The Chemical Basis of Life
processes that happens in our body; ability of body
Living organisms are composed of about 25
chemical elements.
Out of the 25 chemical found in our body we have 4
major essential elements that comprises major parts
of body system.
4 Essential elements or serve as a main components
of body system: OXYEGN, CARBON,
HYDROGEN, NITROGEN. It comprises 96% of
our body and the remaining 4% will be for some
other trace elements such as potassium, sodium and
others
What is cell?
A cell (basic, functional, smallest unit of life) is the
smallest unit that is capable of performing life
function (capability to breathe, reproduce, growth
and develop, metabolism, homeostasis) -i.e. has all
of the characteristics of living things.
Example of char of living things: we are capable to
metabolize
Metabolism - chemical processes/reactions that
happens inside our body
Metabolism can be classified into 2 these are:
Anabolism - Building up phase; process where in
our body combine and collates all the needed
elements or nutrients in our body and distributed in
each target organs like lungs, heart or any vital
organs in our body.
Catabolism - Destructive phase; degradation into
smaller pieces because some cells cannot absorbed
big chunks of macro molecules like proteins
simplified form = amino acids, carbohydrates
simplified form = monosaccharide
Another char of living organism is:
Homeostasis- internal balance of your body; they
need to maintain the interaction of our body to the
living environment or to the outside environment.
Homeostasis can be classified into 2:
Positive feedback – pulikat; building lactic acid and
depletes oxygen
Negative feedback- health and advisable; normal
to respire like crying, sweating.
Cells can be classified into 2:
1. Sex cells known as gametes (2 types of
gametes: egg or ovum, sperm cells or
spermatocytes)
2. Other cells are called body cells or somatic
cells (RBC, WBC, connective tissue cell,
osteocyte or bone cell, neuron, smooth
muscle cell, intestinal cell)
Cell theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. (living things can have unicellular or
multicellular organism)
2. Cells are the basic unit of life in all living
things.
3. All existing cells are produced by other
loving cells (all cells comes from pre-
existing cells via the process of
haematopoiesis-process of replenish of worn
out cells; production of rbc, wbc which is
located in bone marrow)
Cell Theory
The cell theory grew out of the work of many
scientists and improvements in the microscope
Robert Hooke - first to identify cells and name
them. Looked at the Cork. Tin slice of cork and
place it under the microscope and observed the thin
slice of cork and mukha daw prisoner cell and that’s
the reason why we called it now cell.
Leeuwenhoek- father of microscope; made more
powerful microscopes and first to describe living
cells.
3 scientist contributed to the cell theory
Matthias Schleiden (botanist), Theodor Schwann
(zoologist), Rudolph Virchow (all cells comes
from pre-existing cells)
Cell Organelles and other Specialized Cell
Structures
What are cell organelles? Cell organelles (little
organs) are separated membranous compartments
inside the cells of the organs of living organism.
Functions of Cell Organelles
 Maintain the shape and structure of cells
 Act as a storage of nutrients
 Manufacture proteins
 Harvest energy
 Repair cell parts
 Digest Substances
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) outer most
membrane of cell; protection, supports, regulates
Structure
 phospholipid bilayer
 semi permeable (filters or selects sinong
pwedeng makipaso at makalabas sa cell)
 fluid mosaic model (composed of different
types of macromolecules like glycolipids
chuchu)
- Lipids(phospholipids & cholesterol),
proteins, carbohydrates
Function: regulates the penetration inside and
outside of cell and leaves cells and also protects and
supports the cell
Plant Cell - reason why plant cell is very rigid and
hard for the organism to digest in our body it’s
because aside from having cell membrane it has
cell wall
Cytoplasm (Cytosol)
Fluid portion like substances of the cell; it has all
different cell organelles inside the cell; nakafloat
yung mga organelles rine
 Removes waste material
 Helps in cell respiration
 Converts glucose into energy
Nucleus aside from containing its genetic material
for the reproductive part of the cell it also controls
all other cellular activities inside the cell like
protein synthesis, the cellular respiration, digesting;
houses the cell
 control center of the cell
 contains genetic material - DNA
 surrounded by a double membrane
 usually the easiest organelle to see under a
microscope
Nucleolus (holds the RNA which is aid for the
protein synthesis)
- is a sub organelle of the nucleus
composed of proteins and RNA whose
role is to assemble rRna codes for
protein synthesis.
Nuclear Envelope (Nuclear membrane) is a
double membrane lipid layer enclosing the nucleus
to protect the DNA and nucleoplasm
BAKIT HINDI BASTA BASTA MASISIRA ANG
NUCLEUS NG MGA EUKAYOTIC OR
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM?
IT IS BECAUSE OUR NUCLEUS IS COVERED
BY THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE ASIDE BY
THE CELL MEMBRANE ITSELF.
Nuclear Pores are permeable barriers that limit the
entry of proteins and RNA but allow the free
passage of water, ATP, ions and other small
molecules. ; permission of entry of diff kinds of
proteins and RNAs
Nucleoplasm - is a gelatinous liquid inside the
nucleus containing the enzymes and nucleotides. ;
counter part of cytoplasm since inside nuclear
membrane tawag na sa gel like substance na ito is
nucleoplasm
Mitochondria – (power house of the cell;
responsible for the production of energy via the
form of ATP via the process called cellular
respiration; is a semi conservative region = pwede
tanggalin yung isnag strand ng DNA at pwede
ipartner sa iba)
  contains its own DNA (Nucleus or
mitochondria) support for Emdosymbiosis
Theory
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;; sequences of
genes sa mitochondria lang bec conservative
region ang nucleus di siya basta basta
nakakalabs ng cell unless mag pperform siya
ng cell division vie meiosis.
 mitochondria divide before cell division, are
not synthesized like other cell parts
 Function: store energy for cell use. Energy is
store in the form of ATP- adenosine
triphosphate
 2 membranes, one smooth outer membrane,
and inner membrane folded into layers
called cristae
 Cristae has two compartment: the matrix
and the intermembrane space.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (shapers and
manufacturing parts of the cells)
 Function : manufactures membrane &
performs many bio-synthesis functions
 Structure
- Membrane connected to nuclear
envelope & extends throughout cell
- Accounts for 50% membranes in
eukaryotic cells
ROUGH ER – bound ribosomes
The grainy rough structure comes from its attached
ribosomes and is in charge of the manufacture of
glycoproteins.
SMOOTH ER- no ribosomes (more on the
production of steroids and metabolism or synthesis
production of cells and other carbohydrates)
The absence of ribosomes makes it smooth while
taking charge of the metabolism/ synthesis of
carbohydrates, lipid, enzymes and etc.
Golgi body, Golgi apparatus or Golgi Complex
(packaging counter of the cells)
Function
 modifies proteins and lipids
 process materials to be removed from the
cell
 make and secrete mucus
 packages products into vesicles for transport
Ribosomes (protein factories of the cell; site of
protein synthesis)
Function: sites of protein synthesis
Location: in cytoplasm (floating) and on rough ER
(madalas nan aka attach)
Vacuoles (storage tank of the cell)
Plant cell – one large vacuole, used to store water
and push against the cell wall, keeps the plant rigid
(central vacuoles; stores majority of the water; also
helps to be tough and rigid the structure of the plant
cell)
Animal cell – several small vacuoles; used for
storage; can contain nutrients, water, or waste
In terms on the numbers of vacuoles, mas marami si
animal cells compare kay plant cell na tinatawag na
cental vacuoles. In terms of the size plant cell stores
majority of the water
Food vacuoles (stores nutrients, water)
Contractile vacuoles(stores waste)
Lysosomes (capable for apoptosis; collects all the
waste product of cell and burst out; aka suicidal
bags of the cells)
Function
 digest food (used to make energy)
 clean up and recycle ( digest broken
organelles)
Structure
 membrane sac of digestive enzymes
Chloroplast (counter part of mitochondria in an
animal cell)
 found only in plant cells
 contains green pigment called chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis,
the process by which plants make food
  Assemble microtubules during cell division
 Barrel shaped-pairs
a. Thylakoid is a membranous compartment
of flattened sacs that in turn are made up of  Found in animal cells (used during cell
several stacks called grana. reproduction)
Organisms can be classified as:
This is the site of storage/distribution for the
manufactured plant food. Unicellular (singles type of cell) ex : amoeba;
a. Stroma is a highly concentrated fluid bacteria, paramoecium
composed of enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes Multicellular (2 or more cells) ex: plants; animals;
where with/without sunlight, photosynthesis humans
occurs and carbon dioxide is converted to
glucose.
Advantage and disadvantage of being a unicellular
It is found in the external spaces of and being a multi-cellular organism (search)
thylakoid.
SECONDARY PARTS OF THE CELLS
Prokaryotes – (bacteria; naked DNA; incomplete
 Cytoskeleton and Microtubules is cell organelles; )
responsible for structural support in cell
movement. Oldest cell type; small and simple; lack nucleus;
lack organelles; single-celled
Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotes – (highly developed cells; either
Function unicellular or multicellular)
 Structural support Evolved from prokaryotes; larger and more
- Maintains shape of cell complex; contain nucleus; contain organelles
- Provides anchorage for organelles
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Both have:
 Motility
- Cell locomotion DNA; ribosomes; cytoplasm; plasma membrane
- Cilia, flagella, etc.
 Regulation
- Organizes structure & activities of cell
Microtubules The Cell Cycle is the preparation for your cell
division; what we called interphase stage.
Function
 Structural support and cell movement
- Move chromosomes during cell division
 Centrioles
- Track s that guide motor proteins
carrying organelles to their destination
 Motor proteins : myosin &
dynein
- Motility
 Cilia
 Flagella
Centrioles
Mitosis – undergo by the body cells or somatic cells
Meiosis - to produce and perform ovum and
spermicide; oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Cellular Transport
a. Passive transport - can enter and exit
without the cells using energy; molecules
flows across the membrane by diffusion; no
ATP required
ex : osmosis and diffusion

Osmosis – semi-permeable membrane;

pure water solution
it filters kaya limited lang ang pwede
makapasok sa cell bec meron siyang
semi permeable membrane
area of higher to lower concentration

Diffusion – high concentration -> low

concentration
area of higher to lower concentration
no semi permeable membrane
b. Active transport - requires the cell to
produce energy by using ATP; requires
energy and ATP; molecules are pumped
across the membrane;
ex: sodium-potassium pump
Some of other cellular transport mechanisms:
Exocytosis-outside; going out; lysosomes
Endocytosis- inside; absorbs cells

Endocytosis can be classified as:

Pinocytosis (cell drinking) – takes in fluid and
solute
Phagocytosis (cell eating process) – takes in larger
substances (bacteria)