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Manuscript Number: OE-D-18-00018

Title: Evaluation of Liquid Sloshing Damping in Cylindrical Tanks with

Vertical Baffles

Article Type: Full length article

Corresponding Author: Professor Rohollah D Dehghani Firouzabadi,

Corresponding Author's Institution: Sharif University of Technology

First Author: Rohollah D Dehghani Firouzabadi

Order of Authors: Rohollah D Dehghani Firouzabadi; Hessam Sarvahed;

Pourya Zarifian; Seyed Mahdi Alavi

the liquid sloshing damping in

cylindrical tanks with vertical ba

Based on this appro

excitation
amplitude and direction on the dampin
.

Suggested Reviewers: Pengzhi Lin

cvelinpz@scu.edu.cn
works on similar subjects

Marc J. Richard Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Laval University
Marc.Richard@gmc.ulaval.ca
works on same subjects

Marco Amabili
marco.amabili@mcgill.ca
works on same subjects

Michele La Rocca
michele.larocca@uniroma3.it
works on same subjects
Cover Letter
*Highlights (for review)

 Liquid sloshing damping in cylindrical tanks with vertical baffles is investigated.

 Damping ratio is obtained by computing the mechanical energy dissipation with the baffles.
 Present method validated against experimental results with good agreement.
 Maximum slosh damping is obtained in height to radius ratios between 0 and 1.
 Damping is shown to be independent from the liquid height except for shallow liquid heights.
*Manuscript
Click here to view linked References

1
2
3
4
Evaluation of Liquid Sloshing Damping in Cylindrical Tanks with
5
6
Vertical Baffles
7
8 Rohollah Dehghani Firouz-Abadia,∗, Hessam Sarvaheda , Pourya Zarifianb , Seyed Mahdi
9
10 Alavia
11 a
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
12 b
13 Department of Aerospace Engineering and Center of Excellence in computational Aerospace Engineering,
14 Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
15
16
17
18
19 Abstract
20
21 In the present study, the liquid sloshing damping in cylindrical tanks with vertical baffles is
22
23 investigated. To this aim, the average rate of energy dissipation by the baffles is obtained
24
25 applying the potential flow approximation along with estimating the work done by the baffles
26
27 drag force to the oscillatory flow. Based on this approach, an empirical relation is obtained
28
29 for the sloshing damping which is compared with the existing experimental results in the
30
31 literature and a good agreement is achieved. The effects of baffles size, excitation amplitude
32
33 and direction on the damping ratio are also investigated and some conclusions are outlined.
34
35
Keywords: Sloshing Damping, Cylindrical Tank, Vertical Baffle
36
37
38
39 1. Introduction
40
41
42 Control of liquid oscillations in stationary and moving container is intended as one of
43
44 the main issues in the design of liquid transport systems. Due to wide range uses of circular
45
46 cylindrical tanks in many engineering applications, a good insight into the sloshing damping
47
48 in these tanks have been the subject of many studies. Bauer (1960) studied the dynamics
49
50
of liquid free surface oscillations under different types of excitations. Case and Parkinson
51 (1957) proposed empirical relations to measure liquid viscous damping. In this study, they
52
53
54 ∗
Corresponding author.
55
Email address: firouzabadi@sharif.edu (Rohollah Dehghani Firouz-Abadi)
56
57
58
59 Preprint submitted to Ocean Engineering January 2, 2018
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
obtained the experimental results for the logarithmic decrement as a function of the ratio
5
of liquid height to cylinder radius for several water-filled cylinders.
6
7 As a systemic requirement in many applications of large liquid containers, the natural
8
9 viscous damping of liquid sloshing must be enhanced to decrease the sloshing forces and
10
11 torques on the tank. For this purpose baffles of various configurations are used in the
12
13 tank to control the liquid sloshing characteristics. Recently, Wang et al. (2017) developed
14
15 a semi-analytical method which takes advantages of both boundary element (BEM) and
16
17 finite element methods (FEM) for evaluation of liquid oscillations in partially filled rigid
18
19 toroidal tanks with various baffles configuration. Abramson and Ransleben (1961) studied
20
21 the effect of floating lid type device on suppression of liquid sloshing in rigid cylindrical
22
23 tanks. Gavrilyuk et al. (2006) proposed fundamental solutions for the linearised problem
24
25 on sloshing in a vertical circular cylindrical tank having a thin rigid-ring horizontal baffle.
26
27
They developed an analytical approach, which provides accurate approximation of natural
28 frequencies and modes. Askari et al. (2010) developed a theoretical approach for calculating
29
30 the natural frequencies of liquid in a vertical circular cylindrical container with a vertical
31
32 baffle. They used a finite element analysis to check the validity of the proposed method.
33
34 Akyıldız et al. (2013) experimentally studied the liquid sloshing in a cylindrical tank
35
36 with various filling depths, rolling angles and frequencies, showing that the ring baffles are
37
38 very effective in reducing the sloshing loads. Younes et al. (2007) experimentally evaluated
39
40 the hydrodynamic damping for different vertical baffle dimensions, shapes, numbers and
41
42 arrangements in a rectangular tank. They also investigated the effect of a combination be-
43
44 tween upper, lower and holed vertical baffles on the damping. Grotle et al. (2017) studied
45
46 sloshing under roll excitation at shallow-liquid depths in a rectangular container by employ-
47
48
ing experimental and numerical methods. They observed that simulated wave damping is
49 sensitive to the turbulence settings at the free surface. Recently, the effectiveness of four
50
51 types of the baffles in suppressing pressure is experimentally surveyed under a wide range
52
53 of forcing frequencies by Xue et al. (2017). They evaluated the dynamic impact pressure
54
55 variations alongside the central line of the tank wall and the baffle response to different
56
57 excitation frequencies for tanks without baffles and with immersed bottom-mounted vertical
58
59 2
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
baffles, vertical baffles flushing with free surface, surface-piercing bottom-mounted vertical
5
baffles and perforated vertical baffles, respectively, and occluded that variation of flow fields
6
7 and altering natural frequency may effectively suppress the impact pressure on the tank
8
9 walls.
10
11 Analytical and numerical solutions for the liquid sloshing problems have been considered
12
13 by many researchers. These studies have been conducted on various tank shapes and baffle
14
15 configurations. Miles (1958) obtained an analytical expression for damping ratio in deep
16
17 circular cylindrical tanks. He obtained the damping ratio based on the energy dissipation
18
19 caused by a flat ring baffle by analogy to the drag of a solid flat plate in oscillatory flow.
20
21 The range of validity of Miles’ theory was later extended in terms of lateral sloshing force
22
23 by O’Neill (1959). Bauer (Nov. 13, 1962) modified Miles’ results (Miles, 1958) to consider
24
25 the fact that baffles may be submerged during an oscillation cycle of the liquid free-surface.
26
27
Experiments of O’Neill (1959) and Abramson and Garza (1964) showed that for certain
28 baffle and tank geometries, the measured damping for baffles almost at the liquid surface is
29
30 slightly less than the Miles’ prediction (Miles, 1958), while for slightly submerged baffles is
31
32 considerably greater than the prediction.
33
34 Maleki and Ziyaeifar (2008) proposed a theoretical damping model to investigate the
35
36 sloshing damping in tanks with horizontal ring and vertical blade baffles and performed
37
38 a series of experiments to examine the validation of their model. Goudarzi and Sabbagh-
39
40 Yazdi (2012) carried out experimental and analytical studies on the damping due to lower
41
42 and upper mounted vertical baffles as well as horizontal baffles in partially filled rectangular
43
44 tanks .They compared the sloshing damping for various baffle configurations and discussed
45
46 on the validity of their analytical model.
47
48
Wang et al. (2013) used the mode superposition method to study the liquid in sloshing a
49 rigid cylindrical container with multiple rigid annular baffles subjected to lateral excitations.
50
51 They discussed the surface wave height at the container wall, the resultant hydrodynamic
52
53 force and the resultant hydrodynamic moment versus the position, the inner radius and the
54
55 number of the annular baffles.
56
57 Isaacson and Premasiri (2001) developed estimating relations for sloshing damping due
58
59 3
60
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62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
to horizontal and vertical plate baffles in a rectangular tanks. Arafa (2007) developed a finite
5
element formulation to investigate the sloshing of liquids in partially filled rigid rectangular
6
7 tanks undergoing base excitation. He studied the effects of bottom-mounted vertical rigid
8
9 baffle, as well as side-mounted horizontal baffles that are wholly immersed in the liquid
10
11 region.
12
13 Wu et al. (2012) utilized a time-independent finite difference approach with fictitious cell
14
15 technique to study viscous fluid sloshing in 2D tanks with baffles. The developed numerical
16
17 model was validated with experiment results. They applied this method to some of problems
18
19 such as impulsive flow past a flat plate, sloshing fluid in a 2D tank with a surface-piercing
20
21 baffle and sloshing fluid in 2D tanks with bottom-mounted baffles.
22
23 Kolaei et al. (2015) conducted a coupled multimodal and boundary-element method for
24
25 analysis of anti-slosh effectiveness of partial baffles in a partly-filled horizontal cylindrical
26
27
container. They showed that effectiveness of a baffle is strongly affected by its length relative
28 to fill height.
29
30 Jung et al. (2012) numerically investigated the effect of vertical baffles height on the
31
32 liquid sloshing in a three-dimensional rectangular tank. They used the volume of fluid
33
34 method based on the finite volume method to simulate 3D incompressible viscous two-phase
35
36 flow. In addition the critical baffle height beyond which liquid does not reach the roof of the
37
38 tank and the effect of baffle height on the vortex generated by flow separation is illustrated.
39
40 Xue et al. (2012) conducted numerical simulations in cubic tank with horizontal baffle,
41
42 perforated vertical baffle, and some combined configurations. In this study, a two-phase flow
43
44 model was employed and experimental investigations showed fairly good agreements.
45
46 Brar and Singh (2014) focused on the fluid structure interactions in an elliptical tank.
47
48
They studied the dynamic response of baffled liquid storage tank to investigate the influence
49 of location and shapes of baffle.
50
51 In some cases, according to the tank configuration, we should use a particular type
52
53 of baffle. In cases such as low-gravity applications, the baffle is used for a dual purpose:
54
55 First, damping the slosh and second, ensuring that at least some fraction of liquid is always
56
57 placed over the tank outlet. Based on experiments Silveira et al. (1963) and Abramson and
58
59 4
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
Chu (1962), customary arrangement of vertical baffles (cruciform arrangement) employed to
5
suppress lateral sloshing, provide less damping than a ring baffle of the same total area, it
6
7 is quite effective in enhancing the roll moment of inertia of the tank as well as suppressing
8
9 rotary slosh. To our best knowledge there is no existing report in the open literature on the
10
11 liquid sloshing damping in cylindrical tanks equipped with vertical baffles, so far. Therefore,
12
13 this study aims at this issue based on a similar approach with Miles (1958) and Bauer (Nov.
14
15 13, 1962).
16
17
18
19
2. Formulation
20
21 Considering that the linearized potential flow theory is accurate enough to predict the
22
23 flow except for near the baffles, the liquid velocity field on the baffles is given using the
24
25 velocity potential. The drag coefficient of a baffle can be approximated by the empirical
26
27 results in the literature (Keulegan and Carpenter, 1958). Also by estimating the work done
28
29 by the baffles drag force to the oscillatory flow, the average energy dissipation rate can be
30
31 obtained. Finally the damping ratio is evaluated as the fraction of the average of energy
32
33 dissipation rate to the total sloshing oscillation energy. Fig. 1 illustrates a cylindrical tank
34
35 equipped with vertical baffles. The liquid depth is h and w is the width of the baffle. It is
36
37
convenient to translate the coordinate reference along the z-axis to the undisturbed liquid
38 free-surface, thereby referencing the rzθ - cylindrical coordinate.
39
40
41 2.1. Approximate flow field
42
43
44 Assuming an inviscid, incompressible and irrotational flow in the tank, and considering
45
46
small amplitude excitation and liquid free-surface elevation, the governing equation of the
47 flow in the tank is stated by the Laplace equation:
48
49
50 ∇2 ϕ = 0 (1)
51
52
53 The solution of Laplace’s equation is expressed as the sum of impulsive and convective
54
55 components. Assuming lateral acceleration of the form Ẍ sin ωt , the solution for convective
56
57
58
59 5
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
component is expressed as follows (Veletsos, 1984):
5
∑∞ [ 2
]
6 Ẍ 2R ω1n J1 (ξ1n r/R) cosh[ξ1n (z + h)/R]
ϕc = cos ωt cos θ (2)
7 ω n=1
2
ξ1n − 1 ω1n
2
− ω 2 J1 (ξ1n ) cosh(ξ1n h/R)
8
∞ [ ]
9
10 Ẍ ∑ 2R 2
ω1n J1 ′ (ξ1n r/R)
11 η(r, θ, t) = sin ωt cos θ (3)
12 g n=1
2
ξ1n − 1 ω1n
2
− ω 2 J1 (ξ1n )
13
14 where ϕc is the convective velocity potential function, η is the the liquid surface elevation,
15
16
R is the cylinder radius, J1 is the Bessel function of the first kind, ξ1n is the nth zero root
17 of J1 ′ , g is the gravitational acceleration and ω1n shows the natural frequencies of sloshing
18
19 given by the following equation:
20
21
22 2 gξ1n
ω1n = tanh(ξ1n h/R) (4)
23 R
24
25 In fact the liquid motion inside the tank is a weighted summation of infinite sloshing
26
27 modes, while the first modes have the major contribution. With the same maximum wave
28
29 amplitude, the center-of-mass shift for the fundamental anti-symmetric mode (n = 1) is
30
31 much more than the other modes. The source of the slosh-induced forces and torques is the
32
33 liquid center of mass oscillation and the fundamental wave produces the major parts of the
34
35 force and torque on the tank in the lateral excitation. Thus considering the fundamental
36
37 sloshing mode in the tank only, the convective velocity potential function is expressed as
38
39 equation (5)
40
41 2R ω12 J1 (ξ1 r/R) cosh[ξ1 (z + h)/R] Ẍ
ϕc = cos ωt cos θ (5)
42
ξ12 − 1 ω12 − ω 2 J1 (ξ1 ) cosh(ξ1 h/R) ω
43
44
45 Accordingly the liquid velocity field in θ direction is obtained by
46
47 1 ∂ϕc 2R ω12 J1 (ξ1 r/R) cosh[ξ1 (z + h)/R] Ẍ
uθ = = cos ωt sin θ (6)
48 r ∂θ r(ξ12 − 1) ω12 − ω 2 J1 (ξ1 ) cosh(ξ1 h/R) ω
49
50
51 2.2. Sloshing damping estimation
52
53 In a similar approach with Miles (1958) and Bauer (Nov. 13, 1962), the damping given
54
55 by a vertical baffle can be obtained by the analogy to the drag that a flat plate exerts on
56
57 an oscillatory flow. Assuming that the linearized potential flow theory is accurate enough
58
59 6
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
to predict the flow and slosh frequency except for near the baffle, the drag coefficient of the
5
baffle is obtained by the empirical results of Keulegan and Carpenter (1958). The liquid
6
7 is supposed to oscillate in the fundamental sloshing mode, and the direction of the flow is
8
9 supposed to be normal to the baffle. It is also assumed that the baffles are very thin having
10
11 a small width as compared to the tank radius.
12
13 From the basics of mechanical vibrations of a linear system, the damping ratio is de-
14
15 fined as the fraction of the mechanical energy E dissipated over one cycle of the oscillation
16
17 (Abramson, 1966):  
18  
19
dE/dt
20 γ= (7)
2ωE
21  
 
22 where ω is the oscillation frequency and dE/dt is the time average of the energy dissipation
23
24 rate.
25
26 In the baffled tank, the energy is dissipated mostly by the pressure drag caused by the
27
28 baffles and can be estimated by the rate of the work done by the drag force. The differential
29
30 of drag force on the baffle areas dA as shown in Fig. 1 can be obtained as (Stricklin and
31
32 Baird, 1966)
33 1
34 dF = ρCd un |un | dA (8)
2
35
36 where ρ is the mass density of liquid, Cd is the empirical drag coefficient and un is the
37
38 velocity of oscillating flow normal to the baffle. The time average of the energy dissipation
39
40 rate can be obtained as
41 ∫ ∫
42 2
43 |dE/dt| = |un | dF = ρ Cd |U |3 dA (9)
3π
44
45
46 The drag coefficient for the differential surface element dA in an oscillating liquid flow, can
47
48
be approximated by the following correlation (Keulegan and Carpenter, 1958):
49 ( )−0.5
50 Uτ
51
Cd = 15 2 <U τ /w< 20 (10)
w
52
53 where U is the amplitude of the oscillating velocity un , τ is the period of the oscillation
54
55 and w is the baffle width. Sarpkaya and O’Keefe (1996) carried out a series of experiments
56
57 on free and wall-bounded plates. Their studies on plates have shown approximately good
58
59 7
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
agreement with expermental results of Keulegan and Carpenter (1958). The wall bounded
5
plates approximately increase Cd by 50 % compared to the free plate cases in the range of
6
7 1 < U τ /w < 30 . Thus the drag coefficient of wall bounded baffles is obtained as follows
8
9 (Abramson, 1969)
10 ( )−0.5
11 πU
Cd = 15 1 < U τ /w < 30 (11)
12 wω
13
14 In order to utilize Eq. (11) for estimating the drag of the baffle, the average velocity of the
15
16 flow over the surface segment dA is obtained along the baffle widths as
17 ∫ ∫ R
18 1 R Rω1 ηm cosh[ξ1 (z + h)/R] J1 (ξ1 r/R)
19 Ū = U dr = sin θb dr (12)
w R−w wξ1 J1 (ξ1 ) sinh(ξ1 h/R) R−w r
20
21 ∫R J1 (ξ1 r/R)
22 Considering Cw = R−w r
dr and substituting Eqs. (12) and (11) into Eq. (9), one
23
24 obtains
25 ∫ 0 ( )2.5
26 30 Cw Rω1 ηm cosh[ξ1 (z + h)/R]
27 |dE/dt| = 1.5 ρw1.5 ω 0.5 |sin (θb )| dz (13)
28
3π −h wξ1 J1 (ξ1 ) sinh(ξ1 h/R)
29
30 The total energy of sloshing wave can be as (Stricklin and Baird, 1966)
31
32 1 1
33
2
E = ρgηm (1 − 2 )πR2 (14)
4 ξ1
34
35
36 And thus substituting Eqs. (14) and (13) into Eq. (7), the damping ratio of n baffles is
37
38 obtained as
39
∑ ( )( )
n
R ηm 0.5 tanh(1.841h/R) 
|sin (θb )i 2.5
40 2.5
41 γ = 2.514 Cw̄ Cz̄ 2.5 (15)
i=1
w i R sinh (1.841h/R)
42
43 ∫1 J1 (1.841r̄) ∫ h/R
44 where Cw̄ = w
1− R r̄
dr̄ and Cz̄ = 0
cosh2.5 (1.841z̄) dz̄. Equation (15) gives an
45
46 expression for the damping ratio of the baffled tank with respect to the maximum sloshing
47
48 amplitude. However and in practice, we are more interested in having the damping ratio as
49
50 a function of excitation amplitude. To this aim, considering the single mode sloshing model,
51
52 the maximum sloshing amplitude can be obtained as
53
 
54 1 1 Ẍ  
55 ηm = R , Ẍ  = Xω 2 (16)
56
iγ1 ξ1 − 1 g
2

57
58
59 8
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
Thus substituting the ηm and ω 2 from Eqs. (16) and (4) into Eq. (15), the following
5
expression is derived for damping ratio of n baffles
6
7 ( ( ) ( )0.5 ) 32
8 ∑
n
R X 1.5
tanh (1.841h/R) 
9 γ1 = 2.207 Cw̄ 2.5 Cz̄ 2.5 |sin (θb )i 2.5 (17)
10 i=1
w i R sinh (1.841h/R)
11
12 Damping ratio in a baffled tank can be decomposed into viscous or frictional damping due
13
14 to the tank wall and the damping due to the baffles. Thus equations (15) and (17) can be
15
16 modified by adding the viscous damping of a clean cylindrical tank which has been obtained
17
18 experimentally by Case and Parkinson (1957) as follows
19
20 √ 1 + [2(1 − h/R)sinh−1 (3.68h/R)]
21 ∆ = 3.52 ν (18)
22 R3/4 g 1/4 tanh1/4 (1.84h/R)
23
24 where ν is kinematic viscosity.
25
26
27 3. Results and Discussion
28
29
30 3.1. Validation
31
32 In order to examine the validity of the obtained expression for the damping ratio, the
33
34 experimental tests conducted at the Langley Research Center by Silveira et al. (1963) are
35
36 considered. The tank was in the shape of a right circular cylindrical with an inside diameter
37
38 of 12 inch, constructed of 1/8 inch Plexiglas (Fig. 2).
39
40 The method of logarithmic decrement of the free vibrating system (Abramson, 1966) was
41
42 used to measure the hydrodynamic sloshing damping.
43
44 The decrease in amplitude of successive slosh oscillations is described by the logarithmic
45
46 decrement ∆ where it is also common to define the damping either by the damping ratio γ,
47
48
that is defined by the relation (Scanlan and Rosenbaum, 1951):
49
50 ∆
51
γ= (19)
2π
52
53
54
And the decay of the oscillation specified by the damping factor ∆ is defined as relation (20)
55
56 1 M0
∆= ln (20)
57 n Mn
58
59 9
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
where n is the number of cycles over which the decay was measured, M0 is the amplitude
5
of a selected initial moment, and Mn is the amplitude of a selected terminal moment after
6
7 n cycles.
8
9 Table 1 shows the obtained damping ratio via adding the resulted values from relation
10
11 (15) and relation (18) in comparison to experiment data from relation (20) for different
12
13 vertical baffle arrangements. As can be seen, the obtained results are in good agreement
14
15 with experiment and confirm that the proposed equation (15) can be used for estimation
16
17 of sloshing damping with an acceptable engineering accuracy for preliminary design of the
18
19 tank.
20
21
Table 1: Damping Ratios for Cruciform Baffles in a Cylindrical Tank
22
23
24 Orientation(deg) w/R Experiment Present Solution Error
25
26 0.169 0.070 0.060 14.76%
27 45
28 0.337 0.142 0.180 26.88%
29
30 0.169 0.072 0.069 3.51%
31 90
32 0.337 0.156 0.213 36.65%
33
34
35
36
37 For all but shallow depths, damping is independent of the fluid depth so no graph is
38
39 given for experimental measurements.
40
41 Abramson (1969) and Roberts and Chen (1966) showed that when the liquid depth ratio
42
43 in the tank h/R is less than 2, the sloshing damping increases. In fact when a partially
44
45 filled fluid container is excited, the liquid near the free surface oscillates (sloshing part of
46
47
the liquid), while the liquid in the bottom of the tank is little disturbed (non-sloshing part
48 of the liquid) and therefore, the ratio of the sloshing part to the total liquid (sum of the
49
50 non-sloshing and sloshing parts) increases for a shallow liquid. According to this fact, it
51
52 can be expected that the vertical baffles have an increasing damping effect when the liquid
53
54 depth in the tank decreases.
55
56
57
58
59 10
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
3.2. Results
5
6
The variations of obtained damping ratio versus several parameters are shown in Figs.
7
3 to 10. As mentioned before, the amount of viscous damping of a clean cylindrical tank is
8
9 added to obtained analytical solution.
10
11 Fig. 3 illustrates the variation of sloshing damping ratio against liquid depth ratio h/R
12
13 resulted from Eq. (15) in a tank with a single baffle for various baffle width. It can be seen
14
15 from the results that the damping ratio increases with the increased width of the baffle.
16
17 Also, the results show that the damping ratio decreases with an increasing the liquid depth
18
19 in tank and tends towards a constant value for h/R greater than 1.
20
21 The variation of damping ratio with the liquid height for tank with a single vertical baffle
22
23 and various sloshing amplitudes ηm /R based on relation (15) is shown in Fig. 4. It should be
24
25 noted that the sloshing height η/R is function of sloshing frequency, and thus the maximum
26
27 value for sloshing the amplitude ηm /R is considered. As discussed over the previous results,
28
29
the maximum damping ratio occurs at the liquid height between 0 and 1, and the damping
30 is independent of liquid height except for shallow liquid height. Moreover, it has been shown
31
32 from the results, the damping increases with an increase in the amplitude of the sloshing.
33
34 Fig. 5 shows the variation of the damping ratio with liquid height in accordance with
35
36 Eq. (17) in a tank with a single vertical baffle for various excitation amplitudes. It is clear
37
38 that sloshing damping increases with an increase in the excitation amplitude. According
39
40 to results, the ranges over which the maximum damping ratio or independency of damping
41
42 occur are shown for variety of liquid heights.
43
44 It is seen from Eq. (15) that the vertical baffle damping depends on the direction
45
46 of excitation. To investigate the effect of excitation direction, three baffle configurations
47
48 were examined, and results have been shown in Fig. 6. The total effect of baffles in each
49
50
configuration is obtained by superposition of the effect of each baffle.
51 The square symbol in Fig. 6 demonstrates the variation of damping ratio for four baffles
52
∑
4
53 configuration (crossed baffles) versus direction coefficient of baffles |sin (θb )i |2.5 . The
54 i=1
55 results show that the smallest damping is given as the angle between excitation and each
56
57 baffle is 45◦ that is 16 % less than the largest value. The largest damping is obtained when
58
59 11
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
two baffles are aligned parallel to the excitation direction with a total amount equal to
5
the damping of two baffles. Since the damping effect of two baffles aligned parallel to the
6
7 excitation is zero, the damping resulted from four baffles is equal to the value for two.
8
9 The variation of damping ratio for six and eight baffle configurations with direction
10
11 coefficient of baffles are illustrated in the form of gradient and delta symbol in Fig. 6,
12
13 respectively. As can be seen, in tank with 4 baffles, in both cases the largest amount of
14
15 damping is obtained when two baffles are aligned parallel to the excitation direction. The
16
17 results show when the angle between excitation and each baffle is equal to 30◦ and 22.5◦ ,
18
19 the smallest dampings for six and eight baffle configurations are achieved, that are 3% and
20
21 1% less than largest value, respectively. Also the results show that by increasing the number
22
23 of baffles, the effect of excitation direction will fade.
24
25 Figs. 7 to 10 present the variation of the analytical damping ratio for various vertical
26
27
baffle configurations with a given sloshing and excitation amplitude and two excitation
28 directions. Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the values based on Eq. (15) for variation of damping
29
30 ratio with the liquid height, for various vertical baffle configurations with a given sloshing
31
32 amplitude and two excitation directions that result in the maximum and minimum damping
33
34 ratios, respectively. The comparison between results of Figs. 7 and 8 show that an increased
35
36 number of baffles can almost omit the direction effect, which is obvious from comparing the
37
38 four and eight baffles configurations. Moreover, it has been shown that damping increases
39
40 with an increase in the number of baffles.
41
42 Figs. 9 and 10 demonstrated the variation of damping ratio versus liquid height obtained
43
44 by Eq. (17) for different vertical baffle configurations and a given excitation amplitude and
45
46 two excitation directions that result in the maximum and minimum damping ratios. Same
47
48
as the previous results, the elimination of the direction effect and the increase in damping
49 with the increased number of baffles can be seen in Figs. 9 and 10.
50
51
52
53 4. Conclusions
54
55 This study describes the analytical model provided to evaluate the hydrodynamic damp-
56
57 ing ratio under a horizontal excitation due to the vertical baffles in circular cylindrical liquid
58
59 12
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
storage tanks. Damping ratio is obtained by computing the fraction of the mechanical en-
5
ergy dissipated into heat over one cycle of the oscillation. The theoretical models is then
6
7 validated by a series of existing experiments and the comparison of the results demonstrate
8
9 a reasonable accuracy. It can be seen from the results that the validity of the analytical
10
11 solutions is reduced with the increase in the baffle width because of the violation from the
12
13 small baffle width compared to the tank radius assumption. The developed dimensionless
14
15 relation describes the damping ratio for any vertical baffles configuration with respect to
16
17 size of the tank and baffle width, sloshing or excitation height amplitude, and the excitation
18
19 direction.
20
21 It can be concluded from the results that the maximum slosh damping is obtained ap-
22
23 proximately in height to radius ratios between 0 and 1, where damping increases significantly
24
25 with further loss of the fluid height. Also, the damping is shown to be independent from the
26
27
liquid height except for shallow liquid heights, indicating the same damping level for tanks
28 with nearly greater than 1 height to radius ratio, which is an important parameter in the
29
30 design of baffled tanks. Moreover, the damping increases with the increase in width of the
31
32 baffle, and sloshing and excitation amplitude.
33
34 To investigate the effect of excitation direction on the vertical baffle damping, three baffle
35
36 configurations were examined. Results have shown that for all baffle configurations, when
37
38 two baffles are aligned parallel to the direction of excitation, the largest damping is obtained.
39
40 The smallest damping is resulted on the other hand as the angle between the excitation and
41
42 each baffle is equal to , and for four, six and eight baffle configurations, respectively. The
43
44 results show that an increase in the number of baffles can be of a dual purpose; increased
45
46 damping and a nearly omitted direction effect.
47
48
As previously discussed, the maximum damping happens in the height to radius ratios
49 between 0 and 1, and therefore this type of baffles is considered to be quite effective in
50
51 suppressing lateral sloshing in ordinary storage tanks (liquid height is considered less than
52
53 1). Moreover, due to the specific applications and the desired characteristics achieved in
54
55 this study, it also is appropriate for slender tanks (liquid height is considered greater than
56
57 1). Finally, Considering the high damping value of vertical and ring baffles in shallow and
58
59 13
60
61
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 1
2
3
4
high liquid depths, it is recommended to use a combination of these baffles in aerospace
5
applications.
6
7
8
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59 14
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5. References
5
6 Abramson, H., 1969. Slosh suppression.
7
Abramson, H.N., 1966. The dynamic behavior of liquids in moving containers, with applications to space
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9 vehicle technology .
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11 Abramson, H.N., Chu, W.H., 1962. Some studies of liquid rotation and vortexing in rocket propellant tanks.
12 Technical Report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington DC.
13
14 Abramson, H.N., Garza, L.R., 1964. Some measurements of the effects of ring baffles in cylindrical tanks.
15 Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 1, 560–562.
16
17 Abramson, H.N., Ransleben, G.E., 1961. Some Studies of a Floating Lid Type Device for Suppression of
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19 Liquid Sloshing in Rigid Cylindrical Tanks. Technical Report. Southwest Research Inst. San Antonio TX.
20 Akyıldız, H., Ünal, N.E., Aksoy, H., 2013. An experimental investigation of the effects of the ring baffles on
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22 liquid sloshing in a rigid cylindrical tank. Ocean Engineering 59, 190–197.
23 Arafa, M., 2007. Finite element analysis of sloshing in rectangular liquid-filled tanks. Journal of Vibration
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25 and Control 13, 883–903.
26
Askari, E., Daneshmand, F., Amabili, M., 2010. Sloshing in a vertical circular cylindrical container with a
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28 vertical baffle, in: ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated
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30 with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, American Society
31 of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 1047–1054.
32
33 Bauer, H.F., 1960. Theory of the fluid oscillations in a circular cylindrical ring tank partially filled with
34 liquid. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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36 Bauer, H.F., Nov. 13, 1962. The damping factor provided by flat annular ring baffles for free fluid surface
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38 oscillations. MSFC, Rept. No. MTP-AER0-62-81 .
39 Brar, G.S., Singh, S., 2014. An experimental and cfd analysis of sloshing in a tanker. Procedia Technology
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41 14, 490–496.
42 Case, K., Parkinson, W., 1957. Damping of surface waves in an incompressible liquid. Journal of Fluid
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44 Mechanics 2, 172–184.
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Gavrilyuk, I., Lukovsky, I., Trotsenko, Y., Timokha, A., 2006. Sloshing in a vertical circular cylindrical
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47 tank with an annular baffle. part 1. linear fundamental solutions. Journal of Engineering Mathematics
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49 54, 71–88.
50 Goudarzi, M., Sabbagh-Yazdi, S., 2012. Analytical and experimental evaluation on the effectiveness of upper
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52 mounted baffles with respect to commonly used baffles. Ocean Engineering 42, 205–217.
53 Grotle, E.L., Bihs, H., sy, V., 2017. Experimental and numerical investigation of sloshing under roll excitation
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55 at shallow liquid depths. Ocean Engineering 138, 73 – 85.
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57 Isaacson, M., Premasiri, S., 2001. Hydrodynamic damping due to baffles in a rectangular tank. Canadian
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59 15
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Journal of Civil Engineering 28, 608–616.
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5 Jung, J., Yoon, H., Lee, C., Shin, S., 2012. Effect of the vertical baffle height on the liquid sloshing in a
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7 three-dimensional rectangular tank. Ocean Engineering 44, 79–89.
8 Keulegan, G., Carpenter, L., 1958. Forceson cylinders and plates in an oscillating fluid. National Bureau of
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10 Standards 60, 423–440.
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Kolaei, A., Rakheja, S., Richard, M.J., 2015. A coupled multimodal and boundary-element method for
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13 analysis of anti-slosh effectiveness of partial baffles in a partly-filled container. Computers & Fluids 107,
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15 43–58.
16 Maleki, A., Ziyaeifar, M., 2008. Sloshing damping in cylindrical liquid storage tanks with baffles. Journal
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18 of Sound and Vibration 311, 372–385.
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20
21 O’Neill, J., 1959. Experimental Investigation Of Sloshing. Technical Report. TRW Space Technology Labs
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Los Angeles CA.
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24 Roberts, J.R., Chen, P.Y., 1966. Slosh design handbook I. volume 406. National Aeronautics and Space
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26 Administration.
27 Sarpkaya, T., O’Keefe, J.L., 1996. Oscillating flow about two and three-dimensional bilge keels. Transactions
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32 Publications.
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34 Silveira, M., Stephens, D., Leonard, H., 1963. Damping of liquid oscillations in cylindrical tanks with various
35 baffles. NASA TN D-1709 .
36
37 Stricklin, G., Baird, J., 1966. A survey of ring baffle damping in circular–cylindrical tanks. technical note
38 r-185. brown engineering company. Inc., April .
39
40 Veletsos, A., 1984. Seismic response and design of liquid storage tanks. Guidelines for the seismic design of
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oil and gas pipeline systems , 255–370.
42
43 Wang, J., Lo, S., Zhou, D., 2013. Sloshing of liquid in rigid cylindrical container with multiple rigid annular
44
45 baffles: Lateral excitations. Journal of Fluids and Structures 42, 421–436.
46 Wang, W., Peng, Y., Zhang, Q., Ren, L., Jiang, Y., 2017. Sloshing of liquid in partially liquid filled toroidal
47
48 tank with various baffles under lateral excitation. Ocean Engineering 146, 434 – 456.
49 Wu, C.H., Faltinsen, O.M., Chen, B.F., 2012. Numerical study of sloshing liquid in tanks with baffles by
50
51 time-independent finite difference and fictitious cell method. Computers & Fluids 63, 9–26.
52
53 Xue, M.A., Zheng, J., Lin, P., 2012. Numerical simulation of sloshing phenomena in cubic tank with multiple
54 baffles. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012.
55
56 Xue, M.A., Zheng, J., Lin, P., Yuan, X., 2017. Experimental study on vertical baffles of different configura-
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tions in suppressing sloshing pressure. Ocean Engineering 136, 178 – 189.
4
5 Younes, M., Younes, Y., El-Madah, M., Ibrahim, I., El-Dannanh, E., 2007. An experimental investigation
6
7 of hydrodynamic damping due to vertical baffle arrangements in a rectangular tank. Proceedings of the
8 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 221,
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10 115–123.
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29 Figure 1: Circular cylindrical tank with a vertical baffle
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55
56 Figure 2: Baffles configuration
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59 18
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 1
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3
4
5 3.5
6 w / R = 0.05
7 w / R = 0.10
8 3 w / R = 0.15
9 w / R = 0.20
10 2.5
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

11
12
13 2
14
15 1.5
16
17
18 1
19
20 0.5
21
22
23 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
24 h/R
25
26
27 Figure 3: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for a vertical baffle for ηm /R = 0.05 and 90◦ orientation.
28
29
30
31
32
33 3
34 η / R = 0.025
35 η / R = 0.050
36 2.5 η / R = 0.075
37 η / R = 0.100
38
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

39 2
40
41
42 1.5
43
44
45 1
46
47
48 0.5
49
50
51 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
52 h/R
53
54
55 Figure 4: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for a vertical baffle for w/R = 0.15 and 90◦ orientation.
56
57
58
59 19
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 1
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3
4
5 3
6 X / R = 0.0045
7 X / R = 0.0070
8 X / R = 0.0095
2.5 X / R = 0.0120
9
10
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

11
12 2
13
14
15
1.5
16
17
18
19 1
20
21
22
23 0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
24 h/R
25
26
27 Figure 5: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for a vertical baffle for w/R = 0.15 and 90◦ orientation.
28
29
30
31
32 100
33
34 98
35
36
Direction Coefficient of Baffles

96
37
4 Baffles
38
94 6 Baffles
39 8 Baffles
40
41 92
42
43 90
44
45 88
46
47
86
48
49
50 84
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
51 θ (degrees)
52
53
54 Figure 6: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for four, six and eight baffles configuration versus
55 direction coefficient of baffles.
56
57
58
59 20
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 1
2
3
4
6
5 4 Baffles
6 6 Baffles
7 8 Baffles
5
8
9
10
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

4
11
12
13
3
14
15
16 2
17
18
19 1
20
21
22 0
23 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
24 h/R
25
26 Figure 7: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for various vertical baffle configurations for w/R = 0.15
27
28 and ηm /R = 0.05 .
29
30
31
32 6
33 4 Baffles
34 6 Baffles
35 5 8 Baffles
36
37
38
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

4
39
40
41 3
42
43
44 2
45
46
47 1
48
49
50 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
51
h/R
52
53
54 Figure 8: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for various vertical baffle configurations for w/R = 0.15
55
56 and ηm /R = 0.05 .
57
58
59 21
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 1
2
3
4
8
5 4 Baffles
6 6 Baffles
7 7 8 Baffles
8
9
6
10
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

11
12 5
13
14
4
15
16
17 3
18
19
20 2
21
22 1
23 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
24 h/R
25
26 Figure 9: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for various vertical baffle configurations for w/R = 0.15
27
28 and X/R = 0.007
29
30
31
32 8
33 4 Baffles
34 6 Baffles
35 7 8 Baffles
36
37 6
Damping Ratio, γ [%]

38
39
40 5
41
42 4
43
44
45 3
46
47
2
48
49
50 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
51
h/R
52
53
54 Figure 10: Variation of the analytical damping ratio for various vertical baffle configurations for w/R = 0.15
55
56 and X/R = 0.007
57
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59 22
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65