidification, A45.6; S22 condensers, evaporative, S35.17
absorption, S22.1, 9 heat pumps, unitary, S45.4
adsorption, S22.1, 9 Diffusers. See Air outlets
air washers, S19.7 Diffusion (see also Air diffusion)
all-air systems, S2.5 coefficient, F5.2
coils. See Coils eddy, F5.9
desiccant, F22.1; S22.2 logarithmic mean density factor, F5.3
applications, S22.1, 8 molecular, F5.1
air conditioning systems, S22.9 Diffusivity mass F5.1
condensation prevention, S22.9 Diffusivity, thermal
gaseous contaminant control, S22.9 foods, R8.17
industrial processes, S22.8 Dilution
materials storage, S22.8 exhaust, F16.10; A43.6
testing, S22.9, 10 critical, F16.11
ventilation air preconditioning, S22.8 minimum, F16.10
equipment, S22.3 smoke, A51.4
liquid, F22.3 ventilation, A28.8; A44.10
solid, F22.4 Dimensionless numbers
desiccant, high pressure, S22.9 table, F3.2; F36.4
design data, F27.3 Direct expansion
environmental test facilities, R37.4 coils. See Coils
evaporative coolers, S19.7 coolers. See Coolers, liquid
evaporative cooling, A50.2 Discharge coefficients
methods, S22.1 valves, F2.11
mines, A26.3 District heating and cooling, S11
residential, A1.5 applicability, S11.1
Dehumidifiers central plant, S11.2
desiccant, S22 boiler, S11.3
liquid, S22.3 chiller, A45.14; S11.1, 3
regenerator, S22.3 distribution design, S11.4
operating concerns, S22.6 emission control, S11.4
airflow control, S22.7 heating medium, S11.3
commissioning, S22.7 thermal storage, S11.3
ductwork, S22.7 cogeneration, S7.32
filter maintenance, S22.7 components, S11.1
leakage, S22.7 consumer interconnections, S11.26
rotary solid, S22.4 chilled water, S11.3, 19, 31
additional cooling, S22.6 components, S11.27
performance (figure), S22.6 direct connection, S11.26
series use, S22.6 flow control, S11.28
solid, S22.4 hot water, S11.30
room, S47.7 indirect connection, S11.27
codes/standards, S47.8 heat exchangers, S11.27
design, S47.7 steam, S11.18, 29
rating, S47.8 temperature differential control, S11.31
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.14 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

District heating and cooling (Continued) energy neutral, A5.2 dynamic losses, F34.8
distribution system, S11.6 total energy, A5.2 Duct Fitting Database, F34.12
aboveground systems, S11.18, 19 Draft local loss coefficients, F34.8
condensate drainage/return, S11.7, 18 air diffusion, F32.12 examples
conduits burners, S26.14 heat transfer, F34.14
cathodic protection, S11.23 chimney, S30.1 industrial exhaust, F34.23
design conditions, S11.23 altitude correction, S30.7 procedures, F34.20
leak detection, S11.24 available, S30.1, 3, 7 thermal gravity effect (stack effect),
constant flow, S11.4 theoretical, S30.1, 2, 7 F34.2, 4, 5
construction, S11.18 comfort affected by, F8.13 fan-system interface, F34.12
entry pits, S11.24 cooling towers, S36.3, 5, 6 fan inlet and outlet conditions, F34.12
hydraulic considerations, S11.6 Drag, F2.5 fan system effect coefficients, F34.12
insulation Draperies, F30.49 fitting equivalent lengths (figures), S9.8
economical thickness, S11.16 double, F30.55 fitting loss coefficients, F34.29; F2.10
pipe expansion provisions, S11.17 shading coefficients, F30.38 Duct Fitting Database, F34.12
pipe insulation, S11.8 table, F30.40 rectangular fittings, F34.54
cellular glass, S11.21 Driers (see also Dryers) round fittings, F34.29
effect of moisture on (table), S11.8 refrigerant systems, R6.5 friction losses, F34.7
hydrophobic powder, S11.21 Drip station Altshul-Tsal equation, F34.7
life-cycle cost, S11.16 steam systems, S11.7 Colebrook equation, F34.7
poured envelope, S11.20 Dryers (see also Driers) Darcy equation, F34.7
properties (table), S11.8 commercial/industrial, A27 flat oval ducts, F34.8
pipe materials/standards, S11.18 adsorption, S22.9 round equivalent dimensions (table),
pipe sizing, S11.6 convection, S22.10 F34.11
pipe supports, S11.17 heatless, S22.10 friction chart, F34.8
thermal design conditions, S11.7 purge, S22.10 figure, F34.9
underground systems, S11.19 radiant, S22.10 noncircular ducts, F34.8
deep bury, S11.20 agitated-bed, A27.6 rectangular ducts, F34.8
direct-buried cellular glass, S11.21 cabinet/compartment, A27.4 round equivalent dimensions (table),
poured insulation, S11.20 calculations, A27.2 F34.10
trench, S11.20 conduction, A27.3 roughness factors, F34.7
tunnel, S11.19 convection, A27.4 table, F34.7
valve vaults, S11.24 dielectric, A27.4 head, F34.2
variable flow, S11.5 drying time determination, A27.1 static head, F34.2
water hammer, S11.6 flash, A27.6 velocity head, F34.2
economics, A35.6; S11.2 fluidized-bed, A27.6 industrial exhaust systems, F34.20; A29.16;
capital investment, S11.2 freeze drying, A27.6 S25.29
consumer, S11.2 microwave, A27.4 example, F34.23
energy source, S11.2 psychrometrics, A27.1 insulation, F34.14
producer, S11.2 radiant infrared, A27.3 leakage, F34.15
geothermal heating systems, A31.11 rotary, A27.4 duct seal levels (table), F34.16
heating conversion to, S11.31 selection, A27.3 leakage class, F34.15
heat transfer analysis, S11.9 spray, A27.5 table, F34.16
ground to air, S11.10 superheated vapor, A27.6 methods, F34.18
pipes in air, S11.16 tunnel, A27.5 equal friction, F34.18
pipes in buried trenches/tunnels, S11.14 ultraviolet, A27.3 static regain, F34.18
pipes in shallow trenches, S11.15 vacuum drying, A27.6 T-method optimization, F34.18
single buried pipe desiccant, high pressure, S22.9 T-method simulation, F34.19
in conduit with air space, S11.11 farm crops, A22 noise, F34.17
uninsulated, S11.10 Drying pressure, F34.2
with composite insulation, S11.12 air, S22.10 static pressure, F34.2
with single insulation, S11.11 desiccant, high pressure, S22.9 total pressure, F34.2
soil temperature calculation, S11.9 applications, S22.10 velocity pressure, F34.2
soil thermal conductivity, S11.9 equipment, S22.9 residential, S9.5
two pipes buried, S11.13 farm crops, F11; A22 box plenum/flexible duct systems, S9.11
in conduit with air space, S11.12 gases, S22.10 branch supply duct sizing, S9.6
metering, S11.32 Dual-duct systems embedded loop duct systems, S9.11
flowmeter characteristics (table), S11.33 all-air systems, S2.11 equal friction method, S9.6
thermal storage, A33.9; S11.3 constant volume, S2.11 return duct sizing, S9.7
Docks, A3.10 variable-air-volume, S2.11 supply trunk sizing, S9.7
Domestic hot water. See Service water heating control, A45.12 velocity reduction method, S9.7
Domiciliary facilities, A5 terminal boxes. See Terminal units zone damper systems, S9.8
Doors testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.4 smoke management, F34.14
U-factors, F25.14 DuBois equation testing, adjusting, and balancing, F34.18
table, F25.15; F30.11 body surface area, F8.3 Ductility
Dormitories, A5.8 Duct design, F34 metals and alloys (figure), R39.6
design criteria, A5.1 all-air systems, S2.9 Ducts
hot water demand/use (tables), A48.4, 11 Bernoulli equation, F34.1 acoustical lining, A46.12; S16.4
load characteristics, A5.1 computer analysis, A38.5 fiberglass, A46.17
service water heating, A48.11, 12 Darcy-Weisbach equation, F34.12 in hospitals, A7.11
showers, A48.15 design considerations, F34.14 air diffusers, F32.14
systems velocities for HVAC components, F34.17 airflow measurement in, A36.2
energy efficient, A5.1 table, F34.17 classification, S16.1
energy inefficient, A5.2 Duct Fitting Database, F34.12 commercial, S16.1
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
industrial, S16.1
residential, S16.1
cleaning, S16.2
construction, S16
codes, S16.1
commercial, S16.2
acoustical treatment, S16.4
fibrous glass ducts, S16.3
flat-oval ducts, S16.3
flexible ducts, S16.4
hangers, S16.4
materials, S16.2
plenums/apparatus casings, S16.4
rectangular ducts, S16.2
round ducts, S16.2
sheet metal thickness (tables), S16.3
industrial, S16.4
construction details, S16.5
hangers, S16.5
materials, S16.4
rectangular ducts, S16.5
round ducts, S16.5
kitchen exhaust ducts, S16.5
master specifications, S16.6
moist air, S16.5
outdoor ducts, S16.6
residential, S16.2
sheet metal thickness (table), S16.2
seismic qualification, S16.6
sheet metal welding, S16.6
standards, S16.1
commercial, S16.2
industrial, S16.4
residential, S16.2
thermal insulation, S16.6
underground, S16.5
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7
design. See Duct design
efficiency testing, S9.12
equivalent diameter, F2.10
flat oval ducts, F34.8
round equivalent dimensions (table),
F34.11
fittings. See Fittings
fluid flow, F2
forced-air systems, small, S9.1, 5
friction chart, F34.8
heaters for
control, A45.17
insulation, F23.18; F34.14
leakage, F34.15; S16.2
duct seal levels (table), F34.16
leakage class, F34.15
table, F34.16
noise in, A46.8
noncircular ducts, F34.8
plastic, S16.5
rectangular ducts, F34.8
round equivalent dimensions (table),
F34.10
road tunnels, A12.6
roughness factors, F34.7
table, F34.7
ships, A10.5
merchant (table), A10.5
naval (table), A10.7
silencers, A46.14
sound attenuation, A46.11
sound control, F7.11
sound transmission, A46.17
velocity measurement in, F14.16
vibration control, A46.44
F = 2001 Fundamentals
Dump boxes. See Terminal units
Dusts, S24.1
synthetic, S24.2, 3
Dynamic test chambers, R37
Dynamometers, A14.1, 3, 4
Earth (see also Soils)
stabilization, R35.3, 4
Earthquakes. See Seismic restraint
Economic analysis techniques, A35.6
cash flow, A35.11
computer analysis, A35.11
present value (worth), A35.7
equal payment series, A35.7
improved payback, A35.8
single payment, A35.7
simple payback, A35.6
uniform annualized costs, A35.9
Economics (see also Costs)
chillers, engine-driven, S47.7
cogeneration, S7.43
district heating and cooling, S11.2
energy management program, A34.3, 18
energy recovery equipment, S44.1
evaporative cooling, A50.10, 12
indoor gaseous contaminant control, A44.17
insulation thickness, F23.22
pipe, S11.16
laboratory systems, A13.17
owning and operating costs, A35
steam turbines, S7.18
thermal storage, A33.2
Economizers, A6.1
air-side, S5.2
advantages, S5.2
disadvantages, S5.2
in all-air systems, S2.7
boiler, A6.1
compressors
single-screw, S34.13, 14
twin-screw, S34.21
control, A40.22; A45.5
humidification load calculation, S20.3
kitchen ventilation, A30.12
water-side, S5.2
advantages, S5.2
disadvantages, S5.2
ECOP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
Eddy diffusivity, F5.9
Educational facilities
air conditioning, A6
design considerations, A6.2
design temperatures (table), A6.2
sound design levels (table), A6.2
energy conservation, A6.1
equipment selection, A6.4
system selection, A6.4
hot water demand/use (tables), A48.4, 11, 16
service water heating, A48.18
EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Effectiveness
heat transfer, F3.4
Efficiency
air conditioners, room, S47.2
air conditioners, unitary, S45.5
boilers, S27.5
combustion, F18.12
compressors
centrifugal, S34.30
positive-displacement, S34.2
reciprocating, S34.6
rotary, S34.10
scroll, S34.24
single-screw, S34.16
twin-screw, S34.20
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.15
fins, F3.20
forced-air systems, small, S9.12
furnaces, S9.13; S28.5, 7
heating equipment, F31.19
heat pumps, unitary, S45.5
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.3
infrared heaters, S15.4
motors, S40.2
pumps, centrifugal, S39.6
Eggs, R20
egg products, R20.8
dehydrated, R20.11
frozen, R20.11
processing, R20.9
refrigerated, R20.10
processing plant sanitation, R20.12
shell eggs, R20.1
processing, R20.5
refrigeration, R20.5
spoilage prevention, R20.4
storage, R20.7
transportation, R20.8
storage requirements (table), R10.3
thermal properties, R8
Electric
boilers, S27.5
coils, air-heating, S23.3
furnaces, residential, S28.4, 6, 8
heaters, S29.4
infrared, S15.2
metal sheath, S15.2
quartz tube, S15.3
reflector lamp, S15.3
tubular quartz lamp, S15.3
unit heaters, S31.6
makeup air units, S31.9
radiant panels, S6.16
snow melting systems, A49.12
unit ventilators, S31.1
water heaters, A48.2
Electrical
cogeneration, S7.27
costs, A35.3, 6
generating stations, A24
generation, on-site, A35.6
hazards, F9.13
insulation. See Insulation, electrical
Electricity
current imbalance, S40.1
measurement, F14.24
ammeters, F14.24
power-factor meters, F14.24
voltmeters, F14.24
wattmeters, F14.24
voltage phase imbalance, S40.1
Electrostatic precipitators, S24.7; S25.8
Elevators
smoke control, A51.12
Emissivity
solids (table), F38.3
Emittance
air spaces (table), F25.2
table, F3.8
Energy
accounting, A34.19
audit
field survey, A36.16
levels, A34.14
procedure, A34.16
cost distribution chart, A34.16
costs, A35.2
emergency use reduction, A34.19
forecasting building needs, A40.28
geothermal. See Geothermal energy
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.16
Energy (Continued)
savings verification, A39.2
simulation
computer applications, A38.8
solar. See Solar energy
sources, F16.1
Energy balance
comfort, F8.2, 16
refrigeration systems, R44.3
Energy conservation
air conditioners, room, S47.3
building envelopes, F17.2; A42
building supervisory control, A40
clean spaces, A15.13
data processing areas, A16.6
educational facilities, A6.1
farm crop drying, A22.4
greenhouses, A21.16
hospitals, A7.11
industrial environments, A28.21
infrared heaters, S15.1
inverse modeling, F31.24
kitchen ventilation, A30.11
laboratories, A13.16
opportunity (ECO), A34.2, 18
pumps, centrifugal, S39.13
temperature/ventilation control, A45.17
textile processing, A18.6
Energy consumption
building HVAC
control effect on, A40.6
commercial/public buildings (tables),
A34.8, 9
emergency reduction, A34.19
fans (table), A40.9
gaseous contaminant control, A44.16
humidifiers, S20.3
residential (tables), A34.14, 15
U.S., F17.9
per capita end-use, F17.9
projections, F17.9
world, F17.5
coal, F17.5
electricity, F17.8
natural gas, F17.5
per capita commercial, F17.9
petroleum, F17.8
Energy estimating, F31
balance point temperature, F31.17
bin method, F31.17
common elements, F31.2
component modeling, F31.4
computer simulation, A38.8
correlation methods, F31.22
degree-day method, F31.17
equation-based modeling, F31.22
forecasting methods, A40.28
forward modeling, F31.1
furnaces
electric, F31.19
gas, F31.19
oil, F31.19
instantaneous sensible load calculation, F31.5
heat balance method, F31.5
example, F31.5
thermal network method, F31.7
weighting factor method, F31.5
inverse modeling, F31.24
dynamic, F31.29
steady-state, F31.25
models (table), F31.25
neural network modeling, F31.30
primary systems, F31.22
boiler models, F31.14
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
cooling tower models, F31.16
modeling strategies, F31.16
first principle models, F31.14
HVAC1 Toolkit, F31.14
part-load ratio, F31.10
regression models, F31.13
vapor compression chiller models, F31.14
compressor models,F31.15
condenser models, F31.14
evaporator models, F31.14
other chiller models, F31.16
reciprocating compressor models,
F31.15
seasonal efficiency, F31.19
secondary systems, F31.9
cooling/dehumidifying coils, F31.12
effectiveness analysis, F31.12
fans, pumps, distribution, F31.10
HVAC2 Toolkit, F31.10
heat and mass transfer, F31.11
selecting a method, F31.3
space load, F31.4
system modeling, F31.16
integration, F31.22
variable-base degree-days, F31.19
Energy equation, F33.3
Energy management, A34
database compilation, A34.4
demand-side, F17.11; A34.3
emergency energy use reduction, A34.19
energy accounting, A34.19
energy audits, A34.14
audit procedure, A34.16
detailed analysis, A34.14
survey/analysis, A34.14
walkthrough assessment, A34.14
energy conservation opportunity (ECO),
A34.2, 18
comparing, A34.18
energy consultant, A34.3
energy manager, A34.2
financing, A34.3, 18
implementation, A34.3, 19
inverse modeling, F31.24
organizing, A34.1
Energy monitoring, A39
applications
building diagnostics, A39.2
energy end use, A39.1
performance monitoring
commercial new construction, A39.4
commercial retrofit, A39.3
residential retrofit, A39.3
savings measurement and verification,
A39.2
specific technology assessment, A39.1
data
acquisition, A39.10
analysis, A39.5, 8
empirical methods, A39.8
model-based methods, A39.9
measurement uncertainty, A39.12
reporting, A39.5, 14
requirements, A39.6
verification, A39.5, 13
design/implementation methodology, A39.5
documentation, A39.6, 14
planning, A39.5
data requirements, A39.6
design approach, A39.7
documentation, A39.6, 14
goals, A39.6
quality assurance, A39.5, 13
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications
Energy recovery (see also Heat recovery)
air-to-air, S44
airflow arrangements, S44.6
applications, S44.1
comfort-to-comfort, S44.1
process-to-comfort, S44.1
process-to-process, S44.1
calculations, S44.7
examples, S44.9
design considerations
condensation, S44.5, 13
controls, S44.6, 14, 17
corrosion, S44.5
cross-contamination, S44.5, 12, 14, 16
filters, air, S44.6
fouling, S44.5
freeze prevention, S44.5, 15
maintenance, S44.6, 14, 16
performance, S44.4, 12, 15, 16
pressure drop, S44.5
economic considerations, S44.1
effectiveness, S44.4
energy transfer, S44.2
mechanisms, S44.3
rate, S44.3
sensible/latent/total, S44.4, 5
equipment, S44.11
coil energy recovery loops, S44.15
comparison (table), S44.12
fixed-plate exchangers, S44.11
heat pipe heat exchangers, S44.16
rating, S44.4
rotary energy exchangers, S44.13
runaround loops, S44.15
thermosiphon (two-phase) heat
exchangers, S44.18
twin-tower enthalpy recovery loops,
S44.17
evaporative cooling, indirect, S19.3; S44.7
example, S44.10
precooling air reheater, S44.7
chemical industry, R36.4
mine air cooling, A26.5
Energy resources, F17
characteristics, F17.1
electricity, F17.1
fossil fuels, F17.1
nonrenewable, F17.1
on-site energy forms, F17.1
renewable, F17.1
demand-side management, F17.11
integrated resource planning, F17.11
relationships to site energy, F17.4
resource utilization factor (RUF), F17.5
U.S., F17.9
outlook summary, F17.10
overall consumption projections, F17.9
per capita consumption projections, F17.9
use of, A34
world, F17.5
consumption, F17.8
production, F17.5
reserves, F17.5
Energy wheels, S44.13
Engines, S7
air-cooled engines, S7.38
applications, S7.40
centrifugal compressors, S7.41
chillers, S47.1
heat pumps, S7.41; S47.7
reciprocating compressors, S7.40
refrigeration, S47.10
screw compressors, S7.42
codes, S7.47
R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
combustion air systems, S7.6, 37
compressed air systems, S7.6
continuous duty standby, S7.35
controls and instruments, S7.6
ebullient cooling, S7.21, 36
emissions, S47.5
contaminants, S47.6
lean burn combustion, S47.6
stoichiometric combustion, S47.6
exhaust systems, S7.6, 36
expansion engines, S7.35
fuels, F18.6; S7.4
cetane number, F18.6
heating value, S7.4
selection, S7.4
fuel systems, S7.4
heat recovery, S7.20; S47.3, 9
exhaust gas, S7.22
jacket water, S7.20
lubricant, S7.22
turbocharger, S7.22
heat release, A14.1
heat removal, S7.38
jacket water system, S7.5, 35
lubrication, S7.5
maintenance, S7.7; S47.3
noise control, S7.7
performance characteristics, S7.3
fuel consumption, S7.3
power rating, S7.3
thermal-to-electric ratio, S7.3
reciprocating, S7.1
four-stroke, S7.2
two-stroke, S7.2
sizing, S7.40
standards, S7.47
thermal output, S7.19
turbochargers, S7.6
vibration control, S7.7
water-cooled engines, S7.36
Engine test facilities
air conditioning, A14
exhaust, A14.2
noise levels, A14.4
ventilation, A14.3
Enthalpy
calculation, F1.4
definition, F1.2
foods, R8.8
potential F5.9
recovery loop, twin-tower, S44.17
specific F6.9
water vapor, F5.9
wheels, S44.13
Entropy
calculation, F1.4
definition, F1.1
specific F6.13
Environmental control
animals. See Animal environments
humans. See Comfort
plants. See Plant environments
retail food stores, R47.14
store ambient effect, R47.2
Environmental health, F9
biostatistics, F9.1
cellular biology, F9.2
epidemiology, F9.1
genetics, F9.2
industrial hygiene, F9.2
short-term exposure, F9.3
time-weighted average exposure, F9.3
molecular biology, F9.2
physical hazards, F9.11
F = 2001 Fundamentals
electrical hazards, F9.13
electromagnetic radiation, F9.16
ionizing radiation, F9.16
nonionizing radiation, F9.17
optical, F9.17
radio waves, F9.17
radon action levels (table), F9.16
noise, F9.15
thermal comfort, F9.11
comfort zones, F9.11
diseases affected by, F9.12
figure, F9.12
hot and cold surfaces, F9.13
hyperthermia, F9.12
hypothermia, F9.12
vibrations, F9.13
standards
table, F9.9
terminology, F9.1
toxicology, F9.2
Environmental test facilities, R37
chamber construction, R37.6
altitude chambers, R37.6
control, R37.4
cooling systems, R37.1
design calculations, R37.5
heating systems, R37.2
humidity, R37.3, 6
refrigerants, R37.1
Error analysis. See Uncertainty analysis
Ethylene glycol
coolants, secondary, F21.4
hydronic systems, S12.16
Eutectic plates
refrigerated surface transport, R29.4
Evaporation
in tubes
equations (table), F4.6
forced convection, F4.5
natural convection, F4.1
Evaporative cooling, A50
applications
air cleaning, A50.2; S19.7
animal environments, A21.4; A50.8
combustion turbines, S7.10
commercial, A50.4
dehumidification, A50.2; S19.7
gas turbines, A50.8
greenhouses, A21.13; A50.9
humidification, A50.2; S19.6
industrial air conditioning, A11.8
industrial area cooling, A50.6
industrial process cooling, A50.8
industrial spot cooling, A50.7
laundries, A50.8
makeup air pretreatment, S19.5
mines, A26.3, 4, 6
motors, A50.7
power generation facilities, A50.8
precooling, A50.3; S19.5
mixed air systems, A50.3
outdoor air systems, A50.3
produce storage, A50.9
residential, A50.4
wood/paper products facilities, A50.8
cooling towers, S36
direct, A50.1, 2; S19.1
economics, A50.10, 12
energy saving, A50.10
utility cost, A50.12
water cost, A50.10
entering air condition, A50.11
equipment, S19
air washers. See Air washers
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications
I.17
direct, S19.1
random-media, S19.2
remote pad, S19.2
rigid-media, S19.2
saturation effectiveness, S19.1
indirect, S19.3
cooling tower/coil systems, S19.4
effectiveness, S19.3
packaged, S19.3
indirect/direct combinations, S19.4
three-stage (figure), S19.5
two-stage, S19.4
maintenance, S19.7
exhaust requirement, A50.5
heat recovery and, A50.3; S19.3; S44.7
indirect, A50.1, 3; S19.3; S44.7
psychrometrics, A50.1, 5, 0, 1
staged, A50.3, 11; S19.4
booster refrigeration, A50.3, 11
figure, S19.5
two-stage (indirect/direct), A50.4, 5, 10;
S19.4
water treatment, A47.9; S19.8
Legionella pneumophila, S19.8
Evaporators (see also Coolers, liquid)
air conditioners, room, S47.2
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2
piping, R3.19
automobile air conditioning, A8.4
chemical industry refrigeration, R36.7
flooded, F4.4
halocarbon refrigeration systems
piping, R2.23
liquid overfeed systems, R1.6
modeling, F31.14
Exfiltration, F26.1
Exhaust
animal buildings, A21.6
cleaning. See Industrial exhaust gas
cleaning
clean spaces, A15.11, 13
contaminant concentration, A43.6
dilution, F16.10; A43.6
engines, S7.6, 36
heat recovery, S7.22
engine test facilities, A14.2
hoods. See Hoods
industrial environments, A11.9; A29
kitchens, A30.6, 17
laboratories, A13.3, 9
stack height, A13.12
local
gaseous contaminant control, A44.9
industrial ventilation, A28.5; A29
minimizing reentrainment, A43.4
photographic processing areas, A19.2
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A12.26
Exhaust stacks, A43
design strategies, A43.1
exhaust dilution, A43.6
concentration contours, A43.6
critical dilution, A43.8
critical wind speed, A43.8
prediction equations, A43.6
exhaust velocity, A43.2
height calculation, A43.4
industrial exhaust systems, A29.19
location relative to air intake, A43.2
wake downwash, A43.2
Exhibit buildings, temporary, A4.7
air cleanliness, A4.8
HVAC equipment, A4.8
occupancy, A4.8
R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.18 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Exhibit cases, A20.5, 9
Exhibition centers, A4.5
smoke management, A51.13
Expansion
bends, S41.11
L type, S41.11
U type, S41.12
Z type, S41.11
joints, S41.12
district heating and cooling, S11.17
packed, S41.13
flexible ball, S41.14
slip, S41.13
packless
flexible hose, S41.14
metal bellows, S41.14
rubber, S41.14
loops, S41.12
tanks, S11.17
hydronic systems, S12.3, 7; S14.4
closed, S12.3
diaphragm, S12.3
functions of, S12.3, 7
open, S12.3
sizing equations, S12.4
secondary coolant systems, R4.3
solar energy systems, A32.15
valves. See Valves
Fairs, A4.7
air cleanliness, A4.8
HVAC equipment, A4.8
occupancy, A4.8
Fan-coil units, S3.2
advantages, S3.5
capacity control, S3.4
disadvantages, S3.5
performance under varying load, S3.6
two-pipe systems, S3.4
types, S3.3
water distribution, S3.4
wiring, S3.4
Fans, S18
air conditioners, room, S47.2
all-air systems, S2.4, 6, 8
animal environments, A21.6
axial fan (figure), S18.1
centrifugal fan (figure), S18.1
characteristics (table), S18.2
condensers, air-cooled, S35.9
cooling tower capacity control, A40.9; S36.8
draft, S30.24
duct system interface, F34.12
energy consumption (table), A40.9
flow control, A45.1; S18.8; S40.7
eddy current coupling, S40.8
inlet vanes, S18.9; S40.8
outlet dampers, S18.9; S40.8
variable-pitch blades, S18.9
variable speed drives, S40.8
furnaces, S28.2
industrial exhaust systems, A29.18
isolation, S18.8
kitchen exhaust, A30.7
laws, S18.4
table, S18.4
operating principles, S18.1
parallel operation, S18.7
plenum fans, S18.1
plug fans, S18.1
pressure relationships, S18.5
effect of duct system on, S18.6
rating, S18.4
selection, A46.5; S18.7
sequencing, A45.3
F = 2001 Fundamentals
service life (table), A35.3
ships
merchant, A10.2
naval, A10.6
sound control, A46.4
sound level, A46.4; S18.8
system effects, S18.7
testing, S18.4
types, S18.1
table, S18.2
unstable operation, A45.3
variable vs. fixed speed, A40.8
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A12.23
Farm crops, F11; A22
aeration, F11.11; A22.4, 10
combination drying, A22.4
deep bed drying, F11.10; A22.4
dryeration, A22.4
drying, F11; A22.2, 7
airflow resistance, F11.9
constants (table), F11.10
barley, F11.13
corn, F11.12; A22.1
cotton, F11.12; A22.8
energy conservation, A22.4
grain, F11.12
hay, F11.11; A22.8
peanuts, F11.13; A22.9
physiological factors, F11
rice, F11.13; A22.9
seeds, F11.13
soybeans, F11.13; A22.7
theory, F11.8
tobacco, F11.13
wheat, F11.13
drying equipment, A22.2
full-bin drying, A22.5
layer drying, A22.7
microbial growth, A22.1
recirculation, A22.4
shallow layer drying, F11.8; A22.3
storing, F11; A22.9
carbon dioxide, F11.3
fungi, F11.6
conditions promoting (table), F11.2
grain aeration, F11.11; A22.10
grain storage time (table), A22.1
insects, F11.7
conditions promoting (table), F11.3
moisture content, F11.1
equilibrium, F11.3
measurement, F11.5
safe levels (table), F11.2
moisture migration, F11.2; A22.9
oxygen, F11.3
rodents, F11.7
temperature, F11.3
Fenestration (see also Windows), F30; A42.6
airflow windows, F30.40
complex systems, F30.37
absorptance calculation, F30.43
solar-thermal separation, F30.43
transmittance calculation, F30.43
condensation resistance, F30.60
daylighting from, F30.56
doors, F30.11
energy flow, F30.3
energy performance, F30.59
frames, F30.3
glass, F30
durability, F30.64
occupant comfort, F30.62
safety/strength, F30.63
sound transmittance loss (table), F30.63
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
glass block walls, F30.40
glazing
glass, F30.1
insulating glazing unit (IGU), F30.1
plastic materials, F30.41
properties, F30.18
spectral selectivity, F30.15
heat transfer coefficients, F30.5
air space (table), F30.7
glazing (table), F30.6
infiltration, F29.18; F30.56; A42.7
optical properties, F30.17
absorptance, F30.17
angular dependence, F30.17
reflectance, F30.17
spectral dependence, F30.18
transmittance, F30.17
visible light transmittance (table), F30.26,
58
shading,
computer calculations, F30.46
draperies, F30.49
double, F30.55
exterior, F29.14; F30.44
interior, F30.54
louvers, F30.45
roller shades, F30.47
roof overhangs, F30.45
venetian blinds, F30.47
shading coefficients (see also Heat gain),
F30.38
double glazing (table), F30.48
glass block walls (table), F30.40
louvers, F30.45
skylights (domed), F30.40
solar angle, F30.15
solar energy
diffuse sky radiation, F30.15
flux, F30.13
irradiance, F30.16
solar heat gain, A42.7
calculations, F30.36
frame, F30.37
passive, F30.39
solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC), F30.36
solar heat gain factors (SHGF), F30.38
spacers, F30.2
Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F30.17
thermal controls, F30.54
U-factors, F30.4
center-of-glass, F30.4
doors, F30.11
table, F30.11
edge-of-glass, F30.4
fenestration products (table), F30.8
visual controls, F30.54
Fiberglass
duct liners, A46.17
Fick’s law
molecular diffusion, F5.1
Film. See Photographic materials
Filters, air (see also Air cleaners), S24
air conditioners, room, S47.3
aircraft, A9.4, 9
applications (table), S24.9
clean spaces, A15.3, 7, 10
HEPA, A15.3, 7, 10
ULPA, A15.3, 7, 10
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7
dry, extended surface, S24.6
electret, S24.6
membrane, S24.7
electronic, S24.5, 7
ozone production, S24.8
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
space charge, S24.8
furnaces, S28.2
HEPA, S24.7; S25.2
tests, S24.3, 4, 5
hospitals, A7.2
industrial exhaust gas, A11.8
fabric, S25.10
baghouses, S25.10
cartridges, S25.10
collection mechanisms, S25.11
disposable media, S25.10
electrostatic augmentation, S25.12
pressure-volume relationships, S25.11
self-cleaning mechanisms, S25.12
granular bed, S25.15
principle of operation, S25.15
installation, S24.10
kitchens, A30.2, 7, 15
laboratories, A13.9
maintenance, S24.8
nuclear facilities, A25.2, 5
charcoal filters, A25.3, 5
demisters, A25.3, 5
dust filters, A25.2
HEPA filters, A25.2, 5
sand filters, A25.3
panel, S24.5
places of assembly, A4.1
printing plants, A17.4
renewable media, moving-curtain, S24.7
dry media, S24.7
performance (table), S24.7
viscous impingement, S24.7
residential, A1.5
safety requirements, S24.12
selection, S24.8
ships
merchant, A10.3
naval, A10.7
standards, S24.2, 5
test methods
arrestance, S24.2, 3
DOP penetration, S24.4
dust-holding capacity, S24.2, 3
dust-spot efficiency, S24.2, 3
environmental, S24.5
fractional efficiency, S24.2
leakage (scan), S24.4
particle size efficiency, S24.2
penetration, S24.2, 4
types, S24.5
ULPA, S24.4, 7; S25.2
viscous impingement, S24.5, 7
Filters, water, A47.7
Finite Volume formulations, F33.3
Finite Element Formulations, F33.3
Finned tube
heat transfer coils, F3.24
energy recovery loops, S44.15
units, S32.1
application, S32.5
design effects, S32.4
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
rating, S32.3
Fins
efficiency, F3.20
example, F3.21
resistance, F3.23
Fireplaces, S29.4
chimney design, S30.19
duct design, F32.14
factory-built, S29.5
freestanding, S29.5
inserts, S29.6
F = 2001 Fundamentals
I.19
simple, S29.4 downwash, F16.1
Fire safety, A51 upwash, F16.1
clean space exhaust systems, A15.12 stagnation pressure, F16.1
data processing areas, A16.6 surface streamlines, F16.1
duct design, F34.14 mean speed of wind, F16.1
fire/smoke dampers, A51.9 stagnation zone, F16.1
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.30 recirculating flow zones, F16.1
kitchens, A30.12 wake, F16.1
laboratories, A13.11 streamline patters, F16.1
nuclear facilities, A25.2 recirculation airflow, F16.1
through penetration fire stopping, A51.1 Flowers, cut
Fish, R18 air transport, R31.1, 3
fresh cooling, R14.9
icing, R18.1 storage, R10.6
packaging, R18.3 conditions (table), R10.7
refrigeration, R18.1 Flowmeters, F14.18; A36.12
storage, R18.3 bypass spring impact meters, A36.12
storage requirements (table), R10.3 characteristics (table), S11.33
frozen district heating and cooling systems, S11.32
freezing methods, R18.5 flow nozzles, F14.18
packaging, R18.4 hoods, F14.21
storage, R18.7 orifice plates, F14.18; A36.12
transport, R18.9 positive-displacement meters, F14.20
thermal properties, R8 rotameters, F14.20
Fishing vessels. See Ships turbine meters, F14.20; A36.13
Fittings, F34.29 ultrasonic, A36.13
duct velocity impact meters, A36.12
Duct Fitting Database, F34.12 venturi meters, F14.18; A36.12
effective length, F2.10 Fluid dynamic modeling, A28.6
equivalent lengths (figures), S9.8 Fluid flow, F2
local loss coefficients, F2.10; F34.8 Bernoulli equation, F2.2, 8
rectangular kinetic energy factor, F2.2
loss coefficients, F34.54 boundary layer, F2.4
pipe, S41.2 cavitation, F2.5
application data (table), S41.6 choking, F2.7
effective length, F2.10 compressible flow, F2.7, 11
elbow equivalents (table), F35.7 expansion factor, F2.7
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.9 continuity, F2.2
equivalent length (tables), R2.10 Darcy-Weisbach equation, F2.8
loss coefficients, F2.10 drag, F2.5
table, F35.2 drag coefficient, F2.5
pipe sizing, F35.1, 6 example, F2.8
standards, S41.2 fitting effective length, F2.10
tees, F35.7 fitting loss coefficient, F2.10
elbow equivalents (figure), F35.6 fluid properties, F2.1
Fixed guideway vehicle air conditioning (see density, F2.1
also Rapid transit systems), A8.10 viscosity, F2.1
air distribution, A8.11 absolute, F2.1
controls, A8.11 dynamic, F2.1
heating, A8.11 kinematic, F2.1
outside air, A8.11 incompressible flow, F2.11
refrigeration components, A8.10 laminar flow, F2.3
system types, A8.10 measurement, F2.12; F14.17; A36.11
Fixture units, F35.8 noise, F2.14
Flammability limits nonisothermal effects, F2.6
fuels (table), F18.2 pipe friction, F2.8
Flash tank equivalent diameter, F2.10
steam systems, S10.14 friction factor, F2.8
Flooded fluid coolers. See Coolers, liquid Moody chart (figure), F2.9
Floor coverings roughness (table), F2.10
panel systems affected by, S6.6 pressure variation across flow, F2.2
temperature pressure variation along flow, F2.2
comfort affected by, F8.14 Reynolds number, F2.3
Floors section change losses, F2.10
moisture control, F23.10;F24.10 sensors for, F15.9
Floor slabs separation, F2.4
moisture control, F24.10 vena contracta, F2.4
heat loss, F28.12 turbulent flow, F2.3
Flow patterns, F16.1 two-phase, F4
approach wind characteristics, F16.1 boiling, F4.1
ground level upwind vortex, F16.1 condensation, F4.7
scaling length, F16.1 evaporation, F4.2, F4.5
vortex, F16.1 unsteady flow, F2.13
intermediate zone, F16.1 valve losses, F2.10, 11
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.20
Fluid flow (Continued)
wall friction, F2.3
pipe factor, F2.3
Food
cooling time calculations, R9.1
freezing time calculations, R9.7
industrial freezing methods, R15
microbial growth, R11.1
control, R11.3
processing facilities, R26
control of microorganisms, R11.3
dairy, R19
fruits, R26.4
main dishes, R26.1
meat, R16
potato products, R26.5
poultry, R17
refrigeration systems, R26.3, 4, 6
sanitation, R11.4
vegetables, R26.3
refrigeration
dairy products, R19
eggs and egg products, R20
fishery products, R18.1
fruits, fresh, R21; R22
meat products, R16
poultry products, R17
vegetables, R23
refrigerators
commercial, R48
retail food store, R47
service (see also Food service)
storage
retail walk-in coolers, R47.7
storage requirements, R10
canned foods, R10.5
citrus fruit, R22.3
dried foods, R10.5
fruit, R21.1
perishable foods (table), R10.2
thermal properties, R8
enthalpy, R8.8
table, R8.10
freezing point (table), R8.3
heat of respiration, R8.17
tables, R8.18, 20, 23
heat transfer coefficient, surface, R8.24
table, R8.25
ice fraction, R8.2
models (table), R8.2
specific heat (table), R8.3
thermal conductivity, R8.9
tables, R8.12, 15
thermal diffusivity, R8.17
table, R8.18
transpiration coefficient, R8.19
tables, R8.24
water content, R8.1
table, R8.3
Food service
refrigeration equipment, R48
service water heating, A48.11, 16
Fouling factor
condensers, water-cooled, S35.3
coolers, liquid, S37.4
Foundations
insulation, F24.3; A42.2
moisture control, A42.2
radon control, A42.3
Fountains
Legionella pneumophila control, A47.7
Fourier number
table, F3.2
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
Four-pipe systems, S3.10 refrigeration, R24.5
common load, S12.13 Fruits, dried
independent load, S12.13 thermal properties, R8
room control, S3.11 storage, R28.7
zoning, S3.10 Fruits, fresh, R21; R22
Frames air transport, R31.1
fenestration, F30.3 apples, storage, R21.1; A50.9
Free cooling. See Outside air apricots, R21.9
Freeze drying, A27.6 avocados, R22.8
biological materials, R40.4 bananas, R22.5
Freeze prevention handling, R22.5
condensers, evaporative, S35.16 ripening rooms, R22.5
coolers, liquid, S37.5 berries, R21.9
cooling tower piping, S13.3 cherries, sweet, R21.8
cooling tower sump water, S36.10 citrus, R22.1
energy recovery equipment, S44.5, 15 deterioration, R22.4
hydronic systems, S12.16 diseases, R22.4
pipes, F24.14 handling, R22.1
solar energy systems, A32.24; S33.2, 19 storage, R22.3; A50.9
Freezers transportation, R22.3
blast, R13.9; R15.1; R16.15 cooling, R14
household, R49 desiccation, R10.1
cabinet construction, R49.2 deterioration rate (table), R10.1
defrosting, R49.6 display refrigerators, R47.4
efficiency, R49.1 figs, R21.10
refrigeration systems, R49.5 frozen, R26.4
testing, R49.9 grapes, R21.5
industrial, R15 fumigation, R21.6
blast, R15.1 mangoes, R22.8
contact, R15.4 nectarines, R21.8
cryogenic, R15.5 peaches, R21.8
cryomechanical, R15.5 pears, R21.4
selection, R15.5 pineapples, R22.8
walk-in, R48.3 plums, R21.7
Freezing respiration. See Respiration
beverages storage diseases, R21
freezing time calculations, R9.7 storage requirements (table), R10.2
biomedical applications, R40 strawberries, R21.9
foods thermal properties, R8
bakery products, R27.5 transpiration. See Transpiration
egg products, R20.11 Fuel cells
fish, R18.5 cogeneration, S7.35
freezing time calculations, R9.7 Fuel oil. See Oil, fuel
ice cream, R19.15 Fuels, F18.1
industrial methods, R15 engines, S7.4
meat products, R16.15 gaseous, F18.4
poultry products, R17.4 heating value, S7.4; S7.4
processed and prepared food, R26 liquid, F18.4
points solid, F18.6
foods (table), R8.3 turbines, S7.9
refrigerants (table), F19.3 Fume hoods, A13.3
table, F38.2 Fungi
soil, R35.3, 4 farm crop storage, F11.6
Friction factor, F2.8 Furnaces, S28
Friction losses, F2.8 air cleaners, S28.2
copper tube (figure), F35.5 air filters, S28.2
faucets/cocks (figure), F35.9 airflow configurations, S28.2
fittings, F34.29, 54; F35.1, 6 basement/lowboy furnace, S28.3
flat oval ducts, F34.8 downflow furnace, S28.2
friction chart, F34.8 gravity furnace, S28.3
figure, F34.9 highboy/upflow furnace, S28.2
noncircular ducts, F34.8 horizontal furnace, S28.2
plastic pipe (figure), F35.5 multiposition furnace, S28.3
roughness factors, F34.7 air supply, S30.20
table, F34.7 burners, S26.1; S28.1
steel pipe (figure), F35.5 casings, S28.1
valves, F35.1, 6 codes, S28.10
Fruit juice, R24 commercial, S28.8
chilled, R24.4 combination package unit, S28.9
concentrate ducted, S28.9
concentration methods, R24.3 floor furnaces, S28.9
processing, R24.1 selection, S28.9
storage, R24.3 unducted, S28.9
powdered, R24.5 control, S28.1, 7
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
derating, S26.3
duct furnaces, S26.2; S28.9
efficiency, S28.5
electric, S28.4, 6, 8
seasonal efficiency, F31.19
fans/motors, S28.2
floor furnaces, S28.9; S29.2
humidifiers, S28.2
installation practices, S28.10
natural gas, S26.1; S28.1, 5, 7
draft hoods, S28.2
residential, S28.1, 5, 7
capacity ratings, S28.7
combustion system, S28.3
efficiency, S28.5, 7
heat exchangers, S28.1
seasonal efficiency, F31.19
vent dampers, S28.2, 7
venting, S28.2; S30.16
oil, S28.4, 8
seasonal efficiency, F31.19
venting, S30.17
propane, S28.4, 8
regulating agencies, S28.10
residential, A1.3; S28.1
annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE),
S28.6
efficiency, S9.13
floor furnaces, S29.2
indoor or outdoor, S28.4
selection, S28.5
selection, S28.5, 9
service life (table), A35.3
standards, S28.11
stokers, S26.9
thermal storage, A33.17
venting, S30.16, 17
wall furnaces, S29.1
Galleries. See Museums, libraries, and
archives
Garages, bus
ventilation, A12.11
design considerations, A12.12
effects of alternative fuel use, A12.12
equipment, A12.23
maintenance/repair areas, A12.11
servicing areas, A12.11
storage areas, A12.11
Garages, parking, A3.10; A12.8
contaminant criteria, A12.8
ventilation, A12.8
airflow rate, A12.8
design calculations, A12.9
control, A12.9
equipment, A12.23
system configuration, A12.10
Gas, natural. See Natural gas; Gas-fired
Gaseous contaminants. See Contaminants,
gaseous
Gases
compressed
storage, A13.8
drying, S22.10
liquefaction, R38.3
noncondensable. See Noncondensable gases
purification, R38.12
separation, R38.12
Gas-fired (see also Natural gas)
boilers, S26.1
burners, S26.1
equipment
venting, S30.16
furnaces, S26.1; S28.1, 5, 7
codes, S28.10
F = 2001 Fundamentals
commercial, S28.8
installation practices, S28.10
residential, S28.1
standards, S28.11
heaters, S26.2; S29.1
infrared, S15.1; S26.2
catalytic oxidation, S15.2
indirect, S15.1
porous matrix, S15.2
unit heaters, S26.2; S31.4
makeup air units, S31.9
turbines, S7.8
unit ventilators, S31.1
water heaters, A48.1
Gas vents, S30
Generators
absorption units, R41.3, 9, 11
cogeneration, S7.27
Geothermal energy, A31
applications, A31.3
corrosion control, A31.8
direct-use systems, A31.3
commercial/residential applications,
A31.11
equipment, A31.7
industrial applications (table), A31.14
service water heating, A31.13
space cooling, A31.13
space heating, A31.11
district heating, A31.11
geothermal fluids, A31.2
composition (table), A31.2
corrosive effects (table), A31.6
disposal, A31.4
temperature, A31.1, 4
ground-source heat pump systems, A31.14;
S8.4
ground-coupled, A31.14, 16
groundwater, A31.15, 21
surface water, A31.15, 23
terminology, A31.14
heat exchangers, A31.9, 22
materials performance, A31.7
piping, A31.10
resources, A31.1
depth, A31.3
life, A31.4
temperature, A31.1, 4
valves, A31.10
water wells, A31.4
flow rate, A31.3
flow testing, A31.5
pumps, A31.8, 21
terminology, A31.4
water quality testing, A31.6
Glass, F30
block walls, F30.40
CLTD (table), F28.4
cooling load, F28.2
load factors, F28.2
optical properties, F30.17
safety/strength, F30.63
selection, F30.59
shading coefficients, F29.21; F30.38
sound transmittance, loss (table), F30.63
Glazing, F29; F30
Glycols
coolants, secondary, F21.4
desiccant solution, S22.2
ethylene. See Ethylene glycol
propylene. See Propylene glycol
Graetz number
table, F3.2
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.21
Grain (see also Farm crops)
drying, F11.12
insects (table), F11.3
storage moisture (table), F11.2
Grashof number
table, F3.2
Greenhouses (see also Plant environments),
A21.10
evaporative cooling, A50.9
heating, F10.15, 14
supplemental irradiance, F10.19
Grilles. See Air outlets
Ground-source energy. See Geothermal
energy
Gymnasiums, A4.5
Halocarbons
coolants, secondary, F21.13
refrigerants. See Refrigerants
refrigeration systems. See Refrigeration
Halons. See Refrigerants
Hartford loop, S10.3
Hay
drying, F11.11; A22.8
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
(HACCP), R11.4
Hazen-Williams equation
pressure drop, F35.1
Health
environmental. See Environmental health
Health care facilities, A7
dental facilities, A7.13
disease prevention/treatment, A7.1
hospitals. See Hospitals
nursing homes. See Nursing homes
outpatient. See Outpatient health care
facilities
Heat
animal production, F10.2, 7
balance, S8.20
conduction transfer function, F29.23
examples, S8.20
latent
respiratory loss, F8.4
skin loss, F8.3, 9
reclaim. See Heat recovery
sensible
respiratory, F8.4
skin, F8.3, 9
timers, S10.13
Heaters, S29
automobiles, A8.1, 4
catalytic, S29.1
control, S29.2, 4
direct-contact, S14.6
electric, S15.2; S29.4
baseboard, S29.4
portable, S29.4
thermostats, S29.4
unit, S31.6
wall/floor/toe space/ceiling, S29.4
fireplaces, S29.4
gas, S15.1; S26.2; S29.1
control valves, S29.2
efficiency requirements, S29.2
room, S29.1
sizing (table), S29.3
thermostats, S29.2
unit, S31.4
wall furnaces, S29.1
hot water, S31.4
hydronic snow melting, A49.12
industrial environments, A11.6
infrared, A52.1, 4, 8; S15; S26.2; S28.9
in-space, S29
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.22
Gas-fired (Continued)
kerosene, S29.3
oil, S15.3; S29.3
powered atomizing, S29.3
unit, S31.4
vaporizing oil pot, S29.3
radiant
gas-fired, S26.2; S29.1
infrared, A52.1, 4, 8; S15; S26.2; S28.9
electric, S15.2
gas-fired, S15.1
oil-fired, S15.3
panels, S29.4
quartz, S29.4
residential, S29
room, S29.1
service life (table), A35.3
solid fuel, S29.4
standards, S29.6, 7
steam, S31.4
stoves, S29.5
pellet-burning, S29.6
wood, S29.5
testing, S29.7
unit, S26.2; S28.9; S31.4
application, S31.4
control, S31.7
location, S31.6
maintenance, S31.7
piping, S31.7
ratings, S31.6
selection, S31.4
sound level, S31.6
types (figure), S31.5
cabinet unit heaters, S31.6
centrifugal fan units, S31.6
duct units, S31.6
propeller fan units, S31.6
unit ventilators, S31.1
water. See Water heaters
Heat exchangers, S43
air-to-air energy recovery, S44
fixed-plate, S44.11
heat pipes, S44.16
rotary enthalpy wheels, S44.13
thermosiphon, S44.18
animal environments, A21.4
antifreeze effect on, S12.16
applications, S43.4
chimneys, S30.24
coils. See Coils
condensers. See Condensers
counterflow, F3.4; S43.1
district heating and cooling, S11.27
double-wall construction, S43.3
effectiveness, F3.4
enhanced surfaces, F4.13
fouling, S43.5
furnaces, S28.1
geothermal energy systems, A31.9, A31.22
downhole, A31.10
plate, A31.9
shell-and-tube, A31.9
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.23
heat transfer, S43.1
installation, S43.5
liquid coolers. See Coolers, liquid
mines, A26.6
parallel flow, F3.4
plate, S11.27; S37.1; S43.3
brazed, S11.28; S43.3
components, S43.4
gasketed, S11.28; S43.3
plate-and-frame, S11.28; S33.17
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
welded, S11.28; S43.3
selection, S43.5
shell-and-tube, S11.28; S33.17; S37.1, 2;
S43.2
components, S43.4
converters, S43.2
shell-and-coil, S11.28; S37.2; S43.2
straight-tube, S43.2
tube-in-tube, S33.17; S37.1
U-tube, S43.2
solar energy systems, A32.14; S33.16
steam systems, S10.3
water systems, medium/high temp., S14.8
Heat flow
apparent conductivity, F23.3
insulation, F23.4
calculations, F23.8
performance, F23.4
terminology, F23.1
moisture affecting, F23.12
series/parallel flow, F23.8
surface conductance, F23.6
surface temperature, F23.8
thermal resistance, F23.8
thermal transmittance, F23.6
Heat gain (see also Load Calculations)
appliances, F29.8
table, F29.8
calculation, F29.3
engine test facilities, A14.1
fenestration, F29.13
humans, F29.3
table, F29.4
infiltration, F29.18
laboratories, A13.2
lab animals (table), A13.14
latent, F29.19
lighting, F29.3
motors (electric), F29.7
office equipment, F29.9
radiant panels, S6.7
sensible
calculation, F31.4
shading coefficients, F28.2; F29.21; F30.38
solar
fenestration, F30
frame, F30.37
passive, F30.39
solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC), F29.21;
F30.36
solar heat gain factors (SHGF), F29.17;
F30.38
ventilation, F28.2
walls and roofs, F28.17, 40
Heating
absorption equipment, R41
all-air systems, S2.2, 5
animal environments, A21.4
central systems. See Central systems
coils. See Coils
design data, F27.3
equipment, S4.2; S29
baseboard units, S32.1
boilers, S27
convectors, S32.1
finned-tube units, S32.1
furnaces, S28
radiators, S32.1
geothermal energy systems, A31.11
greenhouses, F10.15; A21.11
infrared, A52; A52.8; S15
nonresidential, S12.10
places of assembly, A4
plant growth chambers, A21.17
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
power plants, A24.9
radiant. See Radiant heating
residential, A1.1
small forced-air systems, S9
dynamic simulation model (HOUSE),
S9.13
solar energy systems, A32.17, 26; S33
spot. See Spot heating
steam systems, S10
system selection, S1.1
system space requirements, S1.4
thermal storage, A33.8
unitary systems. See Unitary systems
water systems. See Water systems
Heating load
central plant, S4.4
nonresidential, F28
example, F28.39
principles, F28.16
residential calculations, F28
attic temperature, F28.9
example, F28.9
crawl space heat loss, F28.9
design conditions, F28.8
example, F28.12
infiltration heat loss, F28.13
pickup load, F28.14
procedure, F28.7
transmission heat loss, F28.10
example, F28.10
unheated space temperature, F28.8
example, F28.8
Heating values
fuels, F18.3, 6, 8
table, F18.3, 4, 6
Heat loss
basement, F28.11
design temperature, F28.12
example, F28.12
floors, F28.12
table, F28.11
walls, F28.11
table, F28.11
transient calculations, F28.12
ceiling, F28.10
crawl spaces, F28.9
example, F28.10
flat surfaces, F25.18
example, F25.19
table, F25.21
floor slabs, F28.12
heat loss coefficients (table), F28.14
transient calculations, F28.13
infiltration, F28.13
air change method, F28.14
crack length method, F28.14
exposure factors, F28.14
latent heat loss, F28.14
sensible heat loss, F28.13
pipe, F25.18
copper tube (table), F25.22
example, F25.19,21
steel (table), F25.20
radiant panels, S6.7
roof, F28.10
transmission, F28.10
example, F28.10
Heat of fusion
table, F38.2
Heat of vaporization
table, F38.2
Heat pipes, S44.16
Heat pumps
absorption, R41.2, 5
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
air-source, S45.1, 8
add-on, S45.8
air-to-air, S8.4, 9
air-to-water, S8.6, 9
balance point, S45.8
compressor selection, S45.10
control, S45.10
defrost cycle, S45.9
installation, S45.10
refrigerant circuit, S45.9
charge management, S45.9
flow controls, S45.9
selection, S45.8
boosters, A33.17
cascade systems, S8.6
heat recovery (figure), S8.10
components, S8.6
compressors, S8.6
floodback protection, S8.7
selection, S8.6
heat exchangers, S8.7
refrigerant control devices, S8.8
compression cycles, S8.1
closed vapor compression, S8.1
heat-driven Rankine, S8.2
mechanical vapor recompression, S8.1
open vapor recompression, S8.2
controls, S8.8
defrost, S8.7, 8
reversing valves, R45.17
efficiency, S45.5
engine-driven, S7.41; S47.7
controls, S47.9, 10
defrosting, S47.9, 10
four-pipe, S47.7
heat rejection/recovery, S47.9
maintenance, S47.9
performance, S47.8
testing, S47.8
two-pipe, S47.7
ground-source, A31.14; S8.6
ground-coupled, A31.14, 16; S45.11
heat transfer analysis, A31.16
horizontal systems, A31.14, 19
vertical systems, A31.14, 16
water loop, S8.16
groundwater, A31.15, 21; S45.10
residential, A1.2
surface water, A31.15, 23; S45.11
terminology, A31.14
heat recovery heat pumps, S8.9
cascade systems (figure), S8.10
design principles, S8.13
waste heat recovery, S8.15
heat sources/sinks, S8.2
air, S8.2
ground, S8.4
solar energy, S8.4
table, S8.3
water, S8.4
ice-source, R33.7
industrial process, S8.8
closed-cycle systems, S8.9
air-to-air, S8.9
air-to-water, S8.9
dehumidification, S8.9
heat pump water heaters, S8.9
process fluid-to-process fluid, S8.11
water-to-water, S8.9
design principles, S8.13
heat recovery heat pumps, S8.9
open-cycle systems, S8.12
evaporators, S8.12
process emission-to-steam, S8.13
F = 2001 Fundamentals
semi-open-cycle systems, S8.12
packaged terminal, S47.5
design, S47.5, 6
operation, S47.7
testing, S47.7
residential, A1.2, 6
room, S47.1
service life (table), A35.3
split system, S45.1
supplemental heating, S8.8
through-the-wall, S5.2
types, S8.4
figure, S8.5
unitary, S45
application, S45.1
certification, S45.5
codes/standards, S45.5, 6
desuperheaters, S45.4
installation, S45.1
maintenance, S45.3
space conditioning/water heating, S45.4
types, S45.3
water heaters, A48.2, 21
water-source, S45.10
certification, S45.11
entering water temperature, S45.11
equipment design, S45.11
groundwater, A31.15, 21; S45.10
direct systems, A31.22
flow requirements, A31.21
indirect systems, A31.22
surface water, A31.15, 23; S45.11
antifreeze requirements, A31.25
closed-loop heat pumps, A31.24;
S45.11
lake heat transfer, A31.23
lake thermal stratification (figure),
A31.24
open-loop heat pumps, A31.23
testing, S45.11
water loop, S8.16; S45.10
water-to-air, S8.4
water-to-water, S8.6
window-mounted, S5.2
Heat recovery, S8.15 (see also Energy
recovery)
balanced heat recovery, S8.20
applications, S8.22
heat redistribution, S8.20
cascade systems, S8.15
figure, S8.16
chillers, R43.3, 11; S38.3, 11
engine-driven, S47.3
cogeneration, S7.19
coils, S23.3
combustion turbines, S7.24
data processing areas, A16.6
engines, S7.20
evaporative cooling, with, A50.3; S19.3;
S44.7
heat-activated chillers, S7.26
heat balance
concept, S8.20
examples, S8.20
heat pumps, S8.9
engine-driven, S47.9
industrial environments, A28.21
industrial exhaust systems, A29.19
kitchen 29.20, A30.12
laboratories, A13.17
multiple buildings, S8.22
retail food store refrigeration, R47.10, 14
service water heating, A48.3
steam systems, S10.3, 14
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.23
steam turbines, S7.24
supermarkets, A2.3
terminology, S8.1
waste heat, S8.15
water loop heat pump systems, S8.16
advantages, S8.19
controls, S8.19
design considerations, S8.18
limitations, S8.20
Heat storage. See Thermal storage
Heat stress, F8.24; A28.2
index, F8.20
industrial environments, A28.2
mines, A26.1
Heat transfer, F3
air spaces, F23.7
animal environments, F10.3
coils
air-cooling/dehumidifying, S21.6
air-heating, S23.4
condensers
air-cooled, S35.9
evaporative, S35.14
water-cooled, S35.2
conduction, F3.1
conductance, F3.3
resistance, F3.2
steady-state, F3.1
convection, F3.1
forced, F3.13
natural, F3.11
coolers, liquid, S37.2
dimensionless numbers (table), F3.2
district heating and cooling pipes, S11.9
effectiveness, F3.4
energy recovery, air-to-air, S44.3
extended surfaces, F3.20
fins, F3.20
efficiency, F3.20
example, F3.21
finned-tube, F3.24
resistance, F3.23
ground loops, A31.16
heat exchangers, S43.1
insulation, F14.30
lakes, A31.23
mass transfer analogy
convection, F5.5
eddy diffusion, F5.9
molecular diffusion, F5.1
mass transfer simultaneous with, F5.9
cooling coils, F5.13
modeling, F23.19
effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model,
F31.11
number of transfer units (NTU), F3.4
overall, F3.2
coefficient, F3.2
pipes, S11.9
radiant panels, S6.2
radiation, F3.1, F3.6
absorptances (table), F3.8
actual, F3.8
gray, F3.8
nonblack, F3.8
angle factor, F3.9
figure, F3.10
Beer’s law, F3.11
blackbody, F3.7
emittances (table), F3.8
exchange between surfaces, F3.9
in gases, F3.11
Kirchoff’s law, F3.9
Lambert’s law, F3.9
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.24
Heat transfer (Continued)
radiosity, F3.9
Stefan-Boltzmann law, F3.7
snow melting systems, A49.1
transient, F3.4
cooling time estimation, F3.5
cylinder, F3.5
slab, F3.5
sphere, F3.5
temperature distribution, F3.5
water, S12.2
antifreeze effect on, S12.16
Heat transfer coefficients, F30.5
air space (table), F30.7
chimneys/fireplaces/gas vents, S30.5
condensation (table), F4.8
convective, F8.8
evaporative, F8.8
foods, R8.24
Lewis relation, F8.4
low-temperature, R39.9
Heat transfer fluids
snow melting systems, A49.10
solar energy systems, A32.14
Heat transmission, F25
air spaces (table), F25.2, 3
attics (table), F25.15
basements, F28.10
below-grade construction, F25.16
building materials (table), F25.6
ceilings, F28.10
doors, F25.14
table, F25.15
floor slabs, F28.12
insulating materials (table), F25.6
industrial (table), F25.20
pipe, F25.18
buried, F25.25
copper tube (table), F25.22
steel (table), F25.20
rocks (table), F25.17
roofs, F28.10
slab-on-grade construction, F25.16
soils, F25.16
table, F25.17
windows, F25.14
Heat wheels, S44.13
Helium
liquid, R38.1
recovery, R38.14
Hoods
draft, S28.2; S30.22
gaseous contaminant control, A44.9
industrial exhaust systems, A29.1
capture velocities, A29.3
compound hoods, A29.9
design principles, A29.4
downdraft hoods, A29.13
entry loss, A29.8
jet-assisted hoods, A29.14
overhead hoods, A29.10
push-pull hoods, A29.14
sidedraft hoods, A29.12
simple hoods, A29.9
volumetric flow rate, A29.3
kitchen exhaust, A30.1, 17
ductless, A30.6
recirculating systems, A30.6, 8
residential, A30.17
type I, A30.2
categories, A30.2
exhaust flow rates, A30.3
grease removal devices, A30.2
makeup air options, A30.5
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
sizing, A30.3
static pressure drop, A30.6
styles, A30.3
type II, A30.2, 6
laboratory fume, A13.3
sound control, A46.32
unidirectional, A15.7
Hospitals, A7.2
air movement, A7.3
air quality, A7.2
air filters, A7.2
air intake/exhaust locations, A7.2
cooling, A7.10
design criteria, A7.6
administration, A7.9
ancillary spaces, A7.7
autopsy rooms, A7.8
diagnostic and treatment, A7.9
infectious isolation, A7.7
intensive care units, A7.7
laboratories, A7.8
nursery, A7.6
nursing, A7.7
operating rooms, A7.6
humidity, S20.2
patient rooms, A7.7
protective isolation, A7.7
recovery rooms, A7.6
service areas, A7.9
sterilizing and supply, A7.9
surgery and critical care, A7.6
energy conservation, A7.11
heating/hot water standby, A7.10
hot water demand (tables), A48.4, 16
infection sources/control, A7.2
insulation, A7.10
Legionella pneumophila, A7.2
pressure relationships and ventilation, A7.4
table, A7.5
smoke control, A7.4
zoning, A7.10
Hotels and motels, A5.3
back-of-the-house areas, A5.6
design conditions (table), A5.6
central plant, A5.7
design criteria, A5.1
table, A5.4
guest rooms, A5.3
systems, A5.4
hot water demand/use (tables), A48.4, 11, 16
indoor air quality, A5.6
load characteristics, A5.1
makeup air units, A5.7
public areas, A5.6
service water heating, A48.11
showers, A48.15
sound control, A5.8
systems
energy efficient, A5.1
energy inefficient, A5.2
energy neutral, A5.2
total energy, A5.2
Hot-gas bypass, R2.29
Hot water. See Hydronic systems; Water
systems; Service water heating
HOUSE dynamic simulation model, S9.13
Houses of worship, A4.3
Humans. See Comfort; Physiological
principles, humans
Humidification, A45.7; S20
air washers, S19.6
all-air systems, S2.5, 8
data processing areas, A16.5
design conditions, S20.3
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
direct evaporative cooling, A50.2
environmental test facilities, R37.3
evaporative coolers, S19.6
load calculations, S20.3
internal moisture losses, S20.4
internal moisture sources, S20.4
ventilation effect on, S20.4
Humidifiers, S20.4
all-air systems, S2.8
bacterial growth, S20.1
central air systems
industrial/commercial, S20.5
atomizing, S20.8
direct steam injection, S20.5
electrically heated steam, S20.8
heated pan, S20.5
rigid media, S20.8
wetted media, S20.8
residential, S20.5
atomizing, S20.5
pan, S20.5
wetted element, S20.5
commercial, S20.5
controls, S20.8
control location, S20.9
electronic, S20.8
mechanical, S20.8
variable-air-volume systems, S20.9
energy considerations, S20.3
evaporative cooling, S20.8
furnaces, S28.2
industrial, S20.5
Legionella pneumophila control, A47.7
load calculations, S20.3
nonducted, S20.5
portable, S20.5
residential, A1.4; S9.1; S20.5
scaling, S20.4
supply water, S20.4
terminal, S2.14
Humidity
building envelope affected by,F17.2; S20.2
control, F22.1; F23.5; A45.6; S20; S22
disease prevention/treatment, S20.1
human comfort conditions, S20.1
optimal range (figure), S20.1
measurement, F14.9
odors affected by, F13.2
plant environments, F10.19
process and product requirements
(table), A11.2
ratio F6.12
relative F6.12
sound transmission affected by, S20.2
static electricity affected by, S20.2
Hybrid HVAC systems, S6.1
operation, S6.5
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC).
See Refrigerants
Hydrocooling
fruits and vegetables, R14.3
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).
See Refrigerants
Hydrogen
liquefaction, R38.3
liquid, R38.2
Hydronic (see also Water systems)
makeup air units, S31.9
radiant panels, S6.10
ceiling, S6.12
design considerations, S6.10
floor, S6.15
wall, S6.15
radiators. See Radiators
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
snow melting systems, A49.10
unit heaters, S31.4
unit ventilators, S31.1
Hygrometers, F15.9
calibration, F14.12
capacitance, F14.11
dew-point, F14.11
electrolytic, F14.12
gravimetric, F14.12
impedance, F14.11
instruments,F14.9
mechanical, F14.11
piezoelectric sorption, F14.12
psychrometers, F14.9
spectroscopic, F14.12
Hygroscopic materials
moisture regain (table), A11.4
IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
Ice
delivery systems, R33.5
conveyors, R33.6
pneumatic conveying, R33.6
slurry pumping, R33.7
manufacture, R33
flake ice, R33.1
plate ice, R33.3
tubular ice, R33.1
packaged, R33.7
storage, R33.4
thermal storage systems, A33.12
Ice cream. See Dairy products
Ice makers
commercial, R50
construction, R50.2
evaporators, R50.2
ice storage, R50.5
ice types, R50.5
installation, R50.7
safety and sanitary standards, R50.5
system design, R50.3
terminology, R50.1
heat pumps, R33.7
household refrigerator, R49.2
large commercial, R33.1
water treatment, A47.7, 9
Ice rinks, R34
air conditioning, A4.5
conditions, R34.4
dehumidification, R34.8
energy conservation, R34.4, 6
floor design, R34.6
heat loads, R34.2
refrigeration
equipment, R34.4
requirements, R34.1
surface building and maintenance, R34.8
Ignition temperatures
fuels, F18.2
table, F18.2
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(see also Air quality), A44
bioaerosols, F9.4
health effects, F9.7
sampling, F9.7
sources, F9.6
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS),
F9.6; A44.5
gaseous contaminant control, A44
hospitals, A7.2
hotels and motels, A5.6
humidity, optimum range (figure), S20.1
infiltration/ventilation, F26.9
inorganic gases
table, F9.11
F = 2001 Fundamentals
I.25
kitchens, A30.9 air cleaners, A29.18
organic gases airflow in vicinity of hood, A29.4
standards buoyant contaminant sources, A29.7
table, F9.10 dynamic contaminant sources, A29.8
particulates, F9.4 effect on system performance, A29.10
exposure limits (table), F9.5 nonbuoyant contaminant sources,
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), F9.5 A29.6
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), air-moving devices, A29.18
F9.5 ducts, A29.16; S25.29
radon construction, A29.18
action levels (table), F9.16 design, F32.22
standards pressure losses, A29.18
table, F9.9 segment integration, A29.18
synthetic vitreous fibers, F9.5 size determination, A29.18
volatile organic compounds (VOC) energy recovery, A29.19
health effects, F9.8 exhaust stacks, A29.19
standards, F9.9 fans, A29.18
Induction units, S3.2 hoods, A29.1
advantages, S3.2 capture velocities, A29.3
disadvantages, S3.2 compound hoods, A29.9
performance under varying load, S3.6 design principles, A29.4
Induction boxes. See Terminal units downdraft hoods, A29.13
Industrial entry loss, A29.8
duct construction, S16.4 jet-assisted hoods, A29.14
exhaust gas cleaning. See Industrial exhaust overhead hoods, A29.10
gas cleaning push-pull hoods, A29.14
gas burners, S26.2 sidedraft hoods, A29.12
humidifiers, S20.5 simple hoods, A29.9
oil burners, S26.5 volumetric flow rate, A29.3
process heat pumps, S8.8 operation and maintenance, A29.19
process refrigeration, R36 system testing, A29.19
thermal storage, A33.8 operative temperatures, A28.2
service water heating, A48.20 process and product requirements, A11.1
steam generator buildings, A24.4 air quality (table), A11.2
Industrial environments, A11; A28; A29 humidity (table), A11.2
air conditioning systems, A11 temperature (table), A11.2
cooling load, A11.6 process drying, S22.10
design considerations, A11.5 roof ventilators, A28.20
facilities checklist (table), A11.5 spot cooling, A28.5, A28.13
evaporative systems, A11.8 thermal control, A11.4
maintenance, A11.9 ventilation systems, A28
refrigerant systems, A11.8 air supply methods, A28.9
spot cooling, A28.13; A50.7 computer modeling, A28.7
air curtains, A28.18 design principles, A28.5
design principles, A28.19 displacement ventilation, A28.9
air diffusers, A28.14 field testing, A28.6
air distribution, A28.9 fluid dynamic modeling, A28.6
design, A28.14 localized ventilation, A28.11
method selection, A28.11 makeup air, A28.8
air filtration systems, A11.8; S24.1; S25.1 natural ventilation, A28.17
contaminant control, A11.5, 8 spiral vortex flow, A28.10
evaporative cooling, A50.7 supply air quantity, A28.8
exhaust gas cleaning. See Industrial exhaust unidirectional airflow, A28.10
gas cleaning Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, A11.8; A29.18;
gas drying, S22.10 S25
heat conservation, A28.21 auxiliary equipment, S25.29
heat exposure control, A28.5 ducts, S25.29
local exhaust ventilation, A28.5 dust/slurry handlers, S25.29
radiation shielding, A28.5 fans, S25.29
source control, A28.5 temperature controls, S25.29
heating systems, A11.6 equipment selection, S25.1
door heating, A11.7 gaseous contaminant control, S25.18
ducted heaters, A11.7 absorption, S25.18
floor heaters, A11.6 adsorption, S25.24, 28
infrared heaters, A11.7 fixed beds, S25.25
unit heaters, A11.7 fluidized beds, S25.25, 27
heat recovery, A28.21 impregnated adsorbents, S25.25
heat stress, A28.2 moving beds, S25.25
local discomfort, A28.3 odor control, S25.27
air speed, A28.3 regeneration, S25.25
radiant asymmetry, A28.3 solvent recovery, S25.25
spot cooling, A28.5 incineration, S25.27, 28
temperature differences, A28.3 applications, S25.28
local exhaust systems, A28.5; A29 catalytic oxidizers, S25.28
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.26
Industrial exhaust gas cleaning (Continued)
thermal oxidizers, S25.27
spray dry scrubbing, S25.18
atomizers, S25.18, 19
gas flow direction, S25.18
principle of operation, S25.18
wet-packed scrubbers, S25.19
absorption efficiency, S25.21, 24
flow arrangement, S25.19
packings, S25.19, 20
pressure drop, S25.21
gas stream
flow control, S25.2
flow measurement, S25.2
stack sampling, S25.2
monitoring, S25.1
operation and maintenance, S25.30
particulate contaminant control, S25.2
collector performance
efficiency, S25.3
penetration, S25.3
table, S25.4
collector types (table), S25.5
electrostatic precipitators, S25.8
single-stage (high-voltage), S25.9
two-stage (low-voltage), S25.9
fabric filters, S25.10
baghouses, S25.10
cartridges, S25.10
disposable media, S25.10
electrostatic augmentation, S25.12
fabrics, S25.12
principles of operation, S25.11
pulse jet collectors, S25.14
reverse flow collectors, S25.13
shaker collectors, S25.12
granular bed filters, S25.15
electrostatic augmentation, S25.15
principle of operation, S25.15
inertial collectors, S25.4
baffles, S25.4
cyclones, S25.4
louvers, S25.4
multicyclones, S25.4
scrubbers (wet collectors), S25.15
centrifugal collectors, S25.17
electrostatic augmentation, S25.18
impingement scrubbers, S25.17
orifice collectors, S25.17
principle of operation, S25.16
spray towers, S25.17
venturi scrubbers, S25.17
settling chambers, S25.3
regulations, S25.1
safety, S25.30
Industrial exhaust system
duct design, F34.20
Industrial hygiene, F9.2
Infiltration (see also Air leakage), F26
air exchange rate, F26.3
measurement, F26.10
air leakage, F26.13
air-vapor retarder, F26.16
building components (table), F26.15
controlling, F26.1614
climatic zones, F26.17
commercial buildings, F26.24
cooling load, F28.12
driving mechanisms, F26.10
examples, F26.21
fenestration, F30.56
heat loss calculations
air change method, F28.13
crack length method, F28.13
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
exposure factors, F28.14 multilayer, R38.21
latent, F28.13 powder, R38.21
sensible, F28.13 ducts, F24.16; F34.14; S16.6
indoor air quality, F26.9 economic thickness, F23.9
infiltration degree-days, F26.10 building envelopes,F17.2; F23.10
leakage function, F26.12 mechanical systems, F23.9
measurement, F14.21 environmental spaces, F23.19
refrigerated facilities, R12.3 equivalent thickness, F23.20
residential buildings, F26.12 foundation and floors, F24.3; A42.2
examples, F26.21 heat flow, F23.4
terminology, F26.1 heat transfer, F14.30
thermal loads, F26.9 hospitals, A7.10
wind industrial
coefficients (table), F26.22 thermal conductivity (table), F25.20
Infiltration degree-days, F26.10 masonry construction, F24.2
Infrared moisture control, F23;F24
drying, A27.3 moisture effect on (table), S11.8
greenhouse heating, A21.13 performance, F23.4
heaters, A52.1, 4, 8; S15.1 pipes, F24.14
electric, S15.2 economic thickness, S11.16
gas-fired, S15.1; S26.2 freeze prevention, F24.14
oil-fired, S15.3 table, F25.23
heating, A52.1, 8; S15 underground, F25.15; S11.8
comfort, F8.22, 23 properties, F23.2; S11.8
industrial environments, A11.7 health and safety, F23.3
snow melting systems, A49.17 mechanical, F23.3
In-room terminal systems, S3 sound control, F23.3
changeover temperature, S3.7 thermal, F23.3
description, S3.1 table, F25.6
fan-coil systems, S3.2 refrigerant piping, R32
four-pipe systems. See Four-pipe systems installation, R32.9
induction systems, S3.2 jacketing, R32.9
performance under varying load, S3.6 joint sealant, R32.9
primary air, S3.5 maintenance, R32.10
refrigeration load, S3.7 properties, R32.1
three-pipe systems, S3.10 table, R32.3
two-pipe systems. See Two-pipe systems thickness (tables), R32.4
ventilation air, S3.5 vapor retarders, R32.9
Insects refrigerated facilities, R12.1; R13.11
farm crop storage, F11.7 application, R13.12
Instruments, F14 recommended R-values (table), R13.12
anemometers. See Anemometers refrigerated rooms, F23.18
cryogenic, R38.23 roof deck construction, F24.1
data processing areas, A16.6 roofs, A42.5
electricity-measuring, F14.23 solar energy systems, S33.7, 14
flowmeters. See Flowmeters steel frame construction, F24.1
hygrometers. See Hygrometers tanks, vessels, equipment, F23.17
manometers, A36.12 thermal control, F23;F24
pressure-measuring, F14.12 thermal storage systems, A33.20
radiometers, A52.7 ice, A33.16
rotative speed-measuring, F14.24 water, A33.11
sound-measuring, F7.7; F14.25 transport vehicles, F23.19
thermal meters, S11.32 types, F23.2
thermometers. See Thermometers walls, A42.4
velocity-measuring, F14.14 water vapor retarders, F23.16;F24.4
vibration-measuring, F14.27 wood frame construction, F24.1
Insulation, electrical Intakes. See Air intakes
refrigerant effects on, R5.4 Intercoolers
Insulation, thermal, F23.2 ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.3
airflow retarders, F23.15 Intermodal transport. See Containers
heating climates, F24.5 Ionization
mixed climates, F24.7 animal environments, F10.5
warm humid climates, F24.8 I-P unit conversion factors, F37
animal environments, A21.5 Iron
animal labs, A21.9 pipe. See Pipe
cage environment, A21.9 Jets. See Air jets
ventilation performance, A21.9 Joule-Thomson cycle, R38.4
basic materials, F23.2 Juice, R24
ceilings, A42.5 Kelvin-day method. See Degree-day method
clothing, F8.8 Kerosene
table, F8.9, 10 heaters, S29.3
cryogenic, R38.19 Kirchoff’s law, F3.9
foam, R38.21 Kitchens, A30
high-vacuum, R38.20 air balancing, A30.9
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
multiple-hood systems, A30.10
air conditioning, A3.5, 6
air filtration, A30.2, 7, 15
air quality, A30.9
appliance types, A30.1
controls, A30.16
cooking effluent
control of, A30.7
generation of, A30.1
plume behavior, A30.1
cooking equipment/processes
heat gain (table), F29.10
dishwashers
piping, A48.5
water temperature requirements (table),
A48.8
energy conservation, A30.11
economizers, A30.12
reduced airflow, A30.12
residential hoods, A30.18
exhaust hoods, A30.1
ductless, A30.6
recirculating systems, A30.6, 8
residential, A30.17
type I, A30.2
categories, A30.2
exhaust flow rates, A30.3
grease removal devices, A30.2
makeup air options, A30.5
sizing, A30.3
static pressure drop, A30.6
styles, A30.3
type II, A30.2, 6
exhaust systems, A30.6, 17
ducts, A30.7; S16.5
effluent control, A30.7
fans, A30.7
hoods, A30.1
maintenance, A30.16
multiple-hood systems, A30.10, 14
residential, A30.17
terminations, A30.8
fire safety, A30.12
air filtration systems, A30.15
fire suppression, A30.12
chemical systems, A30.13
water systems, A30.13
multiple-hood systems, A30.14
prevention of fire spread, A30.14
residential, A30.18
grease removal, A30.2, 7, 15
heat recovery, A30.12
hot water demand (table), A48.16
makeup air systems, A30.8
air distribution, A30.9
internal replacement, A30.5
large buildings, A30.9
maintenance, A30.16
non-HVAC system, A30.9
residential, A30.17
through HVAC system, A30.9
residential, A30.17
service water heating, A48.5
system integration and balancing, A30.9
system maintenance, A30.15, 18
air systems, A30.16
control systems, A30.16
cooking equipment, A30.16
exhaust systems, A30.16
residential, A30.18
system operation, A30.15
Krypton
recovery, R38.14
F = 2001 Fundamentals
Laboratories, A13
air distribution, A13.9
air filtration, A13.9
air intakes, A13.12
dilution criteria, A13.13
animal labs, A13.13
animal heat generated (table), A13.14
heat and moisture production, F10.14
recommended temperature (table), A13.13
biological safety cabinets, A13.5
biosafety levels, A13.14
clean benches, A13.7
cleanrooms, A15
clinical labs, A13.16
commissioning, A13.17
compressed gas storage, A13.8
containment labs, A13.14
controls, A13.11
airflow, A13.11
fume hoods, A13.12
pressure, A13.12
temperature, A13.11
design parameters, A13.2
duct leakage rates, A13.10
economics, A13.17
energy conservation, A13.16
exhaust devices, A13.7
usage factor, A13.8
exhaust systems, A13.9
construction/materials, A13.10
ductwork leakage, A13.10
types, A13.9
fire safety, A13.11
fume hoods, A13.3
controls, A13.12
performance, A13.4
hazard assessment, A13.1
heat recovery, A13.17
hospitals, A7.8
loads, A13.2
nuclear facilities, A25.7
paper testing labs, A23.3
radiochemistry labs, A13.16
safety, A13.1, 11
scale-up labs, A13.15
stack heights, A13.12
dilution criteria, A13.13
supply air systems, A13.9
system maintenance, A13.16
system operation, A13.16
teaching labs, A13.15
types, A13.1
ventilation, A13.8
exhaust systems, A13.9
supply air systems, A13.9
Lakes
heat transfer, A31.23
thermal stratification (figure), A31.24
Lambert’s law, F3.9
Laminar flow
air, A15.4
fluids, F2.3
Laundries
evaporative cooling, A50.8
service water heating, A48.18
Leakage
ducts, F34.15
Leakage function, F26.12
Leak detection
refrigerants, F19.7
ammonia, F19.7
bubble method, F19.7; R46.4
electronic detection, F19.7; R46.4
fluorescent, R46.4
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.27
halide torch, F19.7; R46.4
mass spectrometer, R46.4
pressure testing, R46.4
sulfur dioxide, F19.7
water submersion test, R46.4
Legionella pneumophila, A47.6
air washers, S19.8
control, A47.7
cooling towers, S36.12, 13
decorative fountains, A47.7
evaporative coolers, S19.8
hospitals, A7.2
service water systems, A48.8
Lewis number, F5.9
Lewis relation, F5.9; F8.4
Libraries. See Museums, libraries, and
archives
Life, service. See Service life
Light
measurement, F14.28
Lighting
animal environments, F10.3
cooling load, F29.3
greenhouses, A21.15
plant environments, F10.16,18
plant growth chambers, A21.18
Limonene
coolants, secondary, F21.15
Linde cycle, R38.4
Lines, refrigerant. See Piping
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F18.4
Liquid
chillers. See Chillers
coolers. See Coolers, liquid
Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R1
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.22
circulating rate, R1.4
evaporators, R1.6
line sizing, R1.7
liquid separators, R1.7
overfeed rate, R1.4
pump selection, R1.4
receiver sizing, R1.7
refrigerant distribution, R1.2
Lithium bromide-water (see also Water-
lithium bromide)
properties, F21.1
refrigeration cycle, F1.16
specific gravity (figure), F19.4
specific heat (figure), F19.4
viscosity (figure), F19.4
Lithium chloride, S22.2
Load calculations
air-and-water systems, S3.7
coils, air-cooling/dehumidifying, S21.14
computer calculation, A38.5
heat gain. See Heat gain
humidification, S20.3
hydronic systems, S12.2
nonresidential, F29
CLF
hooded equipment (table), F29.8
lighting (table), F29.5
people (table), F29.4
CLTD
flat roofs (table), F28.2
walls (table), F28.2
CLTD/SCL/CLF method, F29.1
appliances, F29.8
humans, F29.3
lighting, F29.3
heat balance, F29.20
conduction transfer functions, F29.23
TETD/TA method, F29.1
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.28 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Load calculations (Continued) viscosity, R7.13 types, S31.9

transfer function method (TFM), F29.1 requirements, R7.2 Malls, A2.6
precooling, R14.1 separators, R45.21 Management
refrigerated facilities, R12 stability, R7.20 life-cycle concept, A37.1
equipment load, R12.5 synthetic lubricants, R7.3 operation and maintenance, A37
infiltration load, R12.3 testing, R7.1 Manometers, A36.12
internal load, R12.2 water solubility, R7.19 Manufactured homes
load factors (table), R13.8 wax separation, R7.15 heating/cooling systems, A1.6
product load, R12.2 Lubrication Marine refrigeration. See Refrigeration
transmission load, R12.1 combustion turbines, S7.9 Masonry
refrigerated trucks and trailers, R29.6 compressors insulation, F24.2
residential, F28 centrifugal, S34.34 Mass transfer, F5
cooling, F28.1 reciprocating, S34.8 convection, F5.5
block load, F28.1 rotary, S34.10 coefficient F5.5
cooling load temperature difference single-screw, S34.13 coefficients for external flows, F5.5
(CLTD), F28.2 twin-screw, S34.20 coefficients for internal flows, F5.5
example, F28.5 engines, S7.5 heat transfer analogy, F5.5
glass load factor (GLF), F28.2 steam turbines, S7.13 example, F5.6
latent factor, F28.5 Mach number, S34.30 Schmidt numbers F5.6
procedure, F28.5 Maintenance (see also Operation and Sherwood numbers F5.5
sensible heat factor, F28.5 maintenance) eddy diffusion, F5.9
shade line factor (SLF), F28.2 absorption units, R41.8 Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F5.7
shading coefficient, F28.2 air cleaners, S24.8 heat transfer analogy, F5.5
heating, F28.6 air conditioners, room, S47.4 example, F5.6
attic temperature, F28.8 air conditioners, unitary, S45.3 Lewis relation, F5.9; F8.4
crawl space heat loss, F28.9 air washers, S19.7 Reynolds analogy, F5.9
crawl space temperature, F28.9 chillers, R43.5, 12, 15; S38.5, 12, 15 energy recovery, air-to-air, S44.3
design conditions, F28.7 cogeneration systems, S7.40 heat transfer analogy
example, F28.8, 9, 10 coils convection, F5.5
infiltration heat loss, F28.12 air-cooling/dehumidifying, S21.15 eddy diffusion, F5.9
pickup load, F28.14 air-heating, S23.5 molecular diffusion, F5.1
procedure, F28.7 combustion turbines, S7.12 heat transfer simultaneous with, F5.9
transmission heat loss, F28.10 condensers air washers, F5.11
unheated space temperature, F28.8 air-cooled, S35.13 example, F5.11
snow melting systems, A49.1 evaporative, S35.19 cooling coils, F5.13
Local exhaust. See Exhaust water-cooled, S35.7 cooling towers, F5.13
Lorenz refrigeration cycle, F1.9 cooking equipment, A30.16 dehumidifying coils, F5.13
Loss coefficients coolers, liquid, S37.5 direct-contact equipment, F5.10
control valves, F2.11 cooling towers, S36.11 enthalpy potential, F5.9
Duct Fitting Database, F34.12 costs, A35.4 Lewis relation, F5.9; F8.4
duct fittings, F34.29 documentation, A37.2 molecular diffusion, F5.1
rectangular, F34.54 energy recovery equipment, S44.6, 14, 16 coefficients, F5.2
fittings, F2.10 engines, S7.7; S47.3 Fick’s law, F5.1
Louvers, F30.45 evaporative coolers, S19.7 gas through a stagnant gas, F5.3
sizing, F32.17 filters, air, S24.8 example, F5.3
LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) gaseous air cleaners, A44.18 heat transfer analogy, F5.5
Lubricants (see also Oil), R7 heat pumps, engine-driven, S47.9 example F5.6
additives, R7.4 heat pumps, unitary, S45.3 in liquids and solids, F5.4
air solubility, R7.20 industrial air conditioning systems, A11.9 two-film theory, S25.21
ammonia refrigeration systems infrared heaters, S15.5 Measurement (see also Instruments), F14
lubricant management, R3.6 kitchen ventilation systems, A30.15, 18 air exchange rates, F26.10
component characteristics, R7.3 laboratory HVAC equipment, A13.16 airflow, A36.2
evaporator return, R7.14 makeup air units, S31.10 air infiltration, F14.21
foaming, R7.20 management, A37.3 air leakage, F26.13
halocarbon refrigeration systems condition-based, A37.4 airtightness, F14.21
lubricant management, R2.9 planned, A37.1 carbon dioxide, F14.22
receivers, R2.27 predictive, A37.1, 3 combustion analysis, F14.31
separators, R2.25 preventive, A37.1, 3 contaminants, F14.30
lubricant cooling, R3.2 manual, A37.3 data recording, F14.31
screw compressors, R3.13 retail store air conditioners, A2 chart recorders, F14.32
moisture content, R46.1 solar energy systems, A32.24 data loggers, F14.31
oxidation, R7.20 steam turbines, S7.18 digital, F14.31
properties, R7.4 terminology, A37.1 electricity, F14.24
floc point, R7.15 unit heaters, S31.7 fluid flow, F2.12; F14.17; A36.11
viscosity, R7.4, 5 Makeup air units, S31.8 gaseous contaminants, A44.8
reactions with refrigerants, R5.7 applications heat transfer in insulation, F14.30
additives, R5.8 door heating, S31.10 humidity, F14.9
polyalkylene glycols, R5.8 spot cooling, S31.10 light levels, F14.28
polyol esters, R5.7 codes/standards, S31.9 moisture
refrigerant contamination, R6.7 commissioning, S31.10 farm crops, F11.5
refrigerant solutions, R7.8 control, A45.12; S31.9 refrigeration systems, R46.3
density, R7.8 location, S31.9 moisture content, F14.29; R6.3
miscibility, R7.9, 11, 12 maintenance, S31.10 moisture transfer, F14.29
solubility, R7.8, 9, 13 selection, S31.9 odors, F13.5
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
pressure, F14.12
rotative speed, F14.24
sound, F7.7; F14.25
temperature, F14.3
terminology, F14.1
thermal comfort, F14.28
uncertainty analysis, F14.2; A39.12
velocity, F14.14
vibration, F7.14; F14.27
Meat, R16
display refrigerators, R47.6
frozen, R16.15
freezing quality, R16.16
storage and handling, R16.16
processing facilities
boxed beef, R16.7
carcass coolers, R16.2
beef, R16.2
calves, R16.10
hogs, R16.8
lamb, R16.10
energy conservation, R16.17
pork trimmings, R16.10
processed meats, R16.12
bacon slicing rooms, R16.13
freezing, R16.15
lard chilling, R16.14
sausage dry rooms, R16.13
sanitation, R16.1
shipping docks, R16.16
variety meats, R16.11
retail storage, R47.7
storage requirements (table), R10.3
thermal properties, R8
Metabolic rate
humans, F8.6
activities (table), F8.7
Metals and alloys
low-temperature properties, R39.6
Meters. See Instruments
Methylene chloride
coolants, secondary, F21.13
Metric conversion. See Conversion factors
Microbiology
foods, R11
Milk. See Dairy products
Mines, A26
air cooling, A26.3
combination systems, A26.4
energy recovery systems, A26.5
evaporative cooling, A26.3, 4, 6
mechanical refrigeration plants, A26.6
spot cooling, A26.6
surface air cooling, A26.3
surface water cooling, A26.3
dehumidification, A26.3
heat exchangers, A26.6
heat sources, A26.1
heat stress, A26.1
water sprays, A26.6
Modeling
airflow, A15.4; A28.6
around buildings, F16.9
similarity scaling, F16.10
energy consumption, F31
moisture in buildings, F23.19
small forced-air heating systems, S9.13
ventilation, A28.6, 7
Moist air, F6
adiabatic mixing (example), F6.14
adiabatic mixing of water (example), F6.14
composition, F6.1
cooling (example), F6.13
dehumidification 13
F = 2001 Fundamentals
heat absorption/moisture gain (example), F6.15
heating (example), F6.12
psychrometrics, F6
thermal conductivity
figure, F6.16
thermodynamic properties, F6.2, 10
example, F6.10, 12
table, F6.3
transport properties, F6.16
viscosity
figure, F6.16
Moisture
animal production, F10. 9, 13,14
combustion, F18.10
condensation
concealed, S20.3
visible, S20.2
content/transfer, F14.29
control, F24.4
heating climates, F24.4
mixed climates, F24.7
warm humid climates, F24.8
ventilation, F24.5
diffusivity, F14.30
farm crops content, F11.1; A22.1
measurement, F11.5
direct methods, F11.5
indirect methods, F11.6
in attics
heating climates, F24.6
mixed climates, F24.7
warm humid climates, F24.12
in building materials, F23.13;F24.5
in buildings, F23.13; F24.12
animal facilities, A21.2
commercial and institutional,
F23.10;F24.12
condensation prevention, F23.20
envelope component intersections, F24.12
heat flow affected by, F23.12
humidity control, F23.5;F24.5
modeling, F23.19
moisture-related problems, F23.11
steady-state design tools, F23.17
dew-point method, F23.18
example, F23.18
Kieper diagram, F23.17
in cathedral ceilings
heating climates, F24.6
mixed climates, F24.7
warm humid climates, F24.8
in ceilings, A42.6
in foundations, F24.3A42.2
crawl spaces, F24.10
floor slabs, F24.10
in insulation, F23;F24
in membrane roofs, F24.9,10
inverted roofs, F24.9
self-drying low-slope roofs, F24.10
in refrigerant systems, R6
desiccants, R6.3
driers, R6.5
drying methods, R6.2
effects, R6.1
factory dehydration, R46.1
lubricant solubility, R7.19
measurement, R6.3; R46.3
sources, R6.1; R46.1
in roofs, A42.6
in walls, A42.4
in windows,A42.7
migration, F23.14
air leakage control, F23.15;F24.4
air movement, F23.15
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.29
capillary suction, F23.13;F24.3
contact wetting angle, F23.14
diffusion, F23.14;F24.7
permeability, F14.29
permeance, F14.30
cold pipes F23.16
sorption isotherms, F14.29
terminology, F23.1
water vapor retarders, F23.15;F24.4 F26.16
heating climates, F24.5
mixed climates, F24.7
warm humid climates, F24.8
Mold
growth conditions (figure), A20.2
growth time (figure), A20.2
Monitoring
energy use. See Energy monitoring
Montreal Protocol, F19.1
Moody chart (figure), F2.9
Motels. See Hotels and motels
Motors, S40.1
codes, S40.1
compressors, S34.3
controls, S40.6
control protection, S40.6
motor protection, S40.6
motor-starting methods, S40.7
thermal protectors, S40.4
efficiency, S40.2
electrical insulation
refrigerant effects on, R5.4
evaporative cooling, A50.7
furnaces, residential, S28.2
general purpose, S40.2
types (table), S40.4
heat gain, F28.2; F29.7
hermetic, S40.4
hermetic burnout
cleanup, R6.11
refrigerant contamination, R6.7, 11
integral thermal protection, S40.4
in variable speed drives
impedance, S40.8
insulation breakdown, S40.10
noise, S40.10
ratings, S40.10
standards, S40.10
power supply (ac), S40.1
frequency variation, effect of (table), S40.2
voltage variation, effect of (table), S40.2
pumps, centrifugal, S39.8, 12, 13
standards, S40.1
voltage ratings (table), S40.1
Movie theaters, A4.3
projection booths, A4.3
Multiple-use complexes, A5.8
design criteria, A5.1
load characteristics, A5.1
systems
energy efficient, A5.1
energy inefficient, A5.2
energy neutral, A5.2
total energy, A5.2
Multizone systems. See Zone systems
Multispecies, F33.3
Museums, libraries, and archives, A20
air distribution, A20.10
air filtration, A20.10
artifact deterioration, A20.2
effect of relative humidity, A20.2, 3
effect of temperature, A20.3
building construction, A20.7
climatic control potential and (table), A20.7
cocooned zones, A20.8
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.30 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Museums, libraries, and archives (Continued) radioactive effluents, A25.4 hedonics, F13.3, 5
dehumidification, A20.10, 11 requirements, A25.4 odor acceptability, F13.5
exhibit cases, A20.9 fire protection, A25.2 odor intensity, F13.3
humidity response time, A20.5 HVAC design considerations, A25.1 odor quality, F13.5
heating Nuclear Regulatory Commission facilities, olfactory acuity, F13.2
humidistat control of, A20.9 A25.5 adaptation F13.2
historic buildings, A20.7 boiling water reactors, A25.6 anosmic F13.2
humidification, A20.10 primary containment, A25.6 specific anosmia F13.2
mold growth, A20.2 reactor building, A25.6 threshold, F13.3,
outside air, A20.10 turbine building, A25.6 detection threshold, F13.3
relative humidity laboratories, A25.7 determination of F13.3
design specifications (table), A20.6 fume hoods, A25.8 panel F13.3
effect on artifacts, A20.2, 3 glove boxes, A25.7 presentation apparatus F13.3
response time of artifacts to changes in, radiobenches, A25.8 presentation method F13.3
A20.4 medical/research reactors, A25.7 intensity F13.3
room classification (table), A20.2 other buildings/rooms, A25.6 recognition threshold, F13.3
system selection, A20.8 power plants, A25.5 table, F13.1
temperature pressurized water reactors, A25.5 sources, F13.1; A44.3
design specifications (table), A20.6 air filtration, A25.5 suprathreshold intensity, F13.2
effect on artifacts, A20.3 reactor containment building, A25.5 category scale, F13.4
Natatoriums, A4.5 radioactive waste facilities, A25.8 labeled magnitude scale F 13.4
design conditions (table), A4.6 safety design, A25.1 magnitude estimation F 13.4
duct design, A4.7 tornado/wind protection, A25.2 matching odorant intensity, F13.4
envelope design, A4.7 Number of transfer units (NTU) perceived odor magnitude, F13.3
load estimation, A4.6 cooling towers, S36.15 psychophysical power law, F13.3; A44.4
pool water chemistry, A4.7 heat transfer, F3.4 ratio scaling, F13.4
ventilation requirements, A4.6 Nursing homes Stevens’ law, F13.4
Natural gas (see also Gas-fired), F18.5 air conditioning, A7.12 threshold concentration,F9.8; F13.1; A44.3
liquefaction, R38.6 design criteria, A7.12 threshold limit value, F13.1
figure, R38.6 pressure relationships and ventilation Odor units, F13.6
liquefied, R38.2 (table), A7.12 Office buildings
pipe sizing, F35.18 hot water demand/use (table), A48.11 air conditioning, A3.6
processing, R38.15 service water heating, A48.11 HVAC space requirements, A3.7
separation, R38.14 Nusselt number load characteristics, A3.6
Navier-Stokes equations, F33.1 table, F3.2 system selection, A3.6
NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Nuts hot water demand/use (tables), A48.4, 11, 16
Nightclubs, A3.4, 6 storage, R28.7 service water heating, A48.11, 15
Night setback, A6.1; A45.19 Odors, F13 Office equipment
furnaces, residential, S9.16, 17 analytical measurement, F13.5 heat gain, F29.9
recovery, A40.23 artificial noses F13.6 Oil (see also Lubricants)
Nitrogen coulson conductometric detector F13.5 refrigerant systems, R7.2
recovery, R38.13 flame photometric detectors F13.5 Oil, fuel, F18.5
Noise (see also Sound), F7.1, 3 gas chromatography F13.5 characteristics, F18.5
air conditioners, room, S47.4 hydrogen flame ionization detectors F13.5 distillate oils, F18.5
compressors mass spectrometry F13.5 handling, S26.8
centrifugal, S34.33 preconcentration F13.5 heating value, F18.6
scroll, S34.24 thermal conductivity detectors F13.5 pipe sizing, F35.17
single-screw, S34.17 control of preparation, S26.9
condensing units, R47.13 industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.27, 28 residual oils, F18.5
fans, S18.8 factors affecting, F13.2 storage buildings, A24.8
fluid flow, F2.14 humidity, F13.2 storage tanks, S26.7
health effects, F9.15 sorption/release, F13.2 sulfur content (table), F18.6
valves, S42.2 temperature, F13.2 viscosity, F18.5
water pipes, F35.4 ventilation, F13.5 Oil-fired
Noise criterion (NC) curves, F7.5; A46.22 odor units, F13.6 burners, S26.4
balanced (NCB), A46.23 olf unit, F13.6 equipment
Noncondensable gases sense of smell, F13.1 venting, S30.17
condensers, water-cooled, S35.6 anatomy/physiology, F13.2 furnaces, S28.4, 8
refrigerant contamination, R6.7 axons F13.2 heaters, S29.3
Nonresidential. See Commercial and public neurons F13.1 infrared, S15.3
buildings olfactory cleft F13.2 unit heaters, S31.4
NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) olfactory receptors F13.2 water heaters, A48.1
Nuclear facilities, A25 olfactory stimuli, F13.1 Olf unit, F13.5
air filtration, A25.2, 5 threshold concentrations F13.1 decipol F13.6
codes and standards, A25.8 threshold limit value F13.1 example F13.6
criticality, A25.1 sensory measurement, F13.1 One-pipe systems
decommissioning, A25.8 character, F13.3, 5 chilled water, S12.12
Department of Energy facilities, A25.3 multidimensional scaling, F13.5 steam convection heating, S10.12; 1993
confinement systems, A25.3 detectability, F13.3 Fundamentals, Chapter 33, pp. 16-17
air locks, A25.3 Dravnieks olfactometer, F13.4 (See explanation on first page of Index)
zone pressure control, A25.3 emotional responses to Operating costs, A35.2
zoning, A25.3 amygdala F13.3 Operation and maintenance (see also
ventilation, A25.4 kindling F13.3 Maintenance)
controls, A25.4 response facilitation F 13.3 compressors, S34.35
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
condition monitoring, A37.4
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.6
documentation, A37.2
maintenance manual, A37.3
operating manual, A37.2
industrial exhaust systems, A29.19
exhaust gas cleaning equipment, S25.30
management, A37
and system complexity, A37.3
condition monitoring, A37.4
life-cycle concept, A37.1
responsibilities, A37.4
terminology, A37.1
Outlets. See Air outlets
air diffusion, F32.7
classification, F32.7
location, F32.15
performance, F32.10
selection, F32.15
Outpatient health care facilities, A7.11
diagnostic clinics, A7.11
treatment clinics, A7.11
Outside air
fraction, F26.8
free cooling
chillers, S38.12
cooling towers, S36.9
Owning costs, A35.1
Oxygen
in aircraft cabins, A9.10
liquid, R38.2
recovery, R38.13
Ozone
activated carbon air cleaner, A44.15
depletion potential (tables), R5.2, 3
electronic air filters, S24.8
in aircraft cabins
catalytic converters, A9.7, 9
concentration limits, A9.1
Panel heating. See Radiant heating; Radiant
panels
Paper
moisture content
control of, A17.2
effect on paper dimensions (figure), A17.3
moisture regain (table), A11.4
photographic, A19
temperature conditioning (figure), A17.2
Paper products facilities, A23.1
conduction drying, A27.3
control rooms, A23.3
evaporative cooling, A50.8
finishing area, A23.3
paper machine area, A23.2
paper testing laboratories, A23.3
system selection, A23.3
Parking garages. See Garages, parking
Particulate contaminants. See Contaminants,
particulate
Peanuts
drying, F11.13; A22.9
Peclet number
table, F3.2
Performance contracting, A39.2
Permafrost
stabilization, R35.4
Permeability, F14.29; F23.2
building materials (table), F25.17
clothing, F8.8
table, F8.9
Permeance, F14.30; F23.2;24.4
building materials (table), F25.17
F = 2001 Fundamentals
People movers, A8.9
Pharmaceutical manufacturing, A15.5
Phase-change materials
thermal storage, A33.12, 15, 20
Photographic materials, A19
processing and printing, A19.1
air filtration, A19.2
exhaust requirements, A19.2
preparatory operations, A19.1
printing/finishing, A19.2
processing operations, A19.1
temperature control, A19.2
storage
processed materials, A19.3
unprocessed materials, A19.1
Photovoltaic systems. See Solar energy
Physiological principles, humans (see also
Comfort)
adaptation, F8.15
age, F8.15
body surface area (DuBois), F8.3
clothing
insulation, F8.8
table, F8.9, 10
moisture permeability, F8.8
table, F8.9
cooling load, F28.2; 29.22
DuBois equation, F8.3
energy balance, F8.2
heat stress, F8.20, 24
heat transfer coefficients, F8.7
convective, F8.8
evaporative, F8.9
Lewis relation, F8.4
latent heat loss, F8.3, 9
mechanical efficiency, F8.6
metabolic rate, F8.6
activities (table), F8.7
respiratory heat loss, F8.4
seasonal rhythms, F8.15
sensible heat loss, F8.3
sex, F8.15
skin heat loss, F8.5
latent heat, F8.3, 9
sensible heat, F8.3
skin wettedness, F8.20
thermoregulation, F8.1
Predicted mean vote (PMV), F8.18
Predicted percent dissatisfied, G8.17
Pipe (see also Piping), S41
application data (table), S41.6
buried, F25.25
heat transfer analysis, S11.10
codes, S41.6
cold springing, S11.17; S41.12
copper tube, S41.1
data (table), S41.4
friction loss (figure), F35.5
heat loss (table), F25.22
thermal expansion (table), S41.10
expansion, S11.17; S41.10
bends, S41.11
L bends, S41.11
U bends, S41.12
Z bends, S41.11
joints, S41.12
flexible ball, S41.14
flexible hose, S41.14
metal bellows, S41.14
packed, S41.13
packless, S41.13, 14
rubber, S41.14
slip, S41.13
loops, S41.11, 12
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.31
table, S41.10
fittings. See Fittings
fluid flow, F2
freeze prevention, F24.15
heat transfer analysis, S11.10
insulation, F24.15; S11.8
table, F24.16;F25.23
iron, S41.2
cast, S41.2
ductile, S41.2
joining methods, S41.2
brazing/soldering, S41.2
flanges, S41.5
flared/compression joints, S41.5
grooved joints, S41.5
reinforced outlet fittings, S41.5
sleeves, S41.5
threading, S41.2
unions, S41.6
welding, S41.5
plastic, F35.9; S41.7
friction loss (figure), F35.5
properties (table), S41.8
selection, S41.9
roughness (table), F2.10
selection, S41.6
steel, S41.1
allowable stress, S41.9
data (table), S41.3
friction loss (figure), F35.5
heat loss (table), F25.20
thermal expansion (table), S41.10
stress calculations, S41.7
supporting elements, S11.17; S41.10
anchors, S41.10
guides, S41.10
hangers, S41.10
supports, S41.10
underground, F25.15
Pipe coils
heat emission, 1988 Equipment, Chapter 28,
Table 5, p. 3
(See explanation on first page of Index)
Pipe sizing, F35.1
computer analysis, A38.6
fittings, F35.1, 6
elbow equivalents (table), F35.7
loss coefficients (table), F35.2
tees, F35.7
elbow equivalents (figure), F35.6
fuel oil, F35.19
suction line size (table), F35.20
gas, F35.18
flow rate (table), F35.19
hydronic systems, F35.6; S12.15
air separation, F35.6
example, F35.4, 6,7
pressure drop, F35.1
copper tube (figure), F35.5
Darcy-Weisbach equation, F35.1
example, F35.3
faucets/cocks vs. flow (figure), F35.9
Hazen-Williams equation, F35.1
plastic pipe (figure), F35.5
steel pipe (figure), F35.5
refrigerant
ammonia systems, R3.9
capacity tables, R3.8, 9
halocarbon systems, R2.3
tables, R2.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
liquid overfeed systems, R1.7
retail food store refrigeration, R47.14
service water, F35.7
cold water sizing procedure, F35.9
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.32
Pipe sizing (Continued)
example, F35.10
steam, F35.10
condensate return, F35.14
flow rate (table), F35.15, 16, 17
nonvented (closed), F35.15
vented (open), F35.14
example, F35.11, 12
flow rate (figure), F35.13
flow rate (table), F35.14, 15
high-pressure, F35.12
low-pressure, F35.12
two-pipe systems, F35.14
velocity (figure), F35.13
valves, F35.1, 6
water, F35.3
fixture flow/pressure (table), F35.7
fixture units, F35.8
demand vs. (figure), F35.8
demand weights (table), F35.8
flow rate limitations, F35.3
aging allowances, F35.4
erosion, F35.4
noise, F35.4
water hammer, F35.4
velocity (table), F35.3
Piping (see also Pipe)
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.7
compressor piping, R3.10, 12, 13
condenser and receiver piping, R3.15
evaporator piping, R3.19
materials, R3.7
boilers, S10.3
central systems, S4.3
codes, S41.6
cooling towers, S13.2; S36.8
district heating and cooling, S11.6
heat transfer, S11.9
insulation thickness, S11.16
geothermal energy systems, A31.10
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2
capacity tables, R2.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
compressor, R2.19
condenser, R2.18
defrost gas supply lines, R2.16
capacity table, R2.16
discharge lines, R2.14
evaporator, R2.23
gas velocity, R2.1
hot-gas bypass, R2.29
insulation, R2.6
liquid cooler, flooded, R2.20
noise and vibration, R2.7
pressure drop, R2.3
suction risers (table), R2.12
heat carrying capacity, S12.3
hydronic snow melting, A49.10
insulation
refrigerant piping, R32
protective coating (table), R32.2
radiant panels, hydronic, S6.14
refrigerant
ammonia systems, R3
halocarbon systems, R2
insulation, R32
jacketing, R32.9
liquid overfeed systems, R1.7
pipe preparation, R32.2
supports and hangers, R32.10
vapor retarders, R32.9
service hot water, A48.3
solar energy systems, A32.15; S33.8, 10
sound control, A46.42
sound transmission, A36.24
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
standards, S11.18; S41.6
steam systems, S10.3, 5
system identification, F36.12
unit heaters, S31.7
vibration control, A46.42
vibration transmission, A36.24
water systems, S12.5, 8; S14.7
Pitot tube, F14.16; A36.2
Places of assembly, A4
air conditioning, A4.2
air distribution, A4.2
air filtration, A4.1
air stratification, A4.2
arenas, A4.4
atriums, A4.8
auditoriums, A4.3
concert halls, A4.4
convention centers, A4.5
exhibition centers, A4.5
fairs, A4.7
gymnasiums, A4.5
houses of worship, A4.3
lighting loads, A4.1
mechanical equipment rooms, A4.3
movie theaters, A4.3
natatoriums, A4.5
playhouses, A4.3
precooling, A4.2
sound control, A4.1
space conditions, A4.1
stadiums, A4.4
temporary exhibit buildings, A4.7
vibration control, A4.1
Plant environments, F10.12; A21.10
air composition, F10.20
air contaminants, F10.20
air movement, F10.20
controlled environment rooms, A21.16
energy balance, F10.15
greenhouses, A21.10
carbon dioxide enrichment, A21.14
cooling, A21.13
energy conservation, A21.16
evaporative cooling, A21.13
heating, F10.15; A21.11
heat loss calculation, A21.11
heat loss reduction, A21.16
humidity control, A21.14
photoperiod control, A21.15
shading, A21.13
site selection, A21.10
supplemental irradiance, F10.19
supplemental lighting (table), A21.15
ventilation, A21.13
heating, F10.15
humidity, F10.19
lighting, F10.16
other facilities, A21.20
photoperiod control, F10.19
plant growth chambers, A21.16
air conditioning, A21.17
controls, A21.17
heating, A21.17
lighting, A21.18
location, A21.17
luminaire height/spacing (table), A21.19
supplemental irradiance, F10.18; A21.15
temperature, F10.15
Plastic
ducts, S16.5
glazing, F30.41
pipe. See Pipe
refrigerant swelling (table), F19.10
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
Plenums
construction, S16.4
fitting equivalent lengths (figures), S9.9
mixing, S2.7
sound attenuation, A46.11
stratification in, A36.2
PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)
Pollutants, gaseous. See Contaminants,
gaseous
Polydimethylsiloxane
coolants, secondary, F21.15
Ponds
spray, S36.6
Positive positioners
automatic control with, F15.7
Post Processors, F33.3
Potatoes
products, frozen, R26.5
storage, A50.9
Poultry (see also Chickens; Turkeys)
chilling, R17.1
decontamination, R17.3
freezing, R17.4
processing, R17.1, 3
processing plant sanitation, R17.7
recommended environment, A21.8
storage, R17.8
storage requirements (table), R10.3
thawing, R17.9
thermal properties (table), R17.6
Power plants, A24
coal handling facilities, A24.5, 8
cogeneration, S7
combined cycle, S7.34
combustion turbine areas, A24.7
combustion turbines, S7.8
control center, A24.8
cooling, A24.9
design criteria, A24.1
table, A24.2
evaporative cooling, A50.8
fuel cells, S7.35
heating, A24.9
nuclear. See Nuclear facilities
oil pump buildings, A24.8
oil storage buildings, A24.8
steam generator buildings, A24.4
burner area, A24.4
figure, A24.5
steam turbines, S7.12
turbine generator buildings, A24.6
figure, A24.7
ventilation, A24.3
rates, A24.3
PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)
Prandtl number
table, F3.2
Precooling
buildings, A40.24
flowers, cut, R14.9
fruits and vegetables, R14
load calculation, R14.1
methods, R14.3
rate, R14.1
indirect evaporative cooling, A50.3
places of assembly, A4.2
Predicted mean vote (PMV), F8.16; F14.29
Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F8.17
Preprocessors, F33.3
Preschools, A6.2
Pressure
absolute, F14.12
aircraft cabins, A9.2, 4, 6, 9
clean spaces, A15.12
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
differential, F14.13
conversion to head, A36.11
hospitals, A7.3, 4
readout, A36.11, 12
dynamic, F14.13
gage, F14.13
measurement, F14.12; A36.2
aneroid gages, F14.13
Bourdon tubes, F14.13
electromechanical transducers, F14.13
manometers, F14.13
McLeod gages, F14.13
mechanical gages, F14.13
standards, F14.13
sensors for, F15.9
smoke control, A51.5, 9
stairwells
smoke control, A51.9, 11
static, F14.13
static control, A45.2
steam systems, S10.4
units, F14.13
vacuum, F14.12
vapor F6.13
Pressure drop (see also Darcy-Weisbach
equation)
pipe sizing, F35.1
two-phase fluid flow, F4.11
void fraction, F4.11
Primary system
energy estimating, F31.13
Printing plants
air conditioning, A17
air filtration, A17.4
binding areas, A17.5
collotype printing rooms, A17.4
design criteria, A17.1
letterpress areas, A17.3
lithographic pressrooms, A17.3
paper moisture content control, A17.2
platemaking rooms, A17.2
relief printing areas, A17.3
rotogravure pressrooms, A17.4
salvage systems, A17.4
shipping areas, A17.5
infrared ink drying, A27.3
ultraviolet ink drying, A27.3
Produce
desiccation, R10.1
deterioration rate (table), R10.1
display refrigerators, R47.4
storage requirements (table), R10.2
Propane
furnaces, residential, S28.4, 8
Properties, F38
boiling point (table), F38.1
chilled water density (table), A33.11
density. See Density
emissivity
solids (table), F38.3
freezing point (table), F38.2
heat of
fusion, F38.2
vaporization, F38.2
heat transmission, F24
insulation, F23.2;F24.16
liquids (table), F38.2
low-temperature
fiber composites, R39.8
metals and alloys, R39.6
ductility (figure), R39.6
tensile strength (figure), R39.6
plastics and polymers, R39.7
refrigerants
F = 2001 Fundamentals
physical properties, F19.1
electrical properties (table), F19.5
latent heat of vaporization, F19.6
sound velocity, F19.6
table, F19.3
Trouton’s rule, 19.6
solids (table), F38.3
specific heat. See Specific heat
thermal conductivity. See Conductivity,
thermal
thermodynamic
moist air, F6
water at saturation, F6.2
vapor pressure (table), F38.2
vapors (table), F38.1
viscosity. See Viscosity
Propylene glycol
coolants, secondary, F21.4
hydronic systems, S12.16
Psychrometer, F6.9
Psychrometrics, F6
air composition, F6.1
charts, F6.12
adiabatic mixing, F6.13
adiabatic mixing of water, F6.14
condition line of a space F6.15
dehumidification F6.13
figure, F6.11
heat absorption/moisture gain, F6.15
moist air cooling, F6.13
moist air heating, F6.12
moist air properties, F6.12
moist air sensible cooling F6.12
moist air sensible heating F6.12
evaporative cooling systems, A50.1, 5, 10, 11
humidity parameters, F6.8
absolute humidity, F6.8
degree of saturation, F6.8
dew-point temperature, F6.8, 9
humidity ratio, F6.8
relative humidity, F6.8
saturation humidity ratio, F6.8
specific humidity, F6.8
specific volume F6.9
wet-bulb temperature, F6.8, 9
industrial drying, A27.1
moist air
saturation F6.1
thermal conductivity
figure, F6.16
thermodynamic properties, F6.2, 10
example, F6.10, 12
table, F6.3
transport properties, F6.16
viscosity
figure, F6.16
perfect gas equations, F6.8
perfect gas relationships F6.12
standard atmosphere U.S., F6.1
altitudes (table), F6.1
water at saturation
thermodynamic properties, F6.2
Public buildings. See Commercial and public
buildings
Pulse width modulated drives. See Variable
speed drives
Pumps
as fluid flow indicators, A36.13
central systems, S4.3
centrifugal, S39
affinity laws, S39.7
table, S39.7
antifreeze effect on, S12.17
arrangement, S39.10
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications
I.33
compound, S12.7
distributed pumping, S39.12
parallel pumping, S12.6; S39.10
primary-secondary pumping, S12.7;
S39.12
series pumping, S12.6; S39.11
standby pump, S12.7; S39.12
two-speed motors, S39.12
variable-speed pumping, S39.12
casing
diffuser, S39.2
volute, S39.2
cavitation, S39.9
circulation troubleshooting (table), S39.14
commissioning, S39.13
components (figure), S39.1
construction, S39.2
efficiency, S39.6
best efficiency point (BEP), S39.7
energy conservation, S39.13
impellers, S39.2
trimming, S39.5, 7, 8
installation, S39.13
motors, S39.13
noise troubleshooting (table), S39.14
operation, S39.2, 13
performance
net positive suction, S39.9
operating point, S39.5
pump curves, S12.5; S39.4
pump/system curves, S39.5
power, S39.6
radial thrust, S39.9
selection, S39.10
types, S39.2
chilled water, A40.2, 5, 13, 14
sequencing, A40.13, 17
condenser water, A40.5
geothermal wells, A31.8, 21
lineshaft, A31.8
submersible, A31.8
variable speed drives, A31.9
hydronic snow melting, A49.12
liquid overfeed systems, R1.4
modeling, F31.10
service life (table), A35.3
solar energy systems, A32.15
variable speed, A40.8, 14
water systems, S12.5; S14.6
Purge units
centrifugal chillers, R43.11; S38.11
Radiant
cooling, A52.1, 8; S6
snow melting systems, A49.17
Radiant heating, A52; S6; S15; S29.4
applications, A52.8
asymmetry, A52.5
beam heating design, A52.4; S15.5
geometry, A52.4
control, A45.8
design criteria, A52.2
comfort chart, A52.2
design equations, A52.2
floor reradiation, A52.5
infrared, A52.1, 4, 8; S15
beam heater design, S15.5
control, S15.4
efficiency, S15.4
electric, S15.2
energy conservation, S15.1
gas-fired, S15.1
high-intensity, S15.1
low-intensity, S15.1
R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.34
Radiant heating (Continued)
maintenance, S15.5
medium-intensity, S15.1
oil-fired, S15.3
precautions, S15.4
reflectors, S15.4
installation considerations, A52.7
panel, A52.1, 8; S6; S29.4
radiation patterns, A52.5
terminology
adjusted dry bulb temperature, A52.1
angle factor, S15.5
effective radiant flux, A52.1; S15.5
fixture efficiency, S15.4
mean radiant temperature, A52.1; S6.1
operative temperature, A52.1
pattern efficiency, S15.4
radiant flux distribution, S15.6
radiation-generating ratio, S15.4
test instruments, A52.6
black globe thermometer, A52.6
directional radiometer, A52.7
total space heating, A52.6
Radiant panels, A52.1, 8; S6; S29.4;
S32.6
advantages, S6.1
air-heated/cooled panels, S6.19
applications, A52.8
controls, A45.8; S6.19
cooling, S6.19
electric heating slabs, S6.20
design calculations, S6.7
graphs (figures), S6.8, 9
design considerations, S6.5
floor covering effects, S6.6
heat gain, S6.7
heat loss, S6.7
thermal resistance, S6.6
disadvantages, S6.2
electric heating systems, S6.16
ceiling, S6.16
embedded cable, S6.16
prefabricated, S6.16
floor, S6.17
cable installation, S6.18
controls, S6.20
wall, S6.17
heat transfer, S6.2
combined, S6.4
convection, S6.3
radiation, S6.2
hydronic systems, S6.10
ceiling, S6.12
design considerations, S6.10
distribution/layout, S6.14
floor, S6.15
concrete slab-embedded, S6.15
suspended floor piping, S6.15
wall, S6.15
Radiation
atmospheric, A32.5
electromagnetic, F9.16
optical waves, F9.17
radio waves, F9.17
solar, A32.3
thermal, F3.1, 6; S6.1
angle factors, F3.9
figure, F3.10
blackbody, F3.7
exchange between surfaces, F3.9
gray, F3.8
in gases, F3.11
nonblack, F3.8
transient, F3.4
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
cylinder, F3.5 switches, R45.1
slab, F3.5 differential control, R45.2
sphere, F3.5 float, R45.3
Radiators fluid flow-sensing, R45.2
application, S32.5 pressure control, R45.1
design effects, S32.4 temperature control, R45.2
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3 valves, control
panel, S32.1 check, R45.19
rating (table), S32.3 condenser pressure regulators, R45.13
sectional, S32.1 condensing water regulators, R45.18
specialty, S32.1 evaporator pressure regulators, R45.10
tubular, S32.1 expansion, constant pressure, R45.9
Radiometers, A52.7 expansion, electric, R45.9
Radiosity, F3.9 expansion, thermostatic, R45.4
Radio stations, A3.9 float, high-side, R45.13
Radon, F9.16; F12.16, 17 float, low-side, R45.14
control, A42.3; A44.15 pressure relief devices, R45.19
Railroad cars reversing, R45.17
air conditioning, A8.8 solenoid, R45.14
controls, A8.10 suction pressure regulators, R45.12
design limitations, A8.9 Refrigerants, F19.1
equipment selection, A8.9 absorption solutions, F20.1
refrigerant piping, A8.10 acoustic velocity (table), S34.30
refrigerants, A8.8 ammonia, F20.1
air distribution, A8.10 chemical reactions, R5.6
comfort conditions, A8.9 properties, R5.3
heaters, A8.10 refrigeration system practices, R3
refrigerator cars, 1994 Refrigeration, ammonia-water, F20.1
Chapter 28 automobile air conditioners, A8.3
(See explanation on first page of Index) azeotropic, F1.6
vehicle types, A8.8 carbon dioxide, F20.1
cascade refrigeration systems, R39.3
Railroad tunnels
compatibility with other materials, R5.4
ventilation, A12.19
database on, R5.10
design concepts, A12.19
elastomers, R5.6
diesel locomotive facilities, A12.21
electrical insulation, R5.4
equipment, A12.23
plastics, R5.6
locomotive cooling requirements, A12.20
construction materials affected by, F19.11
tunnel aerodynamics, A12.20
elastomers, F19.11
tunnel purge, A12.21
swelling (table), F19.10
Rapid transit systems (see also Fixed guideway
metals, F19.11
vehicle air conditioning), A12.15
plastics, F19.11
car air conditioning, A8.9
swelling (table), F19.10
station air conditioning, A12.17 contaminants in, R6
tunnel ventilation, A12.15 generation by high temperature, R5.9
design method, A12.18 cryogenic fluids, F20.1; R38.1
emergency, A12.16 environmental acceptability, R5.1
equipment, A12.23 environmental test facilities, R37.1
mechanical, A12.15 halocarbons, F20.1
natural, A12.15 azeotropic blends, F20.1
RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves ethane series, F20.1
Receivers flow rate, R2.1
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.3, 15 figures, R2.2, 3
halocarbon refrigerant, R2.16 hydrolysis, R5.6
liquid overfeed systems, R1.7 methane series, F20.1
Recirculation systems. See Liquid overfeed refrigeration system practices, R2
(recirculation) systems thermal stability, R5.6
Recycling zeotropic blends, F20.1
refrigerants, R6.8, 9 hydrocarbons, F20.1
Reflectance inorganic refrigerants, F20.1
fenestration, F30.17 leak detection, F19.7
Reflectors ammonia, F19.7
radiant heating, S15.4 bubble method, F19.7
Refrigerant control devices, R45 electronic detection, F19.7
air conditioners, S45.6; S47.2 halide torch, F19.7
automobile air conditioners, A8.5 sulfur dioxide, F19.7
capillary tubes, R45.21 lithium bromide-water, F19.5; F20.1
coolers, liquid, S37.5 specific gravity (figure), F19.4
heat pumps, engine-driven, S47.10 specific heat (figure), F19.4
heat pumps, unitary, S45.9 viscosity (figure), F19.4
heat pump systems, S8.8 low-temperature characteristics (table), R39.2
lubricant separators, R45.21 lubricant solutions, R7.8
pressure transducers, R45.2 moisture in, R6.1
short tube restrictors, R45.27 Montreal Protocol, F19.1
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
number designation (table), F19.2
performance, F19.6
comparison (table), F19.8
phaseout, F19.1
phaseout costs, A35.5
piping
insulation, R32
principles, R2.1
properties, F19.4; R5.1
atmospheric lifetime (table), R5.2
computer program, A38.7
electrical properties (table), F19.5
flammability, R5.3
global warming potential (tables), R5.2, 3
latent heat of vaporization, F19.6
ozone depletion potential (tables), R5.2, 3
physical properties, F19.4
table, F19.3
sound velocity, F19.6
table, F19.6
thermodynamic properties, F20
pressure-enthalpy diagrams, F20.1
saturated liquid/vapor data, F20.1
transport properties, F20
Trouton’s rule, F19.6
railcar air conditioning, A8.8
reclamation, R6.8, 10
recovery, R6.8
recycling, R6.8, R6.9
safety groups, F19.6
table, F19.10
water/steam, F20.1
zeotropic, F1.6, 10
Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), R43.11;
S38.11
Refrigerated facilities, R13
air circulation, R10.4
air purification, R10.5
automated, R13.4, 14
construction methods, R13.4
Schneider system, R13.7
controlled atmosphere storage, R13.3
controls, R10.4; R13.10
design, R13.2
freezers, R13.9
insulation, R13.11
minimum thickness (table), R12.1
load calculations, R12
refrigerated rooms, R13.4
refrigeration systems, R13.7
sanitation, R10.5
secondary coolants. See Coolants,
secondary
temperature pulldown, R13.14
vapor retarders, R13.5, 11
Refrigeration, F1.1
absorption cycles (see also Absorption
refrigeration), F1.14
ammonia-water cycle, F1.18
flow description, F1.14
lithium bromide-water cycle, F1.16
double-stage, F1.17
single-stage, F1.16
refrigerant-absorbent pairs, F1.15
air coolers, forced circulation, R42
air transport, R31.3
ammonia systems, R3
compressors, R3.2
cooling, R3.12, 13
piping, R3.10, 12, 13
condensers, R3.17
controls, R3.6
equipment, R3.2
liquid recirculation (overfeed), R3.22
F = 2001 Fundamentals
hot-gas defrosting, R3.23
lubricant management, R3.6
multistage systems, R3.21
piping, R3.7
safety, R3.27
system selection, R3.1
valves, R3.10
autocascade systems, R39.1
beverage plants, R25.11
biomedical applications, R40
breweries, R25.3
Carnot cycle, F1.6
cascade systems, R39.3
compressors, R39.5
refrigerants, R39.3
coefficient of performance (COP), F1.3
chemical industry, R36
chillers. See Chillers
compression cycles, F1.6
actual systems, F1.12
example, F1.12
Carnot cycle, F1.6
example, F1.7, F1.8
single-stage theoretical, F1.8
Lorenz cycle, F1.9
example, F1.10
single-stage theoretical, F1.10
multistage, F1.10
example, F1.11
zeotropic mixture, F1.10
concrete, R35.1
cryogenic. See Cryogenics
cycles, F1; R38.4
engine-driven, S47.10
food
eggs and egg products, R20
fish, R18.1
fruits, fresh, R21; R22
vegetables, R23
food processing facilities, R26
banana ripening rooms, R22.5
control of microorganisms, R11.3
meat plants, R16
food service equipment, R48
halocarbon systems
accessories, R2.23
fitting pressure losses (tables), R2.10
heat exchangers, R2.23
lubricant management, R2.9
piping, R2.3
refrigerant receivers, R2.16
subcoolers, R2.24
valves, R2.9
heat reclaim
service water heating, A48.3, 21
ice rinks, R34.1
insulation, F23.2;F24.16; R32
liquid coolers. See Coolers, liquid
liquid overfeed systems, R1
load calculations. See Load calculations
low-temperature, R39
autocascade systems, R39.1
cascade systems, R39.3
heat transfer, R39.9
material selection, R39.6
secondary coolants, R39.11
single-refrigerant systems, R39.2
marine, R30
cargo, R30.1
containers, R30.7
fishing vessels, R30.10
ships’ stores, R30.7
refrigerated facility design, R13
retail food store systems, R47.8
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.35
secondary coolant systems, R4
coolant selection, R4.1
corrosion prevention, R4.5
design considerations, R4.2
soils, subsurface, R35.3, 4
storage facilities. See Refrigerated facilities
systems
charging, factory, R46.4
chemical reactions, R5.6
component balancing, R44
contaminant control, R6
retrofitting, during, R6.12
copper plating, R5.9
dehydration, factory, R46.1
design balance points, R44.2
energy and mass balance, R44.3
evaluating system chemistry, R5.1
moisture in, R46.1
performance, R44.4
testing, factory, R46.4
thermal storage, A33.5, 8, 20
trucks and trailers, R29.4
wineries, R25.8
Refrigerators
commercial, R48
reach-in, R48.1
roll-in, R48.3
cryocoolers, R38.8
food service, R48
household, R49
absorption cycle, R41.9
cabinet construction, R49.2
defrosting, R49.6
efficiency, R49.1
ice makers, R49.2
refrigeration systems, R49.5
testing, R49.9
mortuary, R48.3
retail food store, R47
display, R47.1; A2.3
temperatures (table), R47.2
load variable with ambient (table), R47.2
storage, R47.7
Registers. See Air outlets
Regulators (see also Valves)
condenser pressure, R45.13
condensing water, R45.18
draft, S30.23
evaporator pressure, R45.10
steam pressure, S10.9
suction pressure, R45.12
Reheat boxes. See Terminal units
Relative humidity. See Humidity
Residential
air cleaners, S24.10
air leakage, F26.13
climatic infiltration zones, F26.17
duct construction, S16.2
energy consumption (tables), A34.14, 15
forced-air systems, S9
air distribution design, S9.5
air outlets/returns, S9.2
characteristics (table), S9.4
location, S9.3
selection, S9.12
controls, S9.2
design, S9.3
ducts
configuration, S9.4
design/sizing methods, S9.5
efficiency testing, S9.12
furnace, S28.1
heating/cooling components (figure), S9.2
heating performance, S9.12
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.36
Residential (Continued)
climate effect, S9.16
dynamic simulation model (HOUSE),
S9.13
examples, S9.15
factors, S9.13
furnace efficiency, S9.13
furnace size effect, S9.16, 17
furnace type effect, S9.16
night setback effect, S9.16, 17
zone control, S9.7
furnaces, S28.1
gas burners, S26.1
heaters, S29
heating/cooling systems, A1
humidifiers, S20.5
infiltration, F26.12
examples, F26.21
kitchen ventilation, A30.17
load calculations, F28; F29
oil burners, S26.4
ventilation, F26.16
water heating, A48.9
hot water use (tables), A48.9, 10
minimum water heater capacities (table),
A48.9
Resistance, thermal (see also R-values), F3.23
air spaces (table), F25.2, 4
attics (table), F25.15
building materials (table), F25.6
insulating materials (table), F25.6
radiant panels, S6.6
Respiration
fruits and vegetables, R8.17
rate (table), R8.23
Restaurants
air balancing, A30.9
air conditioning, A3.4, 5
energy conservation, A30.11
hot water demand/use (table), A48.11
kitchen ventilation, A30
service water heating, A48.11, 12, 16
Retail facilities
air conditioning, A2
convenience centers, A2.6
department stores, A2.5
design considerations, A2
discount/big box stores, A2.2
load determination, A2
multiple-use complexes, A2.7
refrigeration, R47
shopping centers, A2.6
small stores, A2.1
supermarkets, A2.2
refrigerators, R47
service water heating, A48.12
Retail food store refrigeration, R47
Retrofit performance monitoring, A39.3
Retrofitting
refrigerant systems
contaminant control, R6.12
Reynolds number, F2.3
table, F3.2
Rice
drying, F11.13; A22.9
Road tunnels, A12.1
carbon monoxide
allowable concentrations, A12.5
analyzers/recorders, A12.7
vehicle emissions, A12.1, 5
ventilation, A12.1
air quantities, A12.5
computer analysis, A12.5, 6
controls, A12.7
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
ducts, A12.6
emergency air quantities, A12.5
enhancements, A12.4
equipment, A12.23
hybrid systems, A12.4
mechanical systems, A12.2
full transverse, A12.3
longitudinal, A12.2
semitransverse, A12.3
natural systems, A12.1
normal air quantities, A12.5
pressure evaluation, A12.6
Rocks
thermal conductivity (table), F25.17
Rodents
farm crop storage, F11.7
Roof ponds
Legionella pneumophila control, A47.7
Roofs
air movement, A42.6
CLTD (table), F28.2
heat loss, F28.10
insulation,F24.9 A42.5
moisture control, F24.9; A42.6
inverted roofs, F24.9
self-drying low-slope roofs, F24.10
overhang shading, F30.45
radiant barriers, A42.6
R-values, F25.14
wall interface, A42.8
Room criterion (RC) curves, F7.5; A46.22
RC Mark II, A46.23, 24
Rotative speed
measurement, F14.24
stroboscopes, F14.24
tachometer-generators, F14.24
tachometers, F14.24
Roughness
pipe (table), F2.10
Roughness factors
ducts, F34.7
Round, F34.29
loss coefficients, F34.29
R-values (see also Resistance, thermal)
calculation, F25.2
modified zone method, F25.13
zone method, F25.12
example, F25.12
ceilings,F25.14
masonry construction, F24.8;F25.3
example, F24.8;F25.3
roofs, F24.10;F25.14
steel frame construction, F24.1,2;F25.10
example, F25.11
wood frame construction, F24.1;F25.2
Safety
air cleaners, A44.17; S24.12
automatic controls, A45.16
burners, S26.13
chemical plants, R36.2
cryogenic equipment, R38.24
filters, air, S24.12
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.30
nuclear facilities, A25
refrigerants, F19.6
table, F19.10
service water heating, A48.8
solar energy systems, A32.24
water systems, medium/high temp., S14.9
wood stoves, S29.6
Safety showers
Legionella pneumophila control, A47.7
Sanitation
food production facilities, R11.4
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
egg processing, R20.12
HACCP, R11.4
meat processing, R16.1
poultry processing, R17.7
refrigerated storage facilities, R10.5
Scale
control, A47.4
humidifiers, S20.4
service water systems, A48.7
Schneider system, R13.7
Schools
air conditioning, A6.2, 3
hot water demand/use (tables), A48.4, 11, 16
service water heating, A48.18
elementary, A48.12
high schools, A48.12, 15
Scrubbers. See Industrial exhaust gas
cleaning
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio. See Energy
efficiency ratio (EER)
Secondary coolants. See Coolants, secondary
Secondary system
energy estimating, F31.9
Seeds
drying, F11.13
storage, A22.12
SEER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Seismic restraint, A46.45; A53.1
anchor bolts, A53.8
design calculations, A53.2, 3
dynamic analysis, A53.2
examples, A53.9
static analysis, A53.2, 3
duct construction, S16.6
installation problems, A53.13
maximum ground motion, U.S. (figure),
A53.4
seismic zones
U.S. (figure), A53.7
world (table), A53.6
snubbers, A53.8
terminology, A53.2
weld capacities, A53.8
Sensible heat ratio, S47.2
Sensors
automatic control with, F15.8
location, A45.19
Separators
lubricant, R45.21
Service life
equipment (table), A35.3
Service water heating, A48
codes, A48.22
cogeneration, S7.32
commercial/institutional, A48.10
corrosion, A48.7
design considerations, A48.7
distribution system, A48.3
for commercial dishwashers, A48.5
for commercial kitchens, A48.5
manifolding, A48.6
piping materials, A48.3
pressure differential, A48.4
return piping, A48.4
return pump sizing, A48.4
supply piping, A48.4
two-temperature service, A48.6
geothermal energy systems, A31.13
hot water demand (tables), A48.4, 11, 16, 21
hot water requirements, A48.9
indirect water heating, A48.2, 21
industrial, A48.20
Legionella pneumophila, A48.8
pipe sizing, F35.7
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
residential, A48.9
safety devices, A48.8
scale, A48.7
sizing water heaters, A48.9, 20, 21
instantaneous, A48.20
refrigerant-based, A48.21
semi-instantaneous, A48.20
storage heaters, A48.9
examples, A48.12
solar energy systems, A32.11, 18, 26; A48.3
standards, A48.22
steam systems, S10
system planning, A48.1
terminology, A48.6
thermal storage, A33.8
water heating equipment
placement, A48.9
sizing, A48.9, 20, 21
types, A48.1
water quality, A48.7
water temperature requirements (table), A48.8
Shading, F30.43
computer calculations, F30.46
cooling load, F28.2
draperies, F30.49
double, F30.55
exterior, F29.14; F30.44
interior layer, F30.54
louvers, F30.45
roller shades, F30.47
roof overhangs, F30.45
venetian blinds, F30.47
Shading coefficients (see also Heat gain),
F29.21; F30.38
domed skylights (table), F30.40
double glazing (table), F30.48
glass (table)
with draperies (table), F30.50
with roller shades (table), F30.48
with venetian blinds (table), F30.48
glass block walls (table), F30.40
Sheep
growth, F10.9
heat and moisture production, F10.10
reproduction, F10.10
wool production, F10.10
SHGC. See Heat gain
SHGF. See Heat gain
Ship docks, A3.10
Ships
air conditioning, A10
air distribution, A10.5
controls
merchant ships, A10.5
naval ships, A10.7
design factors, A10.1
merchant ships, A10.1
naval ships, A10.6
ducts
merchant ships (table), A10.5
naval ships (table), A10.7
equipment selection
merchant ships, A10.2
naval ships, A10.6
systems
merchant ships, A10.3
naval ships, A10.7
cargo refrigeration, R30.1
built-in refrigerators, R30.1
refrigeration load, R30.6
refrigeration system, R30.3
fishing vessels, R30.10
fish freezing, R30.15
fish refrigeration
F = 2001 Fundamentals
brine wells, R30.14
icing, R18.1; R30.13
refrigerated seawater, R18.2; R30.14
system design, R30.10
merchant ships, A10.1
naval surface ships, A10.6
refrigerated stores, R30.7
ventilation, A10.1, 6
Sick building syndrome, F13.5
Simulation. See Modeling
Single-duct systems
all-air systems, S2.9
constant volume, S2.9
variable-air-volume, S2.10
SI unit conversion factors, F37
Skating rinks, R34
Skylights
domed, F30.40
Slab-on-grade, A42.2, 3
Slots. See Air outlets
Smoke management, A51
acceptance testing, A51.17
atriums, A51.13
computer analysis, A51.12, 14
design considerations
door-opening forces, A51.6
flow areas, A51.6
effective flow areas, A51.7
symmetry, A51.8
open doors, A51.9
pressure differences, A51.8
weather data, A51.8
duct design, F34.14
elevators, A51.12
hospitals, A7.4
large open spaces
plugholing, A51.16
plume, A51.14
prestratification layer, A51.16
smoke filling, A51.14, 15
steady clear height/upper layer exhaust,
A51.15
steady fire, A51.13, 14
unsteady fire, A51.13, 15
zone fire models, A51.14
methods, A51.4
airflow, A51.5
buoyancy, A51.6
compartmentation, A51.4, 10
dilution near fire, A51.5
pressurization, A51.5, 9, 11
remote dilution, A51.4
rapid transit systems, A12.16
road tunnels, A12.5
smoke dampers, A51.9
smoke movement, A51.2
buoyancy, A51.3
expansion, A51.3
HVAC systems, A51.4;F17.3
stack effect, A51.2
wind, A51.4
stairwells, A51.9
analysis, A51.10
compartmentation, A51.10
pressurization, A51.9, 11
overpressure relief, A51.11
supply fan bypass, A51.11
zone control, A51.12
zone models, A51.14
Smudging
air outlets, S17.2
Snow melting, A49
control, A49.9, 12
automatic, A49.9
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.37
manual, A49.9
electric system design, A49.12
constant wattage systems, A49.16
electrical equipment, A49.13
gutters and downspouts, A49.18
heat flux, A49.12
infrared systems, A49.17
installation, A49.16
mineral insulated cable, A49.13
free area ratio, A49.1
heat balance, A49.1
heating requirement, A49.1
annual operating data, A49.6
table, A49.8
effect of surface size, A49.6
effect of wind speed, A49.6
heat flux equations, A49.2
load calculations, A49.3
load frequencies, A49.3
figures, A49.7
table, A49.4
weather data, A49.3
hydronic system design, A49.10
controls, A49.12
fluid heater, A49.12
heat transfer fluid, A49.10
piping, A49.10
pump selection, A49.12
thermal stress, A49.12
operating costs, A49.9
pavement design, A49.9
snow detectors, A49.9
snowfall data (table), A49.4
Snubbers
seismic, A53.8
Sodium chloride
brines, F21.1
Soils (see also Earth)
temperature calculation, S11.9
thermal conductivity, F25.16; S11.9
table, F25.17
thermal properties (table), A31.17
Sol-air temperature, F29.15
table, F29.16, 18
Solar
angles, F29.14; A32.1
incident, A32.2
constant, A32.1
heat gain. See Heat gain
irradiation, A32.4
position (tables), A32.2
radiation at earth’s surface, A32.3
spectrum, A32.3
time, A32.1
Solar energy, A32; S33
active systems, A32.17, 18, 19
airflow, A32.25
annual solar fraction, A32.16
collectors, A32.6, 14, 25 S33.3
array design, S33.10
piping, S33.10
shading factor, S33.11
construction, S33.5
absorber plates, A32.8; S33.5
glazing, A32.7; S33.7
housing, S33.7
insulation, S33.7
manifolds, S33.6, 9
design/installation, A32.25
efficiency, A32.10
glazing materials, A32.7
plates, A32.8
module design, S33.8
piping, S33.8
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.38 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Solar energy (Continued) pool heating, A32.13 reverberant field method, F7.9
thermal expansion, S33.10 recirculation systems, A32.13 sound intensity method, F7.9
velocity limits, S33.9 residential, A1.3 sources, F7.8
mounting, A32.23 thermosiphon systems, A32.11 terminology, F7.2
performance, A32.9; S33.4 heat pump systems, S8.4 bandwidths, F7.1, 9
operational results, S33.5 hybrid systems, A32.18 decibel, F7.2
selection, S33.7 hydraulics, A32.25 frequency spectrum, F7.1, 4
testing, S33.5 installation guidelines, A32.23 loudness, F7.4
types, S33.3 irradiance, F30.16 phons, F7.6
air heating, S33.3 maintenance, A32.24 sones, F7.6
concentrating, A32.8 over-temperature protection, A32.24 sound intensity, F7.2
evacuated heat pipe, S33.4 passive systems, A32.17, 18, 21 sound power, F7.2, 8
evacuated tube, S33.3 photovoltaic systems, S33.20 sound pressure, F7.2
flat plate, A32.5, 6; S33.3 applications, A32.26 sound quality, F7.4
integral storage, S33.3 cell design, S33.20 tone, F7.4
liquid heating, S33.3 current-voltage curves, S33.20 testing, A36.18
liquid-vapor, S33.4 efficiency, S33.20 transmission, F7.10; A36.19; A46.17
controls, A32.25, 26; S33.18 module construction, S33.20 airborne, F7.10
differential temperature controller, S33.18 related equipment, S33.21 flanking, F7.10
hot water dump, S33.19 quality and quantity, A32.1 humidity affecting, S20.2
over-temperature protection, S33.18 safety, A32.24 structure-borne, F7.10
cooling systems, A32.16, 17, 26 service water heating systems, A32.11, 26; unit heaters, S31.6
absorption refrigeration, A32.19; S33.3, 8 A33.8; A48.3 velocity
active, A32.17, 18 combined with space heating, A32.18 refrigerants (table), F19.6
sizing, A32.19 components, A32.14 Sound control, A46.1, 42, 45
hybrid, A32.18 sizing heating and cooling systems, A32.19 air handlers, S2.9
passive, A32.17, 18 active heating/cooling, A32.19 A-weighted sound levels, F7.5
radiative, A32.16 f-Chart method, A32.19, 20 barriers, F7.11
design, installation, operation checklist, passive heating, A32.21 ceiling sound transmission, A46.31
A32.25 simplified analysis, A32.19 chillers, A46.9
design values solar load ratio method, A32.21 engine-driven, S47.4
solar irradiation, A32.4 start-up procedure, A32.24 clean spaces, A15.13
diffuse sky radiation, F30.15 thermal storage systems, A32.11, 14, 25; cogeneration, S7.39
domestic hot water, A32.11, 26 S33.12 combustion turbines, S7.12
fenestration, F30 air systems, S33.12 composite noise rating (CNR), A46.26
flux, F30.13 liquid systems, S33.12 cooling towers, S36.10
freeze protection, A32.24; S33.2, 19 pressurized, S33.12 data reliability, A46.1
heat exchangers, A32.14; S33.16 unpressurized, S33.13 design criteria, F7.4, 7
external, S33.17 short circuiting, S33.15 design procedures, A46.34
freeze protection, S33.19 sizing, S33.15 design software, A38.7
internal, S33.16 load matching, S33.16 design techniques, A46.2
performance, S33.17 solar fraction, S33.16 table, A46.3
plate-and-frame, S33.17 storage cost, S33.16 ducts, A46.8; S16.4
requirements, S33.16 stratification, S33.15 fiberglass liners, A46.17
shell-and-tube, S33.17 tank sound attenuation, F7.11; A46.11
tube-in-tube, S33.17 construction materials, S33.14 branch division, A46.16
heating systems, A1.3; A32.17, 18, 26; A33.8; insulation, S33.14 end reflection loss, A46.16
S33.1 protection, S33.14 insulated flexible, A46.13
active systems, A32.17, 18 uses, A32.26 plenums, A46.11
sizing, A32.19 Solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC). See Heat rect. sheet metal, A46.12, 13
air systems, S33.1, 11, 12 gain round sheet metal, A46.12
components Solar heat gain factors (SHGF). See Heat gain silencers, A46.14
auxiliary heaters, A32.15 Solid fuel, F18.6 sound generated in, A46.8
collectors, A32.14 burners, S26.9 sound transmission, A46.17
controls, A32.15 Sorbents, F22.1 breakout/breakin, A46.18
expansion tanks, A32.15 Sound (see also Noise), F7.1 rumble, A46.17
heat exchangers, A32.14 air outlets, S17.2 enclosures, F7.11
heat transfer fluids, A32.14 background in rooms (table), A46.25 engines, S7.7
piping, A32.15 characteristics, F7.1 engine test facilities, A14.4
pumps, A32.15 chillers, A46.9 equipment sound levels, A46.4
thermal storage tanks, A32.14 compressors, A46.9 fans, A46.4, 5
valves/gages, A32.15 computerized analysis, A38.7 fume hood duct design, A46.32
direct circulation systems, A32.12; S33.2 cooling towers, S36.10 hotels and motels, A5.8
drain-down systems, A32.12 ducts, A46.8 HVAC sound level guidelines (table), A46.25
nonfreezing fluid, S33.2 loudness, F7.4, 6 indoor sound rating, A46.22
hybrid systems, A32.18 phons, F7.6 A-weighted sound level (dBA), A46.23
indirect systems, A32.12; S33.2 sones, F7.6 balanced noise criteria (NCB), A46.23
drain-back systems, A32.13; S33.2 measurement, F7.7; F14.25 noise criteria (NC), A46.22
integral collector storage systems, A32.13; instrumentation, F7.7; A36.18 quality assessment index, A46.24, A46.25
S33.3 rating methods, A46.22 RC Mark II, A46.23, 24
liquid systems, S33.1, 10, 12 sound power, F7.2, 8 room criteria (RC), A46.22
freeze protection, S33.2 conversion to pressure, F7.9 insertion loss, A46.12
passive systems, A32.17, 18 free-field method, F7.8 mechanical equipment rooms, A46.27
sizing, A32.21 progressive wave method, F7.9 chases/shafts, A46.28
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index I.39

duct wall penetration, A46.28 air conditioners, packaged terminal, S47.7 combined steam and water systems, S10.16
enclosed air cavity, A46.30 air conditioners, room, S47.4 condensate removal, S10.6; S11.7, 18
floating floors, A46.29 air conditioners, unitary, S45.5, 6 drip stations, S11.7
special walls, A46.28 air quality, U.S. (table), A44.6 convection heating, S10.12
noise criterion (NC) curves, F7.5; A46.22 boilers, S27.6 design pressure, S10.4
outdoor equipment chillers, R43.5; S38.5 high-pressure, S10.2, 5
composite noise rating (CNR), A46.26 chimneys/fireplaces/gas vents, S30.21, 27 low-pressure, S10.2, 5
correction numbers (tables), A46.27, 28 cogeneration, S7.47 design considerations, S32.4
sound barriers, A46.32 condensers district heating and cooling, S11.3, 18, 29
sound criteria, A46.26 evaporative, S35.19 flash tank, S10.14
sound propagation, A46.32 water-cooled, S35.7 heat exchangers, S10.3
piping, A46.42 coolers, liquid, S37.4 heat recovery, S10.14
connectors dehumidifiers, room, S47.8 direct recovery, S10.15
expansion joint/arched, A46.44 duct construction, S16.1 flash steam, S10.14
flexible, A46.43 commercial, S16.2 waste heat boilers, S10.3
hose, A46.44 industrial, S16.4 one-pipe systems, S10.12; 1993
flow noise, A46.42 residential, S16.2 Fundamentals, Chapter 33, pp. 16-17
resilient hangers/supports, A46.42 engines, S7.47 (See explanation on first page of Index)
places of assembly, A4.1 filters, air, S24.2, 5 pipe sizing, F35.9
return air system sound transmission, A46.31 furnaces, S28.11 piping, S10.5, 13
rooftop air handlers, A46.6 heaters, S29.6, 7 Hartford loop, S10.3
room criterion (RC) curves, F7.5; A46.22 heat pumps, packaged terminal, S47.7 inlet orifices, S10.13
room sound correction, A46.20 heat pumps, unitary, S45.5, 6 return, S10.3, 6
ceiling sources, A46.22 heat pumps, water-source, S45.11 supply, S10.3, 5
nonstandard rooms, A46.22 ice makers, R50.5 terminal equipment, S10.6
point sources, A46.21 indoor air quality, F9.9 steam distribution, S10.13
standards, A46.47 table, F9.9, 10, 11 steam source, S10.2
terminology, F7.10 makeup air units, S31.9 steam traps, S10.7
insertion loss, F7.10 motors, S40.1, 10, 13 kinetic, S10.7, 9
noise reduction, F7.10 nuclear facilities, A25.8 mechanical, S10.7, 8
scattering, F7.11 pipe fittings, S41.2 thermostatic, S10.7
sound absorption coefficient, F7.11 piping, S11.18; S41.6 temperature control, S10.13
sound attenuation, F7.10 service water heating, A48.22 terminal equipment, S10.11
spherical spreading, F7.11 sound control, A46.47 forced-convection units, S10.11
transmission loss, F7.10 turbines, S7.47 natural convection units, S10.11; S32
transmission loss, A46.18 vibration control, A46.47 piping design, S10.6
troubleshooting, A36.19; A46.45 Stanton number two-pipe systems, S10.12
noise problems, A46.45 table, F3.2 valves
problem type, A46.45 Static electricity pressure-reducing, S10.9
source determination, A46.45 humidity affecting, S20.2 installation, S10.9
variable-air-volume systems, A46.5 Stationary Media F5 selection, S10.11
air modulation devices, A46.5 Steam safety, S10.10
fan selection, A46.5 cogeneration distribution, S7.29 temperature control, S10.13
terminal units, A46.6 coils, air-heating, S23.2 water treatment, A47.11
Soybeans condensation, F4.10 Steam traps, S10.7
drying, F11.13; A22.7 distribution systems, S10.13 kinetic, S10.7, S10.9
Specific heat district heating and cooling, S11.18 disk, S10.9
calculated F1.4, 5, 20 testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.14 impulse, S10.9
foods, R8.7 flash steam, S10.14 orifice, S10.9
humid F5.9 percentage, S10.2 piston, S10.9
liquids (table), F38.2 generator buildings, A24.4 thermodynamic, S10.9
solids (table), F38.3 makeup air units, S31.9 mechanical, S10.7, 8
vapors (table), F38.1 pipe sizing, F35.10 bucket, S10.9
Spot cooling properties, F6.16; S10.1 float and thermostatic (F&T), S10.8
evaporative, A50.7 refrigerant, F20.1 inverted bucket, S10.9
industrial environments, A28.5, 13; A50.7 table, S10.2 thermostatic, S10.7
makeup air units, S31.10 quality, S10.2 bellows, S10.8
mines, A26.6 sources, S10.2 bimetallic, S10.8
Spot heating, A52.4 Tables F6.16 Steel
Stack effect turbines, S7.12 boilers, S27.2, 3
duct design, F34.2 unit heaters, S31.4 pipe. See Pipe
smoke movement, A51.2 unit ventilators, S31.1 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F3.7; F30.17
Stacks (see also Exhaust stacks) Steam-jet refrigeration Stirling cycle, R38.10
exhaust velocity, F16.10 1983 Equipment, Chapter 13 Stokers, S26.9
Stadiums, A4.4 (See explanation on first page of Index) capacity classification, S26.9
ancillary spaces, A4.4 Steam systems, S10 types, S26.10
enclosed stadiums, A4.4 advantages, S10.1 chain (traveling) grate, S26.11
load characteristics, A4.4 air, gas, water effects, S10.2 spreader, S26.10
Stairwells boilers, S10.3; S27.1 underfeed, S26.11
smoke control, A51.9 connections (figure), S10.4 vibrating grate, S26.12
Standard atmosphere U.S., F6.1 return piping, S10.3 Storage
altitudes (table), F6.1 supply piping, S10.3 apples, R21.1; A50.9
Standards (see also Codes), S48 waste heat boilers, S10.3 controlled atmosphere, R21.3
air cleaners, S24.2, 5 classification, S10.2 bakery ingredients, R27.1
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.40
Storage (Continued)
candy, R28.5
carbon dioxide, R25.11
citrus, R22.3; A50.9
cold
facility design, R13
compressed gases, A13.8
controlled atmosphere, R13.3
cryogenic fluids, R38.22
cut flowers, R10.6
table, R10.7
desiccant dehumidification, S22.8
eggs, R20.5
farm crops, F11; A22.9
fish, fresh, R18.3
fish, frozen, R18.7
food, canned, R10.5
food, dried, R10.5
food, perishable (table), R10.2
fruit, dried, R28.7
fruit, fresh, R21.1
furs and fabrics, R10.5
high pressure, S22.10
ice, R33.4; R50.5
meat products, frozen, R16.16
milk, fresh, R19.4
nursery stock, R10.6
table, R10.7
nuts, R28.7
photographic materials
processed, A19.3
unprocessed, A19.1
potatoes, A50.9
poultry products, R17.8
refrigerated
facility design, R13
seeds, R10.6; A22.12
thermal. See Thermal storage
vegetables, R23.3
vegetables, dried, R28.7
wine, R25.10
wood products, A23.1
Stores. See Retail facilities
Stoves, S29.5
pellet-burning, S29.6
wood, S29.5
Stratification
air
in places of assembly, A4.2
in plenums, A36.2
water
in lakes (figure), A31.24
in thermal storage tanks, A33.10, 11
Stream function-vorticity formulation, F33.1
Streetcars, A8.9
Subcoolers, R44.2
condensers
evaporative, S35.17
water-cooled, S35.5
two-stage, R2.24
Subway systems
car air conditioning, A8.9
station air conditioning, A12.17
ventilation, A12.15
Suction lines
capacity tables, R2.8, 9
Suction risers, R3.25
capacity table, R2.12
Sulfur
fuel content (table), F18.6
Supermarkets. See Retail facilities
Supervisory control, A40
air handling systems, A40.1
control response, A40.3
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
sequencing, A40.22 sensors for, F15.8
set point reset, A40.23 vertical differences, F8.14
building temperature set point, A40.23 wet-bulb, F6.8, 9
night setback recovery, A40.23 wet-bulb globe, F8.20; A28.2
precooling, A40.24 wet-globe, F8.20
chilled water pumps, A40.5, 13, 14 wind chill index, F8.21
chillers Temperature index, S20.2
load distribution, A40.18 Terminal units, A45.8; S2.9, 13; S17.6
sequencing, A40.5, 17, 20 air outlets. See Air outlets
computers for, A38.10 bypass, A45.9; S17.7
cooling systems without storage, A40.3 constant volume, S2.13
chiller/pump sequencing, A40.5 dual-duct, A45.10; S17.7
control choices, A40.4 dump, S17.7
load/ambient effects, A40.6 fan-coil, S3.2
optimization, A40.3 fan-powered, A45.9; S2.14; S17.7
performance comparisons, A40.6 humidifiers, S2.14
variable vs. fixed speed equipment, A40.8 induction, A45.9; S2.14; S3.2; S17.7
cooling tower fans, A40.8, 9 testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.6
cool thermal storage systems, A40.25 in steam systems, S10.11
charging strategies, A40.26 mixing, A45.10
discharging strategies, A40.26 reheat, A45.8; S2.13; S17.6
ice storage control optimization, A40.34 throttling, A45.8; S2.13
forecasting energy requirements, A40.28 VAV, A45.8; S2.13
algorithm, A40.29 sound control, A46.6
optimization methods Terminology
dynamic, A40.33 absorption refrigeration, R41.1
static, A40.30 air cleaning, A44.11
system based, A40.31 air diffusion, F32.1
performance measures, A40.2 automatic control, F15.1
Supply outlets. See Air outlets clean spaces, A15.1
Surface transportation, A8 cogeneration, S7.43
automobiles, A8.1 ground-source heat pumps, A31.14
buses, A8.6 heat flow, F23.1
fixed guideway vehicles, A8.10 heat recovery, S8.1
railroad cars, A8.8 ice makers, R50.1
Survival shelters indoor environmental health, F9.1
1991 Applications, Chapter 11 infiltration, F26.1
(See explanation on first page of Index) maintenance, A37.1
Swimming pools (see also Natatoriums) measurement uncertainty, F14.2
solar heating, A32.13 moisture transfer, F23.1
water chemistry, A4.7 operations, A37.1
water heating for, A48.19 radiant heating and cooling, A52.1
Swine seismic restraint design, A53.2
growth, F10.10 sound, F7.2
heat and moisture production, F10.11 sound control, F7.10
recommended environment, A21.7 testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.1
reproduction, F10.11 thermal storage, A33.1
Symbols, F36 thermodynamics, F1.1
graphical (table), F36.5 ventilation, F26.1
letter, F36.1 vibration, F7.12
table, F36.4 water heating, A48.6
mathematical (table), F36.5 water treatment, A47.11
subscripts (table), F36.5 water wells, A31.4
Television studios, A3.9 wind restraint design, A53.13
Temperature Testing
adjusted dry bulb, A52.1 air cleaners, A44.18; S24.2
animal environments, F10.3 air conditioners, packaged terminal, S47.7
average uncooled surface, S6.2 air leakage
changeover, S3.7, 8 fan pressurization, F26.12
dew-point, F6.8, 9 clean spaces, A15.4
effective, F8.19; A50.5 compressors
groundwater (figure), A31.20 centrifugal, S34.31
horizontal/vertical differences, A28.3 positive-displacement, S34.3
humid operative, F8.19 condensers
mean radiant, F8.10; F14.28; A52.1; S6.1 evaporative, S35.19
measurement, F14.3 water-cooled, S35.7
odors affected by, F13.2 cooling towers, A36.15; S36.14
operative, A52.1, 3 desiccant dehumidification for, S22.9, 10
plane radiant, F8.12; F14.28 duct efficiency, S9.12
plant environments, F10.15 environmental test facilities, R37
process and product requirements (table), fans, S18.4
A11.2 filters, air, S24.2
radiant asymmetry, F8.12; A28.3 freezers, household, R49.9
retail display refrigerators (table), R47.2 functional performance, A41.4, 5
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
heaters, S29.7
heat pumps, packaged terminal, S47.7
heat pumps, water-source, S45.11
industrial exhaust systems, A29.19
industrial ventilation systems, A28.6
lubricants, R7.1
radiant heating system, A52.6
refrigeration systems
leak detection, R46.4
performance testing, R46.5
refrigerators, household, R49.9
smoke control systems, A51.17
solar collectors, S33.5
sound, A36.18
instrumentation, A36.18
procedure, A36.19
transmission problems, A36.19, 24
vibration, A36.20
equipment vibration, A36.21
instrumentation, A36.20
isolators, A36.21; A46.46
piping transmission, A36.24
procedure, A36.20
Testing, adjusting, and balancing (see also
Balancing), A36
air diffusers, A36.2
air distribution systems, A36.3
balancing procedure, A36.3
equipment/system check, A36.3
instrumentation, A36.3
reporting results, A36.6
airflow measurement, A36.2
air diffuser loss coefficient, A36.2
duct flow, A36.2
mixture plenums, A36.2
pitot tube traverse, A36.2
central plant chilled water systems, A36.14
cooling towers, A36.15
design considerations, A36.1
dual-duct systems, A36.4
duct design, F34.18
energy audit field survey, A36.16
building systems, A36.17
form for, A36.17
instrumentation, A36.16
fluid flow measurement, A36.11
differential pressure readout, A36.11, 12
instrument location, A36.14
pump as indicator, A36.13
using manufacturer data, A36.11
hydronic systems, A36.6
heat transfer vs. flow, A36.7
water-side balancing, A36.8
instrumentation, A36.8
procedures, A36.10, 11
proportional method, A36.9
rated differential method, A36.9
sizing balancing valves, A36.8
temperature difference method, A36.9
total heat transfer method, A36.10
induction systems, A36.6
sound. See Testing
sound transmission problems, A36.19, 24
steam distribution systems, A36.14
balancing procedure, A36.14
instrumentation, A36.14
temperature controls, A36.15
verification procedure, A36.16
terminology, A36.1
variable-air-volume systems, A36.4
balancing procedure, A36.5
report contents, A36.6
vibration. See Testing
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
I.41
Textile processing plants, A18 modes, A33.3
air conditioning design, A18.4 strategies, A33.5
air cleaning, A18.4, 6 phase-change materials, A33.12, 15, 20
air distribution, A18.4 piping
collector systems, A18.4 closed systems, A33.20, 21
health considerations, A18.6 ice storage, A33.15
energy conservation, A18.6 open systems, A33.20, 21
fabric making, A18.3 process cooling, A33.8
fiber making, A18.1 refrigeration system, A33.5, 8, 20
moisture regain of fibers (table), A11.4 retrofits, A33.8
yarn making, A18.1 secondary coolant systems, R4.2
cotton, A18.1 solar energy systems, A32.11, 14, 25; A33.8;
woolen, A18.2 S33.3, 12
recommended humidities (table), A18.2 storage media, A33.1, 10
Theaters, A4.3 terminology, A33.1
stages, A4.3 water storage, A33.10, 19
Thermal bridges aquifers, A33.9
building envelopes,F17.2; A42.8 performance, A33.10
Thermal comfort. See Comfort tank insulation, A33.11; S33.14
Thermal conductance. See Conductance, temperature range, A33.10
thermal thermal stratification, A33.10, 11
Thermal conductivity. See Conductivity, water heaters, A33.9, 17
thermal water systems, medium/high temp., S14.9
Thermal diffusivity. See Diffusivity, thermal water treatment, A33.21
Thermal gravity effect. See Stack effect Thermal transmission. See Heat transmission
Thermal insulation. See Insulation, thermal Thermal transmittance. See U-factors
Thermal mass. See Building thermal mass Thermodynamic properties
Thermal resistance. See Resistance, thermal moist air, F6
Thermal storage, A33 example, F6.10, 12
applications, A33.3 table, F6.3
benefits, A33.2 water at saturation, F6.2
building mass table, F6.5, 6
charging/discharging, A33.19 Thermodynamics, F1
effects of, A33.18 absorption refrigeration cycles, F1.14
storage systems, A33.18 calculations, F1.4
cogeneration, S7.33 enthalpy, F1.4
commissioning, A33.21 entropy, F1.4
controls, A33.4, 21 phase equilibria, F1.5
control strategies, A33.4; A40.25 compression refrigeration cycles, F1.6
cool storage, A33.1, 5, 8, 12; A40.2 equations of state, F1.3
district heating and cooling, A33.9; S11.3 laws
diurnal load forecasting, A40.28 first, F1.2
economics, A33.2 second, F1.2
electrically charged storage, A33.16 principles, F1.1
brick storage heaters, A33.9, 16 properties
central furnace, A33.17 calculation, F1.4
heat pump boosters, A33.17 definition, F1.2
room units, A33.9, 16 refrigerants, F19
underfloor heat, A33.18 zeotropic mixture, F1.10
water heaters, A33.9, 17 refrigeration cycle analysis, F1.3
heat storage, A33.1, 8, 16 terminology, F1.1
ice storage, A33.12 Thermoelectric cooling
charging strategies, A40.26 1981 Fundamentals, Chapter 1, pp. 27-33
control optimization, A40.34 (See explanation on first page of Index)
discharging strategies, A40.26 Thermometers, F14.5
encapsulated ice, A33.13, 20 black globe, A52.6
harvesting system, A33.13, 20, 21 error sources, F14.5
ice on coil, A33.12, 19 infrared radiometers, F14.9; A52.7
piping, A33.15 infrared thermography, F14.9
slurries, A33.14 liquid-in-glass, F14.5
tank insulation, A33.16 resistance, F14.5
industrial refrigeration, A33.8 resistance temp. devices (RTD), F14.5
installation, A33.19 semiconductors, F14.7
insulation, A33.11, 16, 20 thermistors, F14.7
maintenance, A33.19, 21 thermocouples, F14.7
off-peak air conditioning, A33.5 Thermosiphon
air distribution, A33.7 heat exchangers, S44.18
refrigeration design, A33.5 solar energy systems, A32.11
with heat storage, A33.7 Thermostats, F15.10
off-peak heating, A33.8 heater control, S29.2, 4
service water heating, A33.8 location, A45.19
solar space/water heating, A33.8 Three-pipe systems, S3.10; 1976 Systems,
space heating, A33.8 Chapter 4, pp. 8-9, 13
operation, A33.19 (See explanation on first page of Index)
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.42
Tobacco
drying, F11.13
Tobacco smoke, F9.6; A44.4, F.12.1, 2, 15
Tollbooths
air quality criteria, A12.7
ventilation, A12.7
design considerations, A12.7
equipment selection, A12.8, 23
Trailers. See Trucks, trailers, and containers
Trains. See Railroad cars
Transmittance
fenestration
light, F30.58
thermal, F30.4
visible, F30.58
Transpiration
fruits and vegetables, R8.19
tables, R8.24
Transportation centers, A3.9; A12.12, 15
Transport properties
refrigerants, F19
Traps
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.4, 17
steam systems, S10.7
Trichloroethylene
coolants, secondary, F21.13
Trouton’s rule, F19.6
Trucks, trailers, and containers, R29
air circulation, R29.3
air leakage, R29.2
heating systems, R29.3
insulation, R29.1
refrigeration systems, R29.4
cooling load calculations, R29.6
eutectic plates, R29.4
mechanical refrigeration, R29.5
Tube. See Pipe
Tuning
automatic control systems, F15.16
Tunnels
ventilation, A12
Turbines, S7
codes, S7.47
combustion, S7.8
applications, S7.42
Brayton cycle, S7.8
components, S7.8
controls and instruments, S7.11
emissions, S7.12
evaporative cooling, A50.8
exhaust gas systems, S7.10
fuels, S7.9
heat recovery, S7.24
inlet air cooling (CTIAC), S7.10
lubrication, S7.9
maintenance, S7.12
noise control, S7.12
performance characteristics, S7.11
single-shaft, S7.8
split-shaft, S7.8
starting systems, S7.9
thermal output, S7.20
expansion, S7.35; S38.1
standards, S7.47
steam, S7.12
applications, S7.42
axial flow, S7.12
controls and instruments, S7.13
governors, S7.13
protective devices, S7.15
starting systems, S7.13
economics, S7.18
heat recovery, S7.24
extraction turbines, S7.25
F = 2001 Fundamentals
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)
noncondensing turbines, S7.24
lubrication, S7.13
maintenance, S7.18
performance characteristics, S7.15
radial inflow, S7.13
thermal output, S7.20
test facilities, A14.3
Turbochargers, S7.6
heat recovery, S7.22
Turbulence modeling
direct numerical simulation (DNS), F33. 4
large eddy simulation (LES), F33. 4
Turbulent flow
fluids, F2.3
Turkeys (see also Poultry)
growth, F10.12
heat and moisture production, F10.14
reproduction, F10.14
Turndown ratio, S12.3
Two-pipe systems, S3.7; S12.12
air-to-transmission ratio, S3.8
central ventilation, S3.7
changeover temperature, S3.8
electric heat, S3.10
fan-coil systems, S3.4
nonchangeover design, S3.9
steam convection heating, S10.12
vacuum return, S10.13
zoning, S3.10
U-factors
center-of-glass, F30.4
doors, F25.14; F30.11
table, F25.15; F30.11
edge-of-glass, F30.4
fenestration, F30.4
frame, F30.4
Uo, F25.14
example, F25.16
windows, F25.14
Uncertainty analysis
measurement, F14.2; A39.12
precision uncertainty, F14.3
systematic uncertainty, F14.3
statistical regression, A39.12
Unitary systems, S5.4; S45
floor-by-floor systems, S5.7
heat pumps, S5.2; S45.8, 10
outdoor equipment, S5.8
room-by-room systems, S5.4
self-contained, S5.7
split systems, S5.6; S45.1, 6
through-the-wall, S5.2
window-mounted, S5.2
Universities, A6.3
Vacuum cooling
fruits and vegetables, R14.5
Valves (see also Regulators), S42
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.10
float control, R3.20
application data (table), S41.6
authority, S42.8
automatic control with, F15.4
automatic valves, S42.4
actuators, S42.4
electric, S42.5
electrohydraulic, S42.5
pneumatic, S42.5
solenoids, S42.5
applications, S42.9
ball valves, S42.7
butterfly valves, S42.7
computer control, S42.6
control valves F2.10, 11
discharge coefficients F2.11
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment
expansion valves
constant pressure, R45.9
electric, R45.9
thermostatic, R45.4; S21.2
float valves, R45.13; S42.7
flow characteristics, S42.7
equal percentage, S42.7
linear, S42.7
quick opening, S42.7
four-way valves, S42.7
reversing valves, R45.17
sizing, S42.8
thermostatic radiator valves, S42.6
three-way valves, S42.6
two-way valves, S42.6
backflow-prevention devices, S42.13
backflow preventers, S42.13
installation, S42.13
selection, S42.13
vacuum breakers, S42.13
balancing valves, S42.9
automatic flow-limiting valves, S42.10
manual valves, S42.9
selection, S42.10
sizing, A36.8
body styles, S42.3
cavitation, S42.2
check valves, R45.19; S42.12
compressors, reciprocating, S34.7
discharge coefficients, F2.11
flow coefficient, S42.2, 8
geothermal energy systems, A31.10
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.9
equivalent lengths (table), R2.11
float control, R2.21
hydronic systems
control, S12.10
safety relief, S12.14
manual valves, S42.3
balancing valves, S42.9
ball valves, S42.4
butterfly valves, S42.4
gate valves, S42.3
globe valves, S42.3
pinch valves, S42.4
plug valves, S42.3
selection, S42.3
materials, S42.1
multiple-purpose valves, S42.10
noise, S42.2
operators, F15.6
pressure drop, F35.1, 6
pressure-reducing valves, S10.9; S42.12
makeup water valves, S42.12
pressure relief valves, R45.19; S42.11
ratings, S42.1
refrigerant control, R45.4
safety valves, S42.11
selection/sizing, F15.5
solar energy systems, A32.15
solenoid valves, R45.14; S42.5
steam systems, S10.9, 14
stop-check valves, S42.13
thermostatic valves, S10.14
self-contained, S10.14; S42.11
water hammer, S42.2
zone control valves, S10.14
Vapor
pressure (table), F38.2
Vapor retarders. See Water vapor retarders
Variable-air-volume
all-air systems
dual-duct, S2.11
single-duct, S2.10
A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index
boxes. See Terminal units
control, A40.2, 6, 23
diversity, A36.5
duct static pressure control, A45.2
fan selection, A46.5
fan sequencing, A45.3
humidity control, S20.9
outlets. See Air outlets
pressure-dependent systems, A36.4
pressure-independent systems, A36.4
return fan static control, A45.3
sound control, A46.5
static pressure control, A36.4
static pressure reset, A40.23
system types, A36.5
terminal units. See Terminal units
testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.4
unstable fan operation, A45.3
variable speed drives, S40.8
Variable frequency drives. See Variable speed
drives
Variable speed drives, S40.8
carrier frequencies
effect on drive ratings, S40.11
effect on motor noise, S40.10
conductor impedance, S40.8
harmonic disturbances, S40.11
line-side, S40.12
load side, S40.12
motors
impedance, S40.8
insulation breakdown, S40.10
noise, S40.10
ratings, S40.10
standards, S40.10
pulse width modulation, S40.8
transistors, S40.8
bipolar junction, S40.8
inverter gate bipolar, S40.8
switching times, S40.8
voltage waveform distortion, S40.11
Vegetables, R23
air transport, R31.1
cooling, R14
desiccation, R10.1
deterioration rate (table), R10.1
display refrigerators, R47.4
dried, storage, R28.7
frozen, R26.3
handling, R23.1
misters
Legionella pneumophila control, A47.7
packaging, R23.2
refrigerant control. See Refrigerant control
devices
respiration. See Respiration
storage, R23.3
chilling injury, R23.4
controlled atmosphere, R23.4
diseases, R23.4
recommended temperatures (table), R23.3
requirements (table), R10.2
thermal properties, R8
transpiration. See Transpiration
transport, R23.2
optimal temperatures (table), R23.3
Vena contracta, F2.4
Velocity
acoustic, of refrigerants (table), S34.30
measurement, F14.14
airborne tracers, F14.14
anemometers, F14.15
in ducts, F14.16
pitot-static tubes, F14.16
F = 2001 Fundamentals
I.43
Venetian blinds, F30.47 Vents. See Chimneys
Ventilation, F26 Venting
age of air, F26.4 furnaces, S28.2
air change effectiveness, F26.4 gas appliances, S30.16
aircraft, A9.1, 4 oil-fired appliances, S30.17
air exchange rate, F26.3 Vibration
measurement, F26.10 compressors
airflow, F26.2 centrifugal, S34.33
displacement flow, F26.2 positive-displacement, S34.3
entrainment flow, F26.2 scroll, S34.24
perfect mixing, F26.3 single-screw, S34.17
animal environments health effects, F9.13
mechanical, A21.5 measurement, F7.14; F14.27
natural, A21.5 accelerometer, F7.14
automobiles, A8.1 instrumentation, A36.20
bus garages, A12.11 terminology, F7.12
testing, A36.20
bus terminals, A12.12
Vibration control, A46.37
climatic infiltration zones, F26.17
air handlers, S2.9
computer modeling, A28.7
chillers, A46.10
dilution, A44.10
engine-driven, S47.4
displacement, F32.11; S2.12 clean spaces, A15.13
driving mechanisms, F26.10 cogeneration, S7.39
effectiveness, F26.4 criteria, A46.37
engine rooms, S47.6 table, A46.38
engine test facilities, A14 data reliability, A46.1
forced, F26.1 ducts, A46.44
gaseous contaminant control, A44.10 engines, S7.7
greenhouses equipment vibration
mechanical, A21.13 analysis, A36.22
natural, A21.13 measurement, A36.22
health care facilities, A7 testing, A36.21
hospitals, A7.2, 5 fans, S18.8
indoor air quality, F26.9 floor flexibility, A46.46
industrial, A28 isolators, A46.37
exhaust systems, A29 resonance, A46.46
in-room terminal systems, S3.5 selection guide (table), A46.39
kitchens, A30 testing, A36.21; A46.46
laboratories, A13.8 piping, A46.42
leakage function, F26.12 connectors
mechanical, F26.1; F16.7 expansion joint/arched, A46.44
mines, A26 flexible, A46.43
natatoriums, A4.6 hose, A46.44
natural, F26.1, 10; F16.7 resilient hangers/supports, A46.42
caused by stack effect, F26.11 places of assembly, A4.1
caused by wind, F26.10 resonance, A46.46
guidelines, F26.11 seismic restraint, A46.45; A53.1
nuclear facilities, A25.4 standards, A46.47
nursing homes, A7.12 troubleshooting, A36.22; A46.45
odor dilution, F13.5 problem type, A46.45
outpatient health care facilities, A7.11 source determination, A46.45
outside air fraction, F26.8 vibration problems, A46.46
vibration investigation, A46.45
parking garages, A12.8
Viscosity, F2.1
power plants, A24.3
absolute, F2.1
railroad tunnels, A12.19
dynamic, F2.1
rapid transit systems, A12.15
fuel oils, F18.5
residential, F26.16
kinematic, F2.1
road tunnels, A12.1 liquids (table), F38.2
ships, A10.1, 6 lubricants, R7.4, 5
terminology, F26.1 moist air
thermal loads, F26.9 figure, F6.16
tollbooths, A12.7 models, F33.3
unidirectional, F32.11 vapors (table), F38.1
warm humid climates, F24.8 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), A44.5
wind effect on, F16.7 Volume ratio
Ventilators rotary vane compressors, S34.11
roof, A28.20 single-screw compressors, S34.14
unit, S31.1 twin-screw compressors, S34.18
capacity, S31.1 Walls, A42.3
control, A45.11; S31.3 airflow retarders, A42.5
location, S31.3 air movement, .5
selection, S31.3 CLTD (table), F28.2
types (figure), S31.2 insulation
S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
I.44 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Walls (Continued) precautions, S12.17 distributed pumping, S39.12

exterior, A42.4 propylene glycol, S12.16 parallel pumping, S12.6; S39.10
masonry construction, F23.2; A42.4 capacity control, A45.1, 15; S12.9 primary-secondary pumping, S12.7;
moisture control, A42.4 chilled water, S12.1, 11 S39.12
panelized, A42.4 cogeneration distribution, S7.30 pump curves, S12.5; S39.4
roof interface, A42.8 district heating and cooling, S11.3, 19, 31 series pumping, S12.6; S39.11
air leakage, A42.8 loads, S12.2 standby pump, S12.7; S39.12
moisture control, A42.8 closed systems, S12; S12.1; S14 two-speed motors, S39.12
sound transmission (tables), A46.29, 30 combined steam and water systems, S10.16 variable-speed pumping, S39.12
steel frame construction, F24.1 components, S12.2 residential, A1.3, 5
window interface, A42.7 condenser water, S13 safety relief valves, S12.14
wood frame construction, F24.1; A42.3 closed systems, S13.3 service water. See Service water heating
Warehouses, A3.11 once-through systems, S13.1 temperature classifications, S12.1
refrigerated. See Refrigerated facilities open cooling tower systems, S13.1 testing, adjusting, balancing, A36.6, 8
Water air/vapor precautions, S13.2 low temperature
at saturation, F6.2 freeze protection, S13.3 medium/high temp.
table, F6.5, 6 piping, S13.2 turndown ratio, S12.3
chilled. See Chilled water water treatment, S13.2 Water treatment, A47
coils overpressure precautions, S13.3 applications
air-cooling, S21.1 water economizer systems, S13.3 air washers, A47.9; S19.8
air-heating, S23.2 control valve sizing, S12.10 boilers, A47.10
dehumidifying, S21.1 Darcy-Weisbach equation, S39.4 brine systems, A47.10
coolers, R25.10 district heating and cooling, S11 closed recirculating systems, A47.10
distribution, S4.3; S12.5; S14.7 dual temperature, S12.1, 12 condensers, evaporative, S35.18
central plants, S11.4 four-pipe common load, S12.13 condenser water, S13.2
district heating and cooling, S11.18 four-pipe independent load, S12.13 cooling towers, A47.4, 8; S36.13
fan-coil systems, S3.4 two-pipe, S12.12 evaporative coolers, S19.8
filtration, A47.7 equipment layout, S12.15 ice makers, A47.7, 9
heating expansion tanks, S12.3, 7 once-through systems, A47.9
geothermal energy systems, A31.13 functions of, S12.3, 7 open recirculating systems, A47.9
service. See Service water heating sizing equations, S12.4 sprayed coil units, A47.9
solar energy systems, A32.11, 18 freeze prevention, S12.16 steam/condensate systems, A47.11
space conditioning combined with, A32.18 heat transfer vs. flow, A36.7 water heating systems, A47.10
water treatment for, A47.10 hot water water systems, medium/high temp., S14.9
humidifier supply, S20.4 boilers, S27.1 biological control, A47.5
properties, F6.16; A47.1; S14.2 cogeneration distribution, S7.30 biocides, A47.5
pipe sizing, F35.3 district heating and cooling, S11.3, 30 Legionella pneumophila, A47.6
refrigerant, F20.1 low temperature, S12.1, 10 corrosion control, A47.2, 9
thermodynamic (table), S14.3 design considerations, S12.8; S32.4 filtration, A47.7
systems loads, S12.2 scale control, A47.4
pipe sizing, F35.3 nonresidential, S12.10 terminology, A47.11
thermal storage systems, A33.9, 10, 19 terminal equipment, S32 thermal properties
vapor transmission, F24 water treatment, A47.10 models (table), R8.2
building materials (table), F25.17 medium/high temperature, S12.1; S14 thermal storage, A33.21
Water hammer, F35.4; S11.6; S42.2 air-heating coils, S14.8 Water vapor. See Moisture
Water heaters boilers, S14.2 Water vapor retarders, F23.15;F24.8
placement, A48.9 cascade systems, S14.6 classification, F23.17
sizing, A48.9, 20, 21 characteristics, S14.1 condensation, S20.2
terminology, A48.6 circulating pumps, S14.6 heating climates, F24.5
types, A48.1 control, S14.8 mixed climates, F24.7
blending injection, A48.3 design considerations, S14.2 refrigerant piping insulation, R32.9
circulating tank, A48.3 direct-contact heaters, S14.6 refrigerated facilities, R13.5, 11
combination, A48.3 direct-fired generators, S14.2 warm humid climates, F24.8
electric, A48.2 distribution, S14.7 Water wells, A31.4
gas-fired, A48.1 expansion tanks, S14.4 Weather data
heat pump, S45.4 heat exchangers, S14.8 annual extreme temperatures, F27.3
indirect, A48.2, 21 loads, S12.2 cooling design conditions, F27.3
boilers for, A48.21 piping design, S14.7 dehumidifying design conditions, F27.3
instantaneous, A48.2, 3, 20 pressurization, S14.4 design conditions, F26
oil-fired, A48.1 safety, S14.9 heating design conditions, F27.3
refrigeration heat reclaim, A48.3, 21 space heating, S14.8 mean daily temperature range, F27.4
semi-instantaneous, A48.3, 20 thermal storage, S14.9 other sources, F27.4
solar energy, A48.3 water treatment, A47.10; S14.9 representativeness, F27.4
storage, A48.1, 2, 9 loads, S12.2 residential infiltration zones, F26.17
usable hot water, A48.8 makeup water, S12.13 snowfall (table), A49.4
waste heat recovery, A48.3 open systems, S12.2; S13.1 sources, F27.2
Water-lithium bromide (see also Lithium pipe sizing, F35.6; S12.15 tables, F26.6, 22, 26
bromide-water) piping, S12.5, 8 uncertainty, F27.4
absorption technology, R41.2 diverting series circuit, S12.8 Welding
Water systems, S12 parallel, S12.9 sheet metal, S16.6
air elimination, S12.14 series circuit, S12.8 Wheat
antifreeze, S12.16 pressure drop determination, S12.15; S39.4 drying, F11.13
effects on system performance, S12.16 pumps, S12.5; S39 Whirlpools
ethylene glycol, S12.16 compound pumping, S12.7 Legionella pneumophila control, A47.7
F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration
Composite Index I.45

service water heating, A48.20 wall interface, A42.7 storage, A23.1

Wind Wind restraint, A53.13 Wood stoves, S29.5
chill index, F8.21 basic wind speed, A53.13 connector pipe, S29.6
table, F8.21 building exposure categories, A53.13 convection, S29.5
coefficients (table), F26.22 design calculations, A53.14
fireplace inserts, S29.6
data sources, F16.5 examples, A53.15
design data, F27.3 design wind force, A53.14 low emission, S29.5
effect on airflow around building, F16.3 minimum design wind load, A53.14 pellet-burning, S29.6
effect on chimneys, S30.2, 25 terminology, A53.13 radiant, S29.5
effect on smoke movement, A51.4 Wine. See Beverages safety, S29.6
effect on system operation, F16.7 Wineries, R25.8 Xenon
pressure coefficients, F16.3 refrigeration, R25.8 recovery, R38.14
pressure on buildings, F16.3 temperature control Zone systems
Windows (see also Fenestration) fermentation, R25.9 all-air systems, S2.12
air leakage, A42.7 storage, R25.10
control, A45.12
heat transfer, A42.6 Wood
moisture control, A42.7 moisture content (figure), A23.1 residential heating, A1.3
shading, F30.3 pulp, A23.1 Zoning
coefficients, F30.38 Wood products facilities, A23.1 four-pipe systems, S3.10
solar gain, A42.7 evaporative cooling, A50.8 small forced-air systems, S9.7
U-factors, F25.14; F30.7 process area, A23.1 two-pipe systems, S3.10

F = 2001 Fundamentals S = 2000 Systems and Equipment A = 1999 Applications R = 1998 Refrigeration