CONTENTS

Preface

1. Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Microprocessor 3
1.3 Microcomputer 4
1.4 Architecture of Microprocessors 6
1.5 History of Microprocessors 8
1.6 Evolution of Microprocessors 9
1.7 Microprocessor Applications 72
1.8 Evolution of Microcontrollers 7 J
1.9 Applications of Microcontrollers 75
Summary 16
Multiple-Choice Questions 16
Short-Answer-Type Questions 17
Review Questions 17
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 17

2. Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor

2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Block Diagram of the 8085 Microprocessor 18
2.3 Pin Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor 28
Summary 33
Multiple-Choice Questions 34
Short-Answer-Type Questions 35
Review Questions 35
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 36

3. Instruction Set and Addressing Modes of 8085 Microprocessor

3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Addressing Modes 37
3.3 Instruction Set 40
3.4 Instruction and Data Formats 43
3.4 Symbols and Abbreviations 45
3.5 8085 Instructions 46
3.6 Instruction Timing Diagram 63
3.7 Timing Diagram 66
»in I Contents

Summary 77
Multiple-Choice Questions 77
Short-Answer-Type Questions 79
Review Questions 79
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 80

4. Assembly - Language Programs of the 8085 Microprocessor

4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Machine Language 82
4.3 Assembly Language 82
4.4 High-Level Language 83
4.5 Stack 87
4.6 Subroutines 89
4.7 Time-Delay Loops 91
4.8 Modular Programming 94
4.9 Macro 95
4.10 Instruction Format 96
4.11 Assembly-Language Programs 97
Summary 142
Multiple-Choice Questions 142
Short-Answer-Type Questions 144
Review Questions 145
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 146

5. Architecture of 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors

5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 Architecture of 8086 149
5.3 Registers 152
5.4 Logical And Physical Address 156
5.5 Address Bus, Data Bus, Control Bus 158
5.6 Memory Segmentation 158
5.7 8086 Memory Addressing 160
5.8 Pin Description of 8086 164
5.9 Memory Read and Write Bus Cycle of 8086 /70
5.10 Intel 8088 Processor 776
5.11 Demultiplexing of the System Bus in 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors
5.12 Some Important ICs: 8284A, 8286/8287, 8282/8283, and 8288 183
Summary 189
Multiple-Choice Questions 190
Short-Answer-Type Questions 190
Review Questions 191
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 191
 Contents

Instruction Set and Addressing Modes of the 8086 Microprocessor

6.1 Introduction 192
6.2 Addressing Modes 192
6.3 8086 Instruction Set 203
Summary 239
Multiple-Choice Questions 240
Short-Answer-Type Questions 241
Review Questions 241
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 242

Assembly-Language Programs of the 8086 Microprocessor and 8087,80287

and 80387 Numeric Data Processors
7.1 Introduction 243
7.2 Assembly-Language Commands 246
7.3 Assembly Language Programs 255
7.4 8087, 80287 And 80387 Numeric Data Processors 289
7.5 8087 Numeric Data Processor 289
7.6 80287 Numeric Data Processor 303
7.7 80387 Numeric Data Processor 307
Summary 308
Multiple-Choice Questions 308
Short-Answer-Type Questions 310
Review Questions 310
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 312

I/O and Memory Interfacing Using 8085/8086

8.1 Introduction 313
8.2 Memory Interfacing 313
8.3 Interrupts of the 8085 Microprocessor 335
8.4 Interrupts of 8086/8088 Microprocessor 348
8.5 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller 355
8.6 Programmable Peripheral Interface, 8255 368
8.7 8253 Programmable Counter/Interval Timer 382
Summary 397
Multiple-Choice Questions 398
Short-Answer Type Questions 399
Review Questions 400
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 403

Communication and Bus Interfacing with the 8085/8086 Microprocessor

9.1 Introduction 404
9.2 Serial Communication Interface 8251 404
9.3 Direct Memory Access (Dma) Controller 8257 417
9.4 8279—Programmable Keyboard And Display I/O Interface 430
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Contents

9.5 8275 Crt Controller 441

9.6 Analog-to-Digital Converter Interfacing 445
9.7 Digital-to-Analog Converter Interfacing 458
9.8 Bus Interface 467
9.9 8250 Uart 480
9.10 16550 Uart 485
9.11 8089 I/O Processor 487
Summary 493
Multiple Choice Questions 493
Short-Answer Type Questions 495
Review Questions 496
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 498

10. Applications of 8085/8086 Microprocessors

10.1 Introduction 499
10.2 Seven-Segment Display 500
10.3 Measurement of Electrical Quantities 504
10.4 Measurement of Physical Quantities 528
10.5 Microprocessor-Based Protection 549
10.6 Microprocessor-Based Traffic Control 552
10.7 Microprocessor-Based Firing Circuit of A Thyristor 558
10.8 Speed Control of DC Motor 562
10.9 Stepper Motor 569
Summary 575
Multiple-Choice Questions 575
Short Answer Questions 576
Review Questions 576
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 578

11. 80186, 80286,80386 and 80486 Microprocessors

11.1 Introduction 579
11.2 80186 Microprocessor Architecture 579
11.3 Pin Description of 80186 594
11.4 Addressing Modes of 80186 598
11.5 Data Types of 80186 598
11.6 Instruction Set of 80186 599
11.7 Comparison Between 8086 and 80186 601
11.8 Introduction to 80286 601
11.9 Architecture of 80286 602
11.10 Pin Diagram of 80286 606
11.11 Addressing Modes of 80286 609
11.12 Data Types of 80286 610
11.13 80286 Instruction Set 610
 Contents xi

11.14 80286 Addressing Mode 614

11.15 Comparison Between 8086 and 80286 620
11.16 Comparison Between 80186 and 80286 621
11.17 Introduction to 80386 622
11.18 Architecture of 80386 623
11.19 Registers of 80386 624
11.20 Pin Functions of 80386 628
11.21 Addressing Modes of 80386 630
11.22 Data Types of 80386 631
11.23 Operating Mode of 80386 631
11.24 Instruction Set 638
11.25 Comparison Between 80286 And 80386 639
11.26 Introduction to 80486 640
11.27 Architecture of 80486 640
11.28 Pin Descriptions of 80486 643
11.29 Comparison Between 80386 And 80486 648
Summary 648
Multiple-Choice Questions 649
Short-Answer Questions 650
Review Questions 650
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 652

12. Pentium and R I S C Processors 653

12.1 Introduction 653
12.2 Pentium Internal Architecture 653
12.3 Pentium Operating Modes 662
12.4 Segmentation 665
12.5 Physical, Linear and Logical Address 666
12.6 Virtual 8086 Mode 670
12.7 Pin Description of Pentium Processor 673
12.8 Addressing Modes of The Pentium Processor 676
12.9 Pentium Bus Interfacing 677
12.10 System Management Mode (SMM) of the Pentium Processor 684
12.11 Cache Memories 686
12.12 Pentium M M X 697
12.13 Pentium Pro, Pentium I I , and Pentium III: P6 Family Processors 698
12.14 Comparison of Pentium and Pentium-Pro Processor 704
12.15 Pentium 4 Processor 705
12.15 Comparison of Pentium III and Pentium 4 Processors 713
12.16 Rise Processors 713
12.17 Core Processor 717
Summary 718
 Multiple-Choice Questions 719
Short-Answer Questions 720
Review Questions 720
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 72 J

13. Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller

13.1 Introduction 722
13.2 Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller 725
13.3 Memory Organization 730
33.4 Pin Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller 735
• 3 5 Timers/Counters 744
13.6 Serial Communication 749
13.7 Interrupts 756
Summary 760
Multiple-Choice Questions 760
Short-Answer Questions 761
Review Questions 761
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 762

14. Instruction Set and Programming of the 8051 Microcontroller

14.1 Introduction 763
14.2 Addressing Modes 763
14.3 8051 Instruction Set 767
Simple Examples in Assembly-Language Programs of 8051 Microcontroller 792
14.5 Assembly-Language Programs 795
14.6 Applications of Microcontrollers 807
Summary 827
Multiple-Choice Questions 827
Short-Answer/Viva-Voce Questions 828
Review Questions 828
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 829

Appendix A - OPCODE of the 8085 Instruction Set

Appendix B - Some Important Tables for 8051
Appendix C - Some Important Tables for 8085
Appendix D - Some Important Tables for 8086

Model Question Paper - 1

Model Question Paper - 2 856
Model Question Paper - 3 860
863
Index
867