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secreted by cells in a local area, influences the activity of the same cell or cell
type from which it was secreted.
-example: Eicosanoids
produce by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid; has
a localized effect on other tissues.
Example:Epinephrine
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1
4.ENDOCRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS secreted into the bloodstream by
certain glands and cells, which together constitute the endocrine system.
HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION regulate the heart rate
and blood pressure and helps prepare the body for physical activity.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2
IMMUNE SYSTEM REGULATION helps control the production and functions
of immune cells.
10.4 HORMONES
HORMONES derived from the greek word -hormon which means to set into.
SUBDIVISIONS HORMONES
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 3
Thyroid Hormones- derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
peptides
proteins
-non-polar, and include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid
derivative hormones such as eicosanoids.
-without the binding proteins the lipid soluble hormones would quickly diffuse out
of capillaries and be degraded by enzymes of the liver and lungs or be removed
from the body by the kidneys.
polar molecules, they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most
amino acid derivative hormones.
TRANSPORT OF WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES
-water solubles can dissolve in blood, many circulate as free hormones, meaning
most of them dissolve directly into the blood and are delivered to their target
tissue with out attaching to a binding protein.
-quite large, they do not readily diffuse from the walls of all capillaries. Therefore,
they need to diffuse from the blood into tissue spaces more slowly.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 4
-other water soluble hormones are quite small and require attachment to a larger
protein to avoid being filtered out of the blood.
have short half lives because they are rapidly degraded by enzymes called
PROTEASES within the bloodstream.
Humoral
Neural
Hormonal
HUMORAL STIMULI they circulate in the blood, and the word humoral refers to
body fluids, including blood.
blood borne chemicals can directly stimulate the release of some hormones.
NEURAL STIMULI neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the
cells that produce the hormone.
when neurons secrete directly into the blood when they are stimulated they
create NEUROPEPTIDES.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 5
HORMONAL STIMULI-occurs when a hormone is secreted in turn stimulates the
secretion of other hormones.
-part of complex process in which a releasing hormone from the pituitary gland.
Thyroid hormones can control their own blood levels by inhibiting their
pituitary tropic hormone.
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6
activate the target cell.
a hormone can stimulate only the cells that have the receptor for that
hormone.
SPECIFICITY tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor
and not to others.
CLASSES OF RECEPTORS
they diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to nuclear receptors.
Lipid soluble hormones have rapid effects less than a minute on targeted
cells. These effects are most likely mediated through membrane-bound
receptors.
they are polar molecules and cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
Instead they interact with MEMBRANE BOUND RECEPTORS.
MEMBRANE BOUND RECEPTORS are proteins that extend across the plasma
membrane, with their hormone binding sites exposed on the plasma
membrane's outer surface.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 7
HORMONE RESPONSE ELEMENTS specific nucleotide sequences in the DNA. In
which the receptors that bind to DNA have finger like projections that recognize
and bind to it.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR combination of the hormone and its receptor.
Some receptors alter the activity of G proteins at the inner surface of the
plasma membrane.
alpha
beta
gamma
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 8
ADENYLATE CYCLASE an enzyme that converts ATP TO cAMP.
cAMP functions as a second messenger.
PROTEIN KINASES enzymes that, in turn, regulate the activity of other enzymes.
SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM consists of ductless flans that secrete hormones into the
interstitial fluid.
PITUITARY GLAND (pituita, phlegm or thick mucous secretion) also called the
hypophysis(hypo, under=physis, growth)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 9
ANTERIOR PITUITARY - made up of epithelial cells derived from the
embryonic oral cavity
HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY PORTAL SYSTEM the capillary beds and veins that
transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones.
when too much TSH is secreted, the thyroid gland enlarges and and secretes
too much thyroid hormone.
when too little TSH is secretd, the thyroid gland decreases in size and
secretes too little thyroid hormone.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 10
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONEACTH binds to membrane bound receptors
on cells in the cortex of the adrenal glans.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 11
largest endocrine glands.
filled with the protein thyroglobulin to which thyroid hormones are attached.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 12
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM abnormally low rate of PTH secretion.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT role in preparing the body for vigorous physical activity.
ADRENAL CORTEX secretes 3 classes of steroid hormones; mineralcorcoticoids,
glucorticoids, and androgens.
-primarily binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also affects the
intestine,sweat glands, and salivary glands.
RENIN low blood pressure causes the release of a protein molecule from the
kidney.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 13
CORTISOL major glucocorticoid, increases the breakdown of proteins and lipds
and increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use.
also causes proteins to be broken down to amino acids, which are then
released into the blood.
can also reduce the immune and inflammatory responses that result from
allergic reactions or abnormal immune responses, such as rheumatoid arthritis
or asthma.
PANCREAS endocrine part that consists of pancreatic islets, which are dispersed
throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
INSULIN released from the beta cells primarily in response to the elevated blood
glucose levels and increased parasympathetic stimulation associated with
digestion of a meal.
SATIETY CENTER-area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite(fulfillment of
hunger).
DIABETES MELLITUS much urine+ honey or sweetened)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 14
TYPE 1 DIABETES occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the
pancreas.
inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits gastric tract activity.
responsible for the growth and development and of the male reproductive
structures.
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
if a person is born without thymus, the immune system does not develop
normally and the body is less capable of fighting infections.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 15
MELATONIN hormone secreted by pineal gland, which is thought to decrease
the secretion of LH and FSH by decreasing the release of hypothalamuc
releasing hormones.
secreted by cells in a local area, influences the activity of the same cell or cell
type from which it was secreted.
-example: Eicosanoids
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 16
produce by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid; has
a localized effect on other tissues.
Example:Epinephrine
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 17
WATER BALANCE regulates water balance by controlling solutes in the
blood.
HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION regulate the heart rate
and blood pressure and helps prepare the body for physical activity.
IMMUNE SYSTEM REGULATION helps control the production and functions
of immune cells.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 18
10.4 HORMONES
HORMONES derived from the greek word -hormon which means to set into.
-regulates almost every physiological process in our body.
2 CHEMICAL CATEGORIES HORMONE
SUBDIVISIONS HORMONES
peptides
proteins
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 19
-without the binding proteins the lipid soluble hormones would quickly diffuse out
of capillaries and be degraded by enzymes of the liver and lungs or be removed
from the body by the kidneys.
have short half lives because they are rapidly degraded by enzymes called
PROTEASES within the bloodstream.
Humoral
Neural
Hormonal
HUMORAL STIMULI they circulate in the blood, and the word humoral refers to
body fluids, including blood.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 20
blood borne chemicals can directly stimulate the release of some hormones.
NEURAL STIMULI neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the
cells that produce the hormone.
when neurons secrete directly into the blood when they are stimulated they
create NEUROPEPTIDES.
-part of complex process in which a releasing hormone from the pituitary gland.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 21
Inhibiting Hormones- hormones from the hypothalamus that prevent the secretion
of tropic hormones from the pituitary gland
Thyroid hormones can control their own blood levels by inhibiting their
pituitary tropic hormone.
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
a hormone can stimulate only the cells that have the receptor for that
hormone.
CLASSES OF RECEPTORS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 22
they diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to nuclear receptors.
Lipid soluble hormones have rapid effects less than a minute on targeted
cells. These effects are most likely mediated through membrane-bound
receptors.
they are polar molecules and cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
Instead they interact with MEMBRANE BOUND RECEPTORS.
MEMBRANE BOUND RECEPTORS are proteins that extend across the plasma
membrane, with their hormone binding sites exposed on the plasma
membrane's outer surface.
Some receptors alter the activity of G proteins at the inner surface of the
plasma membrane.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 23
MEMBRANE BOUND RECEPTORS THAT ACTIVATE G PROTEINS
alpha
beta
gamma
SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION
AMPLIFICATION a single hormone activates many second messengers, each of
which activates enzymes that produce an enormous amount of final product.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM consists of ductless flans that secrete hormones into the
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 24
interstitial fluid.
PITUITARY GLAND (pituita, phlegm or thick mucous secretion) also called the
hypophysis(hypo, under=physis, growth)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 25
GIANTISM when a person becomes abnormally tall.
ACROMEGALY facial features and hands become abnormally large.
when too much TSH is secreted, the thyroid gland enlarges and and secretes
too much thyroid hormone.
when too little TSH is secretd, the thyroid gland decreases in size and
secretes too little thyroid hormone.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 26
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (anti, against + uresis, urine volume) binds to
membrane bound receptors and increases in water reabsorption by kidney
tubules.
VASOPRESSIN adh can cause blood vessels to constrict when released in large
amounts.
filled with the protein thyroglobulin to which thyroid hormones are attached.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 27
HYPERTHYROIDISM causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness,
and chronic fatigue.
GRAVES DISEASE a type of hyperthyroidism that results when the immune
system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to
TSH.
EXOPHTHALMIA bulging of the eyes, accompany disease of grave disease.
THYROXINE-one thyroid hormone or tetraiodothyronine , contains four iodine
atoms and is abbreviated T4 TRIIODOTHYRONINE contains 3 iodine atoms and is
abbreviated T3.
CALCITONIN secreted hormone of parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 28
ALDOSTERONE major hormone of this class
-primarily binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also affects the
intestine,sweat glands, and salivary glands.
RENIN low blood pressure causes the release of a protein molecule from the
kidney.
also causes proteins to be broken down to amino acids, which are then
released into the blood.
can also reduce the immune and inflammatory responses that result from
allergic reactions or abnormal immune responses, such as rheumatoid arthritis
or asthma.
PANCREAS endocrine part that consists of pancreatic islets, which are dispersed
throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 29
BETA CELLS secrete insulin
DELTA CELLS secrete somatostasin.
KETONES as lipids are broken down, and liver converts some of the fatty acids
to acidic ketones, which are releases into the blood.
ACIDOSIS the breakdown of lipids can cause the release of enough fatty acids
and ketones to reduce the pH of the body fluids below normal.
INSULIN released from the beta cells primarily in response to the elevated blood
glucose levels and increased parasympathetic stimulation associated with
digestion of a meal.
SATIETY CENTER-area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite(fulfillment of
hunger).
DIABETES MELLITUS much urine+ honey or sweetened)
TYPE 1 DIABETES occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the
pancreas.
inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits gastric tract activity.
responsible for the growth and development and of the male reproductive
structures.
ESTROGEN
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 30
PROGESTERONE
if a person is born without thymus, the immune system does not develop
normally and the body is less capable of fighting infections.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 31
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 32