დევიდ გრებერი

დემოკრატიის პროექტი
ისტორია, კრიზისი, მოძრაობა

ანარქისტული ბიბლიოთეკა
________________________________
www.a-library.org
© `radarami“, 2014. devid greberi, demokratiis proeqti:
istoria, krizisi, moZraoba.
The Democracy Project, A History, A Crisis, A Movement.
Copyright © 2013 by David Graeber

mTargmnelebi: Tea margvelaSvili, naTia menabde

redaqtori: naTia menabde
ydis dizaini: leonid mujiri

gamocemulia fond `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~ finansuri

mxardaWeriT. avtoris mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba SesaZloa
ar gamoxatavdes fondis pozicias. Sesabamisad, fondi ar aris
­pasuxismgebeli masalis Sinaarsze.

Published with the financial support of the Open Society Georgia Foundation.
The views, opinions and statements expressed by the author and those provid-
ing comments are theirs only and do not necessarily reflect the position of the
Foundation. Therefore, the Open Society Georgia Foundation is not respon-
sible for the content of the information material.

ISBN 978-9941-451-

yvela ufleba daculia. `radaramis werilobiT nebarTvis

­gareSe raime formiT am publikaciis an misi romelime nawilis
reproduqcia an gavrceleba dauSvebelia.
`radaramis“ publikaciebSi mocemuli interpretaciebi da
daskvnebi mxolod avtorebis mosazrebebs warmoadgens.
 radaramelebs

Zvirfaso radaramelebo! Cveni gamocemebis serias

kidev erTi wigni Seemata: devid greberis `demokratiis
­proeqti: ­istoria, krizisi, moZraoba.~

devid greberi amerikaSi cnobilia, rogorc anTropolo­

giis profesori, anarqisti da radikali aqtivisti. misi wigni,
`demo­kratiis proeqti` ki amerikelebisaTvis, da ara marto maT­
Tvis, yvelaze aqtualur Temas _ damokratias exeba. mTavari
SekiTxva romelsac greberi am wignis meSveobiT gvisvams aseTia:
SegviZlia Tu ara vuwudoT Tanamedrove politikur sistemas
demokratiuli maSin, roca misi wyalobiT mxolod mdidrebi xei­
roben, xolo sxva danarCeni amerikelebi maT CrdilSi eqcevian?
ra unda gavakeToT Cven _ Cveulebrivma moqalaqeebma _ imisaT­
vis, rom SevcvaloT samyaro?
Tu wigni mogewonebaT, an ar mogewonebaT, CaTvliT rom sain­
teresoa, aqtualuria an ubralod gagiCndebaT survili gauzi­
aroT Tqveni STabeWdileba danarCen radaramelebs, SemouerT­
diT Cven qsels, gamogzavneT mokle teqsturi Setyobineba no­
merze 9 1918 da gaxdiT kidev erTi radarameli!

rogor dagvekontaqtoT:
SMS
imisaTvis, rom `radarams~ SemouerTdeT da SeityoT yvela
mniSvnelovani RonisZiebisa Tu siaxlis Sesaxeb, nomerze 9 1918
gamoagzavneT mZimeebiT gamoyofili Semdegi teqsti: mokle kodi
wignis saTauris nacvlad (am SemTxvevaSi #DP – Democracy ­Project)
saxeli, gvari, sofeli, regioni an ubani da qalaqi, (magaliTad:
#DP, giorgi, maisuradze, kondwati, imereti). Tqven miiRebT dadas-
turebas mokle teqsturi Setyobinebis saxiT. qselSi CarTva ufa-
soa. Tu Cvengan Setyobinebebis miReba an gamogzavna aRar moginde-
baT, mogvwereT imave nomerze 9 1918: gauqmeba da Tqveni gvari. mi-
iRebT Setyobinebas qselis datovebis Sesaxeb. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
ver dagvikavSirdebiT SMS kodis saSualebiT, gTxovT Segvatyobi-
noT Seferxebis Sesaxeb feisbuqis an imeilis saSualebiT (ixileT
Cveni sakontaqto informacia qvemoT).

4
 SeatyobineT Cveni wignebis Sesaxeb Tqvens megobrebsa da oja­
xis wevrebs, rom maTac hqondeT saSualeba, SemouerTdnen `rada­
ramis~ qsels da monawileoba miiRon dialogSi

radaramis seriis wignebi _ Seagrove yvela maTgani!!!

1. `swrafad win: eTika da politika globaluri daTbobis

epoqaSi~ _ uiliam anTolisi, stroub talboti
2. `globalizacia da misi Tanmdevi ukmayofileba~ _ jozef
stiglici
3. `roca cdebi~ _ qeTrin Sulci
4. `CineTi dRevandel msoflioSi~ _ jonaTan uotsi
5. `ukeTureba eufleba qveynierebas~ _ toni jati.
6. `gardatexa: rogor gavataroT cvlileba, roca es ase
rTulia` _ Cip da den hiTi
7. `bumerangi: mogzauroba axal mesame samyaroSi~ _ maikl
luisi
8. `rogor agvixsna fexburTma msoflio~ _ franklin foeri
9. `iSrome bevri, iyavi keTili~ _ jei maTeusi
10. `sirTuleebi: Canawerebi arasrulyofili mecnierebis
Sesaxeb~ _ aTul gavande
11. `rogor aRweven bavSvebi warmatebas~ _ pol tafi
12. `Rirsebis kodeqsi~ _ kvame entoni apia

„radarami~ arasamTavrobo, arakomerciuli organizaciaa,

romelic regularulad gamoscems msoflioSi cnobil, gavle­
nian, aramxatvruli Janris wignebs. `radaramis~ wignebi SegiZ­
liaT moikiTxoT saqarTvelos masStabiT yvela centralur
biblioTekasa Tu wignis maRaziebSi. Tu gsurT, rom radaramis
wignebi kidev sxva adgilas ixiloT, mogvwereT, dagvirekeT da
gagviziareT Tqveni ideebi.

Facebook – www.facebook.com/Radarami
Web – www.radarami.org
Email – info@radarami.com

5
 Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba (nuca baTiaSvili) 7

Sesavali 9

1. dasawyisi axlosaa 23

2. ratom gaamarTla Cvenma Zalisxmevam? 81

3. „xalxi iwyebs fiqrs da azrovnebas“:

demokratiis faruli istoria 187

4. rogor xorcieldeba cvlilebebi 250

5. jados moxsna 319

SeniSvnebi 355
 winasityvaoba

devid greberis Sesaxeb uTqvamT, rom is profesiiT

anTropologia, midrekilebiT ki _ radikali. es kargad
Cans am wignSi (iseve, rogorc mis wina naSromSi „vali:
pirveli 5000 weli“), romelic mogviTxrobs aSS-Si ganx­
orcielebul samoqalaqo protestis formaze _ Occupy Wall
Street-ze („daikave uolstriti“). Cemi, rogorc anTropol­
ogis, gadmosaxedidan es wigni gamorCeulia bevri faqto­
ris gaTvaliswinebiT, yvelaze metad ki imitom, rom misi
avtori wers moZraobaze, romlis damkvirvebelic aris
da monawilec. misi analizi erTsa da imave dros gulisx­
mobs mkvlevris konceptualizaciasac da ideologiur
­aqtivizmsac.
anTropologebi xSirad vwerT imaze (an vikvlevT imas),
rac Cven gvawuxebs, ara marto rogorc mkvlevrebs, ar­
amed, rogorc adamianebsa da moqalaqeebs. es wigni naTeli
magaliTia imisa, rom zogjer Cvens akademiur saqmiano­
basa da socialur aqtivizms Soris zRvari pirobiTic
aRar aris, ubralod, waSlilia da avtori amas bundovani
terminologiiT ki ar fuTavs, aramed sakuTari zneobrivi
poziciis RerZad aqcevs.
devid greberis, rogorc radikali anarqistis, poli­
tikuri Sexedulebebi misi naSromis qvakuTxedia. misTvis
saxelmwifo, rogorc instituti, mavneblobaa, romelic
adamianis Tavisuflebas CarCoSi aqcevs, demokratias
zRvrebs uwesebs, radgan saxelmwifos arsi struqturuli
Cagvra da dominanti klasis Zalauflebis uzrunvelyofaa.
es wigni aris mcdeloba, erTi mxriv, gamoamJRavnos is si­
maxinjeebi, romlebic dRevandeli msoflios politikur
da finansur sistemas axasiaTebs da, meore mxriv, Occupy
Wall Street-is magaliTze dayrdnobiT, Camoayalibos „radi­
kaluri demokratiisTvis“ brZolis xedva. amitom es naS­
romi, zogadad, demokratiis, saxelmwifo institutebisa
da amerikuli politikuri diskursis istoriis kritiku­
li analizicaa da radikaluri demokratiisaTvis brZolis
meTodebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloc.
7
 „demokratiis proeqti“ 2013 wels gamoica da maleve
iqca popularul sakiTxav wignad rogorc amerikaSi, ise
bevr sxva qveyanaSi. misi warmateba albaT imanac ganapi­
roba, rom greberi araCveulebrivad martivi eniT, laRi
TxrobiT axerxebs, Tavisi mkiTxveli gaaTviTcnobieros
urTules da specifikur sferoebSi, magaliTad, iseTi
kompleqsuri struqturis detalebSi, rogoricaa dRevan­
deli finansuri sistema.
ramdenadac mxiblavda aseTi wignisTvis winasityvao­
bis daweris idea, imdenad uxerxulobas miqmnida princi­
puli uTanxmoeba greberisa da Cems politikur poziciebs
Soris (rogorc adamiani, mxars vuWer respublikanizmis
ideas da, fiskaluri TvalsazrisiT, memarjvene Tu ara,
centristi mainc var); magram Cemi politikuri rwmenisa da
avtorTan ideologiuri antagonizmis miuxedavad, am te­
qstma bevri ram momca, Tumca kiTxva ise davasrule, arc
anarqisti gavmxdarvar da arc komunisti.
ratom unda waikiTxoT es wigni? „demokratiis
sulis­kveTeba ar aris meqanikuri ram, romlis morgebac
formebis gauqmebiT SeiZleba. misTvis aucilebelia, rom
cvlileba moxdes gulSi“... _ mahaTma gandis es sityvebi
albaT yvelaze zustad gamoxatavs greberis poziciis
arss da demokratiuli revoluciis miseul xedvas. es
wigni mogaqcevT dRevandeli amerikis yvelaze kritiku­
li diskursis centrSi da, zogadad, dagafiqrebT imaze,
rac yvela moqalaqeobrivad moazrovne adamianisTvis da
Tavisuflebis moyvaruli sazogadoebisTvis prioritet­
ul sakiTxebs unda warmoadgendes: ra aris demokratia?
rogori unda iyos demokratia? da rogorebi unda viyoT
Cven, rom demokratia naxevrad realizebul an politi­
kurad abstrahirebul proeqtad ki ar darCes, aramed
cxovrebis wesad da yofierebis arsad iqces.

nuca baTiaSvili

8
 Sesavali

2012 wlis 26 aprils Occupy Wall Street-is („daikave uol­

striti“) ocdaaTamde aqtivisti niu-iorkis federaluri
holis kibis safexurebze, safondo birJis mopirdapire mxa­
res Seikriba.
Tveze met xans vcdilobdiT, xelaxla gvepova fexis mo­
sakidebeli adgili qvemo manhetenze im banakis gasaSlelad,
romelic eqvsi Tvis win zukotis parkidan sasamarTlos Za­
liT agvaRebines. axali banakis gaSla Tundac ver mogvex­
erxebina, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, imedi gvqonda, rom vipo­
vidiT adgils regularuli SexvedrebisaTvis, aseve Cveni
biblioTekisa da samzareulos gansaTavseblad. zukotis
parkis yvelaze didi upiratesoba is iyo, rom Cveni saqmiano­
biT dainteresebul nebismier pirs SeeZlo, iq moveZebneT,
CvenTan mosuliyo da samomavlo aqciebsa da RonisZiebebze,
an, ubralod, politikaze esaubra; axla ki amgvari adgilis
uqonloba dausrulebel problemebs gviqmnida. miuxedavad
amisa, qalaqis mesveurTa gadawyvetilebiT, kidev erTi zu­
koti Cven aRarasodes gveqneboda. rogorc ki vipovidiT
adgils, sadac sruliad kanonierad SegveZleboda Cveni
centris gaxsna, isini, ubralod, cvlidnen kanonebs da iqi­
dan gvaZevebdnen. rodesac iunion squearze damkvidreba
vcadeT, qalaqis xelmZRvanelobam parkis wesdeba Secvala.
roca „okupantTa“ jgufi zed uolstritis trotuarze
moewyo dasaZineblad (im iuridiuli gadawyvetilebis safuZ­
velze, romelic garkveviT aris naTqvami, rom moqalaqeebs
ufleba aqvT, niu-iorkis quCebSi iZinon, rac politikuri
protestis formaa), qalaqis mmarTvelobam qvemo manheteni
„usafrTxoebis gansakuTrebul zonad“ miiCnia, romelzec
es kanoni ar vrceldeboda.
sabolood, federaluri holis kibeze davbinavdiT, mar­
marilos farTo safexurebze, romlebsac jorj vaSingto­
nis ZeglTan mivyavarT, da vdarajobdiT Sesasvlel kars im
Senobisa, romelSic 223 wlis win xeli moewera uflebaTa
bils. es kibe qalaqis iurisdiqciaSi ar Sedioda. es iyo
9
federaluri miwa nacionaluri parkebis samsaxuris admin­
istraciis daqvemdebarebaSi da aSS-is saparko policiam
(romelic albaT kargad xvdeboda, rom mTeli is terito­
ria samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebisadmi miZRvnil monumentad
iTvleboda) gviTxra, rom mas Cven mier kibis dakavebis sawi­
naaRmdego araferi hqonda, Tuki iq daZinebas aravin daa­
pirebda. safexurebi imdenad farTo iyo, rom ramdenime
aseul adamians daitevda da Tavdapirvelad marTlac daax­
loebiT amdeni movida. magram cota xanSi qalaqis mesveurni
gamoCndnen da parkis administracia daarwmunes, asparezi
maTTvis daeTmo. maT mTeli perimetri foladis barierebiT
SemoRobes, xolo Tavad safexurebi amgvarive barierebiT
or nawilad gayves. Cven maT maSinve SevurCieT saxelwodeba
_ „Tavisuflebis galiebi“. s.i.d.t. (specialuri iaraRisa
da taqtikis) danayofebi (SWAT) SesasvlelTan ganTavsdnen.
TeTrperangiani policiis meTauri yuradRebiT akvird­
eboda yvelas, vinc ki Sesvlas cdilobda da atyobinebda
maT, rom, usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare, TiToeul
galiaSi nebadarTuli iyo mxolod oci adamianis yof­
na. miuxedavad amisa, patara jgufi mainc adgilze darCa.
„okupantebi“ 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebdnen xalxis
garkveul raodenobas, morigeobdnen, dRisiT awyobdnen
disput-seminarebs, erTvebodnen improvizebul debatebSi
uolstritis mowyenilobisgan Tavgabezrebul movaWreebT­
an (romlebic Sesvenebis dros Semoexetebodnen xolme), Ram­
RamobiT ki marmarilos safexurebze fxizlobdnen. cota
xanSi didi zomis plakatebi aikrZala, Semdeg ki _ nebism­
ieri ram, rac muyaosgan iyo gakeTebuli. mere ukve apatim­
rebdnen, vinc ki xelT moxvdebodaT. policiis meTaurma
scada, ganemarta CvenTvis, rom, Tu yvelas ara, ramdenime
Cvenganis daWeras raime sababiT nebismier dros SeZlebda.
marto im dRes Tavad viyavi mowme, rogor daades borkilebi
da waiyvanes erT-erTi aqtivisti „xmauris“ gamo, rodesac
is sloganebs xmamaRla warmoTqvamda; meore ki, erayis omis
veterani, xalxis TandaswrebiT uxamsad qcevis braldebiT
daakaves, sajaro gamosvlisas oTxasoiani sityvebis gamoy­
10
enebis gamo. es yvelaferi SeiZleba imitomac xdeboda, rom
Cven es RonisZieba davaanonseT, rogorc „xmamaRali pro­
testi“. policiis oficerma xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom
swored „pirveli Sesworebis“ (igulisxmeba Sesworeba aSS-is
konstituciaSi _ First Amendment, romelic samoqalaqo Tavi-
suflebebis garantias iZleva. ratificirebulia 1791 wels da
uflebaTa bilis nawils warmoadgens. red.) „dabadebis“ adg­
ilzec ki mas jer kidev hqonda Cveni dapatimrebis ufleba,
Tundac politikuri gamosvlebis gamo.
Cemma erTma megobarma, saxelad lopim _ mas yvela cnob­
da, radgan saprotesto demonstraciebze giganturi samT­
vliani motocikliT cxaddeboda, romelzec feradi tra­
fareti ekra warweriT „iubile!“ (devid greberma Tavis wina
wignSi „vali: pirveli 5 000 weliwadi“ wamoayena original-
uri idea, valis iubile misi sayovelTao anulirebiT aRniS-
nuliyo, rac, savaraudod, biblias ukavSirdeba. Zveli aRTq-
mis mixedviT, ebraelebi zeimobdnen iubiles, anu moses mier
dawesebul dRes, romelic dgeboda yoveli Svidi Svidwleu-
lis Semdeg. es weli aRiniSneboda gayiduli da dagiravebuli
miwebis yofili mflobelebisaTvis dabrunebiT, monebisa da
patimrebis gaTavisuflebiT, valebis gauqmebiT (levit. 25.10).
lopis Jesti gamoxatavs solidarobas megobris ideisadmi.
red.), moawyo RonisZieba, saxelwodebiT: „xmamaRla gamovTq­
vaT ukmayofileba imis gamo, rac uolstritze xdeba: mSvi­
dobiani Sekreba federaluri holis memorialuri Senobis
safexurebze, im adgilTan, sadac „daibada“ uflebaTa bili
da romelic axla Caketilia 1%-is jaris mier!“ (gamoTqma
„1%-is jari“ ukavSirdeba demonstrantTa politikur lo-
zungs: „Cven 99% varT!“ 99% gulisxmobda amerikel xalxs,
xolo 1%-ad moiazreboda aSS-is politikuri elita. red.).
CemdaTavad, xalxze zemoqmedebis unari arasodes mqonia.
mTeli im periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac Occupy-s saqmianobaSi
var CarTuli, sityviTac ki ar gamovsulvar. ase rom, ime­
di mqonda, iq, ZiriTadad, mowmis rolSi momiwevda yofna,
moraluri da organizaciuli mxardaWeris gawevis mizniT.
RonisZiebis pirveli naxevari saaTis ganmavlobaSi, vidre
11
Occupy-s wevrebi saTiTaod gadadiodnen wina galiaSi tro­
tuarze saxeldaxelod Tavmoyrili videokamerebis win, rom
omze, ekologiur katastrofasa da mTavrobaSi arsebul
korufciaze esaubraT, me ganapira mxares davborialebdi
da vcdilobdi, policielebs gamovlaparakebodi.
„e.i. Tqven s.i.d.t. danayofis wevri xarT, ara?“ vkiTxe
erT pirquS axalgazrdas, romelic gverdze mogdebuli
grZeli SaSxaniT galiebis Sesasvlels darajobda. „da ras
niSnavs es s.i.d.t.? specialuri iaraRi...“
„da taqtika,“ swrafad momiWra, sanam danayofis Tavda­
pirvel saxelwodebas warmovTqvamdi: „moieriSe jgufi spe­
cialuri SeiaraRebiT“ (Special Weapons Assault Team).
„gasagebia. hoda, iciT, ra mainteresebs: ra saxis spe­
cialuri iaraRis gamoyenebas varaudoben Tqveni meTaurebi
ocdaaTi SeuiaraRebeli moqalaqis winaaRmdeg, romlebic
federaluri holis kibeze mSvidobian SekrebaSi monaw­
ileoben?“
„es, ubralod, sifrTxilis zomebia“, mipasuxa man. etyo­
boda, Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda.
ukve orjer avaride Tavi lopis miwvevas, sityviT gamov­
suliyavi, magram is daJinebiT mTxovda da, sabolood, ga­
davwyvite, rom jobda, rame meTqva, Tundac mokled. ase
rom, kamerebis win adgili davikave, Tvali Sevavle jorj
vaSingtonis Zegls, romelic niu-iorkis safondo birJis
Tavze cas gascqeroda, da improvizebas Sevudeqi:
„Cemi azriT, simboluria, rom dRes aq SevikribeT, im
Senobis kibeze, sadac xeli moewera uflebaTa bils. es sa­
saciloa. amerikelTa umetesobas hgonia, rom Tavisufal
qveyanaSi cxovrobs, msoflios yvelaze diad demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi. isini Tvlian, rom swored Cveni saxelmwi­
fos damaarsebelTa mier gansazRvruli konstituciuri
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi gamoarCevs Cvens ers, gnebavT,
gvaqcevs imad, ranic varT dRes, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
yurs davugdebT politikosebs, romlebic gvaZleven ufle­
bas, sxva qveynebSi SeviWraT, Tuki es mogveprianeba. magram,
raoden ucnaurad ar unda JRerdes, konstituciis Semqm­
12
nelebs sulac ar surdaT konstituciaSi uflebaTa bilis
Setana. swored amitomaa isini „Sesworebebi“. isini ar yo­
fila Tavdapirvel dokumentSi. erTaderTi mizezi, ris
gamoc sityvis Tavisuflebisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb es STambeWdavi frazebi sabolood konstituciaSi
Sevida, gaxlavT is, rom iseTi antifederalistebi, rogor­
ic jorj meisoni da patrik henri iyvnen, saboloo varian­
tis naxvisas imdenad ganrisxdnen, rom misi ratifikaciis
winaaRmdeg gamovidnen, Tuki teqsti ar Seicvleboda da
sxva sakiTxebTan erTad masSi Setanili ar iqneboda swored
mobilizaciis aseT popularul saxeobaSi monawileobis
ufleba. aman saSinlad daafrTxo federalistebi, radgan
konstituciuri konventis mowvevis erT-erTi mizezi gaxl­
daT im safrTxis arideba, romelsac isini xedavdnen kidev
ufro radikalur saxalxo moZraobebSi. es ukanasknelni
finansebis demokratizaciisken da valebis anulirebiske­
nac ki mouwodebdnen. masobrivi saxalxo Sekrebebi da sax­
alxo debatebi, rac revoluciis dros ukve nanaxi hqondaT,
maT yvelaze naklebad surdaT. Sedegad, jeims medisonma
Sekriba daaxloebiT oras winadadebaze meti da maT safuZ­
velze Seadgina faqtobrivi teqsti imisa, rac dReisaTvis
uflebaTa bilis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.
Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi nebayoflobiT arafers
Tmoben. amdenad, Tuki dRes Cven Tavisuflebebs vflobT,
es ara imitom, rom isini Cveni saxelmwifos didma brZenma
damaarseblebma gvaCuqes, aramed imitom, rom Cvennairma
adamianebma kategoriulad moiTxoves maTi xorcSesxma _
swored imis keTebiT, rasac dRes Cven vakeTebT _ vidre
yvelam ar aRiara, rom maT es uflebebi hqondaT.
arc damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi da arc konstitu­
ciaSi arsad araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom amerika
demokratiuli qveyanaa. da amis mizezic arsebobs. iseTi
adamianebi, rogoric jorj vaSingtoni iyo, daufaravad
ewinaaRmdegebodnen demokratias. amitom cota ucnauria,
rom dRes Cven misi qandakebis qveS vdgavarT. magram igive
exebaT danarCenebsac: medisoni, hamiltoni, adamsi... isini
13
garkveviT werdnen, rom cdilobdnen, SeeqmnaT sistema,
romelsac SeeZleboda, demokratiis safrTxe aeridebina.
Tumca isini is adamianebi iyvnen, romlebsac namdvilad
surdaT demokratia; swored demokratiam Seuwyo xeli rev­
olucias, romelmac maT, upirveles yovlisa, Zalaufleba
misca. ra Tqma unda, bevri Cvengani dRes aq erTi mizezis
gamo dgas _ aRar migvaCnia, rom demokratiul sistemaSi
vcxovrobT, am sityvis nebismieri gasagebi mniSvnelobiT.
miixed-moixedeT. es s.i.d.t. danayofi ukve yvelaferze me­
tyvelebs. Cveni mTavroba ukve sxva aRaraferia, Tu ara in­
stitucionalizebuli meqrTameoba da erT mSvenier dRes
cixeSi SeiZleba mxolod imis gamo amoyoT Tavi, Tu amas
xmamaRla ityviT. SeiZleba am etapze, erT jerze, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi-ori dRiT moxvdeT cixeSi, ma­
gram mTavroba yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom es situa­
cia Seicvalos. Tumca misi warmomadgenlebi Cvens daWeras
arc Seecdebodnen, Tavadac rom ar iyvnen darwmunebulebi
Cveni naTqvamis simarTleSi. amerikis mmarTvelebs imaze me­
tad araferi aSinebT, rom, erTxelac iqneba, demokratia
amoxeTqavs. da Tuki es perspeqtiva arsebobs, Tuki arsebo­
ben memkvidreebi im adamianebisa, romlebsac surdaT quCaSi
gamosvla uflebaTa bilis moTxovniT, es, metwilad, Cveni
damsaxurebaa“.

im wuTamde, roca lopim scenaze gasasvlelad mibiZga,

arc ki davfiqrebulvar imaze, rom Occupy Wall Street rai­
meTi ukavSirdeboda amerikis istoriis romelime did
tradicias. mis safuZvels ufro metad anarqizmSi, femi­
nizmSi, an sulac „globaluri samarTlianobis moZraobaSi“
ufro veZiebdi. magram axla, roca warsuls Tvals vavleb,
vfiqrob, rom, rac vTqvi, sruli simarTle iyo. namdvilad
aris raRac ucnaurad Seusabamo imaSi, Tu rogor mosazre­
bas gvinergaven amerikul demokratiaze. erTi mxriv, gamud­
mebiT gvimeoreben, rom demokratia aris im politikosebis
arCeva, romlebic mTavrobaSi unda movidnen. meore mxriv
ki, yvelam kargad viciT, rom amerikelebis umetesobas
14
uyvars demokratia, sZuls politikosebi da sakmaod skep­
tikuradaa ganwyobili swored mTavrobis ideis mimarT. ro­
gor SeiZleba es yvelaferi simarTle iyos? cxadia, roca
amerikelebi demokratiaze saubroben, isini gulisxmoben
raRac gacilebiT ufro didsa da Rrmas, vidre, ubralod,
arCevnebSi monawileobaa (maTi naxevarze meti Tavsac ki
ar iwuxebs, rom mivides da xma misces); es albaT erTgvari
kombinacia unda iyos pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da jerje­
robiT sruliad ararealizebuli mcnebisa, rom Tavisufal
adamianebs, rogorc gonier, zrdasrul individebs, unda
SeeZloT, erTad dasxdnen da sakuTari saqmeebi Tavad moag­
varon (es idealuri variantia). da Tuki es asea, maSin sulac
araa gasakviri, rom maT, vinc amJamad amerikas marTavs, de­
mokratiuli moZraobis ase eSiniaT. sabolood, demokrati­
is impulsebma isini SeiZleba sruliad usargeblo gaxados.
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, vinme SemewinaaRmdegos da Tqvas:
es rom simarTle iyos, amerikelebis umetesoba uars ityo­
da am demokratiuli impulsis yvelaze Soreul perspeq­
tivazec ki. eWvic ar mepareba, rom amaSi aris simarTlis
marcvali. amerikelebis umetesoba anarqisti araa. rac ar
unda amtkicon, rom maT ar moswonT mTavroba, an, xSir Sem­
TxvevaSi, Tavad mTavrobis ideac ki, Zalian cota Tu dauW­
ers mxars mis daSlas. Tumca es iqneb imis gamoc iyos, rom
maT warmodgenac ki ara aqvT, ram SeiZleba Caanacvlos is.
simarTle imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amerikelebs Zalian ad­
reuli asakidan aswavlian, hqondeT ukiduresad SezRuduli
politikuri xedva, adamianis SesaZleblobebze ki uaRresad
mcdari, damakninebeli warmodgena CamouyalibdeT. maTi
umetesobisaTvis demokratia raRac abstraqtulia, ideali,
raRac, rac maT arasodes ganucdiaT an ganuxorcielebiaT;
swored amitomaa, rom, rodesac maT pirvelad miiRes monaw­
ileoba saerTo-saxalxo SekrebebSi da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis sxva horizontalur formebSi (romlebsac Cven Oc-
cupy-Si viyenebT), bevrma maTganma swored is igrZno, rac
me, pirvelad rom CaverTe Direct Action Network-Si (uSualo
moqmedebebis qseli), niu-iorkSi, jer kidev 2000 wels _
15
erTi xelis dakvriT Seicvala maTi warmodgena imaze, Tu
ris miRweva SeiZleba politikuri gziT.

maSasadame, es wigni ar aris, ubralod, Occupy-s Sesaxeb.

es aris wigni amerikaSi demokratiis SesaZleblobebis Ses­
axeb. ufro metic, es aris wigni im radikaluri warmod­
genebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, ris saSualebac Occupy-m
mogvca.
sayovelTao aRtaceba, romelic Occupy-s misi saqmiano­
bis sawyisi ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi xvda wilad, sak­
marisia, SevadaroT im ganwyobas, romelic sufevda sapre­
zidento arCevnebis dros, sul raRac erTi wlis Semdeg.
es Semodgoma ori kandidatis mowme gaxda _ erTi, moqmedi
prezidenti demokratiuli partiidan, fait accompli (momxdari
faqti) gaxldaT da partia Tvlida, rom es politikosi
xSirad Ralatobda mas; meore ki iyo aSkarad fulis ZaliT
Tavs moxveuli kandidati respublikelebidan, romelic na­
Teli magaliTi iyo imisa, rom respublikuri partiisaT­
vis nebismieri kandidati misaRebi iqneboda, romelic Ta­
visi energiis umetes nawils miliarderTa interesebs moax­
marda. sazogadoeba xom arCevnebiT mxolod drodadro
Tu dainteresdeba, da isic mxolod televiziiT, vinaidan
kargad icis, rom mis xmas, Tuki is amerikelebis im daax­
loebiT 25%-s ar warmoadgens, romelic „meryev StatSi“
(Stati, romelSic saprezidento arCevnebisas xmis micemis
Sedegebis prognozireba bolo momentamde ver xerxdeba,
radgan ZiriTad pretendentebs gamarjvebis Tanabari Sansi
aqvT. mTargm.) cxovrobs, mainc araviTari mniSvneloba ara
aqvs. maTac ki, visi xmac rames wyvets, arCevanis gakeTeba,
ZiriTadad, im or partias Soris uwevT, romlebic mTavar
rols Seasruleben pensiebis, xandazmulTaTvis janmrT­
elobis dazRvevisa da socialuri dazRvevis Semcirebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. am msxverplis gaReba
aucileblobas warmoadgens; xelisufleba ki, samwuxarod,
iseT realobas qmnis, imis SesaZlebloba arc ki ganixileba,
rom es msxverpli mdidrebma gaiRon.
16
 axlaxan Esquire-Si dabeWdil werilSi Carlz pirsma
aRniSna, rom eqspertebis satelevizio „speqtaklebis“ wya­
lobiT arCevnebis cikli xSirad xalxis uuflebobis erT­
gvari sadomazoxisturi dResaswaulis saxes iRebs da Za­
lian hgavs im realiTi Souebs, romlebSic ase gviyvars imis
yureba, Tu rogor ibriyveben agresiuli bosebi TavianT xe­
lqveiTebs. aseT viTom TviTmmarTvelur respublikaSic ki,
Cvens Tavs ufleba miveciT, oligarqiuli Cvevebis WaobSi
CavZiruliyaviT, TiTqosda sxvagvari politikis gatareba
SesaZlebeli arc yofiliyo. am Cvevebidan ki yvelaze aSka­
ra swored morCilebaa. Cven sakuTari Tavi SevagueT imas,
rom politikosebi Cvenze axdenen gavlenas da ara Cven _
maTze. satelevizio varskvlavebi gveubnebian, rom poli­
tikur varskvlavebs Soris daideba „didi garigeba“ (igu-
lisxmeba baraq obamas iniciativa, romliTac man kongresis
liderebs mimarTa. potenciuri SeTanxmeba gulisxmobda aSS-
is saxelmwifo valis maqsimaluri zRvris Semcirebas „fis-
kaluri Cixis“ Tavidan acilebis mizniT. red.) „Cven“ ki taSs
davukravT maT am „rTuli gadawyvetilebis“ Cveni saxeliT
miRebis gamo. swored ase mkvidrdeba politikur sazoga­
doebaSi oligarqiuli Cvevebi. Tavdapirvelad xalxs unda
gaufanto imis iluzia, rom mTavroba swored am sazoga­
doebis azris gamoxatulebaa, Semdeg ki gaauqmo an daaknino
Zalauflebis nebismieri centri, romelic Seni sulisSemx­
uTveli zegavlenis gareSec SeZlebs arsebobas (magaliTad,
profkavSirebi), da bolos, savsebiT cxadi gaxado yvelasT­
vis, Tu vin aris mTavari. ufrosi me var, SeegueT amas!
swored aseTi politika SegvrCeba xelSi, roca demokra­
tiis SesaZleblobebi ignorirebulia. magram es yvelaferi
droebiTi movlenaa. kargi iqneba, gavixsenoT, rom igive
Tema aqtualuri iyo 2011 wlis zafxulSic, roca yvela
politikosi laparakobda xelovnurad Seqmnil krizisze,
romelsac „saxelmwifo valis maqsimaluri zRvris dadgena“
da „didi garigeba“ uciloblad gamoiwvevda (saubaria isev
xandazmulTaTvis janmrTelobis dazRvevisa da socialuri
dazRvevis Semcirebaze). Semdeg ki, imave wlis seqtemberSi,
17
Occupy Seiqmna, da, masTan erTad, asobiT namdvili, WeSma­
riti politikuri forumic, sadac ubralo amerikelebs
SeeZloT, esaubraT realur problemebsa da satkivarze,
am Temaze eqspertTa tradiciuli saubrebi ki Sewyda. es
imitom ar momxdara, rom Occupy-s wevrebma politikosebs
raime gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi da winadadebebi wauy­
enes, aramed imis gamo, rom maT, ubralod, mTeli sistemis
kanonierebis krizisi Seqmnes, radgan aCvenes, Tu rogori
unda iyos namdvili demokratia.
rasakvirvelia, igive eqspertebi Occupy-s mkvdrad
acxadebdnen imis Semdeg, rac 2011 wlis noemberSi zuko­
tis parki mas ZaliT daaclevines. magram maT ar esmiT,
rom Tuki xalxis politikuri horizonti erTxel gafar­
Tovdeba, es cvlileba permanentuli iqneba. asobiT aTas
amerikels (da, rasakvirvelia, ara mxolod amerikels, ar­
amed berZens, espanelsa da tuniselsac) axla ukve TviTm­
marTvelobis, koleqtiuri moqmedebisa da adamianTa soli­
darobis uSualo gamocdileba aqvs, rac maTTvis TiTqmis
SeuZlebels xdis, daubrundnen uwindel cxovrebis wess
da movlenebs imave TvaliT Sexedon. maSin, roca msoflios
politikuri da finansuri elita brmad mieqaneba 2008 wlis
masStabis axali krizisisaken, Cven ganvagrZobT Senobebis,
fermebis, CamorTmeuli saxlebisa da mudmivi an droebiTi
samuSao adgilebis dakavebas, vawyobT gaficvebs sabinao
qiris gadaxdis gasaprotesteblad, vatarebT seminarebs,
movaleTa Sekrebebs da, amgvarad, safuZvels vuyriT WeS­
maritad demokratiul kulturas, vnergavT axal unarebs-
Cvevebsa da gamocdilebas, rac xels uwyobs politikis
sruliad axleburi gagebis damkvidrebas. masTan erTad
aRorZindeba revoluciuri warmodgenebic, romlebic say­
ovelTaod miRebuli Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, didi xania,
mkvdrad gamocxadda.
yvelam, vinc amaSi CarTulia, kargad icis, rom demokra­
tiuli kulturis Seqmna sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia. bo­
los da bolos, Cven xom Zireul moralur transformaci­
aze vsaubrobT. magram, amave dros, isic kargad gvesmis, rom
18
aseTi ram adrec momxdara. aSS-Si yofila sazogadoebrivi
moZraobebi, romlebsac Sedegad Zireuli moraluri trans­
formacia mohyva (pirveli, rac maxsendeba, feminizmi da
abolicionizmia). magram am yvelafers didi dro dasWirda.
Occupy-s msgavsad, es moZraobebic, ZiriTadad, oficial­
uri politikuri sistemis miRma moqmedebdnen, moicavdnen
uSualo moqmedebebsa da samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas da
arasodes egonaT, rom warmatebas erT weliwadSi miaRwevd­
nen. aSkaraa, rom mravlad iyvnen iseTebic, romlebmac ms­
gavsi Zireuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba scades, magram
ver SeZles. da mainc, uamravi mizezi arsebobs, gvjerodes,
rom amerikulma sazogadoebam fundamenturi cvlilebebi
ganicada (es, pirvel rigSi, is sazogadoebaa, romelmac
Occupy-s ase swrafad ganviTarebis saSualeba misca), rac
samomavlod amgvari demokratiuli proeqtis grZelvadiani
aRorZinebis realur SesaZleblobas gvisaxavs.

socialuri argumenti, romelsac moviyvan, sakmaod mar­

tivia. im movlenam, romelsac dRes did recesias uwode­
ben (igulisxmeba 2008 wels dawyebuli ekonomikuri krizisi.
red.) mxolod da mxolod daaCqara aTwleulebis ganmav­
lobaSi isedac swrafad mimdinare klasobrivi sistemis (so-
cialuri sistema, romelic, ZiriTadad, efuZneba adamianTa
materialur SesaZleblobebs da maT mier mopovebul sazoga-
doebriv mdgomareobas, rac gansazRvravs socialuri mobi-
lobis xasiaTs. red.) Zireuli transformacia. ganvixiloT
ori statistikuri monacemi: am wignis daweris droisaT­
vis yoveli meSvide amerikeli valis amomRebi saagentos
mier idevneba. amave dros, erT-erTi uaxlesi gamokvleviT
vlindeba, rom amerikelTa mxolod umciresoba (45%) Tvlis
sakuTar Tavs „saSualo klasis“ (fenis) warmomadgenlad.
Zneli warmosadgenia, am or faqts erTmaneTTan saerTo
araferi hqondes. am bolo xans didi diskusiebi imarTebo­
da amerikuli „saSualo fenis“ gaqrobis Sesaxeb, magram maT
monawileTa umetesobas gamorCa is garemoeba, rom „saSualo
fena“ ekonomikur kategorias manamdec arasodes warmoad­
19
genda. is yovelTvis ufro metad ukavSirdeboda stabilu­
robisa da usafrTxoebis SegrZnebas, romelic, ubralod,
Semdegi mosazrebidan gamomdinareobs: miuxedavad imisa,
Tu ras fiqrobs adamiani politikosebze, institutebi,
romlebTanac mas yoveldRiurad uwevs urTierToba (ro­
goricaa policia, saganmanaTleblo sistema, samedicino
klinikebi da kreditebis gamcemi dawesebulebebic ki), yov­
elTvis mis mxares arian. maSin Zneli warmosadgenia, rogor
igrZnobs Tavs saSualo fenis nawilad adamiani, romelT­
anac SeiZleba mivides mavani arakoreqtuli roboti-klerki
da misi ojaxis kuTvnili saxli CamoarTvas.
sul ufro meti amerikeli miiCnevs, rom irgvliv ar­
sebuli instituciuri struqturebi sinamdvileSi maT
dasaxmareblad ki araa Seqmnili, aramed bnel da mtrulad
ganwyobil Zalas ganasaxiereben. es yvelaferi ki kapital­
izmis finansizaciis uSualo Sedegia. zemoaRniSnuli Sei­
Zleba cota ucnaur gancxadebad mogeCvenoT, radgan Cven
miCveulni varT, finansebi amgvari yoveldRiuri proble­
mebisagan raRac Zalian daSorebul movlenad aRviqvaT.
adamianebis umetesobas kargad esmis, rom uolstritis mo­
gebis udidesi nawili ukve didi xania, mrewvelobidan da
vaWrobidan ki aRar modis, aramed aSkara spekulaciisa da
rTuli finansuri instrumentebis Seqmnis Sedegs warmoad­
gens. magram, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadad, ukmayofilebas imis
Taobaze gamoTqvamen, rom es aris, ubralod, spekulacia,
an raRac detalurad damuSavebuli jadoqruli triuke­
bis msgavsi qmedeba, romelic uecrad gaaCens simdidres _
ubralod, ityvis, rom is arsebobs, da is marTlac gaCnde­
ba. faqtobrivad, finansizacia Tavidanve gamiznuli iyo,
rogorc mTavrobisa da finansuri institutebis faruli
garigeba im mizniT, rom sul ufro meti da meti adami­
ani Cafluliyo valebSi. da es xdeba yvela doneze. gaCnda
akademiuri kvalifikaciis axali moTxovnebi iseT profe­
siebze, rogoricaa farmacevtisa da meddis specialoba,
rac iZulebuls xdis yvelas, visac am sferoSi muSaoba
surs, aiRos mTavrobis mxardaWeriT gacemuli studenturi
20
sesxebi. es ki imis garantiaa, rom momavalSi maT mier gamo­
muSavebuli xelfasebis sakmaod msxvili nawili pirdapir
bankebSi dabrundeba. uolstritis finansur mrCevlebsa da
adgilobriv politikosebs Soris faruli garigebebi mu­
nicipalitetebis gakotrebas an TiTqmis gakotrebas iwvevs,
ris Sedegadac policias sTxoven, gaamkacros gazonebis,
nagvisa da teqnikuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb kanonis moqmede­
ba saxlis mepatroneebisaTvis. jarimebis saxiT Semosuli
Tanxebi ki bankebis Semosavlebs gazrdis. nebismier SemTx­
vevaSi, miRebuli mogebis nawili, lobistebisa da politi­
kur saqmianobaTa komitetebis meSveobiT, politikosebT­
an miedineba. raki adgilobrivi mTavrobis TiTqmis yvela
funqcia finansebis amoRebis meqanizmad iqca da federal­
uri mTavrobac garkveviT ambobs, rom Tavis mTavar saqmi­
anobad safondo birJebze maRali fasebis SenarCunebas da
finansuri instrumentebis mflobelebTan fulis nakadis
uwyvet Sedinebas miiCnevs (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imis ga­
rantiis micemaze, rom arc erT finansur instituts, miuxe­
davad misi qmedebisa, ar gaakotreben), sul ufro metad
gaurkveveli xdeba, ra gansxvavebaa finansur Zalauflebasa
da saxelmwifo Zalauflebas Soris.
swored am yvelafers vgulisxmobdiT, rodesac Tavda­
pirvelad gadavwyviteT, Cveni TavisaTvis „99%“ gvewodebi­
na. am qmedebiT raRac TiTqmis sruliad uprecedento Cavi­
dineT. Cven amerikuli politikuri debatebis yuradRebis
centrSi davabruneT ara mxolod klasobrivi sakiTxebi,
aramed klasobrivi Zalauflebis sakiTxebi. veWvob, rom
amis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda ekonomikuri siste­
mis xasiaTis Tanmimdevruli cvlilebebis gamo (oficialur
saitebze mas sul ufro xSirad movixseniebT „mafiozur
kapitalizmad“), rac SeuZlebels xdis, warmoidgino, ameri­
kis mTavrobas raime saerTo hqondes xalxis nebasTan, an
Tundac xalxis TanxmobasTan. aseT dros, rogoric axla
gvidgas, demokratiuli impulsis gaRviZeba mxolod revo­
luciuri suliskveTebiT Tu SeiZleba.

21
22
 pirveli

dasawyisi axlosaa

2011 wlis martSi mika uaiTma, kanadur Jurnal Adbusters-

is redaqtorma, mTxova, damewera erTsvetiani statia,
Tu ramdenad SesaZlebeli iyo revoluciuri moZraobis
wamowyeba evropasa da amerikaSi. maSin mxolod imis Tqma
movaxer­ xe, rom, rodesac revoluciuri moZraoba marTla
iwye­ba, es yvelasTvis, maT Soris, organizatorebisTvisac,
siurprizia. cota xniT adre am sakiTxze sakmaod didxans
vesaubre egviptel anarqists, saxelad dina makram-ebeids,
tahriris moedanze. swored es saubari gamomadga statiis
dasawyisisTvis.
„sasacilo ambavia“, miTxra Cemma egviptelma megobarma,
„amas imdeni xani sWirdeba, bolos gaviwydeba kidec, rom
SesaZloa, gaimarjvo. amdeni wlis manZilze vawyobdiT sa­
protesto demonstraciebs, Sekrebebs... da Tu mxolod 45
adamiani mova, depresiaSi vardebi; Tu 300 _ bednieri xar;
Semdeg, erT mSvenier dRes, 500 000 modis da gaocdebi:
raRac etapze aRarc ki fiqrob, rom SeiZleba asec moxdes.“
hosni mubaraqis egvipte erT-erTi yvelaze represiuli
sazogadoeba iyo mTel dedamiwaze _ mTeli saxelmwifo
aparati imaze hqondaT awyobili, rom arasodes momxdariyo
is, rac sabolood moxda. da es mainc moxda.
maSin ratom ar unda moxdes aq?
simarTle giTxraT, im aqtivistTa umetesoba, romleb­
sac vicnob, swored iseTi ganwyobiTaa, rogoric erT dros
Cems egviptel megobars eufleboda _ Cven, umeteswilad,
cxovrebas viwyobT imis fiqriT, rom raRac SesaZlebe­
lia, moxdes, magram darwmunebulni ar varT, rom es raRac
odesme SeiZleba marTla moxdes.
da uceb moxda kidec.
rasakvirvelia, Cvens SemTxvevaSi es ar iyo samxedro
diqtaturis damxoba, aramed masobrivi moZraobis afeTqeba,

23
romelic uSualo demokratias efuZneboda; es iyo Sedegi,
romelzec didi xania, misi organizatorebi ocnebobdnen,
romlisac didi xania, eSinodaT maT, visac umaRlesi Zalau­
fleba upyria qveyanaSi, da rac iseTive saTuo iyo, rogorc
hosni mubaraqis Camogdeba.
am moZraobis istoria ukve uamravi wyaros mier iqna
moTxrobili, Occupy Wall Street Journal-idan dawyebuli, „namd­
vili“ Wall Street Journal-iT damTavrebuli, gansxvavebuli mo­
tivebiT, personaJebiT, mosazrebebiT, sxvadasxva sizustiT.
maT umetesobaSi Cemi personis mniSvneloba metismetad
gadaWarbebiT iyo Sefasebuli. me vasrulebdi banakebs So­
ris xidis rols; magram am TavSi Cemi mizani ar gaxlavT
istoriuli ambebis dafiqsireba; arc raime istoriis daw­
eras vapireb. minda, gadmogceT is SegrZneba, romelic Sei­
Zleba dageufloT amgvari istoriuli damTxvevebis cen­
trSi cxovrebis dros. Cveni politikuri kultura da, Tu
gnebavT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebac ki, TiTqos gvaiZulebs,
vifiqroT, rom amgvari ram, ubralod, SeuZlebelia (marT­
lac, arsebobs mizezi, gvjerodes _ Cveni politikuri kul­
tura isea Seqmnili, rom gvaiZulebs, swored ase vifiqroT).
Sedegs ki Cvens warmosaxvaze gamaognebeli efeqti aqvs.
isinic ki, vinc dinas da Cem msgavsad, sakuTari cxovrebis
umetes nawils, TavianT fantaziasa da miswrafebebs war­
mosaxvis amgvari afeTqebebis SesaZleblobas ukavSireben,
gancvifrebulni rCebian, roca es afeTqeba realurad xde­
ba. swored amitom Zalian mniSvnelovania, xazgasmiT aRvniS­
noT, rom warmosaxvis aseTi afeTqebebi, romlebic gardaqm­
nas emsaxureba, momxdara, xdeba da kvlavac moxdeba. amgvari
movlenebis centrSi yofnisas vxvdebiT, rogor farTovdeba
Cveni horizonti. amgvari movlenebi dagvafiqrebs imaze, Tu
kidev ra migvaCnda SeuZleblad da sinamdvileSi SesaZlebe­
li yofila; xelaxla dagvafiqrebs imaze, rac gvegona, rom
warsulis Sesaxeb vicodiT. swored amitom cdiloben Zala­
uflebis mqone adamianebi, yvelaferi gaakeTon saimisod,
rom xalxis emociebs amoxeTqvis SesaZlebloba ar miscen,
cdiloben, warmosaxvis amgvari afeTqebebi anomaliad Se­
24
racxon da ara im saxis momentebad, saidanac yvelaferi
warmo­iSva, maT Soris _ maTi Zalauflebac. amitom aris
Zali­an mniSvnelovani Occupy-s istoriis gadmocema, Tundac
misi erTi moqmedi piris TvalTaxedviT. swored Occupy-s
mier moniWebuli SesaZleblobebis SegrZnebis Suqze iZens
azrs yovelive is, risi moyolac minda.

rodesac Adbusters-isaTvis statia davwere (redaqtoreb­

ma mas aseTi saTauri SeurCies: „jadosnuri naperwklis
molodinSi“), londonSi vcxovrobdi da goldsmiTsSi, lon­
donis universitetSi, anTropologias vaswavlidi. meoTxe
weli iyo, rac amerikis akademiidan gamomaZeves. im wels
aqtiurad viyavi CarTuli gaerTianebuli samefos studen­
tur moZraobaSi, romelic konservatoruli mTavrobis mier
britaneTis saxelmwifo ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg ganurCevel
Tavdasxmebze protestis niSnad Camoyalibda. vstumrobdi
universitetebis mier dakavebul aTobiT adgils mTeli
qveynis masStabiT, vmonawileobdi quCis aqciebis organi­
zebaSi. Adbusters-ma konkretuli davaleba momca _ damewera
statia, romelSic ganxiluli iqneboda, SesaZlebeli iyo
Tu ara, studenturi moZraoba farTo, evropis an sulac
msoflio masStabis amboxebis sawindari gamxdariyo.
Adbusters-is gulSematkivari didi xania, viyavi, magram mis
SeqmnaSi wvlilis Setanas, is-is iyo, viwyebdi. me ufro qu­
Cis aqciebis kaci viyavi, isic socialuri Teoretikosobis­
agan Tavisufal dros. Adbusters, Tavis mxriv, iyo Jurnali
„kulturis jemerebisaTvis“ (ingl. Culture Jamming _ sityva-
sityviT iTargmneba, rogorc kulturisTvis winaaRmdegobis,
dabrkolebis, Seferxebis warmoqmna, xelis SeSla. es aris
taqtika, romelsac iyenebs bevri sazogadoebrivi moZraoba,
romlebic protests ucxadeben momxmareblur ideologias.
isini miznad isaxaven mediakulturisa da misi wamyvani kul-
turuli institutebis, maT Soris sareklamo biznesis, kom-
prometacias xalxis TvalSi; ilaSqreben komerciuli kul-
turis politikuri fonis winaaRmdeg. yovelive amisTvis
iyeneben yalb reklamas, SeTxzul axal ambebs, ironiul da
25
satirul komentarebs, imitirebuli kompaniebis logoebsa
da produqciis gamogonil brendebs. kulturis jemingi ada-
mianebze ideologiur zegavlenas axdens. termini, romelic
kulturis SarJTan, kulturis parodiasTan asocirdeba,
pirvelad gamoiyena amerikulma jgufma, Negativeland-ma 1984
wels Tavisi albomis relizis teqstSi. red.). Tavdapirve­
lad is Seiqmna sareklamo sferos meamboxe TanamSromlebis
mier. isini antipaTias grZnobdnen im industriis mimarT,
romelSic dasaqmebuli iyvnen. amitom gadawyvites, meore
mxares gadasuliyvnen da TavianTi profesiuli unar-Cveve­
bi im korporaciuli samyaros antireklamirebisaTvis gamo­
eyenebinaT, romlis reklamirebisaTvisac maT wvrTnidnen.
yvelaze metad gaiTqves saxeli, magaliTad, modis indus­
triiis antireklamebiT, romlebSic bulimiiT daavadebuli
modelebi tualetebSi guls ireven. am sareklamo rgolebs
profesionaluri produqciis Rirebuleba hqonda. jemerebi
cdilobdnen, ganeTavsebinaT es sareklamo rgolebi msxvil
beWdur gamocemebsa da qselur telemauwyeblobaSi (aSS-is
TiToeul wamyvan telekompanias 200-ze meti satelevizio sad-
guri aqvs. am qselis meSveobiT maTi telemauwyebloba mTel
qveyanas moicavs. red.). maT am mcdelobas, rasakvirvelia,
uariT upasuxes. Adbusters yvela sxva radikalur Jurnals
sjobda, magram bevri anarqisti mis am daxvewil, ironiul
midgomas did mniSvnelobas sulac ar aniWebda. am Jurnal­
isTvis wera maSin daviwye, roca jer kidev 2008 wels mika
uaiTi damikavSirda da erTsvetiani statiis dawera mTxova,
2011 wlis zafxulSi ki gamoTqva survili, maTi, ase vTqvaT,
mudmivi korespondenti vyofiliyavi britaneTSi.
am gegmam ukana planze gadainacvla, roca erTwlianma
Svebulebam amerikaSi damabruna. mSobliur niu-iorkSi 2011
wlis ivlisSi Cavedi. vapirebdi, mTeli zafxuli mogzau­
robaSi gametarebina da mimeca interviuebi valis istori­
is Sesaxeb imxanad gamocemul Cems wignTan dakavSirebiT.
vfiqrobdi niu-iorkis aqtivistur asparezze dabruneba­
sac, magram jer kidev vyoymanobdi, radgan iseTi STabeW­

26
dileba Semeqmna, rom es moZraoba cotaTi qaosuri iyo. aq­
tivizmSi seriozulad pirvelad 2000-2003 wlebSi CaverTe,
roca „globaluri samarTlianobis moZraobis“ (Global Jus-
tice Movement) saqmianobam zenits miaRwia. es moZraoba 1994
wels meqsikis Stat CiapasSi zapatistebis amboxebiT daiwyo
(meqsikurma revoluciurma Zalebma, romlebic socialuri
da agraruli reformebis gatarebas moiTxovdnen, saxeli
dairqves meqsikeli revolucioneris, emiliano zapatas (1879-
1919) pativsacemad. red.) da masobrivi aqciebiT SeerTebul
Statebamde moaRwia (maT gamo sietlSi 1999 wels msoflio
savaWro organizaciis Sexvedrebi CaiSala). ukanaskneli
xanebSi es is SemTxveva iyo, roca Cems megobrebs gauCndaT
SegrZneba, rom raRac globaluri revoluciuri moZrao­
ba yalibdeboda. cxeli dReebi idga. sietlis movlenebis
kvaldakval TiTqos yoveldRe raRac xdeboda _ protesti,
aqcia, Reclaim the Streets („quCebis dabruneba“, „aRdgena“, „ga-
cocxleba“ _ moZraoba, romelic sajaro sivrcis sazoga-
doebriv sakuTrebad miCnevis ideas emxroba da global-
izaciis procesSi korporaciuli Zalebis dominirebas ewi-
naaRmdegeba. amave dros, es saxelwodeba ufro ganzogade-
buladac gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, nebismieri politikuri
aqciis misamarTiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, es aqcia
zemoxsenebuli moZraobis idealebs sulac ar iziarebdes.
mTargm.), an aqtivistTa mier gamarTuli wveuleba metroSi,
anda aTasi sxvagvarad dagegmili Sekreba. magram 9/11-is am­
bavma Zalian mZime dartyma mogvayena; misi Sedegebis sru­
lad gaazrebas kidev ramdenime weli dasWirda (igulisxmeba
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqti. red.). policielTa mxridan
aqtivistebis mimarT ganxorcielebulma sastikma Zalado­
bam warmoudgenel zRvars miaRwia; magaliTad, rodesac
2009 wels studentTa mcirericxovanma SeuiaraRebelma
jgufma protestis niSnad New School-is saxuravi daikava,
niu-iorkis policiis departamentma oTxi sxvadasxva tipis
antiteroristuli razmi gamoiyena, maT Soris vertmfreni­
dan Tokebis saSualebiT Camosmuli komandosebi, romlebic

27
aTasgvari iseTi ucnauri iaraRiT iyvnen aRWurvilni*, sa­
mecniero-fantastikur wignebSi rom aRweren. antisaomarma
da respublikuri partiis nacionaluri konventis sawi­
naaRmdego gamosvlebma niu-iorkSi ki, rac ar unda para­
doqsulad JRerdes, sasicocxlo Zala gamoacala sapro­
testo moZraobas: anarqistuli xasiaTis „horizontaluri“
jgufebi, romlebic uSualo demokratiis principebs eyrd­
noba, Caanacvla omis sawinaaRmdego uzarmazarma „verti­
kalurma“ koaliciebma, romelTaTvisac politikuri qmede­
bebi, ubralod, trafaretebiT demonstraciebze gamosvlas
gulisxmobs. amasobaSi niu-iorkis anarqistuli moZraoba,
romelic „msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis“ SuagulSi
imyofeboda, dausrulebeli piraduli kinklaobebisgan da­
sustebuli, wignebis yovelwliuri bazrobis mowyobamde
dakninda.

„6 aprilis“ moZraoba

sanam zafxulSi erTwliani SvebulebiT Cavidodi mSob­

liur qalaqSi, gazafxulze, aprilis bolos, cota xniT
movinaxule is da maSinve xelaxla CaverTe niu-iorkis aq­
tivistur moZraobaSi. Cemma Zvelma megobarma, pria redim,
erT dros „xeze mjdomarem“ (xeze jdoma _ garemos damcve-
li piris protestis saxeoba, rodesac is zis xeze da icavs
mas moWrisagan. mTargm.) da veteranma ekoaqtivistma, egvip­
turi „6 aprilis“ axalgazrduli moZraobis ori fuZemdeb­
lis gasacnobad mimiwvia. isini sityviT unda gamosuliyvnen
„brextis forumze“ _ radikaluri ganaTlebis centrSi, ro­
melic RonisZiebebs xSirad uTmobda Tavisufal sivrces.
es amaRelvebeli ambavi iyo, radgan „6-ma aprilma“ mniS­
vnelovani roli Seasrula egviptis ukanasknel revoluci­

* vgulisxmob New School-is meore okupacias 2009 wels. iqamde, 2008 wels, stu­
dentebma kafeteria daikaves da gamarjvebac moipoves. maSin maTi raodenoba
umniSvnelo iyo, Sesabamisad, policias mkacri zomebisTvis ar miumarTavs. ­meore
„okupacias“ policielTa uzarmazari razmi myisierad daupirispirda.

28
aSi. rogorc gairkva, im egviptelebs, romlebic niu-iorkSi
wignis turze iyvnen Camosulni, ramdenime Tavisufali saaTi
hqondaT. maT gadawyvites, dasxltomodnen gamomcemlobis
warmomadgenlebs da Tanamoazre aqtivistebs Sexvedrodnen.
daurekes marisa holmss, anarqistsa da radikalurad gan­
wyobil reJisors, romelic egviptis revoluciis Sesaxeb
dokumentur films iRebda. rogorc Cans, is erTaderTi
niu-iorkeli aqtivisti iyo, visi telefonic am orma icoda.
marisamac erTi dRiT adre Segvatyobina brextis forumis
RonisZiebis Sesaxeb. sabolood, oci adamiani gamovcxaddiT
brextis forumis biblioTekaSi da ori egviptelis mosas­
menad did magidas SemovusxediT. erTi, ahmed meiheri, ax­
algazrda, meloti kaci, umeteswilad Cumad ijda, radgan
inglisuris saeWvo codna Tavdajerebulobis safuZvels ar
aZlevda. is, rogorc Cans, moZraobis damfuZnebeli gaxl­
daT. meore ki, ualid raSidi, uzarmazari, RaJRaJa, enawyl­
iani da sasacilo, Cemi azriT, ufro oratori iyo, vidre
strategi. oriveni gviambobdnen istoriebs, Tu ramdenjer
daapatimres isini da ra patar-patara xrikebs mimarTavdnen
saidumlo policiis gasacureblad.
„Cven sakmaod kargad viyenebdiT taqsis mZRolebs. ise,
rom maT amis Sesaxeb arc ki icodnen. iciT, egvipteSi aseTi
tradicia gvaqvs _ taqsis mZRolebi sul laparakoben. gau­
Cereblad. maT sxvagvarad ar SeuZliaT. namdvil ambavsac
ki hyvebian erT biznesmenze, romelmac taqsi sakmaod Sor
manZilze wasasvlelad aiyvana da mgzavrobis naxevari saa­
Tis ganmavlobaSi mZRolis laybobam imdenad daqanca, rom
sTxova, gaCumebuliyo. mZRolma gaaCera manqana da ubrZa­
na, gadmosuliyo. „rogor bedav? es Cemi taqsia! me ufleba
maqvs, dausruleblad vilaparako!“
amitom erT dRes, roca gavigeT, rom policia Cveni
Sekrebis daSlas apirebda, Cveni feisbuqis gverdze gamo­
vacxadeT, rom dRis sam saaTze tahriris moedanze Sevi­
kribebodiT. axla, rasakvirvelia, yvelam vicodiT, rom
gviTvalTvalebdnen. amgvarad, im dRes TiToeulma Cven­
ganma sakuTar movaleobad miviCnieT, daaxloebiT dilis
29
cxra saaTisTvis taqsiT gvemgzavra da mZRolebTan sau­
barSi gveTqva: „iciT, gavige, rom tahriris moedanze dRes,
or saaTze, didi Sekreba igegmeba“. da rogorc mosalod­
neli iyo, es ambavi ramdenime saaTis Semdeg qairoSi yvelam
icoda. policiis mosvlamde Sekrebaze ukve aTobiT aTasi
adamiani gamocxadda“.

rogorc gairkva, „6 aprili“ sulac ar iyo radikaluri

jgufi. raSidi, magaliTad bankSi muSaobda. is da ualidi
TavianTi xasiaTiT klasikuri liberalebi iyvnen. es adami­
anebi amerikaSi rom dabadebuliyvnen, baraq obamas momxree­
bi iqnebodnen. Tumca isini xelidan dauZvrnen Tanmxleb
pirebs, rom anarqistebisa da marqsistebis Wrel jgufs
Sexvedrodnen; fiqrobdnen, rom es adamianebi maTi amerike­
li kolegebi iyvnen.
„rodesac xalxSi cremlsadeni gazis balonebi isroles,
SevniSneT, rom TiToeul maTganze iyo warwera: „damzade­
bulia aSS-Si“, _ gviTxra raSidma, _ es yovelma Cvengan­
ma dainaxa. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmovaCineT, amerikuli
iyo is mowyobilobebic, romlebsac Cvens sawameblad iy­
enebdnen, roca dagvapatimres. aseTi ram adamians arasodes
aviwydeba“.
oficialuri saubris Semdeg raSidma da meiherma survi­
li gamoTqves, mdinare hadsoni enaxaT, romelic iqve, gzis
gadaRma iyo. ase rom, eqvsma Tu Svidma SedarebiT gabedul­
ma adamianma Cveni jgufidan uestsaidis gzatkecilisaken
aviReT gezi, swrafad moZrav manqanebs Soris gavaRwieT da
xidis burjTan, ukacriel adgilas mivediT. me Cems „fleS­
kaze“ gadmovwere ramdenime video, romelTa gadmocemac ra­
Sids undoda CvenTvis _ zogi egviptis movlenebs asaxavda,
zogi ki, Cvenda gasakvirad, gadaRebuli iyo serbeTis stu­
dentTa jguf „otpor!“-is mier. am jgufma albaT yvelaze
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula masobrivi saprotesto moZ­
raobisa da araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis sxvadasxva saxe­
obis organizebaSi, romelTa Sedegadac daemxo 2000 wlis
bolos slobodan miloSeviCis reJimi. raSidis ganmartebiT,
30
serbeTis jgufi „6 aprilis“ moZraobis erT-erTi mTavari
STagonebis wyaro iyo. egvipturi jgufis damfuZneblebs
aramarto mimowera akavSirebdaT „otpor!“-is veteranebT­
an, bevri maTgani organizaciis saqmianobis sawyis etapze
belgradSic ki Cafrinda, rom mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis
meTodebis Sesaxeb gamarTul seminarebs daswreboda. „6-ma
aprilma“ „otpor!“-is logo _ moRerebuli muStic ki gad­
moiRo.
„Tqven xom kargad iciT, rom „otpor!“ Tavdapirvelad
centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos mier Seiqmna?“ _
vkiTxe me.
man mxrebi aiCeCa. rogorc Cans, serbuli jgufis warmo­
mavloba srulebiT ar ainteresebda.
magram „otpor!“-is warmomavloba gacilebiT CaxlarTu­
li iyo. ramdenime Cvenganma maSinve vcadeT, agvexsna, rom,
faqtobrivad, taqtika „otpor!“-isa da mravali sxva jgu­
fisa, romlebic „feradi“ revoluciebis avangardSi idgnen
(es revoluciebi, sabWoTa imperiidan moyolebuli, balka­
neTis qveynebamde, centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos
daxmarebiT ganxorcielda), swored im strategias warmoad­
genda, romelic centralurma sadazvervo sammarTvelom
„msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis“ Seswavlis Sedegad
SeiTvisa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneboda is taqtikac, im saRa­
mos mdinare hadsonis napirze Sekrebili adamianebi rom iy­
enebdnen.
SeuZlebelia, aqtivistebma icodnen, Tu ras fiqrobs
meore mxare. Cven isic ki ar viciT, konkretulad, vin dgas
meore mxares: vin gviTvalTvalebs, vin axorcielebs Cven wi­
naaRmdeg saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis zomebis koordini­
rebas, Tuki aseTi ram saerTod xdeba. mxolod SeiZleba,
daaxloebiT ivaraudo. jer kidev 1999 wels, swored maSin,
roca avtoritarizmis sawinaaRmdego farTo globaluri
qseli praRidan kankunamde savaWro samitebis CasaSlelad
Sekrebebis organizebas Seudga da decentralizebuli uSu­
alo demokratiisa da mSvidobiani samoqalaqo daumorCile­
blobis saocrad efeqtur meTodebs iyenebda, Zneli ar iyo,
31
SegemCnia, rom aSS-is usafrTxoebis aparatis warmomadgen­
lebma daiwyes aramarto am fenomenis Seswavla, aramed See­
cadnen, daedginaT, SeZlebdnen Tu ara Tavad isini amgvari
moZraobis xelSewyobas. movlenaTa amgvari Semobruneba up­
recedento ar iyo. 1980-ian wlebSi centralur sadazvervo
sammarTvelos raRac msgavsi ukve gakeTebuli hqonda. man
gamoiyena 1960-iani da 1970-iani wlebis mTavrobis sawinaaR­
mdego moZraobis kvlevis Sedegebi imisTvis, rom partiza­
nul armiebs emuSavaT mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego jgufebis
Seqmnaze, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, Contras nikaraguaSi. ro­
gorc Cans, isev raRac analogiuri xdeboda. daiwyo mTav­
robis fulis Cadineba im saerTaSoriso fondebSi, romle­
bic araZaladobriv taqtikas uWerdnen mxars da amerikeli
trenerebi (maT Soris iyvnen 1970-iani wlebis antibirTvuli
moZraobis veteranebic ki) daxmarebas uwevdnen „otpor!“-is
msgavsi jgufebis organizebas. Zalian mniSvnelovania, ar
gadavaWarboT amgvari Zalisxmevis efeqtianobis Sefasebi­
sas. centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelo ver Seqmnis
moZraobas arafrisgan. misma mondomebam Sedegi gamoiRo
saqarTvelosa da serbeTSi, Tumca sruli fiasko ganicada
venesuelaSi. magram WeSmariti istoriuli paradoqsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom swored im meTodikam, romlis pioner­
ic „msoflio samarTlianobis moZraoba“ iyo, da romelic
aseTi warmatebiT gaavrcela centralurma sadazvervo sam­
marTvelom mTel msoflioSi, kerZod, im jgufebSi, rom­
lebsac amerika uWerda mxars, suli STabera im moZraobeb­
sac, romlebmac amerikis sateliti saxelmwifoebis kraxi
gamoiwvia. es swored uSualo demokratiuli moqmedebis
taqtikis Zlierebis maniSnebelia. Tuki mas erTxel mainc
miuSveb nebaze, is ukve umarTavi xdeba.

32
 US UNCUT
(amerika saxelmwifo dafinansebis Semcirebis gareSe)

im saRamos CemTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani marisasTan

Sexvedra iyo. xuTi wlis win is im student aqtivistTa
ricxvs ekuTvnoda, romlebmac scades, 1960-iani wlebis aq­
tivisturi jgufi Students for Democratic Society (SDS _ „stu­
dentebi demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis“) aRedginaT,
Tumca am jgufma Zalian cota xans iarseba. niu-iorkis aq­
tivistTa umetesoba mis organizatorebs dRemde „im SDS-
is bavSvebad“ moixseniebs. bevri maTgani maxeSi aRmoCnda _
wlebis Semdegac ki kviraSi 50-60 saaTs muSaobdnen, rom
studenturi sesxi daefaraT. marisa ki, romelic SDS-is
ohaios ganyofilebaSi saqmianobda da mogvianebiT gadavida
niu-iorkSi, kvlavac Zalian aqtiur cxovrebas eweoda. ro­
gorc Canda, is monawileobda TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan
RonisZiebaSi, romlebic niu-iorkis aqtivistur sferoSi
Catarebula. marisa im xalxis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, rom­
lebsac saTanadod ver afaseben _ patara tanis, mokrZa­
lebuli adamiani, romelic did Tavyrilobebze sakuTar
TavSi Caiketeba da lamisaa, sul gaqres. sinamdvileSi is
erT-erTi uniWieresi aqtivistia, visac ki odesme Sevxved­
rivar. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmovaCine, mas aqvs gasaocari
unari, myisierad Seafasos situacia da gaerkves, ra xdeba,
ra aris mniSvnelovani da ra unda gakeTdes.
roca hadsonis napiras gamarTuli Cveni patara Sekreba
dasrulda, marisam miTxra, rom meore dRes EarthMatters-Si,
ist-vilijSi, Sexvedra ewyoboda. Sekrebas atarebda axali
jgufi, romelSic igi muSaobda. mas erqva US Uncut. is, ro­
gorc marisam amixsna, britanuli koaliciis, UK Uncut-is,
mibaZviT Seiqmna (UK Uncut aris moZraoba, romelic ewinaaR-
mdegeba saxelmwifo dafinansebis Semcirebas sxvadasxva
sferoSi da SemuSavebuli aqvs am Semcirebis sxvadasxva
alternativa. US Uncut ki aris analogiuri organizacia
aSS-Si, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba didi korporaciebis mier
gadasaxadebisTvis kanonis farglebSi Tavis aridebas da
33
qveynis masStabiT saxelmwifo dafinansebis usafuZvlod
da yovelgvari aucileblobis gareSe Sekvecas. mTargmn.)
UK Uncut torebis mTavrobis 2010 wlis mkacri ekonomiis
gegmis winaaRmdeg masobrivi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
organizebis mizniT Camoyalibda. rogorc marisam Tavi­
danve gamafrTxila, US Uncut-is umravlesobas liberalebi
warmoadgendnen, da anarqistebic hyavdaT, oRond bevri
ara; magram albaT swored es aniWebda maT erTgvar momxib­
vlelobas: niu-iorkis filialSi sxvadasxva warmomavlobis
adamiani iyo Tavmoyrili _ „realuri“ adamianebi, „araaq­
tivistebi“ _ Suaxnis diasaxlisebi, fostis TanamSromle­
bi. „magram yvelani aRfrTovanebuli iyvnen, rom SeeZloT,
xorci SeesxaT uSualo moqmedebis ideisTvis“.
am ideas garkveuli mimzidveloba hqonda. UK Uncut-Tan
muSaobis SesaZlebloba arasodes mqonia, Tumca, rasak­
virvelia, SemTxveviT gadavyrivar mis warmomadgenlebs.
UK Uncut-is taqtikuri strategia martivi da brwy­
invale iyo. konservatorTa mTavrobis 2010 wlis mkacri
ekonomiis paketTan dakavSirebuli udidesi skandali Sem­
degma garemoebam gamoiwvia: torebma erTi ambavi atexes ima­
ze, rom saWiro iyo studentTa gadasaxadebis gasammageba,
studentTa axalgazrduli centrebis daxurva, pensioner­
TaTvis da SezRuduli unaris mqone pirTaTvis daxmarebis
Semcireba, raTa, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavdnen, aenazRau­
rebinaT biujetis deficiti; da am dros araviTari intere­
si ar gamouvleniaT udidesi korporaciuli kompaniebis
mewileebis mier miliardobiT funti sterlingis odeno­
biT gadauxdeli gadasaxadebis mimarT. es is saxelmwifo
Semosavali iyo, romlis amoRebis SemTxvevaSic am Semci­
rebaTa umetesoba aucilebeli saerTod aRar gaxdeboda.
UK Uncut problemas ase warmoaCenda: „kargi, Tuki Tqven
apirebT, daxuroT skolebi da klinikebi imis gamo, rom ar
gindaT, fuli mosTxovoT iseT bankebs, rogoricaa HSBC,
an iseT kompaniebs, rogoricaa Vodafone, maSin Cven am kompa­
niaTa foieebSi CavatarebT gakveTilebs da vumkurnalebT

34
pacientebs“. UK Uncut-is yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqcia 26
marts gaimarTa, niu-iorkSi Cems dabrunebamde sul ram­
denime kviriT adre, rodesac saxelmwifo dafinansebis
Semcirebisadmi protestis niSnad gamarTuli mSromelTa
naxevarmilioniani demonstraciis Semdeg daaxloebiT 250-
ma aqtivistma ultraTanamedrove univermaRi Fortnum & Ma-
son daikava. Fortnum & Mason, ZiriTadad, cnobili iyo imiT,
rom msoflioSi yvelaze ZviradRirebuli CaiTa da orcxo­
bilebiT vaWrobda; ekonomikuri krizisis miuxedavad, misi
biznesi yvaoda, magram maRaziis mflobelebma rogorRac
mainc moaxerxes, Tavi aeridebinaT 40 milioni funti ster­
lingis odenobis gadasaxadisaTvis.
im droisaTvis me sxva jgufTan vmuSaobdi _ Arts Against
Cuts („xelovneba saxelmwifo dafinansebis Semcirebis wi­
naaRmdeg“), romelic, ZiriTadad, xelovani qalebisagan
Sedgeboda. isini demonstraciis dRes studentebs asobiT
saRebavis yumbariT amaragebdnen. studentebs Savi, kapi­
uSoniani maisurebi ecvaT, Tavze ki „Slemebi“ da bendenebi
exuraT (aqtivistTa enaze amas „Savi bloki“ ewodeba)*. saRe­
bavis yumbarebi manamde arasodes menaxa da kargad maxsovs,
ra gaocebuli davrCi maTi mcire zomebiT, roca Cemma mego­
brebma zurgCanTebi gaxsnes da isini maCvenes. saRebavis yum­
barebi namdvili yumbarebi arcaa, aramed pawawina buStebi,
romlebic kvercxis formisaa, zomiT masze odnav didia,
SigniT naxevari wyalia, naxevari _ wyalSi xsnadi sxvadasxva
* arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom „Savi bloki“ erTgvari Savb­
neli organizaciaa eqstremistuli anarqistuli ideologiiTa da taqtikiT.
sinamdvileSi es aris taqtika, romelic aqtivistebs (rogorc wesi, anarqistebs),
SeuZliaT, nebismieri demonstraciis dros gamoiyenon. es gulisxmobs saxis
dafarvas, uniformiseburi Savi tansacmlis tarebas da imgvari masis Camoya­
libebas, romelsac eqneba survili da unari, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sabrZolo
taqtika gamoiyenos; inglisurenovan samyaroSi es SeiZleba bevr rames niSnavdes,
magaliTad, policiisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad cocxali kedlis aRmarT­
vas mklavebis gadaWdobis gziT, an yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT korporaciuli
maRaziebis fasadebisTvis zianis miyenebas. am meTodebs regularulad ar iyen­
eben. londonSi Savi blokis moqmedeba wlebis manZilze arc ki dafiqsirebula,
sanam studenturi moZraobis wevrebma ar gadawyvites, xsenebuli aprilis aqciis
dros eqsperimentis saxiT es midgoma gamoeyenebinaT. garda am precedentisa,
sxva SemTxveva ar maxsovs.

35
feris saRebavebi. am yumbarebis dadebiTi mxare isaa, rom
SegiZlia, isini beisbolis burTebiviT esrolo nebismier
samiznes _ iqneba es maRaziis vitrina (romelic Sens gaRiz­
ianebas iwvevs), gverdiT mimavali rols-roisi, lamborjini
Tu buntis CasaxSobad gamoyvanili policieli. Sedegi ki
myisieri da STambeWdavia _ yvelaferi saRebaviT daifareba,
magram am gziT vinmes fizikuri zianis miyenebis umciresi
saSiSroebac ki ar emuqreba.
im dRis gegma aseTi iyo: studentebi da maTi mokavSiree­
bi sam saaTze mSromelTa demonstracias unda gamocalkev­
ebodnen da, mcire jgufebad dayofilni, londonis cen­
tralur savaWro nawilSi mimofantuliyvnen, gadaeketaT
gzajvaredinebi da gadasaxadebisaTvis Tavis amridebeli
kompaniebis Sesasvlelebis zemoT mdebare didi banerebi
saRebavis yumbarebiT moexataT. daaxloebiT erTi saaTis
Semdeg gavigeT, rom UK Uncut-ma Fortnum & Mason daikava da
maSinve iqiT gaveSureT, rom gvenaxa, Tu riT SeiZleboda,
davxmarebodiT aqciis monawileebs. me swored maSin mivedi,
roca policiis sagangebo danayofebi Sesasvlels alyaSi
aqcevdnen da aqciis darCenili monawileebi, romlebsac
surdaT, Tavi daeRwiaT dapatimrebisTvis, univermaRis Ses­
asvlelis Tavze mdebare uzarmazari baneridan gadmosaxto­
mad emzadebodnen, rom irgvliv Semokrebili demonstran­
tebis mklavebSi moxvedriliyvnen. „Savi bloki“ Seikriba, da
mas Semdeg, rac Cvens xelT darCenili ramdenime yumbarac
visroleT, xeli xels CavkideT policielTa SesaCereblad,
romlebic cdilobdnen, quCebi gaewmindaT da masobrivi
dapatimrebebi daewyoT. ramdenime kviris Semdeg, ukve niu-
iorkSi, isev mtkioda im dRes dabeJili fexebi, radgan wviveb­
Si mirtyes (maxsovs, maSin vfiqrobdi kidec, axla ki mesmis,
ratom ecvaT Zvel droSi meomrebs sawviveebi-meTqi _ Tuki
farosanTa ori sapirispiro rigi dadgeba, albaT yvelaze up­
riania, mowinaaRmdeges dartyma wvivebSi miayeno).

rogorc gairkva, US Uncut sulac ar apirebda aseTi

ukiduresi zomebis miRebas. is Sexvedra, romelic vaxsene,
36
cnobili vegetarianuli gastronomis, EarthMatters-is ukana
aivanze Catarda, qvemo ist-saidze, iq, sadac TiTqmis is­
eTive Zvirad Rirebuli balaxeulis Cai iyideba, rogorc
Fortnum & Mason-Si. aq marTlac iseTi mravalferovani da
araordinaluri xalxi cxovrobs, marisa rom meubneboda.
maT dagegmili hqondaT iseTive aqciis mowyoba, rogor­
ic UK Uncut-ma Fortnum & Mason-Si Caatara: mTeli qalaqis
masStabiT skolebSi ixureboda klasebi im motiviT, rom
biujetSi deficiti iyo; protestis niSnad isini apirebdnen,
gakveTilebi CaetarebinaT amerikis bankis (Bank of America),
im finansuri behemoTis holSi, romelic gadasaxadebs saer­
Tod ar ixdida. vinme profesoris rols Seasrulebda da
waikiTxavda leqcias korporaciuli gadasaxadebisaTvis
Tavis aridebaze, marisa ki am yvelafers firze aRbeWdavda
da videos internetSi CauSvebdnen. isini wuxdnen, rom ara­
vin hyavdaT iseTi, vinc profesoris rols iTamaSebda.
kviradRisTvis londonis reisze TviTmfrinavis bile­
Tebi ukve nayidi mqonda da dapatimrebis perspeqtiva didad
ar mxiblavda, magram es TiTqos bediswera iyo da cota­
odeni yoymanis Semdeg maT daxmareba SevTavaze.
gairkva, rom saqme Zneli sulac ar iyo _ US Uncut-is
„okupaciis“ idea SemdegSi mdgomareobda: bankis holSi
unda davbanakebuliyaviT, Semdeg Tavdapirveli areulobiT
gamowveuli dabneulobiT unda gvesargebla, „gakveTili“
dagvewyo da, rogorc ki policia movidoda da dapatim­
rebiT dagvemuqreboda, maSinve gavclodiT iqaurobas. Cemi
karadis siRrmeSi raRac tvidis pijakis msgavsi gamovqeqe,
Seviswavle amerikis bankis gadasaxadebis istoria (erTi
pikanturi detali furcelze CaviniSne, rom gamemravle­
bina da aqciis dros gamevrcelebina: 2009 wels amerikis
banks 4,4 miliardi dolari mogeba hqonda, magram federal­
uri gadasaxadebi saerTod ar gadauxdia; miuxedavad amisa,
mainc miiRo 1,9 miliardiani sagadasaxado SeRavaTi. da es
maSin, roca lobirebaze daaxloebiT 4 milioni daxarja. es
fuli pirdapir im politikosebis jibeSi wavida, romlebmac
imgvari sagadasaxado kodeqsi SeimuSaves, rom misi daxmare­
37
biT es yvelaferi SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo) da samoqmedod
gamovcxaddi. marisam yvelaferi firze Cawera da maSinve
internetSi CauSva. Cveni „okupacia“ daaxloebiT TxuTmet
wuTs gagrZelda.
rodesac ivlisSi niu-iorkSi davbrundi, erT-erTi
pirveli, visac davureke, marisa iyo; manac Uncut-is kidev
erT aqciaSi CamrTo, romelic bruklinSi tardeboda, saida­
nac kidev ufro Cqara gamoviqeciT.

16 Beaver Street (biver strit 16)

amis Semdeg, imave TveSi, Cemma megobarma, kolin asperma

damiyolia, 31 ivliss erT Sexvedras davswrebodi, romelsac
16 Beaver Group (16 biveris jgufi) maspinZlobda.
16 Beaver xelovnebis muSakTa sivrcea, romelmac saxel­
wodeba misamarTis mixedviT dairqva. is niu-iorkis safon­
do birJidan erTi kvartalis daSorebiT mdebareobs. iqamde
megona, rom es iyo adgili, sadac italiuri avtonomisturi
Teoriis momxre mxatvrebi (avtonomizmi, rogorc Teoriuli
sistema, Caisaxa italiaSi XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. misi idea
aerTianebs memarcxene-radikalur da anarqistul jgufebs.
red.) atarebdnen seminarebs „kibermarqsis“ (igulisxmeba
dasavleT ontarios universitetis docentis, nik daier-vid-
efordis monografia (1999 w.), romelSic marqsizmi ganxilu-
lia Tanamedrove epoqasTan mimarTebiT. red.) an radikaluri
induri kinematografis Sesaxeb, anda kamaTobdnen valeri
solanasis „SCUM manifestis“ saTaurSi Cadebuli azris
garSemo (zogierTebi amtkicebdnen, rom abreviatura SCUM
cnobili feministis wignis saTaurSi iSifreboda, rogorc
Society For Cutting Up Men, anu „mamakacebis ganadgurebis
sazogadoeba“. wignis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, es axsna logi-
kurad miiCneva. red.). kolinma Zalian mTxova, kviras mivsu­
liyavi, Tu mindoda, gavrkveuliyavi, ra xdeboda niu-iork­
Si. mec daveTanxme, magram mere es ambavi TiTqmis gadamavi­
wyda, radgan is dila britanel arqeolog megobarTan er­
38
Tad gavatare. igi konferenciaze iyo Camosuli da qalaqis
centrSi, komiqsebis maRaziaSi didxans SevCerdiT, rom misi
bavSvebisaTvis Sesaferisi wignebi SegverCia. daaxloebiT
12:30-isTvis kolinisgan SMS miviRe:
k: modixar 16 Beaver-is RonisZiebaze?
d: gamaxsene, sad aris? moval.
k: oRond xuTamde, Tumca ufro gvianac rom moxvide,
SeiZleba.
d: axlave wamoval.
k: SesaniSnavia.
d: Semaxsene, raze isaubreben.
k: cota-cotas yvelaferze.

am Sexvedris mizani iyo, damswreTaTvis gaecno espaneT­

Si, saberZneTsa da sxva qveynebSi arsebuli mkacri ekonomiis
politikis sawinaaRmdego sxvadasxva moZraobis saqmianoba,
romelic msoflio masStabebs iZenda. bolos unda gamar­
Tuliyo Ria diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleboda,
msgavsi moZraoba CvenTanac Camoyalibebuliyo.
damagvianda. roca mivedi, diskusia espaneTsa da sa­
berZneTze ukve dasrulebuli iyo. gaocebuli davrCi,
imden nacnob saxes movkari Tvali. saberZneTis Sesaxeb
moxsenebiT Cemi Zveli megobari, mxatvari jorjia sagri
gamosuliyo. darbazSi rom Sevedi, Cemi kidev ufro didi
xnis megobari, sabu kohso iaponiaSi fukuSimas afeTqebis
Semdeg Camoyalibebuli antibirTvuli mobilizaciis
Sesa­xeb saubrobda. erTaderTi diskusia, anu ukanaskne­
li, romelsac Tavidan bolomde movusmine, niu-iorkis
Sesa­xeb iyo da man erTgvari daukmayofileblobis grZno­
ba damitova. momxsenebeli gaxldaT dag singseni, bruk­
linis kolejis xelovnebaTmcodne, romelsac xmis sasia­
movno, mSvidi tembri hqonda. is mogviTxrobda koalici­
aze „niu-iorkelebi biujetis Semcirebebis winaaRmdeg“,
romelmac qvemo manhetenze, qalaqis meriis mopirdapire
trotuarze patara banaki moawyo. mas „blumbergvils“
uwodebdnen (qalaqis meris, maikl blumbergis gvaris
39
gamo). es iyo erTgvari imedgacruebis ambavi. koaliciam
saqmianoba daiwyo, rogorc niu-iorkis profkavSirebisa
da sazogadoebrivi jgufebis farTo aliansma, romelsac
mkveTrad gamoxatuli mizani hqonda _ is awyobda samoqa­
laqo daumorCileblobas blumbergis drakonuli, mkacri
ekonomiis principebiT Sedgenili biujetis winaaRmdeg. es
TavisTavad uCveulo ambavi iyo: rogorc wesi, profkav­
Sirebis Cinovnikebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis aravi­
Tari formis gagoneba ar undaT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, samo­
qalaqo daumorCileblobisa, romelic Tavidan bolomde
gawerili da winaswar SeTanxmebuli araa; magaliTad, Tu
policiasTan winaswar garkveuli ar aris, rodis da ram­
deni aqtivisti unda daapatimron). amjerad ki iseTma
profesiulma kavSirebma, rogoric maswavlebelTa gaer­
Tianebuli federaciaa, aqtiuri roli iTamaSes am banakis
dagegmvaSi, rac, nawilobriv, qairoSi, aTensa da barselo­
naSi analogiuri saprotesto banakebis mier miRweuli
warmatebebiT iyo STagonebuli; magram Semdeg dafrTxnen
da TamaSs TiTqmis banakis mowyobisTanave gamoeTiSnen.
miuxedavad amisa, 40-50-ma erTgulma aqtivistma, romelTa
umetesoba anarqisti da socialisti gaxldaT, banaki daax­
loebiT oTxi kviris manZilze SeinarCuna, ivnis-ivlisSi.
vinaidan aqcia aseTi mcirericxovani gaxda, arc politi­
kuri mokavSireebi hyavda da mis mimarT arc media iCen­
da yuradRebas, kanonis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba yovlad
gamoricxuli iyo, radgan yvelas maSinve daapatimrebdnen
da veravin verafers gaigebda. magram maT upiratesobas
aniWebda niu-iorkis kanonis erTi punqti, romlis Tanax­
madac, arakanonierad ar iTvleboda trotuarze daZineba
politikuri protestis niSnad, im pirobiT, Tuki moZ­
raoba ar Caiketeboda da Tuki raime saxis konstruqcias
(magaliTad, daqanebulsaxuravian farduls an karavs) ar
aRmarTavdnen. rasakvirvelia, karvis an raime saxis kon­
struqciis gareSe, Znelia, imas, rac gakeTda, „banaki“ uwo­
do. organizatorebma yvelaferi iRones policiasTan kon­
taqtis dasamyareblad, magram maTi poziciebi sakmarisad
40
myari ar iyo saimisod, rom molaparakebebi gaemarTaT. maT
aiZulebdnen, qalaqis meriidan ufro da ufro Sors gadae­
nacvlebinaT da, sabolood, sulac gaaqres iqidan.
singsenis ganmartebiT, koaliciis ase swrafad daSlis
realuri mizezi politika iyo. profkavSirebisa da sazoga­
doebrivi jgufebis umetesoba qalaqis municipalur sabWo­
Si mokavSireebTan TanamSromlobda, romlebic merTan kom­
promisuli biujetis Sesaxeb molaparakebas awarmoebdnen.
„male aSkara gaxda, rom arsebobda ori pozicia,“ Tqva man,
„zomieri, romelic mzad iyo, daTanxmeboda garkveuli Sem­
cirebebis saWiroebas da miiCnevda, rom ase ukeTes pozi­
ciaze aRmoCndeboda molaparakebebis Casatareblad, raTa
zarali Seemcirebina, da radikaluri _ blumbergvilis
banaki, romelic araviTari Semcirebis aucileblobas ar
aRiarebda“. da raki dRis wesrigSi SeTanxmeba dadga, samo­
qalaqo winaaRmdegobis mxardaWeris yvela forma, yvelaze
msubuqic ki, gauCinarda.

sami saaTis Semdeg me, sabu, jorjia, kolini da blum­

bergvilis banakis organizatori ramdenime studenti
ramdenime kvartalis iqiT visxediT, luds vwrupavdiT
da vcdilobdiT, gagverkvia, Tu ras vfiqrobdiT yove­
live amaze. gansakuTrebiT gamaxara jorjias xelaxla
naxvam. ukanasknelad erTmaneTs egzarqiaSi, aTenis erT-
erT raionSi SevxvdiT, romelic mdidaria sazogadoebri­
vi centrebiT, „okupirebuli“ parkebiTa da anarqistuli
kafeebiT. quCis kuTxeSi mdebare kafeSi mTeli Rame uzos
(berZnuli arayi. red.) smasa da platonis Agape-s Teoriis,
anu sayovelTao siyvarulis arsis Sesaxeb kamaTSi gava­
tareT, rasac drodadro sagangebo daniSnulebis poli­
ciis batalionebi gvawyvetinebdnen. isini dilamde aqeT-
iqiT dadiodnen, rom Tavi komfortulad aravis egrZno.
kolinma Tqva, rom es egzarqiisaTvis sruliad Cveulebri­
vi movlena iyo. zogjer, gviTxra man, gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu policieli arcTu didi xnis win daSavda
demonstrantebTan Sexla-Semoxlis dros, policiele­
41
bi airCevdnen erT kafes, gadauvlidnen, vinc ki xelSi
­moxvdebodaT, da amtvrevdnen kapuCinos aparatebs.
aq ki, niu-iorkSi, male imis ganxilvaze gadavediT, Tu
ra unda gveRona, rom niu-iorkeli aqtivistebi umoqmedo­
bis mdgomareobidan gamogveyvana.
„yvelaze mTavari, ramac blumbergvilis Sesaxeb moxsene­
baSi gamaogna, iyo is, rom zomieri poziciis momxreni mzad
iyvnen, Tanxmoba ganecxadebinaT biujetis garkveul Sem­
cirebebze, maSin, roca radikalebisaTvis nebismieri saxis
Semcireba miuRebeli iyo,“ gamovTqvi Cemi mosazreba. „vus­
mendi, Tavs vuqnevdi da uecrad gaviazre: erTi wuTiT! ras
ambobs es kaci? rogor mivediT iqamde, rom radikaluri
pozicia yvelafris zustad imave mdgomareobaSi datovebas
gulisxmobs, romelSic isini realurad arian?“
Uncut-is saprotesto moZraoba da inglisis ociode
studenturi „okupacia“ imave maxeSi moeqca. arada, sakma­
od mebrZolebic iyvnen _ studentebma daarbies torebis
Stabbina, mere ki Tavdasxmis mizniT samefo ojaxis wevrebs
Causafrdnen. magram isini radikalurebi ar yofilan. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, maTi gzavnili: „SewyviteT dafinansebis Semci­
reba!“ ubralod, ukureaqcias iwvevda. aba, ra vqnaT, davu­
brundeT 2009 wlis dakargul samoTxes? Tu 1959 wlis? an
1979 wlisas?
„da simarTle giTxraT,“ davZine me, „cota ar iyos,
uxer­xulia uzarmazari maRaziis win niRbiani anarqistebis
jgufis yureba, romelic saRebavis xelyumbarebs sagange­
bo daniSnulebis razmis mimarTulebiT isvris da yviris:
„gadaixadeT gadasaxadebi!“ (rasakvirvelia, mec saReba­
vis yumbarebiT SeiaraRebuli erT-erTi im radikalTagani
­gaxldiT).
arsebobda Tu ara gamosavali am xafangidan? jorjia
aRfrTovanebuli iyo im kampaniiT, romelsac Adbusters uw­
evda reklamas, saxelwodebiT Occupy Wall Street. rodesac man
reklamis teqstis Sinaarsi gamacno, skeptikurad ganvewyve.
es xom pirveli SemTxveva ar iqneboda, roca vinme safondo
birJis daxurvas Seecdeboda. iyo kidevac aseTi faqtebi
42
1980-ian, 1990-ian wlebSi, roca is TiTqmis daxures kidec.
xolo 2001 wels arsebobda gegma, romlis mixedviTac uol­
stritis aqcia vaSingtonSi, saerTaSoriso savaluto fond­
Tan mimdinare aqciis kvaldakval, Semodgomaze unda Cat­
arebuliyo. magram am dros Cven mier dagegmili aqciis ad­
gilidan sul raRac sami kvartalis moSorebiT moxda 9/11
da iZulebuli gavxdiT, gegmebze uari gveTqva. Cemi Rrma
rwmeniT, graund zeros maxloblad (adgili niu-iorkSi, sa-
dac 2011 wlis 11 seqtembramde msoflio savaWro centris
ori caTambjeni, e. w. tyupebi idga. mTargm.) aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi araviTari aqcia ar unda Catarebuliyo _ ro­
gorc praqtikuli, aseve simboluri mosazrebiT. da, rac
yvelaze mTavaria, CemTvis mTlad cxadi ar iyo, Tu ra Sede­
gi SeiZleboda, mohyoloda am mowodebas uolstritis da­
kavebis Sesaxeb.
sinamdvileSi arc aravin icoda. magram jorjias yu­
radReba miiqcia internetSi ganTavsebulma kidev erTma
reklamam, romelsac „generaluri asamblea“ ewodeboda
(reklamis teqsti sityvebis TamaSzea agebuli: inglisurad
general assembly saerTo-saxalxo Sekrebas niSnavs, General
Assembly _ gaeros mTavar saTaTbiro, direqtiul da warmo-
madgenlobiT organos. aqac da wignis sxva epizodebSic am
saxiT avtori mianiSnebs imaze, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania
xalxis neba. red.). es iyo saorganizacio Sexvedra, romelze­
dac uolstritis dakaveba unda dagegmiliyo; mniSvneloba
ar eniWeboda, riT damTavrdeboda yovelive es.
rogorc jorjiam amixsna, saberZneTSi yvelaferi swored
ase daiwyo: sintagmas moednisa da parlamentis SenobasTan
mdebare plazas dakavebiT da WeSmaritad saxalxo Sekrebis,
axali agoras CamoyalibebiT, romelic uSualo demokrati­
is principebs efuZneboda*.
* rogorc irkveva, marqsistebsa da anarqistebs Soris mTavari dapirispireba
erTma konkretulma frazam warmoSva: marqsistebs undodaT slogani „namdvili
demokratia“; xolo anarqistebi espaneli indignadoebis (2011 wels espaneTSi daw-
yebuli mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebis monawileebi. esp. indignado niSnavs
aRSfoTebuls. red.) magaliTs mihyvebodnen da moiTxovdnen slogans „uSualo
demokratia“. am sakiTxs kenWi uyares da anarqistebma gaimarjves.

43
 jorjias TqmiT, Adbusters raRac simboluri aqciis
reklamas akeTebda. mis mesveurebs surdaT, aTeulobiT
aTasi adamiani uolstritze moeyvanaT, karvebi gaeSalaT
da iqidan wasvlaze kategoriulad eTqvaT uari, vidre
mTavroba erT ZiriTad moTxovnas ar daakmayofilebda.
„asamblea“ unda gamarTuliyo aqciamde, imis gadasawyvetad,
Tu konkretulad ra moTxovna unda wamoeyenebinaT: rom
obamas Seeqmna komiteti glas-stigalis kanonis aRsadgenad
(didi depresiis periodis kanoni, romelic xels uSlida
komerciuli bankebis CarTvas sabazro spekulaciebSi), Tu
konstituciaSi Sesuliyo Sesworeba iuridiuli piris sta­
tusis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, anda kidev sxva ram.
kolinma xazi gausva im faqts, rom Adbusters, ZiriTadad,
marketingidan mosuli adamianebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli da
maTi strategiac marketinguli TvalsazrisiT iyo ganpiro­
bebuli: moifiqre dasamaxsovrebeli, advilad aRsaqmeli
slogani, darwmundi, rom is zustad gamoxatavs, ra ginda, da
ganuwyvetliv imeore is. „magram ramdenad Seefereba azris
ase mkafiod gamokveTa sazogadoebriv moZraobas?“ dasZina
man. zojer xelovnebis nimuSis Zala swored imaSi mdgo­
mareobs, rom bolomde ar ici, ris Tqma unda mis avtors.
ra aris cudi imaSi, rom es meore mxares dautovo gamosac­
nobad? gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki es gaZlevs saSualebas,
isaubro ukmarisobis grZnobaze, romelic yvelas eufleba,
magram misi gamoxatvis saSualeba jer ver upoviaT.

jorjia dameTanxma. ratom ar SeiZleba, Tavad „asamblea“

iqces gzavnilad, Ria forumad, sadac adamianebi sakuTar
problemebze isaubreben da SemogvTavazeben gamosavals, ar­
sebuli sistemis CarCoebisgan damoukideblad; an ilapara­
keben, rogor SevqmnaT erTad sruliad axali sistema. „asam­
blea“ SeiZleba iqces modelad, romelic gavrceldeba manam,
vidre amgvari „asambleebi“ ar Seiqmneba niu-iorkis yvela
raionSi, yvela kvartalSi, nebismier samuSao adgilas.
swored es iyo „msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis“ oc­
nebis zRvaric. im droisaTvis Cven amas „kontaminacionizms“
44
vuwodebdiT (ingl. contamination _ infeqciis gavrceleba, se-
nis Seyra. red.). raki jerjerobiT Cven revoluciur moZ­
raobas warmovadgendiT, ubralo solidarobis moZraobisa­
gan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod revoluciuri moZrao­
bis mxardamWeri iyo, Cveni mTliani xedva efuZneboda rwme­
nas, rom demokratia gadamdebia, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi
iseTi, ase vTqvaT, „ulidero“ uSualo demokratia mainc,
romlis ganviTarebasac Cveni amdeni Zalixmeva da zrunva
dasWirda. roca xalxi mas gaecnoboda, naxavda, rogor us­
menen adamianebi erTmaneTs da erToblivad, yovelgvari
Zaldatanebis gareSe midian gonivrul gadawyvetilebamde
(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imis naxvaze, rogor akeTebda amas
aTasobiT adamiani erT-erT sainformacio Sexvedraze, ro­
melic Cven mniSvnelovani aqciebis dawyebamde CavatareT),
Seecvleboda warmodgena imaze, Tu ris miRweva SeiZleba
politikuri gziT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am yvelafers Cemze
swored aseTi efeqti hqonda.
imedi gvqonda, demokratiuli procesebi gavrcelde­
boda da adgilobrivi organizaciebis moTxovnebs moerge­
boda: azradac ar mogvsvlia, gvefiqra, rom, magaliTad,
puerto-rikos nacionalistTa jgufi niu-iorkSi da radi­
kalur vegetarianel velosipedistTa jgufi san-francis­
koSi uSualo demokratiis principebs erTnairi gziT aamo­
qmedebdnen. da umeteswilad swored ise moxda, rogorc
vvaraudobdiT. Cven uzarmazar warmatebas mivaRwieT Tavad
aqtivistTa kulturis transformirebis saqmeSi. „msoflio
samarTlianobis moZraobis“ Semdeg mmarTveli komitetebi­
sa da maTi msgavsi struqturebis dReebi dasrulda. aqtiv­
isturi sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela wevri mivida prefigu­
ratiuli (ingl. prefiguration _ pirvelsaxe. red.) politikis
ideamde, rac niSnavs Semdegs: is organizaciuli formebi,
romlebsac aqtivisturi moZraoba iRebs, iseT sazogadoe­
bas unda ganasaxierebdes, rogoris Seqmnasac veswrafviT.
problema am ideebis aqtivisturi getoebidan gamotana da
farTo sazogadoebis winaSe wardgena iyo, im adamianebis
winaSe, romlebic politikuri kampaniis pirvelad orga­
45
nizaciebSi raime saxiT ar iyvnen CarTuli. media srulebiT
ar gvexmareboda _ SeiZleba gacnobodi erTi wlis ganma­
vlobaSi masmediis saSualebebiT gavrcelebul informa­
cias da umniSvnelo warmodgenac ki ar Segqmnoda imaze,
rom es moZraoba uSualo demokratiis propagandas eweoda.
amgvarad, kontaminacionizms rom „emuSava“, aucileblad
unda mogvezida xalxi. es ki saocrad rTuli aRmoCnda.
vvaraudobdiT, rom amjerad SeiZleba yvelaferi sxva­
nairad yofiliyo. bolos da bolos, axla saqme ar exeboda
mesame samyaros, romelsac finansuri krizisi da mkacri
ekonomiis yovlis gamanadgurebeli gegmebi emuqreboda.
axla krizisi Cvens qveyanaSi iyo.
yvelam piroba davdeT, rom erTmaneTs „generalur asam­
bleaze“ SevxvdebodiT.

2 agvisto

bouling grini patara parkia manhetenis ukidures

samxreT nawilSi, safondo birJidan sul ramdenime kvar­
talis daSorebiT. es saxeli imitom daerqva, rom XVII
saukuneSi holandieli mosaxleoba mas keglis saTamaSod
iyenebda. axla es grini (ingl. green _ mwvane, simwvane. red.)
SemoRobilia da mas CrdiloeTiT sakmaod vrceli qvafe­
nili esazRvreba. kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT naxevarkun­
Zulis formis samanqane gzaa. mas brinjaos xaris didi
figura gadmohyurebs, romelic fexs miwas urtyams. am
qandakebaSi aSkarad dagrovilia ulmobeli potenciuri
eqstazi, romelsac uolstritis binadrebi, etyoba, im
boboqari sicocxlisunarianobis simbolod aRiqvamen,
kapitalistur sistemas rom marTavs (dedanSi am epizod-
Si gamoyenebulia sityvaTSexameba animal spirit; iqve, fr-
CxilebSi, miTiTebulia, rom es neologizmi jon meinard
keinss (britaneli ekonomisti, 1883-1946) ekuTvnis. keinsma
am terminiT (romelic sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc
„cxoveluri suli“, Tanamedrove inglisurSi ki man idio-
46
mis datvirTva SeiZina da boboqar sicocxlisunariano-
bas, mCqefare energias aRniSnavs) gamoxata is instinqtebi,
midrekilebebi da emociebi, romlebic TiTqosda zegavle-
nas axdens adamianis qcevaze da marTavs mas. red.). bouling
grini sakmaod wynari parkia, ucxoeli turistebiT savse,
xolo gzispiras mdgari movaWreebi eqvsi duimis zomis
xaris figuris asls yidian.
„generaluri asambleis“ dRec dadga. 4:30 iqneboda.
Sexvedraze, romelic oTxi saaTisTvis iyo daniSnuli,
cotaTi ukve vigvianebdi, magram amjerad gamiznulad.
wriuli marSruti avirCie, romelic uolstritze ga­
dioda, raTa iq ganlagebuli policielebis raodenoba
damedgina. saqme imaze uaresad iyo, vidre warmomedgina.
policielebi yvelgan iyvnen. uniformiani policielebis
ori jgufi aqeT-iqiT daborialebda da aRar icoda,
ra ekeTebina; cxenosan policielTa ori razmi Semoma­
val quCebs ketavda; skuterebiani policielebi rkinis
barikadebis gaswvriv daqrodnen, romlebic 9/11-is Sem­
deg aages, rom TviTmkvleli teroristebisTvis xeli
SeeSalaT. da es yvelaferi erT Cveulebriv samSabaTs,
SuadRisas xdeboda!
rodesac boulig grinTan mivedi, ucnauri grZnoba
dameufla, raRac imedgacruebaze meti. Tavdapirvelad
eWvic ki Semepara, Sexvedris adgili xom ar SemSlia-
meTqi. yvelaferi ukve karga xnis dawyebuli iyo. ori
satelevizio kamera saxeldaxelod mowyobili scenisaken
miemarTaT, romelic giganturi banerebiT, megafonebiTa
da uamravi winaswar dabeWdili trafaretiT iyo Semofar­
gluli. viRac maRali kaci, mxrebze Camoyrili dredeb­
iT (bevri wvrili nawnavi. red.), mgznebare sityviT gamo­
dioda biujetis Semcirebis winaaRmdeg. orators daax­
loebiT oTxmocamde adamiani usmenda, romlebic mis win
naxevarwreze idgnen. umetesoba sakmaod mowyenili Canda
da Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda. maT Soris satelevizio
axali ambebis Jurnalistebic SevniSne; operatorebs ka­

47
mera uyuradRebod mietovebinaT. jorjias ganapira mxa­
res mivageni, warbSekruli uyurebda scenaze Sekrebil
adamianebs*.
„moica, moica, es raa, WWP (muSaTa msoflio partia.
mTargm.)?“ vkiTxe me.
„ki, namdvilad WWP aris“.
qalaqSi ramdenime weli ar vyofilvar da erTbaSad
maTi cnoba gamiWirda. anarqistTa umetesobisaTvis „muSaTa
msoflio partia“ (WWP) aqtivistTa Soris Cveni umTavre­
si, dauZinebeli mteri iyo. partiaSi aSkarad TeTrkanianebi
liderobdnen, romlebic sajaro Sekrebebze, rogorc wesi,
afro-amerikelebisa da laTinuri amerikis warmomadgen­
lebis ukan idgnen. isini, 1930-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,
cnobili iyvnen erTi da imave politikiT _ didi „saxalxo
frontis“ koaliciebis SeqmniT, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,
International Action Center (IAC, saerTaSoriso moqmedebis cen­
tri) an ANSWER (romelic Semdegnairad iSifreba: Act Now
to Stop War and End Racism – „imoqmede axlave, raTa SeaCero
omi da bolo mouRo rasizms!“), romlebic aTobiT calkeu­
li jgufisagan Sedgeboda da demonstraciebze warmodgeni­
li iyvnen aTasobiT adamianiT, romlebic winaswar dabeWdi­
li trafaretebiT cxaddebodnen. am koaliciaTa jgufebis
wevrebis umetesobas xiblavda sabrZolo ritorika da al­
baT ulevi fulis wyaroc, magram warmodgenac ki ar hqonda,
ra pozicia ekava partiis centralur komitets msofli­
oSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT. es poziciebi
jer kidev Zveli yaidis marqsizm-leninizmis karikaturas
warmoadgenda, Tanac imdenad, rom bevri Cvengani xandaxan
fiqrobda, rom es yvelaferi gamoZiebis federaluri bi­
uros mier detalurad damuSavebuli da dafinansebuli
iyo, rac anekdotur ambavs emsgavseboda: magaliTad, WWP
jer kidev uWerda mxars 1968 wels sabWoTa kavSiris SeWras

* kolinic iq iyo, magram Tan deda axlda, romelic qalaqSi gavliT imyofeboda.
rogorc mogvianebiT Sevityve, dedamisi ise Sewuxebula, roca stalinistebiviT
moazrovne adamianebs usmenda, rom kolinma Tavi movaled igrZno, kompensaciis
mizniT is samxatvro galereaSi waeyvana.

48
CexoslovakiaSi da CineTis xelisuflebis mier demokrati­
uli protestis CaxSobas tiananmenis moedanze; amave dros,
partiis wevrebi mihyvebodnen ukompromiso „antimperialis­
tur“ mimarTulebas, romelic aramarto ewinaaRmdegeboda
aSS-is mTavrobis nebismier intervencias okeanis gaRma, ar­
amed mxars uWerdnen yvelas, vis mimarTac ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamda aSS, CrdiloeT koreidan dawyebuli, ruandaSi
arsebuli hutus xalxis SeiaraRebuli formirebebiT dam­
Tavrebuli. anarqistebi maT xSirad „stalinistebad“ moix­
seniebdnen. am partiis wevrebTan TanamSromlobis SesaZle­
bloba arc ki ganixileboda; maT ar ainteresebdaT arc erT
iseT koaliciasTan urTierToba, romelsac isini srulad
ver akontrolebdnen.
es katastrofa iyo.
rogor moxda, rom WWP aqciis centrSi aRmoCnda? jor­
jia verafers xvdeboda, magram orivem kargad vicodiT,
rom vidre es xalxi iq iyo, veraviTari „asamblea“ ver Cat­
ardeboda. da marTlac, roca ramdenime iq myofs vkiTxe, ra
xdeboda, maT damidastures, rom es iyo mitingi, romelsac
mohyveboda xanmokle gamosvlebi mikrofoniT da Semdeg _
demonstracia uolstritze, sadac liderebi warmoadgend­
nen winaswar gansazRvruli moTxovnebis grZel CamonaTvals.
uSualo demokratiis politikis erTgul aqtivistebs
(horizontalebs, rogorc Cvens Tavs vuwodebT) amgvar mov­
lenaze, Cveulebriv, erTi reaqcia gvaqvs _ sasowarkveTile­
ba. da Cemi pirveli reaqciac swored aseTi iyo. aseT mit­
ingze misvla, SeiZleba iTqvas, maxeSi moxvedras hgavs. dRis
wesrigi ukve mzadaa, magram gaurkvevelia, Tu vin Seadgina
is. xSirad imis garkvevac ki SeuZlebelia, ras exeba Sekre­
ba, sanam amas megafoniani adamiani ar gamoacxadebs. sce­
nisa da uamravi dabeWdili trafaretis danaxvam da sityva
„demonstraciis“ gagonebam CemSi im aTasobiT qaosuri dRis
mogoneba aRZra, roca razmis wevrebTan erTad demonstra­
ciebze mivabijebdi. Cven brZolis unardakargul armias
vgavdiT, romelic winaswar gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT
miiwevda win; xolo saprotesto svlis marSlebi (ase uwo-
49
 deben aSS-Si pirebs, romlebic koordinacias uweven sapro-
testo aqciis msvlelobas. maT stiuardebsac eZaxian. am ada-
mianebis arseboba aqciis monawileTa Soris agent-provoka-
torebis SeRwevis prevencias emsaxureba, radgan marSlebis
erT-erT funqcias policiasTan molaparakeba warmoadgens.
red.) policielebTan molaparakebebs marTavdnen da Cven,
yvelas foladis barierebs miRma, demonstrantebisTvis
gankuTvnil Semofarglul teritoriaze gverekebodnen.
RonisZiebebze SemoqmedebiTobis, improvizaciis adgili
ar rCeboda _ sinamdvileSi yvelaferi ise daegegmaT, rom
TviTgamoxatva da TviTorganizeba SeuZlebeli xdeboda.
skandirebiT warmosaTqmeli teqstic da wamosaZaxebeli
sloganebic ki zemodan iyo nakarnaxevi.
Tvali movkari adamianebis jgufs, romelic, erTi
SexedviT, TiTqosda WWP-is liderTa birTvs hgavda _ maTi
amocnoba advilia, imitom rom, Cveulebriv, isini Suaxnis
TeTrkanianebi arian, romlebic umeteswilad scenis Sori­
axlo dganan xolme (isini, vinc scenaze Cndeba, rogorc
wesi, feradkanianebi arian).
erTi zorba tanis individi drodadro gamoeyofoda
xolme maT da xalxis masas uerTdeboda.
„hei,“, vuTxari mas, rodesac gverdiT Camiara, „ici ra,
iqneb ar Rirs, daaanonso „generaluri asambleis“ gamarTva,
Tuki ar apireb, marTla Caataro is.“
amis Tqma naklebad zrdilobiani formiTac SeiZle­
boda. man zemodan gadmomxeda da miTxra: „ase, ara? da
amas solidarobas eZaxiT, xom? organizatorebs Seura­cx­
yofa ayeneb. ici, ras getyvi, Tu ase ar mogwons, ratom ar
­waxval aqedan?“
Cven erTmaneTs Tvali TvalSi gavuyareT. cota xanSi man
iqauroba datova.
vifiqre, waval-meTqi, magram vxedavdi, rom didad ara­
vis siamovnebda, rac iq xdeboda. aqtivistebis terminolo­
gia rom gamoviyenoT, aq vertikalebis jgufi ar iyo Sekre­
bili (vertikalebi is adamianebi arian, romlebsac moswonT

50
demonstraciaze gamosvla winaswar momzadebuli plakate­
biT da romelime partiis centraluri komitetis orator­
Ta mosmena). aq myofTa umravlesobas horizontalebi war­
moadgendnen (adamianebi, romlebic ufro metad organize­
bis anarqistul principebs, uSualo demokratiis araierar­
qiul formebs TanaugrZnoben). bolos SevamCnie erTi axal­
gazrda kaci, Industrial Workers of the World-is (IWW, „msoflios
industriuli mSromelebi“) wevri, Wobbly (am saerTaSoriso
organizaciis wevrTa metsaxeli. red.), Savi saTvaliTa da
IWW-is Savi maisuriT, aseve kolejis ramdenime studenti
zapatistebis atributikiT da kidev erTi-ori aSkarad mo­
anarqisto tipi. Cemi Zveli megobrebic vnaxe, maT Soris
sabu kidev erT iaponel aqtivistTan erTad, romelic jer
kidev 2001 wels, kvebekis quCis aqciebze gavicani. bolos me
da jorjiam erTmaneTs gadavxedeT da mivxvdiT, rom orive­
ni erTsa da imaves vfiqrobdiT: ratom varT aseTi Tava­
zianebi? yovelTvis, roca vxedavT, rom aseTi ram xdeba,
Cven, ubralod, CvenTvis wavibuzRunebT da Sin mivdivarT.
ratom? Tumca, rac imwuTas vTqviT, sinamdvileSi ase JR­
erda: „ici ra? amaTi dedac vatire, gamocxadda, rom „gen­
eraluri asamblea“ tardeba? modi, Cven CavataroT“.
ase rom, mivuaxlovdi TiTqos sruliad ucxo adamians,
axalgazrda koreuli warmoSobis amerikels, romelic sce­
nas ukmayofilod ucqerda. rogorc mogvianebiT gavige, am
kacs saxelad krisi erqva, anarqisti gaxldaT da Food Not
Bombs-Si („sakvebi da ara bombebi“) muSaobda. magram maSin es
yvelaferi ar vicodi. erTaderTi, rac vicodi, is iyo, rom
Zalian gaRizianebuli Canda.
„mismine,“ vuTxari me, „ici, raRac unda gkiTxo: Tu ram­
denime Cvengani gadawyvets, am xalxs gamoeyos da namdvili
„generaluri asamblea“ moawyos, Sen amiT dainteresde­
bodi?“
„ra, aris vinme, vinc amas apirebs?“
„ki, magaliTad, Cven, ai, axla“.
„eSmakma dalaxvros, Tqven oRond miTxariT, rodis.“
„simarTle giTxraT“, gamogvexmaura mis gverdiT mdgomi
51
axalgazrda, romlis saxeli da gvaric, rogorc mogvianebiT
gavarkvie, iyo met presto. is, krisis msgavsad, mogvianebiT
Occupy Wall Street-is erT-erTi mTavari organizatori gaxda.
„ukve wasvlas vapirebdi, magram, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba
darCena Rirdes“.
amgvarad, krisisa da metis daxmarebiT, me da jorjiam
Tavi movuyareT ramdenime SedarebiT aSkarad gamokveTil
horizontals da ociode adamianisagan patara wre Camo­
vayalibeT parkis gasasvlelTan, rac SeiZleba, Sors mikro­
fonebisgan. ZiriTadi mitingis delegatebi maSinve CvenTan
movidnen da gvTxoves, maTTan davbrunebuliyaviT.
delegatebi WWP-is warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen (isini,
rogorc wesi, amgvar saqmeSi ganze dganan xolme), aramed
Rilebian perangebSi gamowyobili axalgazrdebi naTeli
saxeebiT.
„SesaniSnavia“, CavCurCule jorjias. „es ISO-a“.
ISO „saerTaSoriso socialisturi organizaciaa“ (Inter­
national Socialist Organization). aqtivistebis speqtrSi WWP
SeiZleba anarqistebis sapirispiro polusze imyofebodes,
magram ISO-s gamaRizianeblad Sualeduri pozicia uWi­
ravs: rac SeiZleba, axlos dgas horizontalebis jguf­
Tan, magram sinamdvileSi mas mainc ver mivakuTvnebT. isini
trockistebi arian da, ZiriTadad, uSualo moqmedebas,
uSualo demokratias da sxva aTasgvar aRmaval struqtu­
ras emxrobian, Tumca misi wevrebis ZiriTadi roli yvela
saxis Sexvedrebze ase gamoiyureboda _ xeli SeeSalaT
ufro radikaluri elementebisaTvis RonisZiebebis zemoT
aRniSnuli principebiT CatarebaSi. yvelaze sawyeni ISO-s
wevrebTan dakavSirebiT ki is gaxldaT, rom isini calke,
rogorc pirovnebebi, sakmaod kargi xalxi iyo. maT umete­
sobas sasiamovno axalgazrdebi, ZiriTadad, studentebi
Seadgendnen, keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZravebdaT da,
WWP-isgan gansxvavebiT, xelmZRvaneloba (miuxedavad uSu­
alo demokratiisadmi gamoxatuli Teoriuli mxardaWer­
isa, maT Zalian disciplinirebuli, kargad organizebuli,
zemodan qvemoT mimarTuli xelmZRvanelobis struqtura
52
hqondaT) nebas aZlevda maT, eTanamSromlaT mraval koali­
ciasTan, romlebsac isini ar akontrolebdnen _ oRond im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Tvali maTi gadmobirebis SesaZlebloba­
ze eWiraT. isini swored iseTi adamianebi iyvnen, romlebic
saqmeSi erevian da Suamavlobas cdiloben.
„Cemi azriT, aq raRac gaugebrobaa“, mimarTa erT-erTma
axalgazrdam Cvens calke gamoyofil wres. „es RonisZie­
ba erTi romelime jgufis mier organizebuli ar aris. es
aris farTo speqtris koalicia pirveladi jgufebisa da
calkeuli adamianebisa, romlebic blumbergis mkacri eko­
nomiis politikis winaaRmdeg brZolis ideis erTgulni
arian. Cven vesaubreT organizatorebs. isini adastureben,
rom „generaluri asamblea“ aucileblad Sedgeba, oRond
mas Semdeg, rac gamomsvlelebi saubars daasruleben“. isini
samni iyvnen, samiveni _ axalgazrda da sasiamovno adamian­
ebi; SevniSne, rom samive maTganma gamoiyena erTi da igive
fraza: „pirveladi jgufebisa da calkeuli adamianebis
farTo speqtris koalicia“.
Cven bevri aRaraferi dagvrCenoda. Tuki organizatore­
bi „generalur asambleas“ gvpirdebodnen, Cvenc, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, amis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba mainc unda migve­
ca. ase rom, marTalia, uxalisod, magram mainc davTanxm­
diT da isev Sekrebil xalxs davubrundiT. albaT zedmetia
imis Tqma, rom „generaluri asambleis“ ideas im dRes xorc­
Sesxma ar ewera. rogorc Cans, organizatorebs „asamblea“
warmodgenili hqondaT, rogorc mikrofoniT Tavisuflad
gamosvla, romlis drosac nebismier msmenels ramdenime
wuTi eTmoboda zogadi politikuri mosazrebis an konkre­
tul sakiTxze Tavisi poziciis gamosaxatavad, vidre winas­
war dagegmili demonstracia daiwyeboda.
oci wuTis Semdeg jorjias gamosvlis jeri dadga. aqve
unda aRvniSno, rom jorjia profesiiT performansis xe­
lovnebis specialistia. aqedan gamomdinare, is yovelT­
vis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda daxvewili sajaro
piris imijis SemuSavebas _ Tavisi arsiT, es iyo „giJi qa­
lis“ imiji. aseTi tipis saxe yovelTvis romelime realuri
53
pirovnebis xasiaTis elementebs eyrdnoba. jorjias SemTx­
vevaSi misi axlo megobrebi bevrs msjelobdnen, vin SeiZleba
yofiliyo aseTi pirovneba da konkretulad romeli nawili
iyo mis imijSi dadgmuli. raRa Tqma unda, is yvelaze im­
pulsuri adamiani gaxldaT, visac ki odesme Sevxvedrodi;
magram mas hqonda araCveulebivi unari, konkretul mo­
mentebSi, konkretul adgilas, zustad moertya mizanSi _
is axerxebda, Tavs moeyara yvela varaudisTvis imis Ses­
axeb, rac xdeboda. Tavisi samwuTiani gamosvla (reglamenti
mets ar iTvaliswinebda) jorjiam daiwyo gancxadebiT: „es
ar aris „generaluri asamblea“! es aris mitingi, romelic
politikurma partiam moawyo. mas araferi aqvs saerTo
„generaluri asambleis“ msoflio moZraobasTan!“ man moi­
yvana mravali magaliTi berZnuli da espanuri „asamblee­
bis“ praqtikidan, sadac gamoricxuli iyo organizebuli
politikuri jgufebis monawileoba. simarTle unda vTqva,
rom Tavidan bolomde misi gamosvlisaTvis arc momisme­
nia, radgan vcdilobdi, momeZebna mitingis sxva potenci­
uri mowinaaRmdegebi da damerwmunebina isini, kvlav Cvens
jgufs SemoerTebodnen, Tuki calke Sekrebas gadavwyvet­
diT. magram yvela iq myofis msgavsad, kargad maxsovs misi
gamosvlis kulminacia, rodesac jorjias dro amoiwura da
mas SekamaTeba mouxda afro-amerikel qalbatonTan, ro­
melic manamde WWP-is saxeliT gamovida. es moulodneli
Selaparakebac man wamoiwyo.
„rogorc vxedav, wina gamomsvlelis Careva sruli upa­
tivcemulobis gamoxatuleba gaxldaT. es sxva araferia,
Tu ara Sexvedris CaSlis Segnebuli mcdeloba“.
„magram es xom Sexvedra ar aris, es Cveulebrivi mitingia“.
„hm! rogorc vxedav, wina gamomsvlelis Careva sruli
upativcemulobis gamoxatuleba gaxldaT. SeiZleba vinmes
ar eTanxmebodeT, magram Cven, yvelani, aq erTmaneTisagan,
sul mcire, or rames moviTxovT: pativiscemasa da solida­
robas. xolo rac bolo momxsenebelma gaakeTa“...
„erTi wuTiT, Tqven imis Tqma gnebavT, rom Sexvedris
­„mitaceba“ solidarobisa da pativiscemis xelyofa ar aris?“
54
 uceb maT kamaTSi kidev erTi WWP-is momxsenebeli aR­
maSfoTebeli moCvenebiTi gancvifrebiT Caeria:
„warmoudgenelia, Tqven, es-esaa, saubari SeawyvetineT
Savkanian adamians!“
„ratom ar unda Sevawyvetino?“ ikiTxa jorjiam, „me Tvi­
Tonac Savkaniani var“.
unda aRvniSno, rom jorjia qeraa.
yvelas gaocebis SeZaxili aRmoxda.
„hm, vin xarT?“*
„rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, mec Savkaniani var. ggoniaT,
erTaderTi Savkaniani aq Tqven xarT?“
jorjias misive sityvebiT gamowveulma aurzaurma dro
misca, moeswro gamocxadeba, rom namdvili „generaluri asam­
bleis“ Casatareblad TxuTmet wuTSi parkis WiSkarTan xelax­
la vikribebodiT. amis Semdeg ki is scenidan CamoabrZanes.
am yvelafers lanZRva da Seuracxyofa mohyva. daaxloe­
biT naxevarsaaTiani areulobis Semdeg Cven kvlav SevkariT
wre bouling grinis meore mxares. am droisTvis TiTqmis
yvela, vinc ki mitingze darCa, CvenTan movida. mivxvdiT,
rom Cven garSemo TiTqmis yvela horizontali Seikriba:
ara mxolod „msoflios industriuli mSromelebi“ da za­
patistebis momxreebi, aramed ramdenime espanelic, rom­
lebic aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen madridis indignadoe­
bTan; erTi-ori meamboxe anarqisti, romlebic ramdenime
wlis win berklis „okupaciaSi“ monawileobdnen; oTxi-xuTi
gaocebuli da dabneuli seiris mayurebeli, romlebsac
araferi gaegebodaT, ra xdeboda, ubralod, mitingis sanax­
avad mosuliyvnen; amdenive WWP-is wevri (magram aravin
iyo partiis centraluri komitetidan), romlebic aSkarad

* zedmetia imis Tqma, rom jorjias gancxadeba momdevno ramdenime kviris ganma­
vlobaSi misi megobrebis ganxilvis sagans warmoadgenda. bolos aseT daskvnam­
de mivediT: jorjia saberZneTidanaa, romelic erT-erTia im mcirericxovan
qveynebs Soris, sadac, iyo qera, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve diskriminacias niSnavs,
radgan berZnebi miiCneven, rom es adamiani gaRaribebuli albaneli imigrantia.
rodesac mogvianebiT Tavad jorjias vkiTxeT amis Sesaxeb, is daJinebiT amt­
kicebda, rom sakamaTo araferi iyo. „diaxac, Savkaniani var,“ Tqva man, TiTqos es
TavisTavad cxadi unda yofiliyo.

55
aiZules, mosuliyvnen, rom CvenTvis Tvalyuri edevnebinaT.
axalgazrda kacma, vili ostervailma, romelic garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi barselonaSi cxovrobda, rogorc
skvoteri (piri, romelic cariel saxls an raime teritorias
ukanonod ikavebs da iq cxovrobs. red.), survili gamoTqva,
dagvxmareboda.
Cven maleve davadgineT, rom warmodgenac ar gvqonda,
ra unda gvekeTebina.
erTi problema is iyo, rom Adbusters-ma ukve daaanonsa
aqciis dRe _ 17 seqtemberi. es ki ori mizezis gamo gvafer­
xebda: pirveli is, rom am TariRamde sul raRac eqvsi kvira
rCeboda. sietlSi 1999 wlis noemberSi msoflio savaWro
organizaciis Sexvedrebis CaSlis mizniT blokadebisa da
uSualo moqmedebebis organizebas weliwadze meti das­
Wirda. Adbusters-s, rogorc Cans, egona, rom Cven SegveZlo,
Segvekriba oci aTasi adamiani da uolstritis SuagulSi
karvebiT dagvebanakebina, magram Tundac gvevarauda, rom
policia amas dauSvebda (rac arasodes moxdeboda), nebis­
mierma adamianma, romelsac organizebis praqtikuli gamoc­
dileba aqvs, kargad unda icodes, rom am raodenobis ada­
mianTa Sekreba sul raRac ramdenime kviraSi SeuZlebelia.
amdeni xalxis mozidva, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs mTeli
qveynis masStabiT muSaobas, risTvisac sxvadasxva qalaqSi
mxardamWeri jgufebi da, rac mTavaria, avtobusebi unda
gyavdes. es yvelaferi ki, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda mra­
vali saxis RonisZiebas Tanxebis mosaZieblad, radgan, ram­
denadac CvenTvis cnobili iyo, fuli ar gagvaCnda (an iqneb
gvqonda kidevac? ambobdnen, rom Adbusters-s hqonda fuli.
magram arc erTi Cvengani bolomde darwmunebuli ar iyo,
rom Adbusters uSualod monawileobda am yvelaferSi. Sex­
vedraze maTi warmomadgenelic ki ar yofila). garda amisa,
mdgomareobas arTulebda kidev erTi garemoeba: uolstri­
tze 17 seqtembers muSaobas ver CavSlidiT, radgan es dRe
SabaTi iyo. Tuki gvindoda, uSualo zegavlena mogvexdi­
na uolstritis dawesebulebaTa xelmZRvanel pirebze (an
Cveni arseboba SeemCniaT mainc), rame unda mogvefiqrebi­
56
na, rom orSabaTs, dilis cxra saaTamde iq vyofiliyaviT.
amave dros, darwmunebulic ar viyaviT, rom safondo birJa
idealuri samizne iqneboda. ubralo logikiT, da SeiZleba
simboluradac, albaT ufro met warmatebas mivaRwevdiT
Federal Reserve-is (igulisxmeba Federal Reserve System _ 1913
wels Seqmnili damoukidebeli federaluri saagento, ro-
melic aSS-is centraluri bankis funqcias asrulebs; aseve
centralizebul kontrols uwevs qveynis komerciul sa-
banko sistemas. red.) an Standard & Poor’s-is (sruli saxelwo-
debaa Standard & Poor’s Financial Services _ amerikuli kompa-
nia, romelic axorcielebs finansuri bazrebis analitikur
kvlevas. red.) ofisebis win. es Senobebi erTmaneTisgan sul
raRac ramdenime kvartaliTaa daSorebuli.

gadavwyviteT, es problema gangvexila; aseve gvemsjela

zogadad arsebul moTxovnebze da dagvekompleqtebina sa­
muSao jgufebi. es standartuli horizontaluri praqti­
kaa: yvela wamoayenebs samuSao jgufis CamoyalibebisaT­
vis saWiro ideebs, vidre sia ar Sedgeba (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
oTxi aseTi jgufi Seiqmna: ideis gavrceleba/propaganda,
komunikaciebi/interneti, moqmedeba, procesi/fasilita­
cia). Semdeg jgufebi SedarebiT momcro jgufebad dai­
yofa breinstormis („tvinis Sturmi“ _ ideebis generaciis
meTodi, problemis gadaWris gzis Zieba koleqtiuri ganx-
ilvis meSveobiT. mTargm.) Casatareblad. Semdeg, daax­
loebiT erT saaTSi, es mcire jgufebi isev erTiandeba
da TiToeulis warmomadgeneli erToblivad miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis erTgvar angariSs akeTebs. me proce­
sis jgufs SevuerTdi, romelic, advili misaxvedria, an­
arqistebisagan Sedgeboda. man gadawyvita, e. w. modeli
gamxdariyo. maSinve davTqviT, rom jgufi konsensusis
principiT imuSavebda da, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki CixSi aR­
movCndebodiT, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli
iqneboda xmebis ori mesamedi; rom yovelTvis gveyole­
boda ori fasilitatori, qali da kaci _ erTi Sexvedrebs
warmarTavda, xolo meore „dakompleqtebaze“ imuSavebda
57
(anu Seadgenda sias im adamianebisa, romlebic gamosvlas
moiTxovdnen); ganvixileT Temebi: xeliT „signalebis ga­
dacema“ da arasavaldebulo winasaarCevno sazogadoebri­
vi azris gamokiTxva, anu e.w. „sicxis gazomva*“.
roca Cveni patara jgufebi kvlav gaerTianda, ukve
daRamebuli iyo. samuSao jgufebis umetesobam mxolod
droebiTi, pirobiTi gadawyvetilebebi miiRo. moqmedebis
jgufma samoqmedo gegmis SesaZlo variantebi wamoayena,
magram maTi mTavari gadawyvetileba Semdegi iyo: mom­
devno kviraSi kidev erTxel SevkrebiliyaviT da samoqm­
edo teritoria dagveTvalierebina. komunikaciis jgufis
wevrebi SeTanxmdnen, SeedginaT meilebis sia da moewyoT
kidev erTi Sexvedra vebgverdis ganxilvis mizniT (maTi
upirvelesi amocana iyo, gamoekvliaT, rac ukve arsebob­
da _ magaliTad, vin Seqmna Twitter-is gverdi, saxelwodeb­
iT Occupy Wall Street, radgan Sexvedraze aseTi adamianebi
TiTqos arsad gamoCenilan; ra saerTo hqonda Adbusters-s
maTTan (Tuki hqonda raime saerTo) da ras saqmianobda
es xalxi). propagandis jgufma gadawyvita, xuTSabaTisT­
vis daeniSna Sexvedra flaerebis dizainze samuSaod, aseve
imis mosafiqreblad, Tu rogor unda dagvexasiaTebina sa­
kuTari Tavi, gansakuTrebiT _ Cvenamde arsebul biujetis
Semcirebis mowinaaRmdege koaliciasTan mimarTebiT. pro­
pagandis jgufis ramdenime wevrs, maT Soris Cems megobar
jastins, romelsac kvebekidan vicnobdi, profkavSirebSi
muSaobis gamocdileba hqondaT. amitom darwmunebuli
iyvnen, rom maTac daainteresebdnen. yvelam erTxmad ga­
davwyviteT, samSabaTs, 7:30-ze, Cagvetarebina kidev erTi
„generaluri asamblea“ (romelic, rogorc vimedovneb­
diT, ufro masStaburi iqneboda) axlomdebare irlandiis
SimSilobis memorialTan (memoriali manhetenze, romelic
eZRvneba irlandiis did SimSilobas (1845-1852). man milion-
amde irlandieli imsxverpla. red.).

* konsensusis am instrumentTa moqmedebis specifika ganxiluli iqneba wignis

me-4 TavSi.

58
 miuxedavad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis savaraudo,
droebiTi xasiaTisa (vinaidan arc erTma Cvenganma ar vi­
codiT, Cveni saqmianoba ukve arsebul Zalisxmevas efuZne­
boda, Tu raime sruliad axals vqmnidiT), Cvens gunds aR­
tyinebuli ganwyoba daeufla. miviCnevdiT, rom demokra­
tiuli Zalebis WeSmariti gamarjvebis momswreni gavxdiT,
Zalebisa, romlebmac organizebis gacveTil saSualebebze
gadaWriT Tqves uari. niu-iorkSi aseTi gamarjveba TiTqmis
uprecedento iyo. danamdvilebiT aravin icoda, ra Sedegi
eqneboda yovelive amas, magram maSin gamarjvebaze fiqri
mainc Zalian gvsiamovnebda.
roca yvelam Sinisken gavwieT, ukve TerTmeti saaTi iqne­
boda. saswrafod marisasTan davreke. „verc ki warmoidgen,
ra moxda“, vuTxari me, „amaSi aucileblad unda CaerTo“.

„99 procenti“

visgan: devid greberi<david@anarchisms.org>

Tema: gamarjoba! patara SekiTxva
TariRi: 3 agvisto, 2011 12:46:29 AM CDT
vis: mika uaiTs<micah@adbusters.org>

gamarjoba, mika,

dRes yvelaze ucnauri dRe mqonda. daaxloebiT 80 ada­

miani 4:30-ze didi xaris skulpturasTan, bouling grinis
maxloblad SevikribeT, radgan SevityveT, rom „general­
uri asamblea“ unda gamarTuliyo, sadac daigegmeboda 17
seqtembris aqcia, saxelwodebiT... (igulisxmeba Occupy Wall
Street. red.). mokled, iciT, razec vlaparakob. mivediT da
aRmovaCineT, rom faqtobrivad, araviTari Sekreba ar tar­
deboda. iq iyvnen msoflios mSromelTa partiis oratore­
bi, iyo mikrofonebi, trafaretebi _ Cveulebrivi mitingi
mimdinareobda, rasac xanmokle saprotesto gamosvlebi da
59
demonstracia unda mohyoloda. saerTod, amgvar RonisZie­
bebs xalxi undoblobas ucxadebs da tovebs, magram am­
jerad ramdenime Cvenganma... gadavwyviteT, migvefurTxe­
bina am yvelafrisTvis, SevkribeT horizontalebi, romle­
bic iq misuli sazogadoebis 85% aRmoCnda, ganvcalkevdiT,
CavatareT sayovelTao Sekreba, SevqmeniT struqturisa da
procesis samuSao jgufebi da namdvil saorganizacio muS­
aobas SevudeqiT. es raRac patara saswaulis msgavsi iyo da
am cvlilebiT uzomod bednierebi davSordiT erTmaneTs.
Tumca erTi SekiTxva warmoiSva: „ra saerTo aqvs realu­
rad Adbusters-s am procesTan? arsebobs Tu ara raime dam­
atebiTi resursi? Tu es mxolod mowodeba iyo?“ piroba
davde, rom amis garkvevas Sevecdebodi...
devidi

es werili im saRamos, Zilis win gavgzavne. diliT ki

aseTi pasuxi miviRe:

gamarjoba, devid,

didi madloba, momxdaris Sesaxeb informacia rom moma­

wodeT. moxaruli var, rom iq iyaviT da bodiSoba aravisTan
dagiwyiaT.
mdgomareoba aseTia...
Adbusters-Si ukve ramdenime Tvea, vmsjelobT uolstritis
„okupirebis“ ideis Sesaxeb. 7 ivniss jemerebs Cvens xelT ar­
sebul 90000 meilze davugzavneT mokle informacia am ideis
gacnobis mizniT. gamoxmaureba umeteswilad dadebiTi iyo da
gadavwyviteT, am ideisTvis xorci Segvesxa. Cveni Jurnalis
bolo nomeri, romelic, es-esaa, kioskebSi unda darigdes (Ad-
busters N97 _ postanarqizmis politika), Seicavs orgverdian
posters 17 seqtembers uolstritis dakavebis mowodebiT.
amerikuli gamocemis garekanze aseve dabeWdilia Occupy Wall
Street-is sareklamo patara suraTi. es iqneba erTgvari mcd­
eloba, momdevno ramdenime Tvis manZilze „okupaciis“ Sesaxeb
sityva mivawvdinoT msoflios inglisurenovan mosaxleobas...
60
 am etapze, Cveni SezRuduli resursebisa da Statebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Adbusters-is roli SeiZleba mxolod memis
(meme _ esaa kulturuli informaciis erTeuli, idea, simbo-
lo, qcevis manera an saxe, stili, romelic Segnebulad an qvec-
nobierad gadaecema adamianidan adamians metyvelebis, weris,
ritualebis, Jestebis da a.S. meSveobiT. is genis kulturul
analogad miiCneva. termini ekuTvnis inglisel biologs, ri-
Card doukinss (daib. 1941 w.). memad SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseve
internetis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli informacia, video,
raime saxis teqsti, magaliTad, calkeuli fraza, slogani da
a. S. red.) gavrceleba yofiliyo, imis imediT, rom adgilo­
brivi aqtivistebi SeZlebdnen Zalebis mokrebas da am ideas
realobad aqcevdnen, rogorc, magaliTad, espanuri mod­
elis SemTxvevaSi, roca yvelaferi xalxma gadawyvita, da
ara politikurma partiebma da organizaciebma. is „gener­
aluri asamblea“, romelsac Tqven eswrebodiT, moawyo da­
moukidebelma jgufma. es is jgufia, romelic No Cuts NYC
and Bloombergville-is („araviTari Semcirebebi niu-iorksa da
blumbergvilSi!“- saxelmwifo dafinansebis Semcirebis gasa­
protesteblad mowyobili banaki, romelmac daaxloebiT or
kviras iarseba) ukan idga. Cemi sakontaqto piri iyo „dag sing­
seni“ am jgufidan. araferi vici arc dagis da arc imis Ses­
axeb, Tu ratom miisakuTra „asamblea“ „mSromelTa msoflio
partiam“; arc is vici, Tavidanve ase iyo dagegmili Tu ara...
mika

Adbusters-is xalxma mxolod idea Semoagdo. maT es ad­

rec bevrjer gaukeTebiaT da amisgan araferi gamosula;
magram axla uamravma sxvadasxva saxis jgufma, romlebsac
erTmaneTTan aSkarad araferi akavSirebdaT, etyoba, ideis
miTviseba scada. sinamdvileSi ki Cven mogviwia yvelafris
organizeba. meore dRisTvis Cveni patara jgufis meilebis
eleqtronuli sia mzad iyo da yvelam, vinc Tavdapirvel
Sekrebas eswreboda, daiwyo fiqri imaze, Tu vin viyaviT, ra
gvewodebina Cveni TavisTvis da ris gakeTebas vcdilobdiT
sinamdvileSi. yvelaferi isev erTi konkretuli moTxovnis
61
Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT daiwyo. Tavidan arsebobda ramden­
ime idea _ valebis anulireba, nebarTvis wesebis gauqmeba
da Sekrebis Tavisuflebis legalizeba, iuridiuli piris
statusis gauqmeba _ magram sabolood met prestom, ro­
melic, krisTan erTad, erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc boul­
ing grinze SemogvierTda, praqtikulad, mTel am kamaTs
bolo mouRo. man yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom arsebobs
ori saxis moTxovnebi: pirveli _ esaa realuri moTxovne­
bi, romelTa dakmayofilebac SesaZlebelia, rogoric iyo,
magaliTad, Adbusters-is mier glas-stigalis kanonis aRd­
genis sakiTxis Semswavleli komitetis Seqmnis moTxovna,
romelic am sainiciativo jgufis pirveli sajaro mowode­
bebis dros gaJRerda. SesaZloa, SesaniSnavi idea iyo, ma­
gram Rirda ki Zaladobisa da dapatimrebis riskis winaSe
dadgoma mxolod imisTvis, rom viRacas komiteti Seeqmna?
komitetebs politikosebi swored maSin qmnian, rodesac,
Cveulebriv, qmediTi zomebis miRebas ar apireben. arsebobs
aseve moTxovnebi, romlebsac ayeneb, magram kargad ici,
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelTa absoluturi umravle­
soba SesaZloa, maT iwonebdes, isini arsebuli politikuri
sistemis pirobebSi mainc arasodes Sesruldeba. aseTia,
magaliTad, korporaciuli lobirebis gauqmeba. magram iyo
ki Cveni amocana axali politikuri sistemis xedvis Semota­
na? Tu gvindoda raRac sxva, kerZod, Segveqmna gza, romlis
daxmarebiTac amas nebismieri SeZlebda? yovel SemTxvevaSi,
ras warmovadgendiT Cven saimisod, rom xelisuflebisTvis
axali politikuri sistemis idea SegveTavazebina? jerje­
robiT _ mxolod patara jgufs, romelic Sekrebaze movi­
da. Tuki Cven, yvelani, davinteresdiT „generaluri asam­
bleebis“ mowyobis ideiT, es mxolod imitom, rom maT gan­
vixilavdiT, rogorc forums amerikelTa im absoluturi
umravlesobisaTvis, romelic mowyvetili iyo politikur
debatebs da, Sesabamisad, sakuTari ideebisa da xedvis gan­
viTarebis saSualeba ar hqonda.
amiT sakiTxi TiTqmis yvela CvenganisaTvis gadawyveti­
li iyo. magram axla kidev erTi problemis winaSe davdeqiT:
62
konkretulad rogor, ra saxiT gamogvexata amerikelTa is
absoluturi umravlesoba, romelic mowyvetili iyo poli­
tikur debatebs? vis movuwodebdiT CvenTan SemoerTebi­
saken? daCagrulT? gariyulT? xalxs? yvela Zveli fraza
gacveTili da uadgilo gveCveneboda. rogor mogveqcia es
yvelaferi erTian CarCoSi ise, rom TavisTavad cxadi yo­
filiyo, ratom miviCnevdiT xmis uflebis moTxovnis up­
irveles gzad uolstritis dakavebas.
im zafxuls valis Taobaze interviuebs Zalian xSirad
viZleodi, radgan axaldawerili mqonda wigni valis Sesaxeb
da drodadro miwevda urTierToba CNN-Tan, TheWall Street
Journal-Tan da New York Daily News-Tanac ki (rac, ZiriTa­
dad, gamoixateboda imaSi, rom vmonawileobdi polemikaSi
maT blogebze _ satelevizio Souebsa da beWdur gamoce­
mebs iSviaTad vwyalob). ase rom, vcdilobdi, Tvalyuri
medevnebina debatebisTvis aSS-is ekonomikis Sesaxeb; yovel
SemTxvevaSi, maisidan mainc, rodesac ekonomistma jozef
stiglicma Vanity Fair-Si gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT „1%-
is Sesaxeb, 1%-is mier da 1%-isaTvis“. gazeTebsa da eko­
nomikur blogebSi didi gamoxmaureba mohyva stiglicis
mier xazgasmul faqts, rom mosaxleobis 1-2%-ma miitaca
erovnuli dovlaTis sul ufro mzardi wili, maSin, roca
danarCenis Semosavali an stagnacias ganicdida, an, real­
uri gamoTvliT, dRiTidRe mcirdeboda.
stiglicis argumentebSi CemTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
iyo kavSiri simdidresa da Zalauflebas Soris: am 1%-s
swored is adamianebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic qmnidnen
wesebs politikuri sistemis asamoqmedeblad. amgvarma we­
sebma es sistema legalizebul meqrTameobaze dafuZnebul
movlenad aqcia.
simdidre warmoSobs Zalauflebas, romelic warmoSobs
kidev ufro met simdidres. anabrebisa da sesxebis skanda­
lis dros, 1980-ian wlebSi (skandalisa, romlis masStabe­
bic dRevandeli standartebiT ukve Rimils iwvevs), bankir
Carlz kitings kongresis komitetma dausva SekiTxva, re­
alurad, sakmarisi iyo Tu ara „gavlenis“ sayidlad is 1,5
63
milioni, romelic man mniSvnelovan arCeviT Tanamdebobe­
bze myof ramdenime oficialur pirs gaunawila. „vimedovn­
eb, rom sakmarisi iyo“, upasuxa man. dResdReobiT piradi da
politikuri SesaniSnav aliansSia. TiTqmis yvela amerikeli
senatori da palatis warmomadgeneli swored am mmarTveli
1%-is wevri xdeba, rodesac xelisuflebaSi modis. isini
Tanamdebobas swored 1%-is fuliT inarCuneben da kargad
ician, rom Tuki am 1%-s moemsaxurebian, maT isev es 1% daa­
jildoebs, roca isini am Tanamdebobebs datoveben.
swored es 1% flobda fasiani qaRaldebisa da sxva fi­
nansuri instrumentebis absolutur umravlesobas da kam­
paniebis dafinansebis udidesi wilic swored am 1%-dan
modioda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 1% warmoadgenda
mosaxleobis zustad im nawils, romelsac SeeZlo, Ta­
visi simdidre politikur Zalauflebad eqcia, Semdeg ki
politikuri Zalaufleba kidev ufro meti simdidris dag­
rovebisaTvis gamoeyenebina. uceb gamielva: Tuki, yovelive
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, 1% iyo, faqtobrivad, is, ra­
sac Cven „uolstritad“ movixseniebdiT, Cveni problemis
gadaWris gzac gamoikveTa _ vin iyvnen is adamianebi, rom­
lebsac xmebi waarTves da politikur sistemas CamoaSores?
ratom movuwodebdiT maT, mosuliyvnen maincdamainc man­
hetenis finansur raionSi da ara, magaliTad, vaSingtonSi,
kolumbiis olqSi? Tuki uolstriti im 1%-s warmoadgens,
maSin danarCeni vyofilvarT Cven.

visgan: devid greberi<david@anarchisms.org>

Tema: Re:[17 seqtembris ganxilva] Re:[17 seqtemberi]
Re: „okupantTa“ erTi konkretuli moTxovna?
TariRi: 4 agvisto 2011 4:25:38PM CDT
vis: september17@googlegroups.com

ras ityviT saxelwodebaze „99%-is moZraoba“?

orive partia qveyanas marTavs amerikelTa im 1%-is
saxeliT, romelmac ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegebis umete­
64
si nawili miiRo; mxolod am adamianebma SeZles, 2008 wlis
ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg sakuTari qoneba srulad ae­
nazRaurebinaT; isini akontroleben politikur sistemas;
isini akontroleben mTeli qveynis finansebs.
amrigad, Tu orive partia 1%-s warmoadgens, maSin Cven
warmovadgenT danarCen 99%-s, romlis arsebobac, saqmis
arsis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, am balansis Sedgenisas ar
gauTvaliswinebiaT.
devidi

meore dRes, paraskevs, 5 agvistos, Cven propagan­

dis jgufs SevxvdiT qalaqis centrSi, mweralTa gildiis
ofisTan, sadac Cemi Zveli megobari, jastin molino muS­
aobs. 99%-is idea TiTqos yvelas moswonda. Tumca arsebob­
da ramdenime mosazrebac, romelTa Tanaxmadac, sifrTxile
gvmarTebda: Sexvedraze aRiniSna, rom viRacam ukve scada,
Caetarebina kampania msgavsi saxelwodebiT _ „danarCeni
98%“. rasakvirvelia, Cveni idea sruliad originaluri ar
iyo. vinmes, ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, ukve efiqra daaxloe­
biT am kuTxiT da daaxloebiT amave periodSi. magram, ro­
gorc gairkva, Cven erTaderTni viyaviT, vinc moaxerxa, am
yvelafrisTvis saTanado dros da saTanado adgilas mo­
eyara Tavi. cota xanSi jorjia, luisTan da begoniasTan,
or espanel indignadosTan erTad, Cvens pirvel flaers
amzadebda, romelic reklamas uwevda samSabaTis „gener­
alur asambleas“. am Sexvedras ukve g.a.-d movixseniebdiT.*

* cnobisTvis (istoriaSi rom darCes): raki sloganis „Cven 99% varT!“ warmoSobis
sakiTxma didi kamaTi gamoiwvia, swori iqneba, Tu vityvi, rom es ufro koleq­
tiuri Semoqmedebis nayofi gaxldaT. Cemgan wamovida „99%“, begoniam da luisma
daamates „Cven“, bolo sityva ki iyo zmna „varT“, romelic Food Not Bombs-idan
mosul kriss ekuTvnoda _ man erTi Tvis Semdeg Seqmna gverdi Tumblr-ze, saxel­
wodebiT „Cven 99% varT!“

65
 Sekrebebi

Semdeg g.a.-ze marisa movida. swored aq gagviCnda

treiningis samuSao jgufis Camoyalibebis idea. Cveni
jgufi, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda aqtivistebisagan Sedge­
boda, romlebmac pirveli gakveTili blumbergvilSi
gaiares. isini aRfrTovanebuli iyvnen konsensusis miR­
wevisa da uSualo moqmedebis ideiT, magram rogorc er­
Tis, ise meoris gamocdileba maTgan Zalian cotas Tu
hqonda. procesi Tavdapirvelad sruliad qaosuri iyo
_ Zalian bevr monawiles isic ki ar esmoda, rom bloki
(es aris igive veto, romelsac, Cveulebriv, mxolod uki­
dures SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven) sruliad gansxvavebulia
„winaaRmdeg“ xmis micemisagan da TviT fasilitatorebic
ki, romlebsac, wesiT, Sekrebis warmarTva evalebodaT,
xSirad SemoTavazebuli winadadebis ganxilvas iwyebdnen
ara imis gamokiTxviT, hqonda Tu ara vinmes SekiTxvebi
an SeniSvnebi romelime sakiTxis dasazusteblad, aramed,
ubralod, ambobdnen: „mokled, aseTi winadadeba gvaqvs.
vinme xom ar apirebs mis dablokvas?“ rom araferi vTq­
vaT imaze, rogor gvWirdeboda demokratiuli proce­
sebis Sesaxeb treiningis Catareba, quCaSi moqmedebis
ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis deficitic gvawuxebda: aucile­
beli iyo treiningis Catareba iuridiul Temebze _ sxva
Tu araferi, ase yvelas ecodineboda, rogor emoqmeda im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime Cvengans daapatimrebdnen (da
zogierT Cvengans aucileblad daapatimrebdnen kidec,
miuxedavad imisa, CavidendiT raime arakanoniers Tu
ara). amas garda, gvWirdeboda kidev erTi treiningi sa­
medicino sakiTxebze, raTa warmodgena gvqonoda, rogor
movqceuliyaviT, Tuki Cven gverdiT vinme daSavdeboda.
aseve aucileblobas warmoadgenda treiningi samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb, rom gveswavlebina, rodis da
rogor CaeWidaT xelebi jaWvis Sesakvrelad, rodis daZ­
ruliyvnen nela, damorCilebodnen Tu ar damorCilebod­

66
nen brZanebebs. momdevno ramdenime kviris umetesi nawili
Cemi Zveli megobrebis Zebnas movandome, romlebsac Direct
Action Network-idan (uSualo moqmedebis qselidan) vicnob­
di. zogierTi maTgani imaleboda, zogierTi CamoSorda
am saqmes, zogierTi gadaiRala da Tavi daaneba, zogma
samsaxuri ipova, an sulac fermaSi gadavida sacxovre­
blad da organul meurneobas uZRveboda; varwmunebdi
maT, rom es ar iqneboda kidev erTi warumateblobisTvis
ganwiruli wamowyeba; rom amjerad yvelaferi realuri
iyo; vTxovdi, Cvens kampanias SemoerTebodnen da saku­
Tari codna, gamocdileba axalbedebisTvis gaeziarebi­
naT. yovelive aman sakmaod didi dro wamarTva, magram
TandaTanobiT bevrma maTganma dabruneba gadawyvita.
im pirvel g.a.-ze, romelic irlandiis SimSilobis me­
morialTan Catarda, gadawyda, rom Semdegi Sekrebebi
gaimarTeboda tompkinsis moednis parkSi, ist-vilijSi. is
uolstritis mimdebare, SedarebiT dausaxlebel terito­
riaze ki ar mdebareobs, aramed „namdvili“, „dasaxlebuli“
niu-iorkis SuagulSi. es is adgili iyo, saidanac, Cveni
rwmeniT, adgilobrivi Sekrebebis tradicia TandaTanobiT
sxva adgilebSic gavrceldeboda. me da marisam Tanxmoba
ganvacxadeT, 13 agvistosTvis dagegmili pirveli aseTi
Sexvedris fasilitatorebi vyofiliyaviT, radgan mari­
sas konsensusis procesis warmarTvis sakmaod didi ga­
mocdileba hqonda. am mxriv is imdenad Zlieri iyo (yvela
danarCens Tavdapirvelad sakuTari Tavis rwmena aklda),
momdevno oTxi aseTi Sexvedris fasilitaciis proces­
Si monawileobis miReba mouwia. is Camoyalibda qalad,
romelmac Tavi mouyara yvelafers: TiTqmis yvela samuS­
ao Sekrebas eswreboda, uwevda koordinacias, saxavda geg­
mebs. Zalian gamikvirdeboda, mis gareSe, saerTod, rame
rom momxdariyo.

momdevno ramdenime kviris manZilze TandaTanobiT

gegmac gamoikveTa. gadavwyviteT, rom gvindoda, gvqono­
da daaxloebiT iseTi Sedegi, rogorsac miaRwies aTenSi,
67
barselonasa da madridSi, sadac aTasobiT Cveulebriv moqa­
laqes, romelTa umetesobisaTvis nebismieri saxis politi­
kuri mobilizeba sruliad axali ram iyo, surda, maT qveya­
naSi arsebuli mTeli klasis mimarT protestis niSnad Ria
sivrce daekavebina. Cveni ideac aseTi iyo _ msgavsi sajaro
sivrcis „okupireba“ niu-iorkis „generaluri asambleis“
Seqmnis mizniT, romelic, Tavisi evropeli biZaSvilebis
msgavsad, SeZlebda, WeSmariti uSualo demokratiis mod­
eli gamxdariyo da dapirispireboda im gaxrwnil farss,
romelic amerikis mTavrobam „demokratiad“ warmogvidgi­
na. uolstritis aqcia unda yofiliyo gardamavali etapi
amgvari asambleebis mTeli qselis Seqmnis gzaze.
ase gamoiyureboda Cveni gegmebi, magram SeuZlebeli iyo
imis winaswar gansazRvra, Tu ra moxdeboda 17-Si. Adbusters
gvimtkicebda, rom mis vebgverdze Cven 900000 momxre (e.w.
follower. red.) gvyavda. maT kidev 20000 adamians mouwodes,
quCaSi gamosuliyvnen. es, rasakvirvelia, ar moxdeboda, ma­
gram mainc ramdeni adamiani movidoda sinamdvileSi? ufro
metic, ra unda gveTqva maTTvis, rodesac Seikribebodnen?
yvelam kargad vicodiT, ris winaSec videqiT. niu-iorkis
policiis departamentSi TanamSromelTa raodenoba 40000-
s aRwevda. meri blumbergi xSirad acxadebs, qalaqi niu-
iorki rom damoukidebeli qveyana iyos, misi policia, mrav­
alricxovnebis mxriv, msoflioSi meSvide armia iqnebodao*.
Tavis mxriv, uolstriti albaT policiis mier yvelaze
ufro daculi erTaderTi sajaro sivrce iyo mTel plan­
etaze. saerTod, SevZlebdiT ki safondo birJasTan raime
saxis aqciis gamarTvas? ra Tqma unda, misi mTlianad gada­
ketva, Tundac mxolod cota xniT, arc ki ganixileboda.
albaT nebismier situaciaSi, gansakuTrebiT _ 9/11-is Sem­
deg SemoRebuli axali usafrTxoebis zomebis pirobebSi,
miT umetes, mxolod eqvsi kviris vadaSi, yovelive amis
momzadeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

* Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es ase ar aris. am raodenobiT is, savaraudod, 37-e
adgils Tu daikavebda: niu-iorki albaT tunisis win iqneboda da portugaliis
Semdeg.

68
 samuSao jgufebis Sexvedrebze da meilebis saSuale­
biT giJur ideebs gvawvdidnen. savaraudod, policielebi
ricxobrivad Zalian didi gansxvavebiT dagvjabnidnen. iqn­
eb rogorme mogvexerxebina, rom iq uzarmazari raodeno­
bis policielTa yofna maTive sawinaaRmdegod gamogveyene­
bina da isini sasacilo mdgomareobaSi Cagveyenebina? erTi
idea aseTi iyo: unda gamogvecxadebina „kokainis blokada“:
Segvekra cocxali jaWvi safondo birJis mimdebare ter­
itoriis irgvliv da gamogvecxadebina, rom uolstritze
kokainis arc erT momxmarebels ar SevuSvebdiT, Tuki Cvens
moTxovnebs ar daakmayofilebdnen („sami dRis mere ki _ arc
erT alkoholiks!“). meore, ufro praqtikuli idea SemdegSi
mdgomareobda: unda Seqmniliyo samuSao jgufi, romelic
koordinacias gauwevda moednebis „okupaciis“ monawilee­
bTan urTierTobas safrangeTSi, saberZneTSi, germaniasa
da axlo aRmosavleTSi; unda damyarebuliyo erTgvari in­
ternetkavSiri. Semdeg ki rogorme reportaJi proeqtoris
saSualebiT asaxuliyo safondo birJis kedelze, ris sa­
SualebiTac gamomsvlelebs yoveli aseTi „okupirebuli“
adgilidan SeeZlebodaT, pirdapir gamoeTqvaT TavianTi
mosazrebebi uolstritis saqmosnebis Sesaxeb. Tuki raRac
amis msgavss movaxerxebdiT, Cveni azriT, es did daxmare­
bas gagviwevda grZelvadiani moZraobis CamoyalibebaSi: es
iqneboda konkretuli miRweva pirvelive dRes da aqcevda
aqcias mcire masStabis, magram mainc erTgvar istoriul
movlenad, Tundac „meore dRe“ saerTod aRar yofiliyo.
amgvari mcire gamarjvebebi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa;
ginda, roca yvelafers morCebi, yovelTvis SegeZlos, Tqva,
rom gaakeTe raRac iseTi, rac manamde aravis gaukeTebia.
magram imdenad SezRuduli viyaviT finansuradac da dro­
Sic, rom amis miRweva SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.*

* mogvianebiT sxvadasxva „okupaciis“ organizatorebma moaxerxes Senobebis

kedlebze masStaburi gamosaxulebis proeqtirebisTvis saWiro teqnikuri saSu­
alebebis SeZena, magram niu-iorkis policiis departamentma miiCnia, rom nebar­
Tvis gareSe amgvari qmedeba sakuTrebis xelyofas warmoadgenda da amis gakeT­
eba akrZala.

69
 gulwrfelad rom vTqva, bevri CvenganisTvis, veter­
anebisTvis, yvelaze didi sazrunavi am cxeli kvirebis
ganmavlobaSi iyo imis uzrunvelyofa, rom pirvel, sawyis
RonisZiebas sruli fiasko ar ganecada. gvindoda, darw­
munebuli vyofiliyaviT imaSi, rom yvela is enTuziazmiT
aRsavse axalgazrda, romlebic aseT masStabur aqciaze
pirvelad movidodnen, ar ecemaT, ar daepatimrebinaT da
maTTvis fsiqologiuri travma ar mieyenebinaT; media ki,
Cveulebriv, piriqiT, areulobis molodinSi iyo. aqciis
dawyebamde Sida konfliqtebic unda mogvegvarebina.
niu-iorkis anarqistTa birTvma, romelsac iolad ve­
rafers moawonebdi, uari Tqva moZraobaSi monawileobaze,
faqtobrivad, dagvcina kidec da zurgs ukan „reform­
istebi“ gviwoda. ufro komunikabeluri, a anarqistebi
(anarqizmma uamrav filosofiasa da moZraobas daudo
saTave. maT Sorisaa A da a anarqizmi. A anarqizmi ide-
ologiuri anarqistebis gamomxatveli terminia, xolo a
anarqizmi _ maTi „meTodologiuri“ kolegebisa; im ada-
mianebisa, romlebisTvisac „anarqizmi aris moqmedebis
gza, istoriuli mimarTuleba aralegitimuri mmarTv-
elobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. devid greberi am termi-
nis alternatiul gamoyenebas gvTavazobs, iyenebs ra mas
im jgufebisa da moZraobebis gamosaxatavad, romlebic
moqmedeben decentralizaciis, nebayoflobiTi gaer-
Tianebebis, ormxrivi daxmarebis, qseluri modelis anar-
qistuli principebis mixedviT. mTargm.), rogoric, var,
magaliTad, me, umetes dros imis uzrunvelyofas vando­
mebdiT, rom Cven Soris arsebul vertikalebs araferi
SeeqmnaT iseTi, rac, SesaZloa, formaluri xelmZRvan­
elobis struqtura gamxdariyo; es ki, warsuli gamoc­
dilebidan gamomdinare, damarcxebis garantia iqneboda.
WWP („mSromelTa msoflio partia“) aqciis organizebas
adreve gamoeTiSa, magram ISO-s („saerTaSoriso socialis­
turi organizacia“) ramdenime studenti da maTi mxardam­
Werebi gamudmebiT moiTxovdnen ufro met centralizacias.
erT-erTi yvelaze metad sadavo sakiTxi, sxva uamravTan
70
erTad, iyo policiasTan molaparakebisa da e.w. marSlebis
sakiTxi. vertikalebi, blumbergvilis gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, acxadebdnen, rom praqtikul aucileblobas
warmoadgenda ori an sami kargad momzadebuli (treining­
gavlili) Suamavlis arseboba policielebTan molapara­
kebis gasamarTavad, aseve saWiro iyo marSlebi, rom­
lebic am informacias aqciis monawileebs miawvdidnen.
horizontalebi daJinebiT amtkicebdnen, rom funqciebis
aseTi ganawileba uciloblad gadaizrdeboda liderobis
struqturaSi, brZanebebis gacemaSi. policia yovelT­
vis cdilobs liderTa dadgenas; Tuki maT ver ipovis,
amgvar liderTa struqturas Tavad Seqmnis SuamavlebTan
uSualo molaparakebis gziT da Semdeg Suamavlebs (da
marSlebs) mosTxovs, rom misi neba aRasrulon. es sakiTxi
xmis micemis gziT gadawyda, ufro sworad, winaswari ken­
WisyriT _ rodesac fasilitatori sTxovs sazogadoebas,
TiTis aweviT (roca gadawyvetilebas mxars uWer), Ti­
Tis daweviT (roca gadawyvetilebas ewinaaRmdegebi) an
gverdze gaweviT (roca xmis micemisagan Tavs ikaveb, an ver
xvdebi, rogor moiqce) gamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba, raTa
Seiqmnas zogadi warmodgena imaze, Tu ras fiqrobs xalxi
ama Tu im sakiTxze, anu Rirs Tu ara gadawyvetilebis
miReba. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi dadginda, rom ar Rir­
da. or mesamedze meti mtkiced iyo darwmunebuli, rom
saWiro ar iyo policielebTan urTierTobisTvis da aq­
ciis warmarTvisTvis konkretuli pirebis (Suamavlebi­
sa da marSlebis) gamoyofa. am SemTxvevam kidev erTxel
TvalnaTliv daadastura Cveni erTguli damokidebuleba
horizontalurobis principebisadmi.
dapirispireba mohyva agreTve sxvadasxva radikaluri
jgufis monawileobasac, lindon laruSis (amerikeli eko-
nomisti da politikuri aqtivisti, disidenti, ramdenime
politikuri organizaciis damaarsebeli, romlebic cnobi-
lia laruSis moZraobis saxeliT; rvajer miiRo monawileoba
saprezidento arCevnebSi. daib. 1922 wels. red.) momxreebiT
dawyebuli, erTi qaliT damTavrebuli, romelic warmoad­
71
genda gaurkvevel (da, SesaZloa, sulac ararsebul) jgufs
saxelwodebiT US Day of Rage („amerikis mrisxanebis dRe“).
es qali gamudmebiT blokavda profesiul kavSirebTan kon­
taqtis damyarebis nebismier mcdelobas, radgan miaCnda,
rom disidenturi „Cais smis moZraobis“ wevrebi unda mogve­
zida (Tea Party Movement _ konservatorul-libertarianu-
li politikuri moZraoba aSS-Si, romelic warmoiSva 2009
wels. saxelwodeba modis „bostonis Cais smisgan“ (1773 w.). mas
xandaxan sxvagvaradac Sifraven: Tax Enaugh Already! („gveyo
gadasaxadebi!“) red.). garkveul etapze g.a.-s debatebi imde­
nad daiZaba, rom Jestikulaciuri niSnebis damateba mogvix­
da: Cven viyenebdiT niSans „pirdapiri pasuxisaTvis“, orive
xels viqnevdiT zevidan da qveviT da piriqiT. am dros yve­
la TiTi gaSlili unda yofiliyo. es niSani im SemTxvevaSi
gvWirdeboda, rodesac vinmes Zalian mniSvnelovani infor­
macia hqonda mosawodebeli (magaliTad: „ara, aqcia samSa­
baTs ki ar aris, aramed xuTSabaTs!“). es adamiani sTxov­
da fasilitators, neba mieca, rom sityviT gamomsvlelTa
Soris gza gaekvlia da yvelaferi ganemarta. cota xanSi
kidev erTi signalis gamoyenebac mogvixda, romelic niS­
navda: „jgufma unda icodes, ramdenad miuRebelia CemTvis
aq gamoTqmuli bolo mosazreba“. bolos iqamdec mivediT,
rom es yvelaferi sanaxaobad iqca _ miwaze msxdari zogi­
erTi sqelSubla konservatori saCvenebel TiTs erTmaneTs
dausruleblad uqnevda (TiTqos gacxarebul kamaTSi iyvnen
CarTuli), sanam maT vinme ar gaaCerebda.
iZulebuli gavxdi, SemeTavazebina, saerTod aRar
gamogveyenebina es „uSualo pasuxi“ da is erTi aweuli
TiTiT Segvecvala, romelic niSnavda „informaciis miwode­
bas“ (dabejiTebiT SemiZlia, vTqva, rom es Cemi mogonili ar
aris da albaT sadRac mqonda nanaxi). aman, rac ar unda uc­
nauri iyos, maSinve mouRo bolo kamaTs da Cveni debatebis
xarisxic gaaumjobesa.

72
 is dRe

zustad ar vici, rodis da rogor miiRo taqtikis samuS­

ao jgufma gadawyvetileba, magram Tavidanve miRweul iqna
SeTanxmeba, rom parki unda dagvekavebina. es, realurad,
erTaderTi praqtikuli varianti iyo.
aqac, iseve, rogorc egvipteSi, yvelam kargad vicodiT,
rom, rac ar unda gveTqva, an rac ar unda migvewera
Cvens monacemTa bazaSi arsebul meilebze, policiisaT­
vis yvelaferi cnobili iqneboda. aqciis dRemde ramden­
ime kviriT adre taqtikis jgufma adgilmdebareoba SearCia
_ Ceiz plaza (Chase Plaza), sakmaod didi teritoria Ceiz
manheten bankis (Chase Manhattan Bank) Senobis win, safondo
birJidan ori kvartalis daSorebiT, sadac sivrces pikasos
mSvenieri skulptura avsebs. es adgili, Teoriuli Tval­
sazrisiT, nebismier dros Ria iyo sazogadoebis farTo
masebisaTvis; im masalebSic, romlebsac propagandisaTvis
viyenebdiT, miTiTebuli gvqonda, rom 17 seqtembers iq
„generaluri asamblea“ Catardeboda. jgufis wevrebi darw­
munebuli iyvnen, rom qalaqis mesveurebi am teritorias ga­
daketavdnen. 16 seqtembers mTeli saRamo bruklinSi, samo­
qalaqo daumorCileblobis treiningze gavatare, romelsac
lisa fitiani, „msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis“ kidev
erTi veterani da staJiani organizatori uZRveboda, ro­
melic mSromelTa jgufebisaTvis kidev ufro Semoqmedebi­
Ti taqtikis swavlebaSi daostatebuliyo. SuaRame iqneboda,
roca ramdenime Cvengani _ me, marisa, lisa da maik makguai­
eri, gaCeCili, wveriani veterani anarqisti, romelic bal­
timoridan axali Camosuli iyo _ uolstritze SevCerdiT,
rom iqauroba dagvezvera. ra Tqma unda, aRmovaCineT, rom
plaza SemoeRobaT da is, yovelgvari mizezis miTiTebis
­gareSe, ganusazRvreli vadiT iyo daketili xalxisTvis.
„ara uSavs“, Tqva marisam. „darwmunebuli var, taqtikis
jgufs saTadarigo gegmebis mTeli seria eqneba momzadebu­
li“. man ar icoda, es ra saxis gegmebi iyo (im etapze is mxo­

73
lod treiningis jgufTan da internetSi videoebis pirda­
piri translaciis jgufSi muSaobda), magram Rrmad swamda,
rom aseTi gegmebi marTlac arsebobda. cota xans aqeT-iqiT
vixetialeT, sxvadasxva Ria sivrcis „sicocxlisunariano­
baze“ vimsjeleT da bolos metroTi wavediT Sin.
meore dRis gegmis Tanaxmad, bouling grinSi, xaris mon­
umentTan, daaxloebiT SuadRisTvis unda mogveyara Tavi,
magram oTxi Cvengani erTi-ori saaTiT adre SevikribeT. me
cota xans aqeT-iqiT davxetialebdi, Cemi aifoniT suraTebs
vuRebdi policielebs, romlebic safondo birJasTan bari­
kadebs agebdnen, da am suraTebs Twitter-ze vtvirTavdi. amas
ki yovlad moulodneli Sedegi mohyva. Occupy Wall Street-
is Twitter-is oficialuri gverdidan (romelic, rogorc
gairkva, monrealis patara transgenderuli jgufis mier
iyo Seqmnili da momsaxurebasac is uwevda) swrafad gavr­
celda informacia, rom me adgilze viyavi da, Sesabamisad,
informirebuli gaxldiT, Tu ra xdeboda iq. ramdenime saa­
Tis ganmavlobaSi Cemi gverdiT daaxloebiT 2000 adamiani
(follower. red.) dainteresda. daaxloebiT erTi saaTis Semdeg
SevniSne, rom sakmarisi iyo, Cems gverdze raime axali in­
formacia damedo, aT wuTSi viRac mas barselonaSi espanur
enaze Targmnida da mTel espaneTSi avrcelebda. swored
maSin mivxvdi, ramdenad didi iyo msoflios interesi imis
mimarT, rac im dRes CvenTan xdeboda.
da mainc, yvelaze did gamocanad rCeboda, Tu ramdeni
adamiani movidoda. raki sakmarisi dro ar gvqonda, trans­
portirebis sakiTxi ramenairad mogvegvarebina, amitom Sei­
Zleboda, mxolod gvevarauda; ufro metic, darwmunebuli
viyaviT, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zalian bevri adamiani movi­
doda, Cven sxva gza ar gveqneboda, sadme unda davbanake­
buliyaviT, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara es gegmiT gaT­
valiswinebuli; Cven ki araviTari adgili ar gagvaCnda am
xalxis gansaTavseblad.
Tumca Tavdapirvelad es TiTqos didi problema ar
unda yofiliyo, radgan vfiqrobdiT, rom, samwuxarod, Za­
lian cotani viqnebodiT. Tanac, mosulTagan Zalian bevri
74
aSkarad ucnaurad gamoiyureboda _ maxsovs aTiode TeTr
mantiaSi gamowyobili axalgazrda „protestis kapelani“
(Protest Chaplains), romlebic radikalebis himnebs mRerod­
nen; maTgan aTiode iardis moSorebiT idga gundi, romelic
daaxloebiT imdenive momRerlisagan Sedgeboda. isini lin­
don laruSis mimdevrebi iyvnen, kargad damuSavebul kla­
sikur nawarmoebebs asrulebdnen da „kapelanebs“ konkuren­
cias uwevdnen. usaxlkaro, mawanwala bavSvebis patar-pata­
ra gundebi (SeiZleba isini sulac CamoZonZili aqtivistebi
yofiliyvnen) drodadro gamoCndebodnen da mwyobrad mia­
bijebdnen xaris monumentis irgvliv, policiis mier age­
buli barikadebis garSemo; am xars ki uniformiani pol­
icielebis razmi gulmodgined da gamudmebiT darajobda.
Sevatyve, rom Cveni ricxvi TandaTanobiT gaizarda.
rodesac reverend bilim, radikaluri performansis cno­
bilma ostatma, bouling grin parkis samxreT boloSi mde­
bare amerikeli indielebis muzeumis kibis safexuridan
qadageba daiwyo, Cven, sul mcire, ukve aTasamde adamiani
mainc viqnebodiT. uceb viRacam ruka momaCeCa. masze 15
sxvadasxva nomeri iyo aRniSnuli. TiToeuli maTgani See­
sabameboda parks, romelic iqidan fexiT saval manZilze
mdebareobda. isini, SesaZloa, g.a.-s gasamarTavad gamogvd­
gomoda. daaxloebiT 2:30-ze gavrcelda xma, rom yvelani N5
punqtTan unda mivsuliyaviT.
es iyo zukotis parki.

roca zukotis parkSi mivediT, ukve aSkara iyo, rom im­

deni xalxi gvyavda (sul mcire, 2000 adamiani), ukve aRar
vicodiT, saerTod, rogor SevZlebdiT „generaluri asam­
bleis“ gamarTvas. viRac (rogorc Tqves, is studenturi
organizaciidan iyo, ara niu-iorkeli) parkis garSemo
Carigebuli qvis skamebidan erT-erTze Sedga da gamoacxada,
rom yvelani ocdaaTkacian jgufebad unda davyofiliyaviT
da daaxloebiT erTi saaTi dagveTmo breinstormisTvis _
wamogveyenebina ideebi, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo WeSmar­
itad demokratiuli sazogadoeba, an gvemsjela nebismier
75
sxva Temaze, romelic, monawileebis azriT, sasicocxlo
politikur problemas warmoadgenda. es sakmaod kargi azri
gamodga. cota xanSi mTeli parki patara wreebisagan Semd­
gar labirinTs daemsgavsa, ramac procesis samuSao jgufs
(romelic saCqarod isev Seikriba) saSualeba misca, kidev
erTi gegma daesaxa.
es dRe WeSmaritad saukunis urTierTTanamSromloba
iyo. sabednierod, am droisTvis ukve gvyavda gamocdili
moxaliseebi _ marina sitrini, „uSualo moqmedebis qselis“
kidev erTi aqtivisti, romelsac me Tavidanve mivmarTe, rom
iuridiul sakiTxebze treiningis CatarebaSi dagvxmarebo­
da; marisa, niWieri axalgazrda iuristi amin huseini, meti
da lisa fitiani. Cven swrafad gamovyaviT ori ZiriTadi
fasilitatori, ori saTadarigo (me erT-erTi saTadarigo
fasilitatori viyavi), erTi mdivani, romelic miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs Caiwerda, da erTi adamiani xalxis ganwy­
obis monitoringisaTvis, romelic xalxSi ivlida da daak­
virdeboda, yvelas kargad esmoda Tu ara, xom ar SeimCneo­
da ukmayofilebis, imedgacruebis an mowyenilobis niSnebi,
risTvisac yuradReba unda migveqcia.
gadavwyviteT aseve, giganturi wre Segvekra. erTma
axal­gazrda espanelma qalma, romelic Cvens dasaxmareblad
Camofrinda, agvixsna (mogvianebiT mas jorjiac daeTanxma),
rom es uaRresad suleluri Secdoma iyo. realurad, Seu­
Zlebelia, amdeni xalxis SuagulSi mdgari fasilitator­
ebis xma yvelas Tanabrad swvdebodes, Tundac isini mTeli
xmiT yvirodnen. yvelaze swori iqneboda, naxevarwreebi
Segvekra, Semdeg maT Soris gasasvlelebi gagvekeTebina,
raTa oratorebs SeZlebodaT win gadanacvleba, rom xalxs
maTTvis ukeT moesmina. roca amas mivxvdiT, ukve Zalian
gviani iyo.
amgvarad, mas Semdeg, rac xalxis jgufi isev wred
SevkariT, pirveli ramdenime wuTi imaze fiqrs movandomeT,
rogor migvewvdina xma yvelasaTvis erTsa da imave dros.
ramdenime sxvadasxva saxis megafoni SevagroveT, maTgan sami
erTad SevkariT da saxeldaxelod SevakowiweT ucnauri
76
mowyobiloba, romelic sam mxares iyo mimarTuli. mag­ ram
amas mniSvnelovani Sedegi ar mohyolia. sabolood, mive­
diT daskvnamde, rom isev „adamiani-mikrofonis“ meTodis­
Tvis unda migvemarTa. es iyo kidev erTi xerxi, romelsac
bevri Cvengani kargad icnobda „msoflio samarTlianobis
moZraobis“ dReebidan.
zustad aravin icoda, rogor warmoiSva Tavdapirve­
lad „adamiani-mikrofonis“ idea. es sakmaod nacnobi xerxi
iyo kalifornieli aqtivistebis umravlesobisaTvis jer
kidev 1999 wlis noemberSi sietlSi msoflio savaWro or­
ganizaciis (WTO) samitis CasaSlelad gamarTuli aqciebis
drosac. garkveulwilad, gasakviria, rom iqamde is ara­
vis gamouyenebia _ es xom SesaniSnavi gamosavalia im say­
ovelTaod gavrcelebuli problemis SemTxvevaSi, romlis
winaSec adamianTa didi Tavyrilobebi albaT aTaswlobiT
idgnen. SeiZleba mas kacobriobis istoriis ufro adreul
periodSi iyenebdnen, magram amis Sesaxeb arasdros araferi
Tqmula, radgan maTi gamoyenebis aucilebloba TavisTavad
cxadi iyo. es xerxi sakmaod martivia. erTi adamiani lapara­
kobs xmamaRla da daaxloebiT yoveli aTi an oci sityvis
Semdeg akeTebs pauzas. rodesac is Cerdeba, yvela, vinc sme­
nadobis arealSi imyofeba, imeorebs mis naTqvams, romelic
orjer ufro Sors vrceldeba, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi. es
aramarto praqtikulia, aramed, Cveni dakvirvebiT, sakmaod
saintereso da safuZvliani demokratiuli Sedegic aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, gamoricxavs fuWsityvaobas _ yvela kargad
xvdeba, rom usargeblo Temebze ar unda SeCerdes, roca
aTasobiT adamiani elodeba, misi naTqvami sityvasityviT
rom gaimeoros; da meore: raki nebismiers SeuZlia, ilapara­
kos, rac yvelam unda gaimeoros, es aiZulebs monawileebs,
yuradRebiT mousminon danarCenebs.
Tumca im momentisTvis Cven aseT filosofiur qvete­
qstebs imdenad ar CavRrmavebivarT, ramdenadac gadaudebel
praqtikul sakiTxebs. sul mcire, aTasi policieliT garSe­
mortymul parkSi ori aTasi adamiani viyaviT Sekrebili.
skautebma daadastures, rom cxenebi, skuterebi, dapatim­
77
rebulebis gadasayvani manqanebi (dedanSi weria ­paddy wagons,
rac rusuli черный ворон-is Sesatyvisia. red.) da sazogado­
ebrivi areulobebis winaaRmdeg sabrZol­veli aRWurvi­loba
xalxis dasanaxad iyo Tavmoyrili axlo­ mdebare terito­
riaze. TeTrperangiani policielebi (anu maRalCinosnebi)
yvelas, vinc ki, maTi azriT, garegnu­ lad liders hgavda,
ekiTxebodnen, Tu ra gegmebi gvqonda. sakma­od gagvimarTla
im TvalsazrisiT, rom maSinac ki, Tuki vinme daa­ pirebda,
Suamavlis roli eTamaSa, mainc ver moaxer­ xebda, Cveni
gegme­bis Sesaxeb rame eTqva.
Sekreba sakmaod gvianamde gagrZelda. saWirod ar mi­
viCnieT, gamogvecxadebina, rom „asambleis“ Semdeg raime
konkretuli samoqmedo gegma gvqonda _ nawilobriv imitom,
rom ar gvindoda, gadawyvetileba sxvebis magivrad migve­
Ro, da nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom gvsurda, davrwmuneb­
uliyaviT SemdegSi: „generaluri asambleis“ upirvelesi
mizani imis gadawyveta iqneboda, Tu risi gakeTeba gvindoda
yvelas momavalSi (es vamjobineT abstraqtuli Teoriuli
argumentebis moyvanas). aman xeli Seuwyo azrTa gacvla-
gamocvlis procesis gagrZelebas. uamravi gegma wamoayenes
da ganixiles; maTi umetesoba uaryves. policia gamudme­
biT avrcelebda xmebs imis Taobaze, rom igegmeboda Cveni
daSla _ jer iTqva, rom parks saRamos 10 saaTisTvis gaw­
menddnen, Semdeg _ 10:30-isTvis, bolos ki 11 saaTi dasax­
elda. xalxi ki dabejiTebiT ugulebelyofda am infor­
macias, an ambobda, rom Sexvedras jer kidev agrZelebda.
cota xanSi ori mosazreba gamoikveTa _ erTi, SedarebiT
didi jgufi emxroboda parkis dakavebas da operaciebis
mudmiv samoqmedo bazad mis gamoyenebas, rogorc egvipteSi
tahriris moednis, aTenSi sintagmas moednis, an barselona­
Si placa de katalunias SemTxvevaSi. meore, ufro momcro,
magram aranakleb kategoriuli jgufi ki miiCnevda, rom
mwyobri nabijiT unda wavsuliyaviT pirdapir uolstri­
tisaken da, Tu SevZlebdiT, safondo birJis mopirdapire
teritoria dagvekavebina. zogierTebi amtkicebdnen, rom
Cveni iq dabanakeba, praqtikulad, ukanonoc ar iqneboda.
78
blumbergvilis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, kanoniT dasaSvebi
iyo trotuarze daZineba, rogorc politikuri protestis
gamoxatvis forma, im pirobiT, Tuki datovebuli iqneboda
gasasvleli fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis. erTi-orma uSiSarma
adamianma ramdenime kviriT adre scada, niadagi moesinja
kidec da safondo birJis win saZile tomrebi miitana. isini
maSinve daapatimres, magram mas Semdeg, rac maT daJinebiT
moiTxoves sasamarTlos winaSe wardgoma, mosamarTlem
gamoitana ganaCeni, rom am adamianebis qmedeba kanonieri
iyo, maTi dapatimreba ki _ ara. zogierTebi amtkicebdnen,
rom aseTi precedentis arsebobis pirobebSi policia veRar
gabedavda Cvens dapatimrebas iseTive qmedebis gamo da imave
adgilas. danarCenebi ki miuTiTebdnen, rom, Tuki qalaqi mx­
olod amgvari aqciebis dros policielTaTvis damatebiTi
drois anazRaurebis dafinansebisaTvis daaxloebiT milion
dolars ixdida, kidev oci an ocdaaTi aTasis gadaxdazec
ar ityoda uars, raTa ukanono dapatimrebis saqmeebi ganxi­
luliyo. udavod, yvela SemTxvevaSi dagvapatimrebdnen.
roca jgufi erTsulovania, gadawyvetilebas xmis mi­
cemiT ki ar iRebs, aramed muSaobs SeTanxmebis miRwevaze,
an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi _ yvelasaTvis misaReb SemoqmedebiT
sinTezze. aqac ase iyo. gadamwyveti momenti dadga maSin,
rodesac maikma, veteranma anarqistma baltimoridan, Sem­
degi winadadeba wamoayena:
„rogorc vxedav, ori ZiriTadi pozicia arsebobs“, Tqva
man.
„rogorc vxedav, ori ZiriTadi pozicia arsebobs“,
gaimeora xalxma.
„an unda davrCeT parkSi, an uolstritisaken unda
­daviZraT“.
„an unda davrCeT parkSi, an uolstritisaken unda
­daviZraT“.
„Cven ar viciT, mogvcemen Tu ara iq RamiT darCenis
­saSualebas“.
„Cven ar viciT, mogvcemen Tu ara iq RamiT darCenis
­saSualebas“.
79
 „aSkaraa, rom, rac policias yvelaze naklebad surs, es
aris Cveni wasvla uolstritisaken“.
„aSkaraa, rom, rac policias yvelaze naklebad surs, es
aris Cveni wasvla uolstritisaken“.
„ase rom, me gTavazobT Semdegs“...
„ase rom, me gTavazobT Semdegs“...
„Cven gavavrcelebT xmas, rom vapirebT moednis
­dakavebas“...
„Cven gavavrcelebT xmas, rom vapirebT moednis
­dakavebas“...
„da Tu policia Seecdeba Cvens gayvanas, maSinve
gavemarTebiT uolstritisaken“.
„da Tu policia Seecdeba Cvens gayvanas, maSinve
gavemarTebiT uolstritisaken“.
daaxloebiT naxevarsaaTiani gacxarebuli diskusiis,
ganmartebebisa da winadadebebis wamoyenebis Semdeg movu­
wodeT xalxs, maikis SemoTavazeba migveRo. iq Sekrebilebma
gadawyvites, swored ase moqceuliyvnen.

movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTareba (sul raRac ramdenime

kviris ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda moZraoba, romelic gavr­
celda rvaas qalaqSi da gamoiwvia radikaluri opozici­
uri jgufebis mier organizebuli mxardamWeri aqciebi
iseT Soreul adgilebSic ki, rogoric CineTia) yvelaze me­
tad im axalgazrdebis damsaxurebaa, romlebmac simtkice
gamoiCines da uari ganacxades iqidan wasvlaze, miuxeda­
vad policiis mier gatarebuli dausrulebeli represiuli
RonisZiebebisa (romlebic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aSkarad
ukanono iyo). isini emsaxureboda parkSi gausaZlisi piro­
bebis Seqmnas, rac misi binadrebis demoralizebas gamoi­
wvevda da aiZulebda maT, uari eTqvaT TavianT proeqtze
_ magaliTad, aqtivistebs Tavsxma wvimebis dros neba ar
misces, kompiuterebze brezenti gadaefarebinaT. bolos ki
xelketebisa da wiwakis aerozolis gamoyenebiT teroris­
tuli aqtebi ganaxorcieles. magram Seupovari aqtiviste­
bi manamdec gmirulad uZlebdnen aseT pirobebs, 1990-ian
80
wlebSi tyeebis dasacavad mowyobili banakebidan moyole­
buli, arcTu ise didi xnis winandel blumbergvilis CaT­
vliT, magram msoflio, ubralod, yuradRebas ar aqcevda
maT.
ar SemeZlo, sakuTari TavisTvisac ar damesva SekiTxva,
romelic Cems egviptel megobar dinas awuxebda mubaraqis
mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg:
ra Seicvala amjerad? bolos da bolos, axla swori
gziT wavediT?

meore

ratom gaamarTla Cvenma Zalisxmevam?

arc erTi Cvengani mzad ar iyo imisTvis, rac mere mox­

da. sakmaod gvakvirvebda is faqtic, rom policiam maSinve
ar ayara „okupantebi“. Cven velodiT, rom SemuSavebuli
iqneboda Semdegi gegma: asobiT specdaniSnulebis razmis
policiels, romlebsac zurgs umagrebdnen cxenosnebi da
vertmfrenebi, imave saRamos mogvisevdnen. aseTi iyo xel­
wera niu-iorkis policiis departamentisa, romlis Cveu­
li strategiaa protestis monawileTa darbeva mraval­
ricxovani Zalis gamoyenebiT. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki
viRacam gadawyvetileba miiRo, Tavi SeekavebinaT.
amas, erTi mxriv, mivawerdiT im garemoebas, rom situa­
cia, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bundovani iyo: maSin, roca
sazogadoebrivi parkebi Ramis 12 saaTze iketeba, zuko­
tis parki kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis erTgvar hibrids
warmoadgenda, romlis mflobelic sainvesticio kompania
Brookfield Office Properties gaxlavT. amgvari „kerZo mflobe­
lobaSi myofi sazogadoebrivi qoneba“ sazogadoebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomia ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca, Cve­
ni gamocdilebiT, amgvari kanonis arsebobas xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi did mniSvnelobas ar mianiWebdnen, Tuki
81
Cvens daSlas mainc gadawyvetdnen; es kanoni erTgvari leR­
vis foTlis rols mainc asrulebda. magram raSi sWirdebo­
daT Tundac es leRvis foToli?
amis nacvlad, policiis strategia, upirveles yovlisa,
gamudmebuli wvrilmani Seuracxyofa da Seviwroeba iyo, raTa
CvenTvis cudi pirobebi SeeqmnaT, rac, maTi azriT, bolos da
bolos, wasvlas gvaiZulebda. „araviTari karvebi!“ gadaizarda
akrZalvaSi „araviTari brezentebi!“, gaTiSes eleqtroener­
gia, wagvarTves generatorebi; nebismieri saxis teritoriuli
gafarToeba ukanonod iqna miCneuli. Cven irgvliv pnevmatu­
ri CaquCis gamoyenebiT idumalebiT moculi konstruqciebis
ageba daiwyes. parkSi daZinebis gamo aravin daupatimre­
biaT, magram protestis monawileebs agrZnobines, rom maTi
daWera, SeiZleba iTqvas, nebismieri sxva mizeziT SeiZleboda:
pirvelive dRes, rodesac aqciis monawileTa mcire jgufma
demonstracia gamarTa axlomdebare amerikis bankis filial­
Tan da iq sloganebs skandirebda, ori monawile imis gamo
daapatimres, rom maT yelze bendenebi ekeTaT _ es gaakeTes
SeniRbvis Sesaxeb XVIII saukunis droindeli sakmaod bundovani
kanonis safuZvelze, romelic koloniur niu-iorkSi miiRes
irlandieli Saragzis yaCaRebis winaaRmdeg. is faqti, rom arc
erT maTgans bendena ar ekeTa, rogorc niRabi, da dapatim­
rebac aSkarad ukanono iyo, rasakvirvelia, aravis aintere­
sebda. yvelaferi imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu, saerTo jamSi,
sakiTxs romeli mxridan SexedavdiT. meore dRes policiam
ufro metad aswia fsonebi _ man kidev ori monawile imis gamo
daakava, rom isini trotuarze carciT werdnen sloganebs.
rodesac iq myofebma policiels miuTiTes, rom niu-iorkSi
trotuarebze carciT wera ukanonod ar iTvleba, misi pasuxi
aseTi iyo: „ho, vici“.
parki dRisiT kvlavac aTasobiT adamians maspinZlobda,
RamiT ki iq asobiT aqtivisti rCeboda. Camoyalibda erT­
gvari Temi Tavisi biblioTekiT, samzareuloTi, ufaso sa­
medicino klinikiT, pirdapiri translaciis videojgufe­
biT, xelovnebisa da gasarTobi RonisZiebebis momwyobi
komitetebiT, sanitariuli jgufebiT da a.S. cota xanSi
82
32 sxvadasxva saxis samuSao jgufi dakompleqtda, dawye­
buli alternatiuli valutis jgufidan, damTavrebuli es­
panurenovani kokusiT (ingl. caucus _ politikuri partiis
wevrTa kreba, romelzec wamoayeneben kandidatebs momavali
arCevnebisTvis, an SeimuSaveben partiis kurss. red.). „gener­
aluri asambleebi“ yoveldRe, dRis sam saaTze imarTeboda
xolme. aRsaniSnavia, rom analogiuri banakebi TandaTan
mTel amerikaSi warmoiSva. isinic qmnidnen „generalur
asambleebs“ da cdilobdnen, gamoeyenebinaT Jestikulaci­
uri signalebi, aseve uSualo demokratiis sxva samoqmedo
saSualebebi, dafuZnebuli SeTanxmebaze. sul raRac erT-
or kviraSi, sul mcire, asi, xolo erT TveSi, savarau­
dod, eqvsasi aseTi „saokupacio“ banaki Seiqmna: „daikave
portlendi“, „daikave tuskaluza“, „daikave feniqsi“, „dai­
kave cincinati“, „daikave monreali“.*
„okupantebi“ aramarto yovlad mSvidobiani qmedebebiT
gamoirCeodnen, Tavdapirvelad maTi taqtika, Tu Tavad bana­
kis gaSlas ar CavTvliT, umeteswilad, mxolod marSirebiT
Semoifargleboda. Tumca mogvianebiT maT gaafarToes Tavi­
anTi araZaladobrivi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis masS­
tabebi, roca 2 oqtombers bruklinis xidis cnobili bloka­
da moawyves. aq ki ukve saqmeSi Cveuli sisatikiT CaerTo niu-
iorkis policiis departamenti. es gasakviri arc iyo: mSvi­
dobiani protestis monawileebi niu-iorkSi, iseve, rogorc
danarCen amerikaSi, sruliad kanonier, magram nebarTvis ga­
reSe mowyobil RonisZiebebzec ki yovelTvis elian, rom maT
fizikurad gauswordebian _ magaliTad, nebismier adamians,
romelic trotuars miRma aRmoCndeboda, araTu dapatimre­
ba eloda, aramed SeiZleba iqve mdgar manqanaze mTeli ZaliT
mienarcxebinaT, an Tavi betonze ertymevinebinaT. xelketebs
Tavisuflad iyenebdnen demonstrantebis sacemrad, romle­
bic policielebs winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen. es yvelaferi
standartuli reJimia da Cven, saprotesto RonisZiebebis

* danamdvilebiT Znelia, iTqvas, ramdenad zustia cifri 600 _ vfiqrob, es,

formalurad, swori unda iyos, Tumca SedarebiT momcro „okupaciebis“ ricxvi,
savaraudod, mxolod erTi-or adamians moicavda.

83
veteranebi, amaSi gansakuTrebuls verafers vxedavdiT. am
SemTxvevaSi uprecedento iyo is, rom zogierTma wamyvanma
telearxma, Tavdapirvelad kabelurma mediam, magaliTad,
MSNBC-ma (Microsoft and National Broadcasting Company), mere ki
sxva qselurma televiziebmac SeniSnes Cveni aqcia da sain­
formacio gadacemebSi siuJetebic ki miuZRvnes mas. nawilo­
briv, es imis gamo moxda, rom telefoniT gadaRebuli vid­
eokadrebi, romlebic policiis Zaladobas asaxavda, inter­
netSi virusuli gziT gavrcelda; cota xanSi videokadrebma
daafiqsira toni bolonia, policieli, romelmac wiwakis
sprei Seasxura barikadebis ukan moxvedril or axalgazrda
qals, ris Semdegac neli nabijiT, TiTqos seirnobso, iqau­
roba datova. is lamis sayovelTaod cnobili adamiani gaxda.
winaT aseTi virusuli video mTavar sainformacio gamoSve­
baSi verasodes moxvdeboda.
Sedegad, Cveni raodenoba mkveTrad gaizarda. ufro met­
ic, profkavSirebmac dagviWires mxari* da Sexvedrebic ufro
mravalricxovani gaxda _ dRis ganmavlobaSi zukotis parkSi
mitingebsa da demonstraciebze Sekrebil adamianTa ricxvi
ramdenime aTasidan aTobiT aTasze avida. mTel amerikaSi
aTasobiT adamiani fiqrobda imaze, Tu rogor moeZebna gza
Cvens dasaxmareblad; mogvdioda ufaso pica warmoudgen­
lad didi raodenobiT. okupantTa socialuri diapazonic
gafarTovda: xalxis masa, romelsac Tavdapirvelad TiTq­
mis sul TeTrkanianebi Seadgendnen, male ufro mraval­
ferovani gaxda da ukve ramdenime kviraSi Cvens demonstra­
ciebs SemouerTdnen rogorc afro-amerikeli pensionerebi,
ise omis veteranebi laTinuri amerikidan. isini dredebian
TineijerebTan erTad saWmels daatarebdnen. Sedga aseve
satelituri „generaluri asambleac“ espanur enaze. ufro
metic, ubralo niu-iorkelebma, romelTa aTasobiT warmo­

* profkavSirebis mxardaWera mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba yofiliyo gan­

pirobebuli mediis yuradRebiT _ manamde, zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, xangrZlivi
mosamzadebeli periodi Sedga SedarebiT radikalurad ganwyobili profkavS­
irebis aqtivistTa aliansis Sesaqmnelad, magram profkavSirebis liderebma gad­
awyvites, 17 seqtembris RonisZiebaSi monawileoba ar mieRoT.

84
madgeneli sabolood, sul mcire, cnobismoyvareobis gamo
mainc gvestumra, Zalian didi mxardaWera gamoxates: erT-
erTi gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, maTi umravlesoba araTu emxro­
boda am protests, qalaqis mosaxleobis 86% mxars uWerda
protestis monawileTa uflebas, SeenarCunebinaT banaki.
mTel qveyanaSi, amerikis TiTqmis yvela qalaqSi, moqalaqeTa
araerTgvarovanma jgufebma karvebis gaSla daiwyes; Suaxnis
klerkebi yuradRebiT usmendnen pank rokerebsa da qadagad
davardnil qalebs, romlebic leqciebs kiTxulobdnen kon­
sensusis miRwevisa da fasilitaciis xelovnebaze, an kamaTo­
bdnen imaze, Tu ra formaluri gansxvaveba iyo samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobasa da uSualo moqmedebas Soris, anda sau­
brobdnen sanitariis organizebis horizontalur gzebze.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirvelad, rac Tavi gvaxsov­
da, amerikaSi warmoiSva WeSmaritad saxalxo moZraoba eko­
nomikuri samarTlianobisaTvis. ufro metic, ocneba kon­
taminacionizmze, demokratiis infeqciiseburad gavrcele­
baze, Cvenda gasaocrad, axdenas iwyebda. rogor?
vfiqrob, sakmao dro gavida saimisod, rom ukve Segvi­
Zlia, am kiTxvis zogierTi pasuxis mTlianobaSi Tavmoyra
daviwyoT.

SekiTxva N1

ratom aisaxa Occupy Wall Street amerikul mediaSi ase

gansxvavebulad, TiTqmis yvela sxva manamdel memar-
cxene saprotesto moZraobebTan SedarebiT (rac 1960
wlidan dRemde ganxorcielebula)?

didi diskusia gamoiwvia iman, Tu ratom moekidnen

nacio­naluri mediasaSualebebi Occupy-s ase gansxvave­
bulad, manamdel saprotesto RonisZiebebTan SedarebiT
(Tu gadavxedavT nebismiers, 1960-iani wlebidan moyole­
buli, dRemde). gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba daeTmo

85
socialur mediaSi asaxul ambebs, an SeiZleba es sulac
balansis xelSesaxebi saWiroebiT iyo gamowveuli, raTa
sul ramdenime wlis win SedarebiT mcirericxovani „Cais
smis moZra­obis“ mimarT gamovlenili gadaWarbebuli yura­
dRebis kompensireba moexdinaT. eWvgareSea, rom am faq­
torebma garkveuli roli iTamaSa; da mainc, medias Occupy-s
saprotesto aqciebi Tavdapirvelad TiTqos seriozulad
arc miuRia, rasac ver vityviT mis mier 1999 wels „glo­
balizaciis sawinaaRmdego moZraobis“ Sesaxeb gakeTebul
gancxadebaze: „dabneuli bavSvebis Tavyriloba, romelsac
garkveuli warmodgenac ki ara aqvs, risTvis ibrZvis“. The
New York Times, gazeTi, romelic pretenzias acxadebs isto­
riul movlenaTa aRnusxvaze, „okupaciis“ Sesaxeb pirveli
xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi absoluturad arafers werda. me­
eqvse dRes ki man „dedaqalaqis“ ganyofilebaSi gamoaqveyna
gazeTis Statiani korespondentis, jinia belafantes mowi­
nave, saxelwodebiT: „nadiroba uolstritze, roca samizne
sworad ar gaqvs SerCeuli“. Cvens aqcias avtori axal am­
bad asaRebda. is sasacilod igdebda moZraobas, rogorc,
ubralod, progresivizmis pantomimur farss, romelsac
gamokveTili mizani ar hqonda.
da mainc, mediis saboloo gadawyvetileba, seriozulad
mohkideboda saprotesto aqciebs, kardinaluri mniSvnelo­
bisa iyo. Occupy Wall Street albaT pirvelia 1950-iani wlebis
samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraobis Semdeg, romelic
Sefasda, rogorc warmateba amerikaSi gandiseuli taqtikis
danergvis saqmeSi. esaa modeli, romelic damokidebulia
mediis mxridan garkveul TanagrZnobaze. gandiseuli araZa­
ladobrioba gulisxmobs gasaocari moraluri kontrastis
Seqmnas: is bolomde aSiSvlebs politikuri sistemisTvis
sasicocxlod aucilebel Zaladobas imis CvenebiT, rom
TviT mSvidobiani (araZaladobrivi) idealistebis jgufis
pirispir mdgari „wesrigis damcveli Zalebi“ uyoymanod
mimarTaven daundobel fizikur angariSsworebas status-
kvos dasacavad. es kontrasti ki, udavod, mxolod maSin
gaxdeba TvalsaCino, Tuki gavrceldeba informacia imis
86
Sesaxeb, rac xdeba. swored mediis pasiurobis gamo war­
sulSi gandis taqtika sruliad uSedego aRmoCnda aSS-Si.
1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, wamyvani amerikuli me­
diasaSualebebi uars acxadebdnen, raime saxis protestis
Sesaxeb informacia iseTi saxiT gaevrcelebinaT, romelic
xalxs afiqrebinebda, rom amerikis policia, asrulebda ra
brZanebebs, monawileobda „ZaladobaSi“ _ mniSvneloba ar
hqonda, ras akeTebda is.*
yovelive amis cxadi magaliTi iyo, Tu rogor moeqc­
nen „xeze msxdomebs“ da maT momxreebs, romlebic 1990-ian
wlebSi wynari okeanis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mravalwlovan
tyeebs icavdnen. aqtivistebma gandiseul klasikur araZa­
ladobriv kampanias mimarTes _ isxdnen xeebze; mSeneblobis
mesveurebi ki riskze midiodnen da Wridnen am xeebs. pro­
testis monawileebi iZulebuli xdebodnen, sakuTari „Sesa­
Zleblobebi SeezRudaT“ _ es imas niSnavda, rom isini erT­
maneTs jaWviT gadaebmebodnen, an buldozerze, anda raime
sxva mowyobilobaze miejaWvebodnen, ise, rom maTi adgi­
lidan daZvra Zalian Zneli iyo, Tanac am dros xel-fexi
Sekruli hqondaT. rodesac erTi xeze mjdomi mokles da
policiam uari Tqva mkvlelobis gamoZiebis dawyebaze, aq­
tivistebi irgvliv Semoertynen mkvlelobis adgils, raTa
mtkicebulebebis ganadgurebisaTvis xeli SeeSalaT. amis
pasuxad policielebma bambis tamponebze daasxures kai­
enis (qalaqi, safrageTis gvianis administraciuli centri.
red.) wiwakis koncentrati (romelic aseve wiwakis spreis
saxeliTaa cnobili) da aqtivistebs pirdapir Tvalis guge­
bze wausves im doziT, rom maqsimaluri fizikuri tkivili
gamoewvia. magram, rogorc Cans, pacifistTa wameba da mkv­
leloba sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda amerikuli mediis dasarw­
muneblad, rom policielTa moqmedeba namdvilad Seusa­

* marTlac, rogorc aRvniSne, TiTqmis warmoudgeneli iqneboda, rom maT es

gaekeTebinaT, radgan amerikeli Jurnalistebi sityva „Zaladobas“ ganmartaven,
rogorc „uflebamosilebis gareSe Zalis gamoyenebas“. aqve SeiZleba davamatoT,
rom gandim warmatebas nawilobriv imitom miaRwia, rom misi skolis droindeli
megobari ukve cnobili britaneli Jurnalisti iyo.

87
bamo iyo; adgilobrivma sasamarTloebmac miuTiTes, rom
TvalebSi wiwakis koncentratis Sesxureba misaRebi taqtika
gaxldaT. is winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic gandiseuli taq­
tikiT unda gamoaSkaravebuliyo, masmediaSi gaSuqebisa da
iuridiuli reagirebis gareSe, ubralod, daikarga. aqtiv­
istebs xocavdnen da awamebdnen, magram gandiseuli mizani
_ „sazogadoebis Segnebis amaRleba“ miRweuli ver iqna (ra­
menairi formiT mainc). maSasadame, isev gandis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, protesti „Cavarda“. momdevno wels sxva aq­
tivistebma dagegmes „sakuTari SesaZleblobebis SezRud­
vis“ kampania sietlSi msoflio savaWro organizaciis Sex­
vedrebis blokadis ganxorcielebis mizniT. tyis dacvis
kampaniis veteranebma gaafrTxiles isini (rogorc gairk­
va, marTlebic aRmoCndnen), rom policia, ubralod, ier­
iSs miitanda maTze da awamebda, vinc mijaWvuli iqneboda,
iq myofi media ki sakuTar arss bolomde gamoavlenda. da
marTlac yvelaferi swored ase moxda. Tavis mxriv, tyis
damcvel aqtivistTa didma nawilma mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana cnobili „Savi blokis“ SeqmnaSi, romelmac, mas Sem­
deg, rac es nawinaswarmetyvelebi Setevebi daiwyo, korpo­
raciebis ofisebis fanjrebis Camsxvrevis kargad gaTvli­
li kampania Caatara _ qmedeba, romelic mediam SemdgomSi
policiis mier araZaladobriv aqtivistebze xelketebiT,
rezinis tyviebiT, cremlsadeni gaziTa da wiwakis spreis
gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmis gasamarTleblad gamoiyena. „Savi
blokis“ monawileebma maSinve miuTiTes, rom media mainc
yvela SemTxvevaSi mouZebnida gamarTlebas policielTa
qmedebas. ramdenime fanjris Camsxvrevas aravin dauSavebia,
sakiTxisTvis yuradRebis misaqcevad ki sakmaod warmate­
buli nabiji aRmoCnda.
aseTi iyo mdgomareoba 9/11-is incidentamdec ki, rom­
lis Semdegac policiis mier araZaladobrivi protestis
monawileebze Tavdasxmebma kidev ufro sistematuri da in­
tensiuri saxe miiRo, rogorc, magaliTad, niu-iorkSi, New
School-is dakavebis dros da mraval sxva SemTxvevaSic. Tum­
ca Occupy-is Sekrebebis dagegmvisas Cven mainc gandiseuli
88
midgomis gamoyeneba gadavwyviteT. da amjerad aman rogor­
Rac gaamarTla.
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, am
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani roli socialuri mediis zr­
dam Seasrula: maSin, roca sietlSi aqtivistebi Zalian
xSirad iyenebdnen internetteqnologiebis saSualebiT
gavrcelebul partizanul reportaJebs, 2011 wlisTvis
satelefono kamerebma, Twitter-ma, Facebook-ma da YouTube-
ma yvelgan SeaRwia, ramac uzrunvelyo amgvari fotoebis,
siuJetebisa da, zogadad, informaciis dauyovnebliv miwo­
deba milionobiT adamianisaTvis. toni bolonias qmedeba,
rodesac man dro ixelTa da barikadebs miRma mimwyvdeuli
ori axalgazrda qalis winaaRmdeg qimiuri iaraRi gamoiy­
ena, mTeli qveynis masStabiT uswrafesad aisaxa ekranebze
(uamravi satelefono kameriT gadaRebuli da internetSi
atvirTuli videoebidan is erT-erTi yvelaze popularu­
lia, romelic milionze metma momxmarebelma naxa). rasak­
virvelia, Znelia, uaryo, rom socialurma mediam am saqme­
Si mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, magram es mainc ver xsnis,
Tu ratom daTmes Cveuli amplua ZiriTadma sainformacio
saSualebebma, anu ratom ar warmoadgines mxolod poli­
ciis oficialuri pozicia.
Cemi azriT, am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasru­
la saerTaSoriso konteqstma. internetis funqcionirebis
kidev erTi Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom aSS aRar aris iseTi
gancalkevebuli kunZuli, rogoric is manamde iyo. am pro­
testTan mimarTebiT mediis saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba
amerikuli versiisagan Tavidanve mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda.
saerTaSoriso presaSi protestis monawileTa ignorirebis,
ugulebelyofis an gantevebis vacad warmoCenis araviTari
mcdeloba ar yofila. inglisurenovani samyaros medi­
asaSualebebi, magaliTad, The Guardian inglisSi, Occupy-s
monawileTa moqmedebis winapirobebisa da miswrafebebis
Sesaxeb TiTqmis pirvelive dRidanve detalur siuJetebs
aqveynebdnen. kataris satelituri satelevizio qselis,
Al Jazeera-s Jurnalistebi swrafad gamoCndnen moqmedebis
89
a­dgilze, raTa niu-iorkSic igive roli SeesrulebinaT,
rac qairosa da damaskoSi. es is televiziaa, romelmac
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana „arabuli gazafxulis“ dad­
gomaSi, radgan Tavisi eTeriT uSvebda rigiTi aqtivistebis
mier socialur mediaSi gavrcelebul videoebsa da sxva mt­
kicebulebebs, romlebic saxelmwifos Zaladobis faqtebs
asaxavda (isini sayovelTao msjelobis sagans warmoad­
genda). amas mohyva statiebi gazeTebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan,
garda amerikisa. yovelive aman ki, Tavis mxriv, aramarto
xeli Seuwyo msgavsi „okupaciebis“ talRis agorebas iseT
Soreul adgilebSic ki, rogoricaa baia (Bahia _ braziliis
erT-erTi Stati. red.) an kvazulu-natali (KwaZulu Natal _
samxreT afrikis respublikis provincia. red.); aseve biZgi
misca Tanadgomis gamomxatveli saprotesto aqciebis Cat­
arebas iseT naklebad mosalodnel adgilebSi, rogoric
CineTia. isini moawyves memarcxene saxalxo jgufebma, rom­
lebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen CineTis komunisturi partiis
megobrul politikas uolstritis mimarT. maT mimdinare
movlenebis Sesaxeb ucxoeTis axali ambebis internetsamsax­
urebis meSveobiT Seityves.
2 oqtombers, bruklinis xidis blokadis dRes, OWS-ma
ormocdaaTi Cineli inteleqtualisa da aqtivistis mier
xelmowerili werili miiRo:
„uolstritis revoluciis“ vulkaniseburi amofrqve­
va msoflios finansuri imperiis gulSi gviCvenebs, rom
msoflios mosaxleobis 99% Cagruli da eqspluatirebulia
_ mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ganviTarebul qveyanaSi cxovroben
isini Tu ganviTarebadSi. mTeli msoflios xalxi xedavs,
rogor iTviseben mis simdidres da arTmeven uflebebs. eko­
nomikuri polarizacia dRes yvela CvenganisaTvis saerTo
safrTxes warmoadgens. saxalxo da elitarul mmarTvelo­
bebs Soris konfliqti yvela qveyanaSi TvalsaCinoa. Tumca
dResdReobiT saxalxo demokratiuli revolucia awydeba
represiebs ara marto sakuTari mmarTveli klasis mxri­
dan, aramed msoflio elitis mxridanac, romelic global­
izaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda. „uolstritis revolucias“
90
gausworda ara mxolod aSS-is policia, is CineTis elitis
mier organizebuli mediablokadisganac zaraldeba...
meamboxe sulis naperwklebi yvela CvenganSia mimofan­
tuli da misi aalebisTvis niavis erTi wamoqrolebac ki
sakmarisi iqneba. kvlav dadga saxalxo demokratiis udide­
si era, romelmac istoria unda Secvalos!
amgvar enTuziazms erTaderTi sarwmuno axsna SeiZleba
movuZebnoT _ disidentma Cinelma inteleqtualebma, is­
eve, rogorc xalxis umetesobam mTel msoflioSi, kargad
dainaxes, Tu ra moxda zukotis parkSi. es iyo nawili winaaR­
mdegobis im talRisa, romelmac mTel msoflios gadauara.
rasakvirvelia, globalurma finansurma aparatma da Zalau­
flebis mTelma sistemam, romelsac es aparati efuZneboda,
tortmani daiwyo 2007 wlidan, roca isini kolafsismagvar
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. yvela Zlier sapasuxo saxalxo
reaqcias eloda. iyo Tu ara tunisisa da egviptis amboxe­
bebi amis dasawyisi? Tu isini mxolod adgilobrivi an re­
gionuli mniSvnelobis movlenebad unda Sefasebuliyo?
Semdeg saprotesto gamosvlebi sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda.
rodesac talRam „msoflios finansuri imperiis Suaguls“
daartya, ukve aRaravin uaryofda, rom raRac epoqaluri
mniSvnelobis ambebi xdeboda.*
saerTaSoriso mRelvareba myisierad aisaxeboda social­
ur mediaSi, ris gamoc miTi aSS-is masmediis Sesaxeb SeiZle­
boda, Tvalis daxamxamebaSi sapnis buStiviT gamskdariyo.
magram es mizezi sakmarisi araa imis asaxsnelad, Tu ram
gamoiwvia sinamdvileSi misi aseTi Semobruneba: magaliTad,
ratom daiwyo CNN-ma, bolos da bolos, „okupaciis“ Ses­
axeb siuJetebis gaSveba axali ambebis mTavar blokSi? aSS-is
mediam xom saqveynod Seircxvina Tavi imiT, rom „daaskvna“:

* maxsovs, 2000 wels erTi taivaneli qali ixsenebda, Tu rogori reaqcia hqonda,
roca Tvals adevnebda wina wels sietlSi msoflio savaWro organizaciis Sexve­
drebis CaSlis mizniT organizebul saprotesto aqcias. „yovelTvis miviCnevdi,
rom amerikaSi unda yofiliyvnen wesieri adamianebi, romlebic Seecdebodnen,
ebrZolaT imis winaaRmdeg, rasac maTi qveyana danarCen msoflios ukeTebs.
darwmunebuli viyavi, rom aseTebi aucileblad iqnebodnen. magram Cemi TvaliT
isini iqamde arasodes menaxa“.

91
CrdiloeT amerikis movlenebi, romlebsac TiTqmis yvela
adamiani mTel msoflioSi mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, Turme
Tavad amerikelebisaTvis naklebad saintereso yofila. es
garkveulwilad simarTlesac Seesabameba, roca saqme me­
marcxeneebs exeba. mumia abu-jamalis saxeli yvelasaTvis
nacnobia safrangeTSi, magram mas naklebad icnoben aSS-Si
(mumia abu-jamali (namdvili saxelia uesli kuki, daib. 1954
wels) _ afro-amerikeli politikuri aqtivisti, „Savi pan-
terebis partiis“ wevri, romelic Savkaniani mosaxleobis
uflebebisaTvis ibrZoda. 1981 wlidan samudamo patimroba-
Sia mkvlelobis braldebiT. red.). kidev ufro gasakviria is
faqti, rom noam Comskis politikuri naSromebi msoflios
TiTqmis yvela qveynis wamyvan gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi ga­
nixileba, amerikis garda (abram noam Comski (daib. 1928 w.) _
amerikeli lingvisti, politikuri publicisti, filosofo-
si da Teoretikosi; cnobilia Tavisi radikalur-memarcxene
SexedulebebiT. red.).
oci wlis win (da Cndeba eWvi, rom, savaraudod, mediamac
swored ase daaskvna) zemoT aRniSnuli Tema amerikaSi al­
baT yvelasaTvis sulerTi iqneboda. vfiqrob, rodesac
momavalSi Occupy Wall Street-is istoria daiwereba, is yur­
adReba, romelic man mediis mxridan moipova, metwilad al­
baT cota xnis win „Cais smis moZraobis“ memarjvene popu­
listebis mimarT gamovlenili uprecedento yuradRebis
logikur gagrZelebad CaiTvleba. mediis mier „Cais smis
moZraobis“ masobrivad gaSuqebis Semdeg albaT gaCnda imis
SegrZneba, rom minimaluri Zalisxmeva mainc iyo saWiro
balansis misaRwevad. kidev erTi faqtori, romelmac me­
diis mier movlenebis obieqtur asaxvas Seuwyo xeli, is­
eTi WeSmaritad memarcxene-centristuli mediis arseboba
gaxldaT, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, MSNBC. am tipis me­
diasaSualebebs surdaT, CasWidebodnen Occupy Wall Street-s,
ramdenadac fiqrobdnen, rom is SesaZloa, „Cais smis moZ­
raobis“ memarcxene frTismagvar partiaSi gadazrdiliyo.
es ukanaskneli ki politikur jgufs warmoadgens, iRebs da­
finansebas, hyavs kandidatebi da kanoniT dadgenili gegmis
92
Sesabamisad moqmedebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amiT SeiZleba
aixsnas Semdegi garemoeba: rogorc ki sruliad naTeli gax­
da, rom moZraoba am mimarTulebiT wasvlas ar apirebda,
mediis mxridan daintereseba iseve uecrad gaqra, rogorc
gaCnda.
da mainc, verc erTi zemoT moyvanili argumenti ver
axsnis, rogor gavrcelda moZraoba ase swrafad amerikis
teritoriaze (wamyvan mediasaSualebebSi mis Sesaxeb siu­
Jetebis gaSvebamdec ki), maT Soris iseT adgilebSic, sadac
Al Jazeera arc ki mauwyeblobs.

SekiTxva 2

ratom gavrcelda moZraoba ase swrafad mTel amerikaSi?

„okupaciis“ adreul periodSi marisa holmsi lojisti­

kis sakiTxebisa da fasilitaciis treiningis organizebaSi
monawileobda, xolo Tavisufali drois umetes nawils
banakis TanamebrZolebTan individualuri videointer­
viuebis Caweras andomebda. mas sul erTi da imave isto­
riis mosmena uwevda: „yvelaferi gavakeTe, rac unda game­
keTebina! bevrs vmuSaobdi, bejiTad vswavlobdi, kolejSi
movewyve. axla umuSevari var, Tanac yovelgvari perspeqti­
vis gareSe da 20 000 dolaridan 50 000 dolaramde valiT“.
banakSi myofTa nawili myari saSualo fenis ojaxidan iyo,
ufro metni ki SedarebiT xelmokle ojaxebis Svilebi
iyvnen, romlebmac niWisa da mizandasaxulobis daxmarebiT
gaikvlies gza kolejisken. isini axla valSi iyvnen swored
im finansuri industriis winaSe, romelmac msoflios eko­
nomika daangria. Sesabamisad, isini moxvdnen Sromis bazar­
ze, romelic samuSao adgilebisagan TiTqmis daclili iyo.
amgvari istoriebi piradad me Zalian mxvdeboda gulze,
radgan zafxulis umetesi nawili valis istoriis Sesaxeb
leqciebis kiTxvaSi gavatare. vcdilobdi, Cemi, rogorc av­

93
toris, cxovreba gancalkevebuli yofiliyo Cemi, rogorc
aqtivistis, cxovrebisagan, magram es ufro da ufro rTu­
li xdeboda, radgan yovelTvis, roca axalgazrdebis mrav­
alricxovani auditoriis winaSe gamosvlas davasrulebdi,
bolos ramdenime maTgani aucileblad modioda CemTan
da studenturi sesxebis sawinaaRmdego moZraobis wamo­
wyebis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb misvamda kiTxvas. Cemi naSro­
mis erT-erTi Tema is mZafri emociebia, romlebsac iwvevs
vali gamsesxebelSi, ufro metad ki _ msesxebelSi: sircx­
vilis, damcirebisa da agresiuli aRSfoTebis SegrZneba
imis gamo, rom, faqtobrivad, geubnebian: Sen wagebuli xar
im TamaSSi, romelic SenTvis aravis dauZalebia. raRa Tqma
unda, nebismieri, visac ar surs, mTeli cxovreba WurWlis
mrecxavad an gamyidvelad imuSaos _ sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, hqondes iseTi samsaxuri, romelsac araviTari sik­
eTe ar moaqvs misTvis; roca icis, rom moulodnelma avad­
myofobam mas SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba daungrios _ midis
im daskvnamde, rom amerikaSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis garda,
sxva arCevani ara aqvs. es gulisxmobs, rom cxovrebas valiT
iwyeb, rac, niSnavs, rom ise gepyrobian, TiTqos yvelaferi
ukve wagebuli gaqvs.
zogierTi istoria, romlebsac wignis turis dros vis­
mendi, gamorCeuli iyo. gansakuTrebiT damamaxsovrda erTi
naRvliani axalgazrda qali. wignis maRaziaSi (romelSic
radikali avtorebis wignebi iyideboda) sityviT gamosvla
rom davasrule, is movida CemTan da Tavisi cxovrebis is­
toria gamacno: miuxedavad imisa, rom xelmokle ojaxidan
iyo, man miaRwia renesansis literaturis filosofiis doq­
toris xarisxs Ivy League kolejSi (igulisxmeba dartmuTis
koleji q. hanoverSi, niu-hempSiris StatSi. is erT-erTia im
rva uZveles prestiJul umaRles saswavlebels Soris, rom-
lebic e.w. „suros ligaSi“ (Ivy League) erTiandeba. maTgan
Svids universitetis statusi aqvs, dartmuTis saswavlebeli
ki umaRlesi safexuris kolejia, anu senior college. red.). da
ra miiRo Sedegad? mas 80 000 dolari vali hqonda, sam­
saxuris veraviTar perspeqtivas ver xedavda, garda imisa,
94
raime droebiT samuSaos Tu iSovida, romlis anazRaurebac
binis qiris gadasaxdeladac ki ar eyofoda, rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT sesxis dasafaravi yovelTviuri Tanxis Setanaze.
„da iciT, ris gakeTeba mixdeba?“ mkiTxa man, „eskort-mom­
saxurebas vuwev klientebs (eskort-momsaxureba gulisxmobs
saagentoSi daqiravebuli qalis Tanxlebas sxvadasxva saxis
Sexvedraze, dasvenebisas an sxva adgilebSi, rac emsaxureba
klientisTvis Sesabamisi imijis Seqmnas. xSir SemTxvevaSi is
faruli prostituciis erTgvar Sirmas warmoadgens. red.).
es, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi saSualebaa, imdeni fuli
viSovo, imedi viqonio, rom am mdgomareobas Tavs davaRwev.
cudad ar gamigoT, wuTiTac ar vnanob im wlebs, romlebic
magistraturis kursze gavatare, magram, dameTanxmebiT,
cotaTi paradoqsuli mdgomareobaa“.
„diax“, vuTxari me, „rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mniSvnelovani
adamianuri resursebis fuWad xarjvaze“.
am qalis ambavma albaT Cemze ase imitom imoqmeda, rom
is Cems cxovrebas davukavSire. xSirad mifiqria, rom me
warmovadgen amerikis muSaTa klasis im ukanasknel Tao­
bas, romelmac marTla yvelaferi gaakeTa, rom akademiur
elitaSi moxvedriliyo, mxolod da mxolod dauRalavi
Sromisa da inteleqtualuri miRwevebis fasad (Cems Sem­
TxvevaSic, es droebiTi movlena aRmoCnda). am qalis isto­
riam CemTvis cxadyo, rom vali ara mxolod udides mate­
rialur gaWirvebas iwvevs, aramed zneobriv degradaciasac.
bolos da bolos, yvelam kargad viciT, ra tipis xalxi
sargeblobs xSirad Zvirad Rirebuli eskort-momsaxure­
biT niu-iorkSi. 2008 wlis Semdeg iyo momenti, rodesac
uolstritis binadarTa danaxarjebi kokainsa da seqsua­
lur momsaxurebaze TiTqosda rogorRac unda Semcirebu­
liyo; magram ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevis Semdeg zemoT
aRniSnul moTxovnilebebze danaxarjebma iseve swrafad da
mkveTrad imata, rogorc manqanebsa da Zvirfaseulobaze. es
qali, arsebiTad, im zomamde mivida, rom valis gadasaxde­
lad erTaderTi gza darCa: unda daekmayofilebina swored
im adamianebis seqsualuri fantaziebi, romlebmac mas
95
fuli „asesxes“; romelTa bankebic, simarTle Tu gindaT,
am qalis ojaxis mier gadasaxadebis saxiT gacemulma dol­
arebma ixsna finansuri krizisidan. metic, es konkretuli
SemTxveva uCveulod dramatuli magaliTia mTeli qveynis
masStabiT arsebuli tendenciis fonze. valis gamo centis
gareSe darCenili sasowarkveTili qalebisaTvis, romlebic
kolejebSi swavloben (da ar dagaviwydeT, rom dResdReo­
biT amerikaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis maZiebelTa umetesobas
qalebi warmoadgenen), sxeulis gayidva ukanasknel saSuale­
bas warmoadgens, radgan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven,
rom diplomi an esa Tu is samecniero xarisxi miiRon. da
aseTi adamianebis ricxvi ufro da ufro izrdeba. arsebobs
vebgverdebi, romlebic specializebulia asakovani mdi­
dari „mamiloebisTvis“ im gogonebis SerCevaze, romlebic
studenturi da saskolo sesxebis gadasaxdelad daxmarebas
eZeben. erT-erTi maTganis menejeris SefasebiT, mis saitze
daregistrirebulia daaxloebiT 280 000 studenti gogona.
maTgan mxolod mcire nawilia profesorobis msurveli.
umetesoba jandacvaSi, ganaTlebasa da socialur momsax­
urebaSi mokrZalebuli karieris Seqmnas eswrafvis.3
Cems mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli swored aseTi ambebis safuZ­
velze davwere statia The Guardian-isaTvis, imis Taobaze, Tu
ratom gavrcelda Occupy-s moZraoba ase swrafad amerikaSi.
es statia, Cemi CanafiqriT, nawilobriv aRweriTi xasiaTis,
nawilobriv ki prognozebis Semcveli unda yofiliyo:
Cven Tvalyurs vadevnebT amerikelTa axali Taobis Se­
upovar TviTdamkvidrebas, Taobisa, romelic mouTmenlad
elis, rodis daasrulebs ganaTlebas, da am dros mas arc
raime saxis samuSaos povnis garantia aqvs da arc momavali,
Tanac kiserze uzarmazari vali adevs, romelsac aravin
SearCens. ramdenadac vici, maTi umetesoba muSebis an sxva
tipis mwiri materialuri SesaZleblobebis mqone ojaxe­
bidanaa; eseni arian bavSvebi, romlebmac gaakeTes is, rac
miznad daisaxes _ iswavles, Caabares kolejSi da axla ar­
amarto isjebian amis gamo, aramed damcirebulni da Seura­
cxyofilni arian _ isini Seejaxnen cxovrebas, romelic maT
96
epyroba, rogorc valis arakeTilsindisier gadamxdelebs.
gana gasakviria, am axalgazrdebs saTqmeli hqondeT finans­
uri magnatebisaTvis, romlebmac maT momavali mopares?
swored ise, rogorc evropaSi, aqac vxedavT kolosal­
uri socialuri kraxis Sedegebs. Occupy-s wevrebi swored
ideebiT aRsavse adamianebi arian, romelTa energiasac
jansaRi sazogadoeba xalxis cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad
unda mimarTavdes. amis nacvlad ki maT imisTvis iyenebs,
rom mTeli sistema daangrios.4
moZraoba gacilebiT ufro mravalferovani gaxda da mas­
Si, studentebisa da axlaxan kursdamTavrebulTa garda, sx­
vac bevri gaerTianda, magram, vfiqrob, Occupy-s monawileTa
umetesobisaTvis vali da warTmeuli momavali aqtiuri mo­
qmedebis ZiriTad motivs warmoadgenda. es cxadyofs kide­
vac, Tu ra ganasxvavebs Occupy-s „Cais smis moZraobisgan“,
romelsac ase xSirad adareben. demografiuli Tvalsaz­
risiT, „Cais smis moZraoba“, ZiriTadad, Suaxnis asakis adami­
anebs aerTianebs, romlebmac ukve moikides fexi cxovrebaSi.
2010 wels Catarebuli erT-erTi gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, maTi
78% ocdaTxuTmet wels gadacilebuli iyo, aqedan naxevarze
meti _ ormocdaTxuTmet wels zeviT.5 amiT SeiZleba aixsnas,
Tu ratom aqvT am ori moZraobis wevrebs diametrulad gansx­
vavebuli mosazrebebi valis Sesaxeb. marTalia, orive jgufi
principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda mTavrobis mxridan msxvili
bankebisaTvis daxmarebas krizisis daZlevaSi, magram, „Cais
smis moZraobis“ monawileTa SemTxvevaSi, es metwilad ritor­
ika iyo. „Cais smis moZraobas“, realurad, saTave daudo viru­
suli gziT gavrcelebulma videom, romelic Cawerilia 2009
wlis 19 Tebervals. masze aRbeWdilia CNBC-is reportiori
rik santeli, romelic Cikagos sasaqonlo birJis Senobidan
saubrobda da exeboda miTqma-moTqmas imis Taobaze, rom
amerikis mTavrobas, SesaZloa, valebSi Cavardnili saxlebis
mepatroneebisTvis daxmareba aRmoeCina. „Cven unda gaviRoT
finansebi dazaralebulTa ipoTekuri valebis dasafaravad?“
gamqirdavi toniT kiTxulobda santeli da dasZenda: „es ameri­
kaa! aba, romel Tqvengans surs, ipoTekuri vali gadauxados
97
mezobels, romelsac ramdenime abazana aqvs da gadasaxadebs
ver ixdis?“ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „Cais smis moZraobas“
safuZveli Cauyara adamianTa im jgufma, romelsac sakuTari
Tavi, sul mcire, kreditorebad mainc warmoedgina.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, Occupy iyo da aris, arsebiTad, pro­
gresuli axalgazrdebis moZraoba _ SorsmWvreteli adami­
anebisagan Semdgari jgufi, romlebic, sakuTari gziT mima­
valni, moulodnelad uxeSad SeaCeres. isini wesebis mixed­
viT TamaSobdnen, Tan xedavdnen, rom finansurma kastam
srulebiT ver SeZlo wesebis mixedviT TamaSi da daangria
msoflios ekonomika TaRliTuri garigebebiT; am kastis
gadarCena SesaZlebeli gaxda mTavrobis mxridan saswrafo
da safuZvliani Carevis Sedegad, amis mere man meti Zalau­
fleba moipova da kidev ufro mowiwebiT epyrobian, vidre
manamde; am dros Tavad es axalgazrdebi „CamoaqveiTes“ da,
aSkarad, mudmiv damcirebasa da SeuracxyofaSi cxovreba
miusajes. amitom irCeven isini yvelaze ufro radikalur
pozicias, rac ki odesme amerikaSi Taobebs gamouxatavs:
pirdapiri mowodeba mmarTveli klasis politikis winaaR­
mdeg, arsebuli politikuri sistemis sruli rekonstruq­
cia, kapitalizmis aramxolod reformirebis, aramed misi
sruli demontaJis moTxovna (yovel SemTxvevaSi, bevri maT
gzavnils ase aRiqvamda).

is, rom revoluciur moZraobas amgvari situacia war­

moSobs, axali sulac ar aris. saukuneebis manZilze rev­
oluciuri koaliciebi yovelTvis erTgvar alianss war­
moadgenda _ erTi mxriv, eseni iyvnen eqimebis, advokatebis,
maswavleblebis Svilebi, romlebic TavianTi mSoblebis fa­
seulobebs uaryofdnen, da, meore mxriv, mSromelTa mase­
bidan gamosuli niWieri axalgazrdebi, romlebmac S ­ eZles,
moipovebinaT burJuaziuli ganaTleba mxolod imisTvis,
rom misuliyvnen daskvnamde: burJuaziuli ­ ganaTlebis
miReba sinamdvileSi ar niSnavs, rom Sen burJuaziuli
wris wevri gaxdi. es modeli isev da isev meordeboda
erTi qveyni­
dan meoreSi: CJou enlais mao Zeduni daxvda,
98
C­ e ­gevaras _ fidel kastro. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
meamboxe ZalebTan brZolis eqspertebma didi xania, kargad
ician, rom revoluciuri mRelvarebis mauwyebeli utyuari
niSani nebismier qveyanaSi umuSevarTa da kolejebis gaRa­
ribebul kursdamTavrebulTa ricxvis zrda gaxlavT. es
is axalgazrdebi arian, romlebSic energia feTqavs, blo­
mad aqvT Tavis­ufali dro, bevri mizezi gasabrazeblad da
kargad icno­ ben radikaluri azrovnebis istorias. aSS-is
SemTxvevaSi am cvalebad elementebs SegviZlia davamatoT
studenturi sesxebis sistemis mZarcveluri xasiaTi, ris
gamoc aseTi axalgazrda, imedis momcemi revolucionere­
bi bankebs TavianT upirve­ les mtrad miiCneven; isini ac­
nobiereben aseve rols federaluri mTavrobisa, romelic
studenturi sesxebis programas axorcielebs; romelic
uzrunvel­yofs, rom am sesxebis gadaxda yovelTvis aRemate­
bodes movaleebis ­ Zalebs, bankis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSic
ki; romelic saSuale­bas aZlevs sabanko sistemas, maqsimal­
urad akontrolos am axalgazrdebis momavali cxovrebis
yvela aspeqti. n+1-is (amerikuli Jurnali, romelSic ibeWd-
eba statiebi socialur, politikur Temebze, eseebi, werile-
bi xelovnebaze, mxatvruli literaturis nimuSebi, wignebis
mimoxilva. gamodis niu-iorkSi. red.) erT-erTi avtori,
malkolm harisi, romelic xSirad wers amerikaSi TaobaTa
Soris ganxeTqilebis Sesaxeb, ambobs:
„dResdReobiT studentur sesxs mxolod da mxolod
sasjelis funqcia aqvs. garda imisa, rom mas gverds ver
auvli bankis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSic ki, am tipis sesxs ara
aqvs vada da aRmasruleblebs SeuZliaT, daayadaRon xel­
fasi, socialuri daxmarebebi da umuSevarTa Semweobac ki.
rodesac msesxebeli veRar ixdis vals, sagarantio saagen­
to saWiro finansebs federaluri mTavrobisgan iRebs da
amis Semdeg moqalaqisTvis nebismieri xelmisawvdomi Tanxis
CamoWris ufleba eZleva, rom am saxiT man vali daabrunos
(miuxedavad imisa, rom saagentoebs zaralis anazRaureba
ukve miRebuli aqvT), saagentoebs eZlevaT finansuri stim­
uli, yofil studentebs samaris karamde sdion“.6
99
 aseve gasakviri ar unda iyos isic, rom, rodesac 2008
wels didi ekonomikuri krizisi daiwyo, romelsac Cven
dRemde vebrZviT, axalgazrdebi yvelaze mZime dReSi aR­
moCndnen. faqtobrivad, am Taobis momavali, ekonomikuri
kolafsis dadgomamdec ki, arsebiTad, uperspeqtivo iyo.
aSS-is istoriaSi 1970-iani wlebis bolos dabadebulTa Tao­
ba pirvelia, vinc dadga realobis winaSe, cxovrebis ufro
dabali done hqonoda, vidre mis mSoblebs. 2006 wlisTvis
es Taoba ekonomikurad gacilebiT uares mdgomareobaSi
iyo (TiTqmis yovel aspeqtSi), vidre maTi mSoblebi amave
asakSi: isini iRebdnen ufro dabal xelfasebsa da dabal
kompensaciebs, ufro metad iyvnen valebSi Caflulni da
axla ki gacilebiT meti Sansi aqvT, umuSevarni darCnen, an
cixeSi moxvdnen. maT, vinc umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis
Semdeg samuSao Zalad iqca, SeuZliaT, imedi iqonion, rom,
TavianT mSoblebTan SedarebiT, bevrad dabalanazRaurebad
samsaxurs Tu ipovian, romelic maT albaT gacilebiT na­
kleb socialur daxmarebas moutans (1989 wels umaRles­
damTavrebulTa TiTqmis 63,4%-ma ipova samsaxuri, romelic
maT jandacvas uzrunvelyofda; axla ki, oci wlis Semdeg,
es ricxvi ukve 33,7%-ia). adre umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
pirebi ukeTes samsaxurebs poulobdnen, radgan samuSao
adgilebi mravlad iyo; magram imis gamo, rom umaRlesi
ganaTlebis Rirebuleba aSS-Si TandaTanobiT izrdeba da
nebismieri produqtis fass aRemateba (qveynis arsebobis
manZilze es uprecedento situaciaa), am Taobis sul ufro
meti nawili amTavrebs universitetsa da kolejs valis
uzarmazari odenobiT, rac mas azaralebs. 1993 wels maT­
gan TiTqmis naxevarma swavla valiT daasrula. axla es mo­
nacemi ori mesamedia, anu vali aqvs TiTqmis yvelas, garda
swored im finansuri elitis warmomadgenlebisa.
am yvelafris uSualo Sedegi iyo is, rom TiTqmis ga­
nadgurda, rac Tavad kolejSi swavlis periodis yvelaze
met faseulobas warmoadgenda. es oTxi weliwadi erT dros
amerikelTa cxovrebaSi WeSmariti Tavisuflebis erTaderT
xanad miiCneoda _ dro, romelic SegeZlo, gamogeyenebina
100
ara marto simarTlis, silamazis SecnobisaTvis, faseulo­
baTa arsis gaazrebisaTvis, aramed cxovrebis sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobac mogesinja. axla es yvelaferi bazris ulmo­
bel logikas daeqvemdebara. Tuki odesRac universitetebi
Tavs uZvelesi idealis gansaxierebad miiCnevdnen, romlis
Tanaxmadac, simdidris WeSmariti mizani mdgomareobda imaSi,
rom adamians mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da dro codnis
dasaufleblad, msoflios Sesacnobad gamoeyenebina, axla
codnis miRebis erTaderTi gamarTleba simdidris mopove­
baSi daxmareba gaxda. maT, vinc daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom
koleji ara marto kargad gaTvlili investiciaa, maT, visac,
wignebis (radikaluri literaturis) maRaziaSi momuSave Cemi
megobris msgavsad, eyo gambedaoba, Tavisi wvlili Seetana
axalgazrdobisTvis inglisuri renesansis natifi poeziis
gacnobaSi (miuxedavad Sromis bazris arastabilurobisa),
amis keTeba msxverplis gaRebis fasad uxdebodaT.
ase rom, pirvel etapze sakmaod martivi axsna SeiZleba
moeZebnos im garemoebas, Tu ratom gavrcelda Cveni moZrao­
ba qveynis masStabiT: eseni iyvnen amerikeli axalgazrdebi,
romlebsac dro Tavze sayrelad hqondaT, rasac emateboda
bevri mizezi, rom gabrazebuli yofiliyvnen (maTgan yvelaze
SemoqmedebiT, idealisturi ganwyobis mqone da energiul
nawils yvelaze meti mizezi hqonda gasabrazeblad). Tumca
es SeiZleba iTqvas im monawileebze, romlebic aqciaSi Tavi­
dan CaerTnen. is rom moZraobaSi gadazrdiliyo, mosaxleobis
ufro didi seqtori unda mogvezida. Zalian male asec moxda.
am SemTxvevaSic raRac gansakuTrebulis momswreni gavx­
diT. studentebisa da sponsorebis Semdeg yvelaze swrafad
aqciebs muSaTa klasi SemouerTda. es SeiZleba arc gagvik­
virdes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom moZraoba yuradRebas eko­
nomikur uTanasworobaze amaxvilebda; magram, arsebiTad, ase
iyo. istoriulad, maT, visac ki saxalxo moZraobis organi­
zebaSi aSS-is masStabiT warmateba moupovebia, amis gakeTeba,
ZiriTadad, memarjveneTa daxmarebiT SeZles, da aqcenti gaa­
keTes ufro profesorebze, vidre plutokratebze. „okupa­
ciamde“ ramdenime kviriT adre blogebi gaivso mowodebebiT
101
studenturi valebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac iqve qed­
maRluri wuwuniT ugulebelyofdnen ganebivrebuli elitis
warmomadgenlebi.7 unda iTqvas, rom adreul wlebSi valebSi
Cavardnili kolejis kursdamTavrebulis mZime mdgomareoba,
naklebad savaraudoa, is sakiTxi yofiliyo, romelic, vTqvaT,
New York City’s Transit Worker’s Union-is (niu-iorkis sazogadoe­
brivi transportis muSakTa kavSiris) wevrTa gulebamde mieR­
wia. magram amjerad ase moxda. niu-iorkis sazogadoebrivi
transportis muSakTa kavSiris (TWU) liderebi ara marto
erT-erTi pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc „okupacias“ yvelaze didi
enTuziazmiT SemouerTda (maT gverdiT iyvnen kavSiris rigi­
Ti wevrebic, romlebic aqtiurad gviWerdnen mxars), niu-ior­
kis policiis departaments sasamarTloSic ki uCivles bruk­
linis xidis blokirebis dros Occupy Wall Street-is aqtivistTa
masobrivi dapatimrebebisaTvis maTi avtobusebis gamoyenebis
gamo*. amas ukve mesame sakvanZo kiTxvamde mivyavarT:

SekiTxva N 3

rogor imoqmeda ase amerikis muSaTa klasze gana-

TlebamiRebuli, magram valebSi Cavardnili axal-
gazrdobis protestma (aseTi ram xom ar momxdara
1967-Si, an 1990-Sic ki)?

am kiTxvas nawilobriv pasuxs scems is faqti, rom studen­

tebsa da muSebs Soris gamyofi zoli nawilobriv waSlilia.
studentTa umetesoba kolejSi swavlis garkveul etapze
anazRaurebad samuSaos iwyebs. ufro metic, maSin, roca

* unda aRiniSnos, rom aq garkveuli roli sxva faqtorebmac iTamaSa. TWU,

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, afro-amerikelTa kavSiria, xolo antiinteleqtu­
aluri saxalxo moZraoba SeerTebul StatebSi aris movlena, romelSic mxolod
TeTrkanianebi monawileoben da mas ar iziareben feradkanianebi an organizacie­
bi, romlebic am ukanasknelT warmoadgenen. magram OWS-s mxari dauWira Zalian
bevrma iseTma profesiulma kavSirmac, romlebSic, umeteswilad, TeTrkanianebi
arian gaerTianebuli.

102
kolejSi mowyobilTa raodenoba amerikaSi bolo oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi mkveTrad gaizarda, kursdamTavrebulTa
ricxvi igive darCa; Raribi muSebis rigebi axla dRiTidRe
ivseba im axalgazrdebiT, romlebmac saswavleblebi miato­
ves, radgan swavlis gagrZeleba veRar SeZles, magram jer
kidev ixdian im periodis safasurs, rodesac leqciebs es­
wrebodnen da, Cveulebriv, kvlavac ocneboben, rom odesme
swavlis dasrulebas SeZleben; arian aseve studentebi,
romlebic jer kidev yovel Rones xmaroben, rom swavla
gaagrZelon _ erTmaneTs uTavseben muSaobasa da swavlas.8
rodesac The Guardian-isaTvis statia davwere, disku­
siis ganyofileba, rogorc wesi, savse iyo upativcemulo­
bis gamomxatveli komentarebiT, romlebic sxvis xarjze
mcxovreb ganebivrebul bavSvebs ekuTvnoda. erTi komen­
taris avtors aekviatebina, rom zogierT demonstrant
qals, romelTa saxeebic presis furclebma ukvdavyo, vard­
isferi Tma hqonda. es adasturebda, rom zemoxsenebuli
„komentatorebi“ privilegirebul pirobebSi cxovrobdnen,
„realuri“ amerikelebisagan gancalkevebiT. erTi ram cxa­
di iyo _ maT arasodes gautarebiaT didi xani niu-iorkSi.
iseve, rogorc 1960-iani wlebis stili _ grZeli Tma, mar­
ixuanas mosawevi Cibuxebi, daxeuli maisurebi _ hipebTan
asocirdeboda, 1980-iani wlebis amerikaSi (umetesad patara
qalaqebSi) mcxovrebi muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axal­
gazrdebisaTvis (romelTac bedma gauRima da samuSao hqon­
daT) amave wlebis pankebis moZraobis stili _ vardisferi
Tma, tatuireba, pirsingi _ erTgvari uniforma gaxda. aseTi
imiji imave rols TamaSobs dRes amerikis udides qalaqebSi
aramyari, arastabiluri samuSaos mqone xalxisTvis. sak­
marisia, mimoixedoT da daakvirdeT adamianebs, romlebic
klientebs yavas umzadeben, miaqvT amanaTebi an avejis gada­
zidvaze muSaoben.
erTi mizezi, ris gamoc Zveli, 1960-iani wlebis dro­
indeli antipaTia hipebsa da „yviTelCafxutianebs“ Soris
(Hard hats _ esaa metsaxeli amerikaSi mSeneblobaze momuSave
adamianebisa, romlebic gamoirCevian konservatizmiT yvela
103
sakiTxSi, maT Soris _ politikurSic. gadataniTi mniSvnelo-
biT, ase moixsenieben nebismier muSas, romelic ver itans e.w.
„grZelTmian inteligentebs“. red.) arasaimedo aliansSi ga­
daizarda, isicaa, rom kulturuli barierebi gadailaxa;
nawilobriv _ imis gamoc, rom muSaTa klasis Semadgenloba
Seicvala, misi axalgazrda elementebi ki ufro advilad
SeiZleba gaixlarTon umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi, ro­
melic dRiTidRe ufro eqspluatatoruli xasiaTisa xdeba
da funqcias TandaTan kargavs. magram, vfiqrob, rom aris
kidev erTi, ufro metad arsebiTi elementi _ es Tavad kap­
italizmis cvalebadi bunebaa.
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi bevrs saubroben kapitaliz­
mis finansizaciaze; zogierTi versiiT, mas „yoveldRiuri
yofis finansizaciad“ moixsenieben. aSS-sa da evropis bevr
qveyanaSi am process deindustrializaciac daerTo: aSS-is
ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala ukve eqsporti ki aRar aris,
aramed im produqciis moxmareba, romlis umetesi nawilic
okeanis gadaRma iwarmoeba; romlis safasursac sxvadasxva
saxis finansuri manipulaciebiT vixdiT. es SegviZlia vTq­
vaT ekonomikis gabatonebul, e.w. FIRE seqtorze (FIRE _
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate _ finansebi, dazRveva, uZravi
qoneba). magaliTad, aSS-is saerTo korporaciuli mogebis
marto finansuri operaciebidan miRebuli wili, 1960-iani
wlebidan moyolebuli, gasammagda:

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

13% 15% 18% 17% 16% 26% 28% 30% 38%

Tumca es cxrili saTanadod ver gamoxatavs realo­

bas, radgan masSi mxolod safinanso kompaniebis monaceme­
bia Setanili. bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis yvela
mwarmoebeli safinanso biznesSi gadavida da maTi mogebac
swored amiT aixsneba. 2008 wlis finansuri katastrofis
dros avtoindustriis kolafsi swored imiT iyo gamowveu­
li, rom iseTi kompaniebi, rogoricaa Ford, General Motors, am

104
droisaTvis (ukve wlebis manZilze) mTel TavianT mogebas
iRebdnen ara manqanebis warmoebiT, aramed maTi finansi­
rebiT. iseTi kompaniac ki, General Electric, Tavisi mogebis
naxevars safinanso ganyofilebidan iRebs. amgvarad, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom 2005 wlisTvis saerTo korporaci­
uli mogebis 38% safinanso kompaniebidan iqna miRebuli,
realuri cifri albaT bevrad gaizrdeboda, Tuki vian­
gariSebdiT finansuri operaciebidan miRebul mogebasac
im kompaniebisa, romelTa biznesic oficialurad finansebs
ar ukavSirdeba. da am dros mTeli mogebis mxolod 7 an 8%
modis mrewvelobidan.*
rodesac 1953 wels General Motors-is prezidentma, Carlz
ervin uilsonma warmoTqva cnobili fraza: „rac kargia Gen-
eral Motors-isTvis, kargia amerikisTvis“, garkveul wreebSi
es gancxadeba korporaciuli qedmaRlobis mwvervalad mi­
iCnies. warsuls Tu Tvals gadavavlebT, ufro advili mis­
axvedri gaxdeba, Tu ras gulisxmobda is sinamdvileSi. im
droisTvis avtoindustrias uzarmazari mogeba mohqonda;
im fulidan, romelic General Motors-is msgavs kompaniebsa da
maT mmarTvelebTan miedineboda, lomis wili gadasaxadebis
saxiT saxelmwifo xazinaSi midioda (regularuli korpo­
raciuli gadasaxadis ganakveTi prezident duait eizenhau­
eris dros 52% iyo, xolo piradi gadasaxadis maqsimaluri
ganakveTi, magaliTad, korporaciaTa mmarTvelebisTvis _
91%). maSin saxelmwifos Semosavlebis ZiriTad nawils ko­
rporaciuli gadasaxadebi Seadgenda. didi korporaciuli
gadasaxadebi kompaniebis mmarTvelebs ubiZgebda, ufro
maRali xelfasebi gadaexadaT (ratom ar unda gaenawilebi­
naT mogeba TanamSromlebisaTvis da am gziT madlieri da
erTguli xelqveiTebis konkurentuli upiratesoba mainc
moepovebinaT, Tuki mTavrobas es fuli mainc unda waeRo?);
mTavroba gadasaxadebis saxiT Semosul Tanxebs xidebis,
gvirabebisa da gzatkecilebis mSeneblobisaTvis iyenebda.

* formalurad, es cifri 12,5%-ia, magram masSi Sedis mwarmoebeli firmebis

safinanso ganyofilebis cifrebi, rogorc „sawarmoo“ mogeba da ara finansuri.

105
es samSeneblo proeqtebi ki, Tavis mxriv, ara mxolod av­
toindustriisaTvis iyo sasargeblo, isini qmnida axal
samuSao adgilebs da mTavrobis kontraqtorebs SesaZle­
blobas aZlevda, gaemdidrebinaT politikosebi, romle­
bic nadavls msxvili qrTamebisa da e.w. „atkatebis“ saxiT
anawilebdnen. Sedegebi, SesaZloa, ekologiuri Tvalsaz­
risiT, katastrofuli yofiliyo (es gansakuTrebiT cxadi
gaxdeboda garkveuli xnis Semdeg), magram im dros korpo­
raciis warmatebas, gadasaxadebsa da xelfasebs Soris urT­
ierTkavSiri uwyveti keTildReobisa da ganviTarebis uz­
runvelyofis utyuar saSualebad miiCneoda.
naxevari saukunis Semdeg ki Cven ukve aSkarad gansxvave­
bul ekonomikur samyaroSi vxovrobT. mogebam, romelic
mrewvelobidan unda Semosuliyo, iklo. xelfasebi da Se­
RavaTebi stagnacias ganicdis an mcirdeba; infrastruq­
tura ingreva. miuxedavad amisa, 1980-ian wlebSi, rodesac
kongresma gaauqma kanoni, romelic mevaxSeobas krZalavda
(riTac daamkvidra saxelmwifos axali modeli, romelSic
aSS-is sasamarTloebi da policia iZulebuls xdis adami­
ans, aiRos sesxebi, romelTa wliuri procenti SesaZloa
300-amdec ki avides; es iseTi garigebaa, romlis msgavsis
dadebac manamde organizebul danaSaulad miiCneoda), man,
aseve, TiTqmis nebismier korporacias misca saSualeba,
safinanso biznesSi CarTuliyo. sityvebi „saSualeba misca“
bolo winadadebaSi SesaZloa, cota ucnaurad mogeCvenoT,
magram kargad unda gvesmodes, rom im leqsikam, romelsac
am periodis aRwerisaTvis viyenebT, SesaZloa, advilad
dagvabnios. magaliTad, Cveulebriv, finansebTan dakav­
Sirebul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebze rodesac vsaubrobT,
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs „deregulacia“, rac gulisxmobs, rom
saxelmwifo ganze dgeba da birJaze korporaciebis TamaSSi
ar ereva (ingl. deregulation _ regulirebis Sewyveta. termini
aRniSnavs qveynis biznesSi saxelmwifos Carevis xarisxis Sem-
cirebas. am politikis iniciatori iyo j. karteris adminis-
tracia. red.). Tumca es simarTles srulebiT ar Seesabameba.
mTavrobam nebismier korporacias darTo neba, finansuri
106
servisis industriis nawili gaxdes, riTac maT fulis miwo­
debis moculobis gazrdis ufleba misca (ingl. create money
_ fulis miwodebis moculobis gazrda angariSebis gaxsnisa
da kreditebis gacemis gziT. red.). es imitom, rom, saerTod,
bankebi da sxva tipis fulis gamsesxeblebi, ar gascemen im
fuls, romelic ukve aqvT. isini fulis miwodebis moculo­
bas sesxis gacemiT zrdian (am movlenas gulisxmobda henri
fordi Tavis cnobil frazaSi _ is aRniSnavda, rom, Tuki
amerikeli xalxi odesme mixvdeboda, rogor xorcieldeba
sabanko operaciebi, „revolucia ar daayovnebda“. feder­
aluri rezervi zrdis fulis miwodebis moculobas da
sesxad aZlevs mas bankebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT, gaasesxon
maT rezervSi arsebul yovel erT dolarze aTi dolari.
amgvarad, federaluri rezervi, faqtobrivad, saSualebas
aZlevs maT, Tavis mxriv, gazardon fulis moculoba). mar­
Talia, saavtomobilo kompaniebis safinanso ganyofilebebi
SezRudulni iyvnen, gaezardaT fulis miwodebis moculoba
(romelic ukan daubrundebodaT, rac saSualebas miscemda
maT, TavianTi gamoSvebuli manqanebi eyidaT), magram amgvari
sistema saSualebas aZlevda maT, mieRoT msuye mogeba pro­
centebidan, mosakreblebidan da jarimebidan; sabolood, am
safinanso saqmianobasTan dakavSirebulma mogebam avtomo­
bilebis warmoebidan miRebul mogebas bevrad gadaaWarba.*
amave dros, iseTi korporaciebi, rogoricaa General M ­ otors,
General Electric da sxvebi, umsxvilesi bankebis msgavsad,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, araviTar federalur gadasaxads ar
ixdian. rakiRa maTi mogeba pirdapir xelisuflebaSi mid­
ioda, mas qrTamis saxiT pirdapir politikosebs aZlevdnen
(qrTams ki saxeli gadaerqva da „korporaciuli lobire­
ba“ ewoda), raTa daerwmunebinaT isini, ganexorcielebinaT
Semdgomi cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi (romlebsac xSirad
Tavad kompaniebi SeimuSavebdnen), riTac gauadvildebodaT
maTi sakredito sistemis maxeSi moxvedrili moqalaqeebis­

* Tuki am fasebs farul inflaciad ar aRviqvamT (rogorc amas bevri miiCnevs),

rasac, Tavis mxriv, mTavrobis politika uwyobs xels.

107
gan fulis amoReba. xolo vinaidan qveynis Sida Semosav­
lebis samsaxuri (IRS) veRar iRebda sakmaris Semosavals ko­
rporaciuli gadasaxadebisagan, xelisuflebac sul ufro
met Zalisxmevas axmarda am fulis amoRebas uSualod moqa­
laqeTa piradi Semosavlebidan; anda, axla ukve finansurad
mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi xelisuflebis adgilobrivi
organoebis SemTxvevaSi, axorcielebda TiTqmis analogiur
kampanias mosakreblebisa da jarimebis gazrdis gziT.
Tuki 1950-ian wlebSi korporaciebsa da mTavrobas ­Soris
arsebuli urTierToba cotaTi mainc waagavda legendarul
„Tavisufali konkurenciis kapitalizms“, romelsac, wesiT,
amerika unda efuZnebodes, amJamindeli sistemis SemTx­
vevaSi, Zneli saTqmelia, saerTod, ratom viyenebT sityva
„kapitalizms“.
jer kidev kolejSi viswavle, rom kapitalizmi aris
sistema, romelSic kerZo firmebi mogebas naxuloben sxve­
bis daqiravebiT produqciis warmoebisa da gayidvisaTvis;
meore mxriv, is sistemebi, romlebSic msxvili moTamaSeebi,
martivad rom vTqvaT, pirdapir arTmevdnen qonebas sxvebs
Zalisa da muqaris gamoyenebiT, feodalizmad moixseniebo­
da.* am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, is, rasac Cven „uolstrits“
vuwodebT, sul ufro metad emsgavseba kliringis palatas,
romelic vaWrobisa da feodaluri gadasaxadebis saqmeebs
agvarebs, anda, ufro uxeSad rom vTqvaT, TaRliTobasa da
gamomZalvelobas, maSin, roca saqmianobis areali im mrewve­
li kapitalistebisa, romlebic 1950-iani wlebis principebs
mihyvebian, sul ufro metad izRudeba da moicavs iseT
qveynebs, rogoricaa indoeTi, brazilia an komunisturi Ci­

* analogiurad, sociologiis Teoretikosi maqs veberi amtkicebda, rom, magal­

iTad, romauli samyaros „avantiurist samxedroTa... gadasaxadis amkrefTa,
spekulantTa, mevaxSeTa da sxvaTa“ „ugunuri politikuri kapitalizmi“ isto­
riul Cixs warmoadgenda, radgan uaRresad parazituli iyo saxelmwifos mimarT
da mas araferi hqonda saerTo industriuli kapitalizmis gonivrul, mizanSe­
wonil investirebasTan. veberis logikiT, Tanamedrove globaluri kapital­
izmi, romelSic spekulantebi, valutiT movaWreni da saxelmwifo SekveTebze
momuSave kontraqtorebi batonoben, ukve didi xania, daubrunda am Cixs da mis
absurdul saxeobad iqca.

108
neTi. ra Tqma unda, aSS-s kvlavac aqvs industriuli baza,
gansakuTrebiT iaraRis, samedicino aparaturisa da saso­
flo-sameurneo teqnikis warmoebaSi. Tumca, Tu samxedro
produqciis warmoebas ar CavTvliT, mrewvelobis roli
bolodroindeli korporaciuli mogebis SeqmnaSi sul
ufro mcirdeba.
2008 wlis krizisma cxadyo, rom mTavrobas aramarto
surda, fulis beWdvis ufleba mieca iseTi organizaciebi­
saTvis, romlebic „metismetad didni iyvnen saimisod, rom
gakotrebuliyvnen“, aramed surda, Tavad gaezarda fu­
lis moculoba uzarmazari masStabiT, rom maTi krizisi­
dan gamoyvana SeZleboda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini prob­
lemebs Seuqmnidnen sakuTar Tavs korufciaSi CarTviT an
„idioturi“ sesxebis gacemiT. aman saSualeba misca iseT
organizaciebs, rogoric amerikis bankia, es „axalgamomcx­
vari“ fuli swored im politikosebisaTvis gaenawilebi­
naT, romlebmac mxari dauWires maT krizisidan gamoyvanas;
amgvarad, maT SeinarCunes ufleba, hyolodaT sakuTari
lobistebi; isini, Tavis mxriv, swored iseT kanonebs Se­
qmnidnen, romlebic, savaraudod, „biznesis regulirebas“
ganapirobebdnen. da es yvelaferi xdeboda maSin, roca maT
lamis gaanadgures msoflio ekonomika. sruliad gaugebar­
ia, ratom ar unda miiCneodnen amgvari firmebi federal­
uri mTavrobis nawilad, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom mogebas
isini TviTon itoveben.
gamodis, rom rigiTi adamianebis Semosavlebis uzarmaz­
ari nawili, faruli gadasaxadebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ja­
rimebis saxiT, am mZarcveluri sistemis „gamokvebas“ xmarde­
ba. maxsovs, erTxel Macy’s-s (universaluri maRaziebis qseli
niu-iorkSi. red.) gamyidvelma Macy’s-s gadaxdis baraTis
SeZenaze damiyolia, rom 120-dolariani Rey-Ban-is saTvale
meyida. sanam qveynidan xangrZlivi droiT gavemgzavre­
bodi, warvadgine gadaxdis qviTari baraTze dafiqsirebuli
davalianebis dasafaravad, magram, rogorc Cans, daaxloebiT
2,75 dolariT naklebi daviTvale. rodesac ramdenime Tvis
Semdeg davbrundi, aRmovaCine, rom gadaxdis dagvianebis
109
gamo raRac jarimismagvari 500 dolari damgroveboda. Cven
Cvevad ar gvaqvs, aseTi cifrebi daviTvaloT, radgan isini
TiTqos vali ki ara, codvis sazRauria: maTi gadaxda imitom
giwevs, rom raRac arasworad gaakeTe (Cems SemTxvevaSi, cu­
dad gamoviTvale maTematikuri jami da damaviwyda, meTxova,
qviTari Cems sazRvargareTis misamarTze gadmoegzavnaT).
faqtobrivad, mTeli sistema isea awyobili, rom Cven aseTi
Secdomebi davuSvaT, radgan, zogadad, korporaciuli mo­
geba damokidebulia swored amaze.
saSualo amerikelis Semosavlis ra nawili iyris Tavs
safinanso momsaxurebis industriaSi, procentebis, ja­
rimebis, mosakreblebis, teqnikuri momsaxurebis safasur­
is, zednadebi xarjebis dazRvevis, uZravi qonebis maklerTa
sakomisios da sxv. saxiT? eWvgareSea, am industriis qomagi
daiwyebs mtkicebas, rom am Tanxis nawili kanonieri momsax­
urebis safasuria (magaliTad, uZravi qonebis makleris sa­
komisio), magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, am Tanxis gadaxda im ada­
mianebsac ekisrebaT, romlebmac Tavad ipoves bina, romlis
yidvasac apireben. uZravi qonebis seqtorma iseTi kanonebi
mogvaxvia Tavs, romlebic, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdis
binis SeZenas, Tu zemoT aRniSnul gadasaxads ar gadaixdi.
sxva Tu araferi, is faqti namdvilad udavoa, rom aseTi
gadasaxadebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi maso­
brivad gaizarda, ise, rom momsaxurebis sfero SesamCnevad
arc gafarToebula da arc gaumjobesebula.
saSualo amerikuli ojaxis Semosavlis ra nawili Jo­
navs misi biujetidan da Caedineba finansuri momsaxurebis
industriaSi? raodenobrivi monacemebi, ubralod, xelmis­
awvdomi araa (Tavad es faqti ukve mravlismetyvelia, imi­
tom rom amgvari monacemebi TiTqmis sxva yvelafris Sesaxeb
xelmisawvdomia). Tumca SegviZlia, garkveuli warmodgena
mainc SeviqmnaT. federaluri rezervis „finansur valde­
bulebaTa koeficienti“ gvauwyebs, rom ukanaskneli aT­
wleulis ganmavlobaSi saSualo amerikulma ojaxma Tavisi
Semosavlis daaxloebiT 18% daxarja sesxebis dafarvasa
da ­msgavsi valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. es araadekvatu­
110
ri monacemia mravali TvalsazrisiT (is moicavs ZiriTa­
di Tanxis gadasaxadebsa da uZravi qonebis gadasaxadebs,
magram masSi ar Sedis jarimebi da mosakreblebi), magram
zogadi SefasebisaTvis mainc sakmarisia.
am dokumentSi aseve naTqvamia, rom amerikelTa umrav­
lesobis mier gamomuSavebuli yoveli xuTi dolaridan erT
dolari mainc sxvadasxva formiT pirdapir uolstrits mis­
dis (aq „uolstritSi“ igulisxmeba misi farTod gavrcele­
buli gageba; es erTgvari koduri sityvaa mTlianad finans­
uri seqtoris aRsaniSnavad). magram, ra Tqma unda, „saSualo
amerikeli“, realurad, arc arsebobs. finansuri industri­
is mier yvela erTnairad arc iZarcveba. pirvel rigSi, unda
iTqvas, rom am fulis umetesobas, ubralod, finansur kom­
paniaTa mmarTvelebi ijibaven (mTeli es bankirTa bonusebi
da a. S.), garkveuli Tanxa ki xelaxla gadanawildeba divi­
dendebis saxiT. Tumca es yvelas ar mouwevs. krizisamde
arsebobda mosazreba, rom garigebaSi yvela monawileobda;
rom kapitalizmi gaxda saxalxo biznesi, romelSic yvela
amerikeli monawileobda Tavisi kapitaldabandebebiTa da
sapensio angariSebiT. es Zalian gazviadebuli warmodgena
iyo da krizisis Semdeg, roca 401(k)-m uzarmazari zarali
ganicada (401(k) _ esaa aSS-is sagadasaxado kodeqsis muxli.
misi nomris mixedviT moixsenieben dagrovebiT sapensio geg-
mas, romelic am muxlSi Camoyalibebul sagadasaxado sqemas
efuZneba. red.), xolo msxvili investorebis mdgomareoba
swrafad gamosworda, ase ukve aravin aRar fiqrobda. ve­
ravin uaryofs, rom mogebis sistema kvlavac iseTia, ro­
goric iyo: es aris fulis xelaxali gadanawileba maTze,
vinc saTaveSi dgas. sabolood, mogebulni rCebian isev mdi­
dari amerikelebi, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, saqmianoben Tu ara
isini finansur seqtorSi. uamravi danarCeni adamianis Semo­
savlis garkveuli nawili ki saxelmwifo xazinaSi miedineba.
meore mxriv, am finansuri kvebiTi jaWvis (greberi fi-
nansuri urTierTobebis gamosaxatavad biologiur termins
iyenebs. „kvebiTi jaWvi“ gulisxmobs mcenareebis, cxovelebis,
sokoebisa da mikroorganizmebis garkveuli saxe­obebis urTi­
111
erTdamokidebulebas, romelic emyareba princips: sakvebi _
momxmarebeli. organizmebis Tanmimdevroba uzrunvel­yofs
nivTierebaTa da energiis etapobriv gadatanas wyarodan
momxmarebelSi. red.) qveda rgolis poziciaze myofT yov­
elTvis araproporciulad, araTanazomierad metis gadaxda
uwevT (da es sruli WeSmariteba gaxlavT, ra kriteriume­
biTac ar unda mivudgeT mas, iqneba es rasa, sqesi, asaki
Tu dasaqmebis saxeoba). magaliTad, 2004 wels Tvrametidan
ocdaoTx wlamde axalgazrdebi iZulebulni iyvnen, Tavi­
anTi Semosavlebis 22% sesxebis dasafaravad gadaexadaT (es
moicavs ZiriTadi Tanxis procentebs, magram ara sabanko
momsaxurebis gadasaxadebs, Senatanebsa da jarimebs). aqedan
mexuTedma Tavisi Semosavlis daaxloebiT 40% gadaixada.
kidev ufro uaresi iyo ocdaxuTidan ocdaToTxmet wlamde
asakis mosaxleobis mdgomareoba (es swored is kontingen­
tia, romlis mdgomareobazec studenturma sesxebma Zlieri
gavlena iqonia): maT sakuTari Semosavlebis, saSualod,
meoTxedi daxarjes valebis gadaxdaze. yvela es monacemi
asaxavs axalgazrda amerikelebis mdgomareobas mTliano­
baSi, maTi ganaTlebis miuxedavad. aRarafers vambobT
amerikuli ojaxebis daaxloebiT 22%-is xvedrze, romelTa
mdgomareoba imdenad mZimea, rom maT Cveulebriv (tradici­
ul) sesxebze saerTod ar miuwvdebaT xeli da iZulebuli
xdebian, lombardebs, avtolombardebsa da e.w. payday loan-
ebis (moklevadiani samomxmareblo sesxi mcire Tanxaze, maRa-
li procentiT, momdevno Tvis xelfasis uzrunvel­ yofiT.
ingl. payday loan _ sityvasityviT _ xel­fasis dRis sesxi. red.)
ofisebs mimarTon, sadac maTi wliuri saprocento ganakve­
Ti 800%-s aRwevs.
aseTi iyo mdgomareoba jer kidev krizisamde.
2008 wlis Semdeg amerikaSi yvela, visac ki valis Semci­
rebis raime saSualeba hqonda da, aqedan gamomdinare, SeeZ­
lo, Tavisi Semosavlebis nawili uolstritze gadaesrola,
saswrafod asec moiqca _ isini an elvis siswrafiT ixdid­
nen sakredito baraTebis davalianebas, an uars ambobdnen,

112
­ adaexadaT ipoTekuri sesxebi, romelTa sanacvlod gira­
g
od Cadebuli uZravi qoneba likvidurobas kargavda (e.w.
underwater mortgage).
qvemoT mocemuli grafiki (vertikalur xazze mocemu­
lia sufTa, e. w. gankargvadi Semosavlebis procentuloba,
xolo horizontalurze _ Sinameurneobebis valis momsaxu­
rebis koeficienti) dagexmarebaT, ukeT dainaxoT, ramdenad
mkveTri iyo es cvlileba:

amave dros, garkveuli tipis sesxebis gacemis pirobebi

imgvaradaa SemuSavebuli, rom, realurad, adamians SesaZle­
blobebs uzRudavs. magaliTad, Tu ipoTekuri sesxis piro­
bebze xelaxali molaparakeba mainc SesaZlebelia (Tumca
advili araa)*, studenturi sesxis SemTxvevaSi es SeuZle­
belia; faqtobrivad, ramdenime Tvec rom CaagdoT da ga­
dasaxadi ver gadaixadoT, ZiriTad Tanxaze, savaraudod,
dagematebaT jarimebi aTasobiT dolaris odenobiT. amis
Sedegad, studenturi sesxis davalianeba Tavbrudamxvevi
siswrafiT izrdeba da am valis mTliani moculoba (jamuri
davalianeba) mkveTrad aWarbebs sakredito baraTze arse­
buli Tu yvela sxva formis sesxis Tanxas:

* Tumca ipoTekuri sesxebis gansacvifreblad dabali procentuli maCveneblebi

xelaxla marTlac ganixileboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom samTavrobo programebi,
savaraudod, am procesis xelSewyobisaTvis ganxorcielda.

113
 jamuri davalianeba da misi Semadgenloba
ipoTeka revolvirebadi avtosesxi sakredito studenturi sxva
(ganaxlebadi) baraTi sesxi
sesxi

72% 5% 6% 6% 8% 3%

*2011 wlis mesame kvartalis jami: 11,656 trilioni dolari

studentebis garda, kidev erTi jgufs, romelic valis

maxeSi moeqca, samuSaos mqone uRaribesi adamianebi war­
moadgenen (yvelaze metad _ muSa qalebi da feradkaniani
mosaxleoba), romelTa isedac stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi
myofi Semosavlebis sakmaod didi wili kvlavac safinanso
momsaxurebis industrias miaqvs. maT xSirad „subpraimereb­
sac“ (ingl. subprime _ substandartuli, standartulisgan
gansxvavebuli; am terminiT aRiniSneba krediti, romelsac
gascemen arcTu ise umwikvlo sabanko istoriis mqone msesxe-
belze. misi saprocento ganakveTi Cveulebrivze ramdenime
punqtiT maRalia. red.) uwodeben, radgan es is adamianebi
arian, romlebmac, savaraudod, substandartuli ipoTekuri
sesxis miRebaze moaweres xeli (an moatyues da Secdoma­
Si Seiyvanes). isini mkveTrad cvalebadi, e.w. „feTqebadi“
substandartuli ipoTekuri sesxis msxverplni gaxdnen da
axla aRmasrulebelTa mxridan devnis saSiSroebis winaSe
dganan; maTi manqanebi sxvebis sakuTrebaSi gadavida. maT
yvelaze metad azaralebs is, rom iZulebulni arian, aiRon
e.w. ­payday loan-ebi gadaudebeli saWiroebisaTvis, rogori­
caa, magaliTad, jandacva, radgan es swored is amerikelebi
arian, romelTac, naklebad savaraudoa, hqondeT mniSv­
nelovani SeRavaTebi jandacvaze. aseTi sesxebis wliuri
saprocento ganakveTi daaxloebiT 300%-ia.
am ori kategoriis amerikelebi (anu is adamianebi, rom­
lebsac swavlasa da muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli proble­
mebis mogvareba uwevT) _ muSaTa klasi da universitetis
an kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi, romlebic dabalanaz­
114
Raurebad samuSaos asruleben da kabaluri studenturi
sesxebis dafarva uxdebaT _ faqtobrivad, TavianTi Semo­
savlebis ufro met wils uolstrits uxdian, vidre gada­
saxadebis saxiT _ saxelmwifos.
jer kidev seqtemberSi, „okupaciis“ dawyebamde, krisma
(Food Not Bombs-is aqtivistma, romelic agvistoSi bouling
grinze pirveli demokratiuli wris mowyobaSi dagvexmara)
Tumblr-ze Seqmna gverdi saxelwodebiT „Cven varT 99%“,
romlis mxardamWerebsac SeeZloT, aetvirTaT TavianTi
fotoebi da gamoeqveynebinaT mokled aRwerili realuri
ambebi, romlebic Tavs gadaxdenodaT. winamdebare wignis
daweris droisTvis iq amgvar istoriebs ukve 125 gverdze
meti eWira. maTi avtorebi ama Tu im rasis, asakis, sqesis
(da kidev mravali maxasiaTebliT gansxvavebuli) adamianebi
arian.
am cota xnis win zemoT aRniSnul istoriebze dayrdno­
biT Sedga internet-diskusia „99%-is ideologiis“ Sesaxeb.
es yvelaferi ki maik konkzalis, blog Rortybomb-is Semqm­
nelis (maik konkzali _ ruzveltis institutis TanamSrom-
eli, romelic finansuri reformis, umuSevrobis, ekonomikis
progresuli xedvis sakiTxebze muSaobs. red.) statistikuri
analiziT daiwyo. is Seecada, daedgina am html (hiperteqs-
tis moniSvnis ena vebgverdebis Sesaqmnelad. red.) teqsteb­
Si yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli 25 sityva. gairkva, rom
yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen sityva „samsaxurs“, meore adg­
ilze iyo sityva „vali“, xolo yvela sxva danarCeni sa­
sicocxlod aucilebel moTxovnilebebs, saxls, sakvebs,
jandacvas, ganaTlebas, bavSvebs ukavSirdeboda („samsax­
urisa“ da „valis“ Semdeg yvelaze popularuli sityvebi
iyo: „muSaoba“, „koleji“, „gadaxda“, „studenti“, „sesxi“,
„SesaZlebloba“, „skola“ da „dazRveva“). TvalSi mogxvde­
bodaT, rom am CamonaTvalSi naxsenebi ar iyo saxalxo mox­
marebis saqoneli. qveteqstebis gasaazreblad konkzalma
mimarTa Cems wigns valis Sesaxeb:
„anTropolog devid grebers istorikos mozes finlis
sityvebi mohyavs, romelmac daadgina: „wina epoqebis ucv­
115
leli revoluciuri programa, romelic valebis gabaTile­
basa da miwebis xelaxal gadanawilebas moicavda, muSaTa
klasis ki ara, glexobis devizia“. ganvixiloT es SemTxveve­
bi. am gancxadebaTa absoluturi umravlesoba warmoadgens
didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone moTxovnas Semdegi
formiT: (1) gagvaTavisufleT am valebis tyveobidan da (2)
mogveciT mxolod minimumi, rom arseboba SevZloT da wesi­
erad vicxovroT (an, industriamdeli leqsika rom gamoviy­
enoT: „mogveciT miwa!“). finlis ganmartebiT, es glexebis
moTxovnebia, da ara muSaTa klasisa“.10
konkzalma SeniSna, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi xalxis
Tvalsawieri daviwrovda: Cven aRar gvesmis moTxovnebi,
romlebic Seexeba samuSao adgilebis demokratiuli prin­
cipiT ganawilebas, Sromis Rirsebas (ingl. dignity of labour _
koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvela saxis samuSao Tanabar
pativiscemas imsaxurebs. red.), an Tundac ekonomikur samar­
Tlianobas. kapitalizmis am axali, feodalizebuli formiT
gaTelilni, Sua saukuneebis glexebis mdgomareobamde ari­
an dasulni da aRarafers iTxoven, garda imisa, rom hqon­
deT saSualeba, sakuTari cxovreba Tavad moiwyon. magram,
rogorc maleve sxvebmac aRniSnes, aq, garkveulwilad, saqme
gvaqvs paradoqsTan, radgan, saboloo jamSi, Tvalsawieri
ki ar Seviwroebula, gafarTovda. kapitalizmis momxree­
bis argumenti yovelTvis aseTi iyo: rogorc ekonomikuri
sistema, is, ra Tqma unda, uzarmazar uTanasworobas warmo­
Sobs, magram misi zogadi zemoqmedebis Sedegi aris swrafva
nebismieri, TiTqos arafriT gamorCeuli adamianis kidev
ufro meti usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobisaken. Cven mi­
vediT im wertilamde, roca msoflios umdidres kapital­
istur qveyanaSic ki sul ufro izrdeba mosaxleobis is
nawili, romlisTvisac sistema ver uzrunvelyofs sicocx­
lis minimalur usafrTxoebas, an Tundac cxovrebis saa­
rsebo minimums. ver gaveqceviT daskvnas, rom erTaderTi
gza, romliTac SevZlebT, davibrunoT cxovreba, romelSic
adamianis pirovnuli Rirseba odnav mainc dafasdeba, aris
sruliad axali sistemis SemoReba.11
116
 piradad me mTeli es diskusia SeiZleba konkretuli mag­
aliTebis meSveobiT statistikuri analizis Casatareblad
gamomadges. ver vityvi, rom aseTi analizi, TavisTavad,
arafers gamoavlens, magram yvelaferi damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ras mivaniWebT pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas.
rodesac Tumblr-is gverdi pirvelad CavikiTxe, Cemze Za­
lian imoqmeda iman, rom qalebis mxridan gamoxmaurebebi
Warbobda; Tanac isini iTxovdnen, hqonodaT ara Rirseuli
cxovrebis, aramed sxvaze zrunvis saSualeba. es ukanaskne­
li aSkara iyo or aspeqtSi. pirveli: faqtia, rom bevri maT­
gani, vinc gadawyvita, Tavisi ambavi moeTxro, muSaobda an
surda, emuSava iseT samsaxurSi, romelic sxvebze zrunvas
gulisxmobda _ es iyo jandacva, ganaTleba, TemTan muSaoba,
socialuri momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa da a.S. am ambebis
mTeli simwvave im paradoqss ukavSirdeba, romelic aravis
uxsenebia: dResdReobiT amerikaSi imgvari samsaxuris povna,
romelic sxvebze zrunvis saSualebas iZleva, Cveulebriv,
niSnavs imas, rom iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebi, SeiZleba
wesierad sakuTar ojaxzec veRar izruno. es, rasakvirve­
lia, ukve meore aspeqtia. siRaribesa da vals sruliad gan­
sxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs maTTvis, vinc Tavis cxovrebas
sxvebTan urTierTobaze agebs: es niSnavs, rom sakuTari qa­
liSvilisaTvis dabadebis dReze saCuqars ver yidulob; an
xedav, rom mas diabetis simptomebi uviTardeba, Sen ki ar
gaqvs saSualeba, eqims gaasinjo; anda, deda SeiZleba ise
gardagecvalos, rom verasodes SeZlo, erTi-ori kviriT
Svebuleba aiRo da is sadme dasasveneblad waiyvano, Tun­
dac erTxel mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze.
odesRac amerikaSi ojaxis marCenali iyo mamakaci, sani­
muSo, politikurad gaTviTcnobierebuli muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli, romelic saavtomobilo an foladis sam­
sxmelo qarxanaSi muSaobda. axla ki am funqcias umetesad
martoxela deda asrulebs, romelic maswavleblad an med­
dad msaxurobs. mamakacebTan SedarebiT, albaT ufro meti
qali Sedis kolejSi, albaT ufro meti amTavrebs mas da
albaT ufro meti SeiZleba gaRaribdes. es is sami elemen­
117
tia, romlebic kidev ufro zrdis Cvens politikur Segne­
bas. profkavSirebis roli jer kidev mcirea: profkavSiris
wevrTa mxolod 45%-ia qali, magram Tu mimdinare tenden­
ciebi SenarCunda, rva weliwadSi qalebi umravlesobaSi
iqnebian. Sromis ekonomikis specialistis, jon Smitis dak­
virvebiT, „ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze profkav­
SirebSi qalTa ricxvis mkveTri zrdis momswreni gavxdiT,
gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac maTSi gaerTianebis survili
momsaxurebis seqtoris muSakebmac gamoTqves“. „mosazreba,
TiTqos profkavSirebi mxolod 50 wlis TeTrkaniani mamak­
acebisaTvisaa, swori ar aris“, acxadebs is.
garda amisa, Sexedulebebis es Tanxvedra samuSaos cnebis
swored Cveneuli gaazrebis TandaTanobiT Secvlas iwvevs.
Cemi azriT, konkzali Secda, roca Tqva, rom es 99% Sromis
Rirsebaze saerTod aRar fiqrobs. swored rom piriqiT,
es adamianebi afarToeben mniSvnelovani samuSaos cnebis
tradiciul gagebas da masSi gulisxmoben yvelafers, rasac
ara CvenTvis, aramed sxvebisTvis vakeTebT.

SekiTxva 4

ratom Tqva uari moZraobam, wamoeyenebina moTxovnebi,

an dapirispireboda arsebul politikur sistemas? ra-
tom gaxada am uarma moZraoba gacilebiT mimzidveli
da ara piriqiT?

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom aseT gamouval mdgomareoba­

Si myofi adamianebi TavianTi problemebis dauyovnebliv,
pragmatulad gadaWras moisurvebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare,
kidev ufro saocaria faqti, rom isini SeuerTdnen im moZ­
raobas, romelic saerTod uars ambobda, pirdapir arse­
buli politikuri institutebisaTvis miemarTa.
rasakvirvelia, aman Zalian ganacvifra korporaciuli
mediis warmomadgenlebi, imdenad, rom maT uari ganacxades,

118
eRiarebinaT is, rac pirdapir maT Tvalwin xdeboda. Tavda­
pirvelad saSineleba iyo _ jinia belafontes mier The Times-
Si gamoqveynebuli statiis Semdeg yvela saxis mediasaSu­
alebebSi dausrulebeli aurzauri atyda _ isini ­Occupy-s
araseriozulobaSi adanaSaulebdnen, radgan man uari Tqva,
konkretuli moTxovnebis CamonaTvali wamoeyenebina. TiTq­
mis yovelTvis, rodesac wamyvani mediasaSualebebis Jur­
nalistebs Occupy Wall Street-is Sesaxeb ­intervius vaZlev,
vismen erTsa da imave sentencias sxvadasxva formulirebiT:
rogor apirebT Sedegis miRwevas, Tuki ar gindaT lider­
Ta struqturis Seqmna an moTxovnaTa CamonaTvalis Sedge­
na? da ra aris mTeli es anarqistuli nonsensi-konsensusi
_ gafarCxuli TiTebi? ver xvdebiT, rom es radikaluri ena
xalxs dagaSorebT? am gziT verasodes SeZlebT namdvili
amerikelebis gulebamde misvlas.
rodesac svam kiTxvebs: a) ratom ambobs uars Occupy Wall
Street liderobis struqturis Seqmnaze? da b) ratom ar
wamovayeneT konkretuli politikis programa? es niSnavs,
rom wamoWri erTsa da imave sakiTxs sxvadasxva formiT: ra­
tom ar gvaqvs kontaqti arsebul politikur struqturas­
Tan, rom, sabolood, misi nawili gavxdeT?
vinmem rom samaxsovro albomi Seadginos, romelSic
Seitanda yvela drois yvelaze cud rCevebs, amgvari rCe­
va albaT masSi sapatio adgils daikavebda. 2008 wlis fi­
nansuri katastrofis Semdeg dausruleblad cdilobdnen,
erovnuli moZraoba amerikis finansuri elitis mier war­
moebuli Zarcva-glejisaTvis daepirispirebinaT, Tanac im
midgomebis gamoyenebiT, romlebsac am tipis Jurnaliste­
bi gvTavazobdnen. yvela maTgani warumatebeli aRmoCnda.
umetesoba Zalian cudad damTavrda.* mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac gamoCnda moZraoba, romelic gadaWriT ambobda uars,
tradiciuli gziT evlo, romelic uaryofda arsebul

* amis erT-erTi cnobili magaliTia ufro adre, 2011 wlis 14 ivniss, jguf Em-
pire State Rebellion-is mowodeba zukotis parkis dasakaveblad federaluri rez­
ervis mmarTvelTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris, ben bernankes gadadgomis moTxovniT.
am aqciaze mxolod oTxi kaci mivida.

119
politikur sistemas, rogorc Tavisi arsiT uzneos, ro­
melic mouwodebda amerikuli demokratiis srulad ga­
naxlebisaken, „okupaciebi“ Zalian male mTel qveyanas moe­
do. aSkaraa, rom moZraoba warmatebuli aRmoCnda ara „imis
miuxedavad“, rom masSi anarqistuli elementi ido, aramed
swored am faqtoris gamo.
a anarqistebisaTvis (rogoric Tavadac gaxldiT, anu
iseTi adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac did koaliciaSi muS­
aoba surT iqamde, sanam TanamSromloba horizontalur
principebze iqneba agebuli) es forma swored is iyo, raze­
dac amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi vocnebobdiT. aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi anarqistuli moZraobis wevrebi Cveni Semo­
qmedebiTi energiis umetes nawils egalitaruli (is, rac
Tanasworobas, Tanasworuflebianobas ukavSirdeba. red.)
politikuri procesebis ganviTarebas vaxmardiT, romleb­
sac realuri Sedegi hqonda. saubaria uSualo demokratiis
iseT formebze, romlebic nebismier TviTmmarTvel sazoga­
doebaSi imuSavebs, saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad. mTe­
li es proeqti im rwmenas efuZneboda, rom Tavisufleba
gadamdebia. yvelam kargad vicodiT erTi ram _ praqtiku­
lad, SeuZlebeli iyo, saSualo amerikeli dagerwmunebina
imaSi, rom WeSmaritad demokratiuli sazogadoeba SeiZle­
ba Camoayalibo oratoruli gamosvlebis saSualebiT. ma­
gram maTTvis amis demonstrireba SeiZleboda. roca Seni
TvaliT naxav, rom aTasi, an ori aTasi adamiani iRebs kole­
qtiur gadawyvetilebas TviTon, liderTa struqturis
gareSe, da misTvis motivacias mxolod moraluri norme­
bi da solidaroba warmoadgens, _ marTla Segecvleba um­
Tavresi Sexedulebebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogori SeiZleba
iyos sinamdvileSi politika da, aqedan gamomdinare, ada­
mianis cxovreba. jer kidev „msoflio samarTlianobis moZ­
raobis“ dReebSi Cven miviCnevdiT, rom Tuki SevZlebdiT,
mTeli msoflios masStabiT, rac SeiZleba, meti adamian­
isaTvis gagvecno uSualo demokratiis es axali formebi,
uSualo demokratiis tradiciebi, safuZveli Caeyreboda
axal, globalur demokratiul kulturas. magram, rogorc
120
zemoT aRvniSne, Cven aqtivistTa getoebidan gamoRwevac
ki ver SevZeliT; amerikelTa umetesobam verc ki gaigo,
rom uSualo demokratia Cveni moZraobisTvis damaxasiaTe­
beli aseTi mniSvnelovani Strixi iyo, romelic sxvebisgan
gamogvarCevda; mediam maTi yuradReba gadaitana „Slemebi­
ani“ axalgazrdebis imijze, romlebic vitrinebs amsxvrevd­
nen; reportiorebi gamudmebiT amtkicebdnen, rom mTeli
am diskusiebis sagani iyo dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxaree­
bi imisa, rasac isini daJinebiT moixseniebdnen „Tavisuf­
al vaWrobad.* 2003 wlis Semdeg, roca omis sawinaaRmdego
moZraobebma asiaTasobiT amerikelis mobilizeba SeZlo,
amerikaSi aqtivizmi Senelda da is ierarqiuli koaliciebis
Zvelebur vertikalur politikas, qarizmatul liderebsa
da transparantebian demonstraciebs daubrunda. magram
bevrma udreki sulis adamianma Cven Soris mainc SeinarCuna
uryevi rwmena. bolos da bolos, Cven xom sakuTaricxovre­
ba swored am princips mivuZRveniT _ rom mTavaria rwmena,
romelsac veraferi moereva. magram amave dros Cven, Sei­
Zleba iTqvas, ver SevniSneT erTi ram _ ukve aRarc gvje­
roda, rom SesaZloa, marTla mogvepovebina gamarjveba.
da mogvianebiT asec moxda. rodesac bolos zukotis
parkSi mivedi, manamde, vidre iqidan gamogvaZevebdnen, da
vuyurebdi, rogor iyenebda masobrivi Sekrebebis dros

* termini „Tavisufali vaWroba“, „Tavisufali bazrisa“ da „Tavisufali war­

moebis“ msgavsad, aSkarad propagandistulia. sinamdvileSi moZraoba upirisp­
irdeboda planetis masStabiT msoflios umniSvnelovanesi efeqturi adminis­
traciuli biurokratiis warmoSobas _ amis magaliTia saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia da sxv., romlebic evro­
pis kavSirisa (igulisxmeba 1992 wels dadebuli maastrixtis SeTanxmeba, romlis
safuZvelze da evropis Tanamegobrobis bazaze Seiqmna evropis kavSiri _ evropis
12 qveynis ekonomikuri asociacia. red.) da NAFTA-s (CrdiloeT amerikis SeTanxme-
ba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb. 1992 wels mas xeli moaweres kanadis, aSS-isa da
meqsikis pirvelma pirebma. red.) msgavsi xelSekrulebebis dadebis Sedegad Seiqm­
na _ TiTqosda, globaluri vaWrobis xelSewyobisa da regulirebis mizniT; an,
ufro zustad, moZraoba miiCnevda, rom am organoebis arseboba, demokratiuli
TvalsazrisiT, ucnauri iyo da isini finansuri imperializmisa da globaluri
Zarcva-glejis Sirmas warmoadgendnen. Cems mosazrebebs am moZraobis Sesaxeb
SegiZliaT, gaecnoT Cems naSromSi: Direct Action: An Ethnography (Oakland: AK Press
2009).

121
Cvens yvela Zvel Jestebis niSans adamianebis mraval­
ferovani jgufi, romelic mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenisa­
gan Sedgeboda (Suaxnis mSeneblebidan dawyebuli, axalgaz­
rda mxatvrebiT damTavrebuli), Cemma Zvelma megobarma,
„xeze mjdomare“ ekoanarqistma priam, romelic axla parkSi
videodokumentalistis movaleobas asrulebda, gamimxila:
„drodadro sakuTar Tavs vCqmet, raTa davrwmunde, rom es
yvelaferi sizmari ar aris.“
maSasadame, sakvanZo SekiTxva ase Camoyalibdeba: mTa­
vari is ki araa, Tu ratom daiwyo sabolood uolstritis
sawinaaRmdego moZraoba (simarTle giTxraT, 2008 wlis ko­
lafsis Semdeg bevrs ukvirda, Tu ratom ar daiwyo amgvari
ram) aramed is, Tu ratom miiRo man es forma? pasuxi Ta­
visTavad cxadia. erTi ram, rac amerikaSi yvela im adamians
aerTianebs, romlebic politikur fenas (memarcxenes Tu
memarjvenes) ar miekuTvnebian, aris antipaTia politikosTa
mimarT. gansakuTrebiT „vaSingtoni“ aRiqmeba safuZvelSive
gaxrwnil ucxo sxeulad, romlis Zalaufleba da gavlena
sapnis buSts hgavs. 2008 wlidan moyolebuli, TiTqmis Seu­
Zlebeli gaxda im faqtis ugulebelyofa, rom vaSingtoni
mowodebulia, uolstritis interesebs emsaxuros. Tumca
es mainc ver xsnis, Tu ratom moizida amdeni adamiani moZ­
raobam, romelic absoluturad uaryofda nebismieri saxis
arsebul politikur institutebs.

Cemi azriT, pasuxi kvlavac mTel Taobas moicavs. zu­

kotis parkis pirveli „okupantebis“ saubars TavianT ga­
naTlebaze, finansur da samsaxurebriv mdgomareobaze re­
frenad gasdevda azri: „me wesierad vcxovrobdi. vakeTebdi
swored imas, rasac yvela moeloda Cemgan da naxeT, aman
sadamde mimiyvana!“ zustad igive SeiZleba iTqvas am axal­
gazrdebis politikur gamocdilebazec.
ocdaxuT wlamde amerikelebis umetesobis pirveli
Sexeba politikasTan 2006 da 2008 wlebs ukavSirdeba,
rodesac wina wlebTan SedarebiT orjer meti axalgazr­
da mivida arCevnebze da maTma absoluturma umravlesobam
122
xma misca demokratebs. baraq obamas winasaarCevno kampania
saguldagulod iyo dagegmili, rom progresuli axalgaz­
rdobis simpaTia moepovebina, da is marTlac STambeWdavi
SedegebiT dasrulda. Zneli araa imis gaxseneba, rom baraq
obama aramarto „cvlilebebis“ momtan kandidatad dasax­
elda, is uxvad iyenebda frazebs, romlebsac radikaluri
socialuri moZraobebis leqsikidan sesxulobda („diax,
Cven es SegviZlia!“ gadmoRebuli iyo United Farm Workers-is
warmomadgenlis, sesar Cavesis sityvebidan (sesar estrada
Cavesi (1927-1993) _ cnobili amerikeli uflebadamcveli, aSS-
is nacionaluri gmiri, aSS-is „soflis meurneobis muSakTa
asociacis“ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli, warmoSobiT meqsikeli.
red.); „Tavad gaxdi cvlileba!“ _ am gamoTqmas xSirad gan­
dis miaweren). obamas Temis organizebis gamocdileba hqon­
da da memarcxene „axali partiis“ (New Party) wevri gaxl­
daT, ris gamoc is erT-erTi iyo bolo drois im ramden­
ime kandidatTagan, romlebzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini
socialuri moZraobidan movidnen da ara kulisebs miRma
gamarTuli molaparakebebis safuZvelze da maqinaciebis
saSualebiT, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme. ufro metic,
misi winasaarCevno kampania, romelSic mosaxleobis farTo
masebi monawileobdnen, ufro metad sazogadoebriv moZ­
raobas waagavda; axalgazrda moxaliseebs ki ar avalebdnen,
agitaciis mizniT telefonze erekaT an kardakar evloT,
aramed stimuls aZlevdnen, SeeqmnaT myari, sicocxlisuna­
riani organizaciebi, romlebic arCevnebis Semdgomac didx­
ans gaagrZelebdnen muSaobas progresuli miznebis misaRw­
evad _ mxars dauWerdnen gaficvebsa da boikotebs, Seqmnid­
nen e.w. sakvebis bankebs (esaa adgili, sadac agroveben sakvebs
Raribi da umweo mosaxleobisTvis. red.), organizebas gauw­
evdnen adgilobriv garemos dacviT kampaniebs. yovelive
aman, im faqtTan erTad, rom obama pirveli afro-amerikeli
prezidenti gaxdeboda, axalgazrdebs gauCina imis gancda,
rom movlenebi, romlebSic isini monawileobdnen, amerikis
istoriaSi WeSmaritad gardamtex moments warmoadgenda da
did cvlilebebs moaswavebda.
123
 udavoa, rom im axalgazrdebis umetesoba, romlebic
obamas saarCevno kampaniaSi iyvnen CarTuli, an mxars uWerd­
nen mas, kargad jer Tavadac ver garkveuliyvnen, Tu ramde­
nad didi gardaqmna mohyveboda yovelive amas. magram isini
mzad iyvnen Zirfesviani cvlilebebisaTvis Tavad amerikis
demokratiis struqturaSi. gvaxsovdes, rom es yvelaferi
xdeboda qveyanaSi, sadac „misaRebi“ politikuri mosazre­
ba iseT viwro CarCoSia moqceuli (dedanSi gamoyenebulia
metafora „giJis perangi acvia“, rac, konteqstis gaTval-
iswinebiT, Seesatyviseba „prokrustes sarecels“. red.), verc
politikosi da verc mediaeqsperti verafers ityvian ise,
rom ar „Camoweron“ da fanatikosad ar monaTlon. amitom
amerikis mosaxleobis sakmaod didi nawili sakuTar pozi­
cias xmamaRla arc ki afiqsirebs. warmodgena rom Segveqm­
nas, Tu ramdenad daSorda erTmaneTs „misaRebi“ mosazreba
da amerikeli amomrCevlebiis realuri ganwyoba, ganvixi­
loT rasmusenis (igulisxmeba skot rasmusenis (daib. 1956
w.), amerikeli politikis analitikosis, mier daarsebuli
kompania Rasmussen Reports, romelic sazogadoebrivi azris
kvlevas axorcielebs. mTargm.) mier Catarebuli sazoga­
doebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi. maTgan erTi 2008
wlis dekemberSi Catarda, obamas arCevidan Zalian male,
xolo meore _ 2011 wlis aprilSi.
amerikelTa sakmaod did nawils dausves kiTxva, Tu romel
ekonomikur sistemas uWerdnen mxars _ kapitalizms Tu so­
cializms. 2008 wels 15% Tvlida, rom SeerTebuli Statebi­
saTvis umjobesi iqneboda socialisturi sistemis SemoReba;
sami wlis Semdeg es ricxvi imdenad gaizarda, rom yoveli mex­
uTe ase miiCnevda. kidev ufro sakvirvel monacemebs iZleoda
statistika, romelic asakobriv klasifikacias eyrdnoboda:
rac ufro axalgazrda iyo respondenti, miT ufro ewinaaRm­
degeboda ideas, darCenili cxovreba kapitalistur sistemaSi
gaetarebina. TxuTmetidan ocdaxuT wlamde amerikelTa Soris
umravlesobas mainc kapitalizmi erCia: maTi ricxvi 37% iyo,
xolo socializmis momxreebisa _ 33% (danarCen 30%-s arCev­
anis gakeTeba gauWirda). modi, davukvirdeT zemoaRniSnul
124
suraTs. es niSnavs, rom amerikeli axalgazrdebis TiTqmis or
mesameds unda, ganixilos mTlianad kapitalisturi sistemis
gauqmebis idea. es marTlac uCveuloa im qveyanaSi, romelSic
mosaxleobis umravlesobas arc ki unaxavs, rom romelime
politikosi, eqsperti, telegadacemis wamyvani Tu mowveuli
stumari, principSi, ewinaaRmdegebodes kapitalizmis ideas, an
iyenebdes termin „socializms“ raime konteqstSi, garda im
SemTxvevisa, roca unda, mis mimarT Tavisi Semwynarebluri
da damcinavi damokidebuleba gamoxatos. cxadia, swored am
mizezis gamo Znelia, zustad gansazRvro, konkretulad ras
gulisxmoben axalgazrdebi, rodesac amboben, rom „socializ­
mi“ urCevniaT. unda vivaraudoT, rom es ar aris ekonomikuri
modeli, romelsac CrdiloeT koreis saxelmwifo efuZneba.
maS, romeli qveynis? SvedeTis? kanadis? amis Tqma SeuZlebe­
lia. meore mxriv, amas didi mniSvneloba arca aqvs. SesaZloa,
bevrma amerikelma arc ki icodes, ras unda gulisxmobdes
cneba „socializmi“, magram, samagierod, bevri ram icis kapi­
talizmis Sesaxeb. da Tu socializmi maTTvis raimes niSnavs,
es aris „sxva raRac“, an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, „raRac, suler­
Tia ra, oRond es ara“. meore gamokiTxvis Sedegebi gviCvenebs,
ramdenad ukidures zRvramdea misuli situacia: responden­
tebs sTxoves, arCevani gaekeTebinaT kapitalizmsa da komu­
nizms Soris. aTidan erTma amerikelma ganacxada, rom amJamad
arsebul ekonomikur sistemas sabWoTa stilis sistema erCia.
2008 wels axalgazrda amerikelebis 68%-ma misca xma
obamas, xolo 30%-ma _ makkeins. obamam xmebis daaxloebiT
ori mesamedis upiratesobiT gaimarjva.
safuZveli gvaqvs, vivaraudoT, rom umetesoba axal­
gazrda amerikelebisa, romlebmac xma obamas misces, imaze
cotaTi mets mainc moelodnen, vidre miiRes. maT egonaT,
rom mxari dauWires, figuras, romelic cvlilebebs ganax­
orcielebda. bevri marTla eloda sistemis fundamentur
gardaqmnas, oRond ar icodnen, konkretulad rogor unda
warmarTuliyo es procesi. ra unda egrZnoT axalgazrda
amerikel amomrCevlebs, rodesac aRmoaCendnen, rom sinamd­
vileSi maT zomieri konservatori airCies?
125
 ZiriTadi politikuri tendenciebis fonze es gancxadeba
SeiZleba gazviadebadac CaiTvalos, magram sityva „konserva­
tors“ me mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT viyeneb. am
azriT axla mas iSviaTad Tu gaigoneb. dResdReobiT „kon­
servatori“, ZiriTadad, „memarjvene radikals“ niSnavs, yov­
el SemTxvevaSi, amerikaSi asea. didi xnis manZilze am ter­
minis pirdapiri mniSvneloba iyo Semdegi: „adamiani, romlis
mTavari politikuri amocana aris arsebuli instituciuri
struqturebis dacva status-kvos SenarCunebis mizniT“. es
ki swored iseTi politikosia, rogoric obama aRmoCnda.
misi TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva emsaxureboda
muqariT SenarCunebas iseTi instituciuri struqturebisa,
rogoricaa: sabanko sistema, saavtomobilo industria da
janmrTelobis dazRvevis industriac ki. roca obama jan­
dacvis sistemis reformis ganxorcielebisaken mouwodebda,
misi ZiriTadi argumenti iyo is, rom mogebaze orientire­
bul kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebze dafuZnebuli arsebuli
sistema, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, sicocxlisunariani
ar iyo, didxans ver gaZlebda da aucilebeli gaxdeboda
garkveuli saxis cvlilebebi. ra gamosavals gvTavazobda
is? kanonierebisa da mdgradobis mimarTulebiT sistemis
WeSmaritad radikaluri (an Tundac liberaluri) restruq­
turizaciis nacvlad man aRadgina respublikelebis mode­
li, romelic maT pirvelad 1990 wels wamoayenes, rogorc
klintoniseuli universaluri jandacvis gegmis konservati­
uli alternativa. im modelis detalebi iseTi memarjvene
kvleviTi institutebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli, rogoric
iyo, magaliTad, Heritage Foundation (fondi „memkvidreoba“ _
aSS-is strategiuli kvleviTi instituti, romelic axorcie-
lebs saerTaSoriso politikis farTo speqtris kvlevebs; xas-
iaTdeba konservatoruli mimarTulebiT. red.). pirvelad mas
xorci Seasxa masaCusetsis respublikelma gubernatorma.
mis „mimzidvelobas“, arsebiTad, konservatoruloba ganapi­
robebda: is ver qmnida kanonier da mosaxerxebel jandacvis
sistemas; samagierod, uzrunvelyofda, SenarCunebuliyo ar­
sebuli usamarTlo da aramdgradi, mogebaze orientirebuli
126
sistema im formiT, romelic, sul mcire, kidev erT Taobis
arsebobis manZilze gaZlebda.
im krizisuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic
aSS-is ekonomika iyo 2008 wels, rodesac obama xelisufle­
baSi movida, Seupovari, gmiruli Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda is­
toriul katastrofaze imgvar reagirebas, rom yvelaferi
arsebuli formiT SenarCunebuliyo, metnaklebad mainc.
obamam swored es moaxerxa, ris Sedegadac status-kvo yve­
la kuTxiT namdvilad xeluxleblad SenarCunda. sistemis
arc erTi nawili ar Seryeula. ar momxdara bankebis na­
cionalizacia, ar daSlila instituciebi, romlebic „me­
tismetad didni iyvnen saimisod, rom gakotrebuliyvnen“,
ar Sesula mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi safinanso kanonmde­
blobaSi, araferi Secvlila saavtomobilo an romelime
sxva industriis struqturaSi, ar ganxorcielebula cv­
lilebebi kanonebSi Sromis, narkotikebis an eWvmitanilze
kontrolis Sesaxeb, fulad-sakredito politikaSi, gana­
Tlebis, transportis, energetikis, samxedro sferoebSi,
da, rac yvelaze ufro sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxia,
miuxedavad kandidatis mier winasaarCevno kampaniis dros
xalxisTvis micemuli dapirebebisa, fulma SeinarCuna
adrindeli roli politikur sistemaSi. qveynis xazinidan
masobrivad gaica Tanxebi, finansuri, sawarmoo da jandac­
vis sferoebi rom kraxisgan gadaerCinaT, ris sanacvlodac
maT TavianT praqtikaSi mxolod minimaluri cvlilebebis
ganxorcieleba mosTxoves.
„progresuli sazogadoeba“ amerikaSi warmodgenilia me­
marcxeneTa momxre amomrCevlebiTa da aqtivistebiT, rom­
lebsac sjeraT, rom demokratiul partiasTan TanamSrom­
loba qveyanaSi politikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis
saukeTeso gzaa. Cemi azriT, maTi ganwyobis ukeT gaazrebi­
saTvis unda gavecnoT liberalur blog Daily Kos-ze gamar­
Tul diskusiebs. obamas prezidentobis pirveli vadis mesa­
me wlisaTvis mrisxaneba (da SeiZleba iTqvas, siZulvilic ki)
mis mimarT, asaxuli am blogze, yovelgvar zRvars gadadio­

127
da.* mas gamudmebiT sdebdnen brals TaRliTobaSi, sicrueSi,
respublikelebTan saidumlo garigebaSi; aRniSnavdnen, rom
man „orpartiuli kompromisis“ sababiT ganzrax gauSva xel­
idan mis xelT arsebuli yvela Sansi, progresuli cvlile­
bebi ganexorcielebina. am debatebisas gamovlenili Zlieri
siZulvili SesaZloa, gasakviri iyos, magram, amave dros,
savsebiT gasagebicaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erT garemoebas
_ am adamianebs gulmxurvaled sjerodaT, rom SeerTebul
StatebSi arCevnebis gziT progresuli politikis gatareba
SeiZleboda. raki obamam amis gakeTeba ver SeZlo, xalxs
isRa darCenoda, daeskvna, rom nebismieri amgvari proeqti
ganwiruli iqneboda. bolos da bolos, varskvlavebs ameri­
kis politikur caze SeiZleboda, odesme kidev hqonodaT
iseTi xelsayreli ganlageba, rogoric 2008 wels? im wels
arCevnebi ise warimarTa, rom demokratebs kongresis orive
palatis gakontrolebis SesaZlebloba miecaT; demokrati­
uli partiis kandidati „cvlilebis“ platformiT movida
xelisuflebaSi maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri krizisi iseT
fazaSi Sevida, rom radikaluri zomebis miReba gardauvali
iyo. am periodSi respublikelTa ekonomikurma politikam
ukiduresi diskreditacia ganicada da xalxi ise brazobda
qveynis finansur elitaze, umetesoba mzad iyo, mxari daeWi­
ra mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli TiTqmis nebismieri politiki­
saTvis. im dros Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamok­
iTxvebis Tanaxmad, amerikelTa absoluturi umravlesoba
mxars uWerda ipoTekarTa daxmarebis programas, magram
ara im bankebis krizisidan gamoyvanas, „romlebic metis­
metad didebi iyvnen saimisod, rom gakotrebuliyvnen“ (ra
uaryofiTi gavlenac ar unda moexdina amas ekonomikaze). am
SemTxvevaSi ki obamas pozicia araTu sruliad sapirispiro
aRmoCnda, aramed, faqtobrivad, ufro konservatoruli,
* mdgomareoba cotaTi Seicvala, rodesac saprezidento arCevnebis kampaniis
samzadisi daiwyo (igulisxmeba obamas meore winasaarCevno periodi. red.), radgan
sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebSi konkretuli problemebis nakleboba SeimCneoda da
igrZnoboda respublikelTa gamarjvebis aSkara safrTxe; magram veWvob, amis
mizezi isic iyo, rom Zalian bevrma progresulad moazrovne adamianma saerTod
Sewyvita winasaarCevno politikisTvis Tvalyuris devneba.

128
vidre jorj uolker buSisa: demokratiuli partiis warmo­
madgenlis, barni frenkis zewoliT, buSis administracia,
romelic ukve tovebda TeTr saxls, daTanxmda, TARP-is
programaSi (The Troubled Asset Relief Program _ aSS-is mTavro-
bis programa finansuri seqtoris gasaZliereblad. is war-
moadgenda 2008 wlis substandartuli ipoTekuri krizisis
dasaZlevad mimarTuli RonisZiebebis Semadgenel nawils.
mTargm.) Seetana ipoTekuri sesxebis nawilobrivi Camowera
im pirobiT, Tuki amas obama daamtkicebda. obamam gadawyvi­
ta, ar daemtkicebina. mniSvnelovania, es gvaxsovdes, radgan
Semdeg gavrcelda miTebi, TiTqos obamas imis gamo akri­
tikebdnen, rom is radikaluri socialisti iyo da metisme­
tad Setopa; sinamdvileSi dauZlurebulma da dakninebulma
respublikurma partiam aRorZineba mxolod imitom SeZlo,
rom obamas administraciam uari Tqva ideologiuri alter­
nativis Seqmnaze da amis nacvlad respublikelTa ekonomi­
kuri midgomebis umetesoba gadmoiRo.
da mainc, araviTari radikaluri cvlileba ar ganxor­
cielebula; uolstritma kidev ufro didi gavlena moipova
politikur procesebze, „progresul“ nawils amomrCevelTa
TvalSi Cirqi moecxo, radgan is asocirdeboda, arsebiTad,
konservatorul, korporaciebisadmi keTilganwyobil pozi­
ciasTan, da, raki respublikuri partia erTaderTi Zala aR­
moCnda, romelsac raime saxis radikaluri poziciis daWera
surda, politikurma centrma memarjveneebisaken gadain­
acvla. cxadia, Tuki progresuli cvlilebebi 2008 wels
arCevnebis gziT ver ganxorcielda, maTi gatareba sruliad
SeuZlebeli yofila. amerikeli axalgazrdebis didi umrav­
lesobac, rogorc Cans, swored am daskvnamde mivida.
cifrebi Tavad metyveleben. 2008 wels im axalgazrdebis
ricxvi, romlebic arCevnebSi monawileobdnen, samjer meti
iyo oTxi wlis winandelTan SedarebiT, baraq obamas arCevi­
dan ori wlis Semdeg ki is 60%-iT daeca. es ar momxdara imis
gamo, rom axalgazrda amomrCevlebma poziciebi Seicvales
(maTSi, vinc arCevnebze gamocxadda, demokratebis mxardam­
WerTa raodenoba procentuli TvalsazrisiT igive iyo,
129
rac manamde), aramed imitom, rom maT saerTod aiRes xeli
am procesze,* riTac saSualo asakis „Cais smis moZraobis“
wevrebis umravlesobas arCevnebis procesis marTvisa da ga­
kontrolebis saSualeba misces, da obamas administraciac,
Sesabamisad, morCilad gadaixara marjvniv.
amgvarad, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise ekonomikur sakiTxebSi
axalgazrda Taobas yvelanairi safuZveli hqonda, efiqra,
rom man dadgenili wesebis Tanaxmad gaakeTa yvelaferi, ise,
rogorc saWiro iyo, magram sanacvlod veraferi miiRo. obam­
am am adamianebs swored is waarTva, ris micemasac didi rixiT
hpirdeboda _ imedi, imedi imisa, rom instituciuri saSuale­
bebiT raime saxis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis
momswreni gamxdariyvnen, romlebic maT cxovrebas daetyo­
boda. Tuki surdaT maT winaSe mdgari problemebis mogvare­
ba, Tuki surdaT, amerikaSi nebismieri tipis demokratiuli
gardaqmna enaxaT, sxva gzebisaTvis unda miemarTaT.

SekiTxva 5

ratom hqonda moZraobas ase mkveTrad gamoxatuli rev-

oluciuri xasiaTi?

ukve yvelaze rTul SekiTxvamde mivediT. ukve naTelia,

rom erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc OWS-ma warmate­
bas miaRwia, swored misi radikaluroba iyo. arsebiTad,
masSi gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli isaa, rom OWS ar yofila,
ubralod, saxalxo, an Tundac, ubralod, radikaluri moZ­
raoba, aramed sxva ram _ es iyo revoluciuri moZraoba. is
anarqistebma da revolucionerma socialistebma wamoiwyes
_ da pirveli Sexvedrebis dros, roca misi ZiriTadi Temebi
da principebi Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo, revolucione­
ri socialistebi ufro metad konservatorul dajgufe­
* tipuri magaliTi rom moviyvanoT, ilinoisSi 2010 wels arCevnebSi monawileoba
miiRo ocdaaT wels gadacilebul amomrCevelTa 54%-ma, xolo im amomrCevelTa
raodenobam, romelTa asakic ocdaaT wels qvemoT iyo, mxolod 23% Seadgina.

130
bas warmoadgendnen. xelisuflebis momxreni yovelTvis
cdilobdnen, mieCqmalaT es sawyisi monacemebi. memarjvene
komentatorebi xSirad geslianad aRniSnaven: ubralo
amerikelebs „rom gaegoT“, Tu vin iyvnen OWS-is dawyebis
iniciatorebi, maSinve mkveTrad SeecvlebodaT ganwyoba da
daiSlebodnen. sinamdvileSi yvelanairi safuZveli gvaqvs,
gvjerodes, rom amerikelebs (politikuri speqtris romel
mxaresac ar unda idgnen isini) aramxolod imaze metad surT
radikaluri gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba, vidre amas
mediasa da oficialuri azris Camoyalibebaze zegavlenis
mqone pirebi (e. w. opinion maker-ebi) aRiareben; OWS-is mim­
zidvelobis ZiriTadi mizezi swored misi yvelaze ufro
revoluciuri aspeqtebia _ is ar cnobs arsebuli poli­
tikuri institutebis kanonierebas, surs, eWvqveS daayenos
Cveni ekonomikuri sistemis fundamenturi principebi. cxa­
dia, yovelive es warmoSobs SekiTxvebs, romlebsac sakiTxis
siRrmisken mivyavarT: „vin arian sinamdvileSi es adamianebi,
romlebic „qmnian“, ayalibeben gabatonebul mosazrebas?“
„ras emsaxurebian masmediis wamyvani saSualebebi?“ aSS-Si
pativs scemen mosazrebebs, romlebsac gamoTqvamen Jur­
nalistebi, gansakuTrebiT, teleJurnalistebi, gazeTebis
mimomxilvelebi da popularuli blogerebi, romlebic
iseT didi vebgazeTebisTvis weren, rogoricaa The Atlantic
da The Daily Beast. es adamianebi sakuTar Tavs moyvarul so­
ciologebad warmogvidgenen, romlebic amerikeli xalxis
poziciebsa da ganwyobas mimoixilaven. maTi gancxadebebi
imdenad ucnauri, mcdari da damabnevelia, rom survili
giCndeba, sakuTar Tavs dausva SekiTxva, Tu ra xdeba sinamd­
vileSi. erTi magaliTi maxsendeba: roca 2000 wels jorj
uolker buSisa da al goris arCevnebis Sedegebi sasamarT­
loSi gasaCivrda, gavlenis mqone eqspertebma da politikur­
ma komentatorebma maSinve daafiqsires ukiduresi pozicia,
rom „amerikel xalxs“ ar moswonda gawelili procesi da
surda, sakiTxi rogorme saswrafod gadawyvetiliyo (mniSvn­
eloba ar hqonda, vis sasargeblod gadawydeboda is). magram
male sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gamoavli­
131
na, rom sinamdvileSi amerikel xalxs swored rom sapirisp­
iro ram surda: absolutur umravlesobas sakmaod keTil­
gonivruli survili hqonda, gaego, Tu vin moigo realurad
arCevnebi, ramdeni xanic ar unda dasWirveboda amis garkve­
vas. Tumca amas eqspertebze srulebiT ar umoqmedia. isini
maSinve gadaerTnen „sxva arxze“ da ganacxades, rom is, rac
maT adre Tqves, SesaZloa, jerjerobiT sinamdviles ar Seef­
ereboda, magram Zalian male aucileblad ase iqneboda (ra­
sakvirvelia, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi msgavsi
adamianebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebaze
zegavlenas axdenen (opinion maker-ebi), kvlav dausruleblad
gaagrZelebdnen am Sexedulebis sxvebisTvis Tavze moxvevas).
isini sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis igive
„distributorebi“ arian, romlebmac 2008 da 2010 wlis arCev­
nebis Sedegebi damaxinjebulad warmogvidgines. 2008 wels,
ekonomikuri krizisis dros, Cven vnaxeT, rogori damarcxe­
ba igemes respublikelebis imedgacruebulma amomrCevlebma
da rogor warmoiSva axalgazrda amomrCevelTa talRa, ro­
melic radikalur cvlilebebs memarcxeneebisagan moeloda.
rodesac amgvari cvlilebebi ar ganxorcielda da finansuri
krizisic gagrZelda, axalgazrdoba da progresuli amom­
rCevlebi suliT daecnen da Camoyalibda Suaxnis ukmayofilo
amomrCevelTa moZraoba, romelic kidev ufro radikalur
cvlilebebs memarjveneebisagan moiTxovda. „sayovelTaod
gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs“ Tu daveyrdnobiT, radikaluri
cvlilebebis moTxovnaTa es seria gamokveTili ekonomikuri
krizisis fonze im mosazrebis dasturad unda warmovidginoT,
rom amerikelebi meryevi centristebi arian. faqtobrivad,
TandaTanobiT aSkara xdeba, rom medias aRara aqvs funqcia,
amerikelebs uTxras, Tu rogor ifiqron; man unda daarwmunos
sul ufro metad gabrazebuli da gaucxoebuli sazogadoebis
wevrebi, rom mezoblebi maT daskvnebs ar iziareben. logika
daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorsac mimarTavdnen, rom amomrCev­
lebi mesame partiis variantis usargeblobaSi daerwmunebi­
naT: im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki mesame partiis warmomadgeneli
(anu konkurenti arCevnebSi) iseT Sexedulebebs gamoTqvams,
132
romlebsac amerikelTa umetesoba iziarebs, mosaxleobas
gamudmebiT afrTxileben, fuWad ar daxarjos Tavisi xma im
kandidatze, romelic, marTalia, xalxis pozicias gamoxatavs,
magram mas xmas mainc aravin miscems.* Znelia, gaixseno ufro
naTeli magaliTi imisa, rom, bolos da bolos, SeiZleba enam
giyivlos da Seni winaswarmetyvelebac amitom axdes. Sedegi
ki gabatonebuli ideologiaa _ iseTi konservartoruli cen­
trizmi, romelic miiCnevs, rom mniSvnelovania zomiereba da
status-kvos SenarCuneba. am ideologias sinamdvileSi aravin
iziarebs (garda, rasakvirvelia, Tavad eqspertebisa), magram,
miuxedavad amisa, yvelas hgonia, rom, TviTon ara, magram sxva
danarCeni misi mimdevaria.
albaT mizanSewonili iqneba, davsvaT SekiTxva, Tu ro­
gor mivediT aqamde. rogor gaCnda aseTi uzarmazari napra­
li amdeni amerikelis msoflmxedvelobasa (aq igulisxmeba
axalgazrdobac, romlis umetesoba mzadaa, mTlianad kapi­
talisturi sistemis gauqmebaze ifiqros) da im mosazre­
bebs Soris, romlebic maT saxalxo forumebze SeiZleboda
gamoTqmuliyo? ratom xdeba, rom is istoriebi, romlebic
„Cven varT 99%“-is Tumblr-is gverdze Cndeba, verasdros aR­
wevs televiziamde, Tundac „realiTi“ gadacemebamde (an,
ufro zustad _ gansakuTrebiT am gadacemebamde). rogor
SeiZleba, rom im qveyanaSi, romelic Tavis Tavs demokrati­
uls uwodebs, mivediT im mdgomareobamde, roca (rogorc
„okupantebi“ xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen) politikur elitas
saubaric ki ar surs im sakiTxebsa da poziciebze, romle­
bic rigiTi amerikelebisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.
am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad dagvWirdeba movlenebis
ganxilva ufro farTo istoriuli rakursiT.

* msmenia, rom am xriks xSirad iyenebdnen ralf neideris (daib. 1934 wels;
amerikeli advokati da politikuri aqtivisti. oTxjer monawileobda sapreziden-
to arCevnebSi. red.) mimarT: winasaarCevno kampaniisas misi pozicia TiTqmis ar
ganuxilavT da arc dauxasiaTebiaT; iyo, ubralod, gafrTxilebebi imis Sesaxeb,
rom neiderisaTvis xmis micema respublikelTa kandidatisaTvis xmis micemas
niSnavda. mogvianebiT ki misi pozicia amerikeli xalxis 2,7%-is Tvalsazrisis
gamoxatulebad miiCnies (es is procentuli maCvenebelia, romelic man 2000 wels
moipova).

133
 modi, erTi nabijiT ukan davixioT da kidev erTxel mivu­
brundeT finansizaciis sakiTxs, romelzec ukve visaubreT.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Cven warmoebaze dafuZnebuli
ekonomikidan imgvar ekonomikaze gadavediT, romlis simZi­
mis centrsac finansuri momsaxurebis gaweva warmoadgens.
Cemi dakvirvebiT, am momsaxurebaTa umetesobas Znelia, „mom­
saxureba“ uwodo. federaluri sarezervo sistemis mmarT­
velTa sabWos yofilma Tavmjdomarem (karterisa da reiganis
prezidentobis dros), pol volkerma, sakmaod lakoniurad
asaxa realoba, rodesac aRniSna, rom erTaderTi „finansuri
inovacia“, romlisganac mosaxleobam bolo ocdaxuTi wlis
manZilze sargebeli naxa, bankomatebi iyo. Cven cotaTi imaze
meti gvinda, vidre gadasaxadebis amoRebis daxvewili siste­
maa, romelsac zurgs umagrebs sasamarTlo, cixeebi, aseve
policiisa da mTavrobis mondomeba, rom korporaciebs fu­
lis moculobis gazrdis SesaZlebloba mieceT.
rogor muSaobs finansirebuli ekonomika saerTaSoriso
doneze? sayovelTaod miRebuli mosazrebiT, aSS-is war­
moebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikidan (romelsac is warmoad­
genda 1950, 1960 da 1970-ian wlebSi, roca qveyana danarCen
msoflios awvdida saxalxo moxmarebis saqonels, rogoric
iyo, magaliTad, manqanebi, jinsebi da televizorebi) gar­
daiqmna amave tipis produqciis wminda importiorad da
finansur momsaxurebaTa eqsportiorad. magram Tuki es
„momsaxurebebi“ sinamdvileSi „momsaxurebebi“ ki araa, ar­
amed mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli sakredito SeTanxme­
bebi, romelTa ganxorcielebasac sasamarTlo da policia
uzrunvelyofs, maSin ratom unda dainteresdnen zemoT
xsenebuli SeTanxmebebiT isini, vinc pasuxs ar agebs aSS-is
kanonebis winaSe (anu ar arian aSS-is iurisdiqciaSi)?

pasuxi ki isaa, rom isini, sxvadasxva kuTxiT Tu Sevxe­

davT, namdvilad arian aSS-is iurisdiqciaSi. swored aq
SevabijebT im „teritoriaze“, romelsac, faqtobrivad,
sajaro ganxilvebisTvis tabu adevs. amis sailustraciod
SegviZlia ganvixiloT Semdegi faqtebi:
134
 • aSS SeiaraRebul Zalebze xarjavs imaze mets, vidre
dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela qveyana erTad. is inaxavs, sul
mcire, ornaxevar milion jariskacs qveynis gareT arsebul
737 samxedro bazaze, paragvaidan dawyebuli, tajikeTiT
damTavrebuli, da istoriaSi cnobili nebismieri samxedro
Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, inarCu­
nebs SesaZleblobas, mimarTos gamanadgurebeli Zalebi
dedamiwis nebismier kuTxisaken.
• aSS dolari globaluri vaWrobis valutas warmoad­
gens da 1970-iani wlebidan man Caanacvla oqro, rogorc
globaluri sabanko sistemis sarezervo valutam.
• amasTan, 1970-iani wlebidan aSS mudmivad mzard savaW­
ro balansis deficits ganicdis, radgan sazRvargareTi­
dan amerikaSi Semosuli produqciis Rirebuleba mkveTrad
aWarbebs Rirebulebas im produqciisa, romlis eqsportsac
amerika eweva.
es faqtebi, calke aRebulic ki, mowmobs, rom maT So­
ris kavSiri arsebobs. da marTlac, Tuki maT istoriuli
rakursiT SevxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom saukuneebis manZil­
ze msoflio savaWro valutas yovelTvis samxedro Zalau­
flebis mqone gabatonebuli saxelmwifos fuli warmoad­
genda da aseT qveynebSi gacilebiT meti simdidre Semoed­
ineboda sazRvargareTidan, vidre gaedineboda.* miuxedavad
amisa, sakmarisia, vinmem sityva daZras kavSirze aSS-is samx­
edro Zalauflebas, sabanko sistemasa da globalur vaWro­
bas Soris, mas, savaraudod, zedac aravin Sexedavs, rogorc
giJs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, respeqtabelur wreebSi mainc.
es _ amerikaSi. Cemi gamocdilebiT, mis gareTac rom
gaixedoT, (magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos konkretuli
wreebSi), TviT amerikis iseT erTgul megobar qveynebSic
ki, rogoricaa germania, aravin kamaTobs imaze, rom swored

* me cotaTi vamartiveb kidec sakiTxs. imperiuli saxelmwifoebi, rogoric iyo,

magaliTad, britaneTis imperia an aSS-is omisSemdgomi sistema, droTa ganma­
vlobaSi industriuli zesaxelmwifoebidan finansur zesaxelmwifoebad gar­
daiqmneba. rasac axla vambob, gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba bolo fazebSi. am
Temas qvemoT ganvixilav.

135
amerikis samxedro Zlierebam Seqmna msoflios finansuri
arqiteqtura, romelsac dRemde umagrebs mxars. es nawi­
lobriv imitom, rom aSS-is farglebs gareT xalxi flobs
garkveul codnas istoriis Sesabamisi monakveTis Sesaxeb:
maT, magaliTad, kargad ician, rom amJamindeli finan­
suri samyaros arqiteqtura, romelSic aSS-is xazinis
grZelvadiani obligaciebi ZiriTadi sarezervo valutis
funqcias asrulebs, bazris muSaobis Sedegad, spontanu­
rad ki ar warmoSobila, aramed 1944 wels, breton-vud­
sis (Bretton Woods _ mTis kurorti niu-hempSiris StatSi.
red.) konferenciaze, mokavSire saxelmwifoebs Soris mo­
laparakebebis Sedegad Seiqmna. sabolood, aSS-is gegmam
gaimarjva, miuxedavad mwvave winaaRmdegobisa britane­
Tis delegaciis mxridan, romelsac jon meinard keinsi*
xelmZRvanelobda. „breton-vudsis institutebis“ (saer­
TaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki) msgavsad,
romlebic amave konferenciaze sistemis mxardasaWerad
daarsda, es politikuri gadawyvetilebebi miiRes im
samxedro Zalebma, romlebmac Seqmnes instituciuri Car­
Coebi; swored maT farglebSi Camoyalibda is, rasac Cven
„globalur bazars“ vuwodebT.
maS, rogor muSaobs igi?
sistema usaSvelod CaxlarTulia. droTa ganmavlobaSi
is Seicvala kidec. civi omis dros, magaliTad, am siste­
mis amuSavebis Sedegi (garda imisa, rom aSS-is mokavSireebi
mxars uWerdnen pentagons) iyo iafi nedleulis uwyveti
Semodineba aSS-Si misi sawarmoo bazis mosamarageblad. eko­
nomisti jovani arigi, didi frangi istorikosis, fernand
brodelis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, miuTiTebs, rom daax­
loebiT bolo xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi imperiebi swored

* „saerTaSoriso valutis, saxelad „bankoris“, keinsiseuli modeli, sruliad

gansxvavebul sqemamde migviyvanda, romelSic saerTaSoriso savaluto (fuladi)
sistema, saxelmwifo samxedro valis monetizaciis nacvlad, dafuZnebuli iqne­
boda savaWro balansis aqtiuri saldos ciklis ganmeorebaze. axlo warsulSi,
2008-2009 wlebSi, dominik straus-kanma, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF)
maSindelma xelmZRvanelma, ramdenjerme xelaxla wamoswia wina planze es idea.

136
am sqemiT viTardeboda: Tavidan isini arsebobdnen, rogorc
industriuli saxelmwifoebi, magram mere TandaTanobiT
gardaiqmnebodnen „finansur“ saxelmwifoebad, romelTa
ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianoba sabanko seqtorzea
damokidebuli. 13 praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ki, es niSnavs,
rom imperiebis Zliereba sul ufro metad efuZneba aSkara
gamoZalvas _ Tuki marTla ar gjera, rom msoflios qvey­
nebi amerikasac iseve ugzavnian mTel TavianT simdidres,
rogorc 1890-ian wlebSi ugzavnidnen did britaneTs, mx­
olod da mxolod imitom, rom isini aRfrTovanebulni ari­
an misi daxvewili finansuri instrumentebiT (wamyvani eko­
nomistebi cdiloben, swored es azri Cagvinergon). sinamd­
vileSi amerika axerxebs, SeinarCunos qveyanaSi saxalxo
moxmarebis iafi saqonlis Semodinebis tendencia (miuxe­
davad eqsportis moculobis Semcirebisa) im gziT, rasac
eqspertebi „senioraJs“ uwodeben (esaa xazinis Semosavali,
miRebuli fulis emisiis Sedegad. mas warmoSobs gansxvaveba
fuladi erTeulis nominalsa da misi damzadebis Rirebule-
bas Soris. es finansuri termini istorias ukavSirdeba. adre
is niSnavda sasyidels, romelsac axdevinebda zarafxana dam-
kveTs misi metalisagan oqrosa da vercxlis monetebis moW-
risaTvis. red.). ase JRers is ekonomikis rTul, gaugebar
enaze, ise ki niSnavs Semdegs: „ekonomikuri upiratesoba,
romelsac moipoveb imis wyalobiT, rom wyvet, ras warmoad­
gens fuli“.
Cemi azriT, garkveuli mizezis gamo, ekonomistTa umete­
soba Tavs izRvevs da surs, amgvari Temebi rTuli ekonomi­
kuri terminebiT SefuTos, raTa mosaxleobis umetesma
nawilma veraferi gaigos. sinamdvileSi sistema swored imis
sapirispirod muSaobs, rasac sazogadoebas warmoudgenen.
mraval seriozul sajaro msjelobaSi deficitis Sesaxeb
fuls ganixilaven, rogorc raRac TavisTavad arsebul,
amowurvad substancias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, navTobi.
iTvleba, rom is mxolod im raodenobiTaa, romelic mTav­
robam mxolod gadasaxadebis amoRebis meSveobiT unda
moipovos, an sadme isesxos. realurad ki, mTavroba fed­
137
eraluri rezervis saSualebiT zrdis fulis moculobas
imiT, rom sesxulobs mas.
aSS-is deficiti, romelic, ZiriTadad, qveynis samxedro
valisagan Sedgeba, mis ekonomikas mZime tvirTad sulac ar
awveba da swored isaa sistemis mamoZravebeli Zala. swored
amitom aSS-is samxedro vali yovelTvis arsebobda (garda
endriu jeksonis prezidentobis xanmokle da ukidures­
ad warumatebeli periodisa 1820-ian wlebSi). amerikuli
dolari, romelic mimoqcevaSia, arsebiTad, saxelmwifo
valia, an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, samxedro vali. am
mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi gvarwmunebs centralur sabanko
sistemaze dakvirveba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, magaliTisTvis
SegviZlia movixmoT 1694 wels inglisis bankis (Bank of Eng-
land) daarsebis faqti. aSS-is Tavdapirveli erovnuli (sax­
elmwifo) vali revoluciuri omis vali iyo da jer kidev
maSin mwvave debatebi gaimarTa, moexdinaT Tu ara misi mon­
etizacia, anu gaeuqmebinaT vali fulis miwodebis mocu­
lobis gazrdis gziT. Cemi daskvna imis Taobaze, rom aSS-is
deficiti TiTqmis mTlianad samxedro danaxarjebis gamo
arsebobs, eyrdnoba gamoTvlas, romlis mixedviTac, real­
uri samxedro xarjebi federaluri xarjebis daaxloebiT
naxevars warmoadgens (amaSi unda Sevides ara marto pentag­
onis xarjebi, aramed is Tanxac, romelic xmardeba omebs,
birTvul arsenals, samxedro saWiroebas, dazvervis samsax­
urs da valis momsaxurebis (saxelmwifo valis procentebis
gadaxda. red.) is nawilic, romelsac samxedro sesxebi war­
moSobs), rac, rasakvirvelia, sakamaTo sakiTxia.*
breton-vudsis konferenciaze miRebuli gadawyvetile­
ba, arsebiTad, sistemis internacionalizacias gulisxmob­
da, anu aSS-is xazinis grZelvadiani obligaciebis (ZiriTa­
dad, aSS-is samxedro valis) qcevas saerTaSoriso finans­
uri sistemis safuZvlad. civi omis dros aSS-is samxedro

* es istoria ufro vrclad maqvs ganxiluli Cems wignSi „vali: pirveli 5000
weliwadi“, romelSic, mraval sxva sakiTxTan erTad, aRniSnulia rom samxedro
xarjebis zrdisa da ucxoeTis qveynebis valis zrdis diagramebi sruliad See­
sabameba erTmaneTs.

138
proteqtoratebs, rogoric iyo, magaliTad dasavleTi
germania, unda SeesyidaT amgvari saxazino obligaciebi
uzarmazari raodenobiT, Tumca ar icodnen, raSi unda
gamoeyenebinaT isini; arsebiTad, es Tanxa xmardeboda, aSS-
is bazebis dafinansebas, romlebic germaniis miwaze iyo gan­
lagebuli (ekonomisti maikl hadsoni aRniSnavs, rom 1960-
iani wlebis bolos, magaliTad, aSS, faqtobrivad, daemuqra
dasavleT germanias, rom qveynidan Tavis jarebs gaiyvanda,
Tu germaniis centraluri banki Seecdeboda misi saxazino
obligaciebis ganaRdebas oqroTi14). rogorc Cans, msgavsi
SeTanxmebebi arsebobs dRes iaponiasTan, samxreT koreas­
Tan da sparseTis yuris qveynebTan (irani, erayi, kuveiti,
saudis arabeTi, bahreini, katari, arabTa gaerTianebuli saa-
miroebi da omani. red.). aseT SemTxvevebSi Cven vsaubrobT
iseT rameze, romelic imperiul xarkis akrefis sistemas
hgavs _ ubralod, raki amerikas ar moswons, rodesac mas
„imperiad“ moixsenieben, xarki, romelsac is xelSekrule­
bebis safuZvelze akisrebs sxva qveynebs, „valis“ samosSi
gadacmuli gvevlineba. iq, sadac aSS samxedro kontrols
ar axorcielebs, urTierTobebi ufro daxvewilia: aviRoT,
magaliTad, aSS-isa da CineTis urTierToba. 1990-iani wle­
bidan CineTis mier grZelvadiani saxazino obligaciebis
masobrivi Sesyidva avtomaturad gagrZelebuli SeTanx­
mebis nawilia, romlis Tanaxmadac, CineTi aSS-s uzomo ra­
odenobiT iaffasian saxalxo moxmarebis saqonels awvdis,
Tanac kargad icis, rom amerikisagan mis safasurs vera­
sodes miiRebs. aSS, Tavis mxriv, Tanaxmaa, Tvali daxuWos
CineTis mxridan inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis Sesaxeb kan­
onis sistematur ugulebelyofaze.
aSkaraa, rom CineTsa da aSS-s Soris urTierToba gac­
ilebiT kompleqsuria da, rogorc sxva naSromSic aRvniSne,
savaraudod, efuZneba CineTis uZveles politikur tradi­
cias, romlis mixedviTac, es qveyana militaristul ucxour
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic misTvis safrTxes warmoadgend­
nen, uxvad amaragebda simdidriT, raTa maTTan garkveuli
damokidebuleba Camoeyalibebina. magram vfiqrob, CineTis
139
neba, miiRos urTierTobis arsebuli forma, umartivad Sei­
Zleba aixsnas _ mis liderebs marqsistuli skola aqvT gav­
lili, anu aRiareben istoriuli materializmis principebs;
maTTvis realuri materialuri infrastruqtura ufro
prioritetulia, vidre zednaSeni. isini finansuri instru­
mentebis wvrilman detalebs, udavod, zednaSenad Tvlian;
anu miiCneven, rom, rac ar unda moxdes, isini mainc mi­
iReben gzatkecilebs, Cqarosnuli matareblebis sistemebs,
maRalteqnologiur qarxnebs, Tanac TandaTanobiT gazrdi­
li raodenobiT; msgavsi ram amerikas sul ufro naklebad
emateba, an sulac kargavs imas, rac aqvs. ver uaryof, rom
Cinelebma raRac sargebeli marTlac miiRes.
aqve xazi unda gavusva erT garemoebas: ver vityviT,
TiTqos amerikas saerTod aRar hqondes sawarmoo baza
_ is kvlav sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis, samedicino da
sainformacio teqnologiebis da, rac mTavaria, maRalte­
qnologiuri saomari iaraRis upirvelesi mwarmoebelia.
me ufro imis Tqma minda, rom samewarmeo seqtori, moge­
bis TvalsazrisiT, bevrs veRarafers qmnis. 1%-is simdi­
dre da Zalaufleba sul ufro metad efuZneba finansur
sistemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad damokidebulia
aSS-is samxedro Zalauflebaze sazRvargareT, iseve, ro­
gorc Sin _ s­asamarTloebis Zalauflebaze (da, Sesabamis­
ad, saaRsrulebo saagentoebze, Serifebsa da policiaze).
­Occupy-s wreebSi 1%-s, ubralod, „mafiozur kapitalizmad“
movixseniebdiT, riTac xazs vusvamdiT samorineebSi (rom­
lebSic TamaSebi `Cawyobilia~) misi warmomadgenlebis xSir
stumrobas, azartul TamaSebSi monawileobas, gangsterul
mevaxSeobas (avtori saubrobs e.w. loan-sharking-ze, romelic
xorcieldeba danaSaulebrivi jgufebis mier; isini iZlevi-
an moklevadian sesxs Zalian maRali procentiT, xolo vals
ibruneben kriminalebis daxmarebiT, wamebis, dasaxiCrebisa
da mokvlis muqariT. red.), gamomZalvelobasa da politi­
kuri elitis sistemur korufcias.
SeiZleba aseTma sistemam didxans iarsebos? rasakvirve­
lia, ara. verc erTi imperia ver gaZlebs samudamod, xolo
140
aSS-is imperia am bolo xans sakmaod did wnexs ganicdis
(amas ukve misi apologetebic ki aRiareben).
amis erT-erTi gamokveTili niSani „mesame samyaros daval­
ianebis krizisis“ dasasrulia. daaxloebiT meoTxed sauku­
neze metia, aSS-ma da misma mokavSireebma, moqmedebdnen ra
iseTi saerTaSoriso saagentoebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, isargebles aziis, afrikisa
da laTinuri amerikis Raribi qveynebis dausrulebeli fi­
nansuri krizisiT da Tavs moaxvies maT sabazro fundamen­
talizmis Teoria, rac uciloblad gulisxmobda social­
uri momsaxurebis Semcirebas, simdidris umetesi nawilis
mosaxleobis 1%-ze gadanawilebas da ekonomikis sferoSi
„finansuri momsaxurebis“ industriis SeRwevas. es dReebi
ukve warsuls Cabarda. mesame samyarom Setevas gauZlo da
kontrSetevac ganaxorciela: globalurma saxalxo mRel­
varebam (romelic mediam „globalizaciis sawinaaRmdego
moZraobad“ monaTla) aseTi politika sayovelTao ganxil­
vis sagnad aqcia, ris gamoc 2002 Tu 2003 wels saerTaSor­
iso savaluto fondi, faqtobrivad, gamoaZeves aRmosav­
leT aziisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebidan, xolo 2005
wlisaTvis man gakotrebis zRvars miaRwia. 2007 da 2008 wlis
finansuri krizisis gamo (romelic maSin daiwyo, roca aSS-
is samxedro Zalebi eraysa da avRaneTSi ukiduresad mZime
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen) mTel msoflioSi mwvave disku­
siis sagani pirvelad gaxda sakiTxi _ unda darCeniliyo Tu
ara dolari saerTaSoriso sarezervo valutad. amave dros
im formulas, romelic msxvilma saxelmwifoebma erT dros
mesame samyaros qveynebSi gamoiyenes _ roca gamoacxades
finansuri krizisi, Seadgines ekonomistTa, rogorc Tavad
aRniSnavdnen, neitraluri sabWo socialur momsaxurebaTa
Sesamcireblad, gadaanawiles kidev ufro meti simdidre
umdidres 1%-ze da uzrunvelyves ekonomikaSi finansuri
momsaxurebis industriis SeRweva kidev ufro meti Zarcvis
mizniT _ axla ukve „Sin“ mimarTaven, irlandiidan da saber­
ZneTidan viskonsinamde da baltimoramde. Tavis mxriv, kars
momdgar krizisze gamoxmaurebas warmoadgens demokrati­
141
uli amboxebis talRa, romelic Sua aRmosavleTSi, aSS-is
sateliti saxelmwifoebidan daiwyo da swrafad vrceldeba
CrdiloeTiT, mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da Crdilo
amerikaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, rac ufro axlos iyo amboxebis tal­
Ra Zalauflebis centrTan, „msoflios finansuri imperiis
gulTan“ (rogorc mas Cvenma Cinelma megobrebma uwodes),
miT ufro radikaluri gaxda moTxovnebi. arabeTis sapro­
testo gamosvlebSi CarTuli iyo yvela juris adamiani,
profkavSiris marqsisti wevrebidan dawyebuli, konserva­
tori TeologebiT damTavrebuli, magram maT safuZvelSi
ido klasikuri liberaluri moTxovna sekularuli, konsti­
tuciuri respublikisa, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda Ta­
visufali arCevnebis Catareba da daculi iqneboda adamianis
uflebebi. saberZneTSi, espaneTsa da israelSi „okupantebi“
xSirad principuli antiideologiurobiT ar gamoirCeodnen
_ Tumca zogierTi maTgani ufro radikaluri iyo, vidre
danarCenebi (magaliTad, anarqistebma gansakuTrebuli roli
iTamaSes aTenSi). isini amtkicebdnen, rom gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze _ korufciasa da mTavrobis an­
gariSvaldebulebaze _ amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas da, aqedan
gamomdinare, maTi mxedvelobis areSi mTeli politikuri
speqtri eqceoda. aSS-Si ki Cven davinaxeT revolucionerTa
mier wamowyebuli moZraoba, romelmac uSualo gamowvevis
winaSe ekonomikuri sistemis arsi daayena.
nawilobriv es, ubralod, imitom moxda, rom amerikelebi
veravis verafers gadaabralebdnen. egviptelebi, tunisele­
bi, espanelebi, berZnebi kargad xedaven, rom politikuri da
ekonomikuri sistema, romelSic isini cxovroben _ iqneba
es diqtatura, romelsac amerika uWers mxars, Tu mTavro­
bebi, romlebic absoluturad eqvemdebarebian finansuri
kapitalisa da Tavisufali bazris principebis batonobas _
maT gare Zalebma moaxvies Tavs da amitom misi moSorebac,
savaraudod, Tavad sazogadoebis radikaluri gardaqmnis
gareSec SesaZlebeli iyo. amerikelebs ki amgvari fufuneba
ara gvaqvs. es Cvens Tavs TviTonve movuwyveT.
142
 anda, Tuki es ase araa, xelaxla mTlianad unda gaviaz­
roT sakiTxi: vin varT „Cven“? „99%“-is idea amis gasakeTe­
blad gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji iyo.
revoluciuri moZraobebis mizani ar aris mxolod poli­
tikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gardaqmna. WeSmari­
ti revolucia yovelTvis saR azrze dayrdnobiT unda mo­
qmedebdes. SeerTebul StatebSi ki es sruliad SeuZlebeli
iyo. Sevecdebi, agixsnaT.
zemoT ukve mivuTiTe, rom aSS-is media TiTqmis aRar
cdilobs amerikelebis darwmunebas, rom arsebul politi­
kur sistemas endon; is cdilobs, daarwmunos xalxi, rom
am sistemas yvela endoba. es marTlac asea, magram mxolod
garkveul doneze. Tu ufro CavuRrmavdebiT, arsebobs
fundamenturi mosazrebebi imaze, Tu ra aris politika, an
rogori SeiZleboda, yofiliyo is; ra aris sazogadoeba,
rogorebi arian, ZiriTadad, adamianebi da ra surT maT am
cxovrebisagan. am Temebze absoluturi konsensusis miRw­
eva SeuZlebelia. adamianTa umravlesobas amgvar sakiTxe­
bze uamravi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazreba aqvs. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, simZimis centri mainc arsebobs. aris mra­
vali mosazreba, romlebic ufro siRrmeSi unda veZioT.
TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi adamianebi saubroben ameri­
kaze, rogorc politikuri cxovrebis nacadi, saimedo fi­
losofiis samSobloze, rac, sxva danarCenTan erTad, imasac
gulisxmobs, rom Cven, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri „qmnilebe­
bi“ varT: rom demokratia aris bazari, Tavisufleba ki aris
sabazro procesebSi monawileobis ufleba; rom Warbi momx­
mareblis mudmivad mzardi samyaros Seqmna qveynis winsvlis
erTaderTi sazomia. msoflios umetes nawilSi amas „neo­
liberalizmad“ icnoben da aRiqvamen, rogorc mravalTagan
erT-erT filosofias, romlis Rirsebasac da naklsac sa­
jaro debatebi Seadgens. amerikaSi, realurad, sityvebs ar
viyenebT. amgvar sakiTxebze mxolod propagandistuli ter­
minebiT vsaubrobT: „Tavisufleba“, „Tavisufali bazari“,
„Tavisufali vaWroba“, „Tavisufali warmoeba“, „cxovrebis
amerikuli stili“. SeiZleba msgavs cnebebze vinmes gaeci­
143
nos kidec (amerikelebi xSirad asec iqcevian), magram Tuki
maT safuZvlebs kiTxvis niSnis qveS davayenebT, saWiro gax­
deba, xelaxla gaviazroT, Tu ras niSnavs, iyo amerikeli.
es namdvilad revoluciuri proeqtia da, Tanac, uaRresad
rTuli. qveynis mmarTvelma finansurma da politikurma
elitam mTeli Tavisi „fiSkebi“ ideologiur TamaSze dado;
misma warmomadgenlebma Zalian didi dro da energia dax­
arjes, rom SeeqmnaT samyaro, romelSic kapitalizmis ideis
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba ufro SeuZlebelia, vidre kapi­
talizmis iseTi formis Seqmna, romelic marTla sicocx­
lisunariani iqneba. Sedegi ki aseTia: maSin, roca Cveni im­
peria da ekonomikuri sistema ixrCoba, borZikobs da yvela
simptomi gvidasturebs, rom sul male gza xsnili gveqneba,
Cveni umetesoba gaognebulia da verc ki warmoudgenia, rom
kidev raRac sxva sistema SeiZleba arsebobdes.

SeiZleba vinme Semedavos: gana Occupy Wall Street-ma ar

daayena kiTxvis niSnis qveS fulis roli politikaSi? gana
pirvel flaerSive ar iyo aRniSnuli, rom „orive partia
qveyanas im 1%-is saxeliT marTavs“, romelmac, arsebiTad,
„Seisyida“ arsebuli politikuri sistema? amiT SeiZleba
aixsnas, Tu ratom ewinaaRmdegebian „okupantebi“ arsebuli
politikuri struqturis SigniT muSaobis ideas. magram
vinme isev SeiZleba SemekamaTos, rom bevrgan msoflioSi
politikaSi fulis rolis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba re­
formizmis kvintesenciaa; mxolod qveynis kargi marTvis
princips SearCeven, yvela sxva danarCeni ki Tavis adgilze
darCeba. Tumca amerikis SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa.
Cemi azriT,zemoT aRniSnuli mizezi yvelafers gveubneba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens es qveyana da rad iqca is.

144
SekiTxva N 6

ratom xdeba, rom politikaSi fulis rolis kiTxvis

niSnis qveS dayeneba amerikaSi, arsebiTad, revoluciur
aqtad aRiqmeba?

gavlenis yidvis ukan dgas principi, rom fuli aris

Zalaufleba, xolo Zalaufleba, arsebiTad, yvelaferia.
es is mosazrebaa,romelic Cveni kulturis Zalian bevr
aspeqtze vrceldeba. meqrTameoba gaxda, rogorc filoso­
fosebi ityodnen, ontologiuri principi: is, ZiriTadad,
gansazRvravs, Tu rogor aRviqvamT realobas. Sesabamisad,
amis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba niSnavs, rom kiTxvis niSnis
qveS daayeno yvelaferi.
sityva „meqrTameoba“ sruliad gaazrebulad vaxsene _
vimeoreb, rom leqsika, romelsac viyenebT, uaRresad mniS­
vnelovania. jer kidev jorj oruelma Segvaxsena, xom iciT,
korufciul politikur sistemaSi cxovrobT, da isini, vinc
mas icavs, yvelafers saTanado saxels ver daarqmeveno. am
standartebiT, Tanamedrove SeerTebuli Statebi uCveu­
lod korumpirebulia. Cven vinarCunebT imperias, romelsac
„imperias“ ver uwodeb, viRebT xarks, romelsac „xarkad“
ver moixsenieb, mas ekonomikuri ideologiis terminebiT
(magaliTad, „neoliberalizmi“) amarTleben, romlebsac
verafers miusadageb. sajaro debatebis yvela aspeqti ga­
jerebulia evfemizmebiTa da koduri sityvebiT. es simar­
Tles Seesabameba ara mxolod memarjveneebTan mimarTebiT
(magaliTisTvis, SegviZlia davasaxeloT iseTi samxedro
termini, rogoricaa „Tanmdevi zarali“; samxedro sfero
Tavidan bolomde uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatia, ase
rom, iq bevr bundovan, gaugebar termins waawydebiT), igive
SegviZlia vTqvaT memarcxeneebzec. ganvixiloT gamoTqma:
„adamianis uflebebis darRveva“. erTi SexedviT, am si­
tyvebis miRma TiTqos bevri araferi imaleba. bolos da
bolos, romeli saRad moazrovne adamiani iqneba am ufle­

145
baTa darRvevis momxre? aSkarad, arc erTi. magram am Sem­
TxvevaSi mainc raRac usiamovno SegrZneba dageufleba, ro­
melic TandaTan giZlierdeba; is gansakuTrebiT maSin iCens
Tavs, roca inglisur enaSi viwyebT raime sxva sityvebis
Ziebas, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda imave
(terminebiT gadmocemuli) movlenis aRwera Cveulebrivad.
SevadaroT Semdegi winadadebebi:
•„vityodi, rom, Cveni sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
strategiuli amocanebidan gamomdinare, zogjer aucile­
belia, saqmiani urTierToba gqondes da mxaric ki dauWiro
reJimebs, romlebsac saeWvo reputacia aqvs adamianis
uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT“.
•„vityodi, rom, Cveni sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
strategiuli amocanebidan gamomdinare, zogjer aucile­
belia, saqmiani urTierToba gqondes da mxaric ki dauWiro
reJimebs, romlebic aupatiureben, awameben da xocaven
­adamianebs“.
rasakvirvelia, meore gacilebiT mZime SemTxvevaa. nebi­
smieri, vinc ki amas moismens, aucileblad ikiTxavs: „nuTu
es strategiuli amocanebi marTla aseTi sasicocxlo mniS­
vnelobisaa? anda: „ras gulisxmobs, zogadad, es strate­
giuli amocanebi?“ saerTodac, am „uflebebs“ raRac odnav
Civilis msgavsi JReradoba aqvs. daaxloebiT ise ismis,
rogorc „raimeze oficialuri uflebis micema“ _ TiTqos
wamebis msxverplni raimes iTxovdnen, Tanac gamaRizianebe­
li formiT, rodesac maTdami mopyrobis gamo ukmayofile­
bas gamoTqvamen.
Cemi azriT, is, rasac me „gaupatiurebis, wamebisa da mkv­
lelobis“ tests vuwodeb, Zalian gamosadegia. is sakmaod
martivia. rodesac raime saxis politikur organizacias­
Tan unda daiWiro saqme, romelic warmodgenilia mTavro­
bis, sazogadoebrivi moZraobis, partizanuli armiis Tu
nebismieri sxva organizebuli jgufis saxiT, da cdilob,
gadawyvito, gmobis Rirsia is Tu mxardaWerisa, pirvel
rigSi, svam SekiTxvas: „xom ar xocaven, aupatiureben an
awameben isini xalxs, an sxvebs xom ar ubrZaneben amis Ca­
146
denas?“ TiTqos TavisTavad cxadi SekiTxvaa, magram gagik­
virdebaT _ mas iSviaTad (an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, SerCeviT)
svamen. an SeiZleba gasakviri iyos mxolod manamde, vidre
mas davsvamT, Semdeg ki (roca am sakiTxs wamovWriT) aR­
movaCenT, rom sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi
msoflio politikis Zalian bevri sakiTxis Sesaxeb maSinve
Tavdayira dadgeba. magaliTad, 2006 wels bevrma adamianma
aSS-Si Seityo, rom meqsikis mTavrobam federaluri jar­
ebi gamoiyvana saxalxo amboxebis CasaxSobad, romelic mas­
wavlebelTa profesiuli kavSiris mier iqna organizebuli
samxreTis Statis, oaqsakas gubernatoris winaaRmdeg. es
ukanaskneli cnobili iyo, rogorc korumpirebuli moxele.
aSS-is mediaSi am sakiTxs erTsulovnad aZlevdnen dadebiT
Sefasebas, rogorc wesrigis aRdgenas; bolos da bolos,
amboxebulebi „Zaladobas mimarTavdnen“, qvebsa da moloto­
vis koqteilebs isrodnen (Tumca maT qvebi da molotovis
koqteilebi amboxebis CasaxSobad gamoyvanil policiis kar­
gad SeiaraRebul danayofs esroles da mniSvnelovani ziani
aravisTvis miuyenebiaT). ramdenadac vici, aravis uTqvams,
rom meamboxeebma gaaupatiures, awames an mokles vinme; arc
aravis imaTgan, vinc raime icis am movlenis Sesaxeb, serio­
zuli msjelobis sagnad ar uqcevia is faqti, rom meqsikis
mTavrobis erTgulma Zalebma amboxis CaxSobisas gaaupati­
ures, awames da daxoces mravali adamiani, Tumca amgvari
qmedebebi, meamboxeTa mier qvebis srolisagan gansxvavebiT,
ar SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnas, rogorc „Zaladobrivi“, aR­
arafers vityvi imaze, rom maT aravin aRwers, rogorc gaupa­
tiurebas, wamebas an mkvlelobas. amis nacvlad maTze an saer­
Tod arafers amboben, an laparakoben „adamianis uflebaTa
darRvevis braldebaze“, anda, maT dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben
raime msgavs arafrismTqmel iuridiul terminebs.*

* kidev ufro saocari magaliTi: wlebis manZilze da arcTu ise didi xnis wina
periodamde somaleli piratebi arasodes aupatiurebdnen, awamebdnen an xocavd­
nen vinmes. mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos: maTi SesaZlebloba, imoqmedon, rogorc
piratebma, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad daarwmuneben potenciur msxver­
pls, rom SeuZliaT, ase moiqcnen.

147
 aSS-Si yvelaze metad tabuirebulia, zogadad, lapara­
ki korufciaze. erT dros politikosebisaTvis fulis
micema maT poziciaze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT „meqr­
Tameobad“ iTvleboda da ukanono iyo. es faruli, Tumca
sakmaod gavrcelebuli moqmedeba fuliT savse CanTebiT
siarulsa da konkretuli moTxovnis Sesrulebas gulisx­
mobda: cvlilebas kanonmdeblobaSi qalaqis teritoriis
funqcionalur zonebad dayofis Sesaxeb, mSeneblobis Tao­
baze kontraqtis gaformebas, sisxlis samarTlis saqmes­
Tan dakavSirebuli sarCelis gamoxmobas. axla ki qrTamis
moTxovnas saxeli gadaerqva da „saxsrebis moZieba“ ewoda,
xolo Tavad meqrTameobas _ „lobireba“. bankebs iSviaTad
uxdebaT, konkretuli TxovniT mimarTon politikosebs,
romlebic bankebis mier maTi kampaniis dafinansebaze arian
damokidebulni. isini bankis lobistebs aZleven miTiTebas,
gaakeTon monaxazi, Tu rogori unda iyos, an sulac Ta­
vad Seqmnan is kanonmdebloba, romelic, savaraudod, maTi
bankebis saqmianobas unda „aregulirebdes“. dResdReobiT
„meqrTameoba“ Cveni mmarTvelobis sistemis safuZvels war­
moadgens. arsebobs ramdenime ritorikuli xriki, romleb­
sac iyeneben, rom am sakiTxze saubars Tavi aaridon. maTgan
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom ramdenime umniSvnelo SemTx­
veva (romlebsac, realurad, fuli tomrobiT moaqvs, rac
zonebad dayofis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebis Seta­
nis sazRauria) kvlavac ukanonod miiCnion, raTa SeeZloT,
gamudmebiT amtkicon, rom namdvili „meqrTameoba“ poli­
tikuri moTxovnebis Sesrulebis sanacvlod fulis aRebis
raRac sxva formaa. aqve unda aRvniSno: politologebi,
Cveulebriv, irwmunebian, rom fuli „qrTami“ ar aris, Tu
ver mtkicdeba, rom man kanonmdeblobis romelime konkre­
tuli elementis mimarT politikosis pozicia Secvala. am
logikiT, Tuki politikosi ixreba iqiT, rom mxari dauWiros
bils, miiRebs fuls, Semdeg gadaifiqrebs da xmas mis wi­
naaRmdeg miscems _ es meqrTameoba yofila; xolo Tuki is
Tavis mosazrebas bilis Sesaxeb mxolod imaze dakvirvebis
mixedviT Camoayalibebs, Tu vin miscems mas fuls amisTvis,
148
an Tundac donoris lobistebs Seuqmnis pirobebs, rom es
bili donoris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seadginon _ es
meqrTameobad ar CaiTvleba. zedmetia imaze saubari, rom
amgvar gansxvavebebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs WeSma­
riti miznisaTvis. magram faqti faqtad rCeba: vaSingtonSi
ubralo senatorma an kongresmenma Tanamdebobaze mosvlis
Semdeg daaxloebiT $10,000 unda moizidos kviraSi, Tuki
surs, rom kidev erTxel airCion _ es is Tanxaa, romelsac
isini eqskluziurad iReben umdidresi 1%-dan.* saboloo
jamSi, arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi, savaraudod, TavianTi
drois 30%-s qrTamebis gamoZalvaze xarjaven.
es yvelaferi ukve iTqva da ganxilul iqna _ miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom romelime am movlenis sakuTari saxeliT
moxseniebas kvlavac tabu adevs. ufro iSviaTad aRiniS­
neba Semdegi garemoeba: mas Semdeg, rac daeTanxmebi prin­
cips, rom gavlenis yidva savsebiT misaRebia, rom, arsebi­
Tad, cudi araferia imaSi, Tu adamianebs fuls gadauxdi
(ara, ubralod, sakuTar TanamSromlebs, aramed nebismier
im adamians, romelsac saxeli da Zalaufleba aqvs), rom is
Tqvan an gaakeTon, rac Sen ginda, SenTvis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis morali sul sxvanairi gaxdeba. Tuki SesaZle­
belia saxelmwifo moxelis moqrTamva, rom ukeTesi, ufro
mosaxerxebeli pozicia davikavoT, ratom ar unda movqrTa­
moT swavlulebi? mecnierebi? Jurnalistebi? policia?
„okupaciis“ pirvel dReebSi uamravi amgvari kavSiri gamov­
linda: magaliTad, gairkva, rom finansur kvartalSi myof
bevr uniformian policiels, romlebic iq, TiTqosda, im­
isTvis unda yofiliyvnen, rom yvela moqalaqe Tanabrad
daecvaT, samuSao saaTebis didi nawilisaTvis xelfass ara

* faqtobrivad, saarCevno kampaniebSi Senatanebis 80%-ze meti umdidresi 0,5%-

idan modis, xolo 60% _ umdidresi 0,1%idan. aqedan yvelaze msxvili nawili
finansuri seqtoridan Semoedineba. Semdeg modis bizneskompaniebi da iuridi­
uli firmebi, maT Semdeg ki _ jandacvis sferos lobistebi (anu farmacevtuli
korporaciebi da janmrTelobis marTvis organizacia), bolos ki media da en­
ergetikis seqtori (federaluri saarCevno komisiis, politikaze zemoqmedeb­
is meqanizmebis kvlevis centris, saxalxo kampaniebis proeqtis „fulis feri“
monacemebiT).

149
qalaqi, aramed uSualod uolstritis firmebi uxdidnen.15
analogiurad, New York Times-is Jurnalists, romelmac pa­
tivi dagvdo da „okupacias“ oqtombris dasawyisSi estum­
ra, ar daumalavs, rom „umsxvilesi bankis aRmasrulebelma
direqtorma“ daureka da sTxova, misuliyo da adgilze
gaerkvia, xom ar emuqreboda es saprotesto aqcia „mis pi­
rad usafrTxoebas“.16 aq mTavari is ki ar aris, rom amgvari
kavSirebi, zogadad, arsebobs, aramed is, rom dainterese­
bul mxareTa arc erT warmomadgenels azradac ar mosdis,
rom amaSi SeiZleba rame dasamali iyos.
igive iTqmis samecniero-kvleviTi sferos grantebze,
romlebic obieqturad arasodes gaicemoda. ris kvleva
unda Catardes, amas saxelmwifo saagentoebi da mdidari
filantropebi wyveten da am process TviTonve afinanseben.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT sakuTari konkretuli mosazrebebi
aqvT imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra tipis sakiTxebis dasma
aris maTTvis mniSvnelovani da rogori pasuxebi iqneboda
maTTvis misaRebi. magram 1970-iani wlebidan, samecniero-kv­
leviTi centrebis aRmasvlasTan erTad, im disciplinebSi,
romlebsac yvelaze meti gavlena aqvs politikaze (gansa­
kuTrebiT ekonomikas), sruliad Cveulebriv movlenad iqca
mkvlevarTa „daqiraveba“, rom isini, ubralod, mikerZoebuli
politikuri poziciis gamarTlebaSi dagexmaron. 1980-iani
wlebisaTvis saqme imdenad Sors wavida, politikosebs ukve
Riad, sajaro forumebze surdaT imis aRiareba, rom maTTvis
ekonomikuri kvlevebi warmoadgenda saSualebas, gaemarTle­
binaT yovelive is, raSic xalxis darwmunebas cdilobdnen.
kargad maxsovs, ronald reiganis prezidentobis dros ram­
denad ganmacvifra televiziiT mosmenilma aseTma dialogma:
mTavrobis Cinovniki: CvenTvis ZiriTadi prioritetia
kapitalis zrdiT warmoSobil mogebaze dawesebuli gada­
saxadis Semcireba ekonomikis stimulirebis mizniT.
Jurnalisti: magram ras ityodiT ukanaskneli ekonomi­
kuri kvlevebis Sedegebis pasuxad, romlebic cxadyofen,
rom amgvari „gaJonvis“ekonomika (Trickle-down _ ekonomikuri
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, umjobesia, bizness ayvavebis
150
saSualeba mieces da msxvili biznesmenebis dovlaTi Tan-
daTanobiT „gaJonavs“, gaaRwevs dabali da saSualo SeZlebis
mqone fenebis mosaxleobamde, romelic aseve miiRebs sargeb-
els ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdisgan; miiCneva, rom aseT mid-
gomas ufro meti Sedegi moaqvs, vidre uSualo socialuri
dotaciebis gacemas. red.), realurad, ar amarTlebs. es xom
srulebiT ar iZleva stimuls, rom mdidari fenis mier
­dafinansebuli kvlevebi gagrZeldes?
mTavrobis Cinovniki: diax, es marTalia. jer kidev ar
aris gaazrebuli, Tu, realurad, ra ekonomikuri sarge­
beli moaqvs gadasaxadebis Semcirebas.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ekonomika, rogorc discip­
lina, imisTvis ar arsebobs, rom gansazRvros, Tu ra aris
saukeTeso politika. politikis Sesaxeb Cven ukve Camoyali­
bebuli Sexeduleba gvaqvs. ekonomistebi imisTvis arsebo­
ben, rom mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT damajerebeli motivebi
warmogvidginon im saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, ris gakeTebac
ukve gadawyvetili gvaqvs. sinamdvileSi am sferos warmo­
madgenlebs swored amisTvis uxdian. samecniero-kvleviTi
centrebis ekonomistebis SemTxvevaSi, es uSualod maTi
movaleobaa. Tanac, es karga xania, ase xdeba, magram gasa­
ocari isaa, rom maTi sponsorebi sul ufro metad mondo­
mebulni arian, Tavad aRiaron es.
am inteleqtualuri mmarTvelobis funqcionirebis
kidev erTi Sedegi isaa, rom namdvili politikuri de­
batebis gamarTva sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeba, radgan
isini, vinc gansxvavebul poziciebze dgas, sruliad sx­
vadasxva realobaSi cxovroben. Tuki memarcxeneebi da­
JinebiT moiTxoven amerikaSi siRaribisa da rasizmis prob­
lemebis Sesaxeb debatebis gagrZelebas, maTi oponentebi
kidev erTxel valdebulad CaTvlian Tavs, kontrargu­
mentebi wamoayenon (magaliTad _ rom rasizmi da siRaribe
maT msxverplTa moraluri sisustis Sedegia). axla ukve
albaT imis mtkicebasac mohyvebian, rom rasizmi da siRa­
ribe, ubralod, aRar arsebobs. magram igive xdeba meore
mxaresac. Tuki qristian memarjvenes surs amerikis „kul­
151
turuli elitis“ xangrZliv Zalauflebaze msjeloba,
marcxena mxares myofni, rogorc wesi, irwmunebian, rom
es simarTles ar Seefereba; roca libertarianel memar­
jvenes unda, daayenos SeerTebuli Statebis militarizmsa
da federaluri rezervis politikas Soris istoriuli
kavSiris arsebobis sakiTxi (rac savsebiT realuria), lib­
erali Tanamosaubre mas, ubralod, ise Sexedavs, rogorc
SeTqmulebis TeoriiT Sepyrobil giJs.
dResdReobiT cnebebs „memarjvene“ da „memarcxene“ ameri­
kaSi respublikelTa da demokratTa mimarT iyeneben. esaa is
ori partia, romlebic, ZiriTadad, 1%-is SigniT arsebul
sxvadasxva fraqcias warmoadgenen, anda (Tuki Zalian gulux­
vni viqnebiT) _ SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis 2 an 3%-
ian zedafenas. uolstriti ki, romlis gavlenac orive maT­
ganze vrceldeba, rogorc Cans, maT Soris Tanabradaa gadan­
awilebuli. respublikelebi warmoadgenen aRmasrulebel
direqtorTa ZiriTad nawils, gansakuTrebiT samxedro da
mopovebiTi mrewvelobis sferoebSi (energetika, samTamadno
mrewveloba, xe-tyis warmoeba), da TiTqmis yvela saSualo
rangis biznesmens; demokratebi _ umaRles eSelonebs „pro­
fesionalur-menejeruli fenisa“ (rogorc maT publicistma
da aqtivistma, barbara erenraixma uwoda) _ umdidres ad­
vokatebs, eqimebs, administraciul Tanamdebobebze momuSave
pirebs, aseve TiTqmis yvelas, vinc akademiur wreebsa da gar­
Tobis industriaSi saqmianobs. faqtobrivad, swored maTgan
modis am ori partiis fuli da es ukanasknelnic aRarafers
akeTeben, garda fulis mozidvisa da xarjvisa. am yvelafer­
Si gasaocari isaa, rom kapitalizmis finansizaciis bolo
ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi am mTavar damfinansebelTagan
TiToeulma sakuTari Teoria SeimuSava imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra­
tom aris realobis Sesaqmnelad fulisa da Zalauflebis
gamoyeneba, Tavisi arsiT, udavod misaRebi, radgan fuli da
Zalaufleba erTaderTia, rac realurad arsebobs.
ganvixiloT avadsaxsenebeli citata buSis administra­
ciis pasuxismgebeli piris gancxadebidan, romelic man aSS-
is eraySi SeWridan cota xnis Semdeg New York Times-is ko­
152
respondentTan saubrisas gaakeTa:
administraciis warmomadgeneli ambobda, rom mis­
nairi adamianebi (igulisxmeba Jurnalisti ron ziuskindi,
romelsac is esaubreboda. red.) „cxovroben sazogadoe­
baSi, romelsac Cven „realobaze dafuZnebuls“ vuwodebT“
(reality-based community _ aSS-Si am statiis gamoqveynebis
Semdeg araformaluri termini gaxda, „rwmenaze dafuZnebu-
li sazogadoebis (faith-based community) sapirispirod. „rw-
menaSi“ moiazreba, ZiriTadad, ideologia. red.), anu, misi
ganmartebiT, es is adamianebi arian, romlebsac „sjeraT,
rom gadawyvetilebebi xiluli realobis gonivruli kvle­
vis Sedegad miiReba“... „samyaro ase didi xania, aRar aris
mowyobili“, ganagrZobda is, „Cven axla imperia varT da
rodesac vmoqmedebT, Tavad vqmniT sakuTar realobas“.17
amgvari gamonaTqvamebi baqiaobad aRiqmeba da es konkre­
tuli fraza ufro samxedro Zalauflebas exeba, vidre eko­
nomikurs, magram erTi ram faqtia: zemo eSelonebSi myofi
xalxisTvis araoficialur saubarSi iseT sityvebs, rogori­
caa „imperia“, tabu aRar adevs, metic _ aSS-is ekonomika da
samxedro Zalaufleba, ZiriTadad, identur cnebebad miiC­
neva. da marTlac, rogorc korespondentic Semdeg ganmar­
tavs, amgvari leqsikis miRma kargad damuSavebuli Teolo­
gia dgas. 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, qristianma memar­
jveneebma (romlebic jorj uolker buSTan daaxloebuli
pirebis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgendnen) is, rasac maSin
„miwodebis ekonomikas“ uwodebdnen (supply-side economics _
mimdinareoba ekonomikasa da ekonomikis politikaSi, romlis
Tanaxmadac, inflaciasTan sabrZolvelad aucilebelia saqon-
lis adekvaturi miwodeba, xolo misi warmoebis stimulirebi-
saTvis _ kapitaldabandebaTa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
zrdis tempis daCqareba. es Teoria, romelic ekonomikis gan-
viTarebis mTavar berketad gadasaxadebis Semcirebas miiCnevs,
cnobilia „reiganomikis“ saxeliTac, radgan mas mimarTavdnen
reiganis ekonomikuri politikis realizebisas. red.), SeiZle­
ba iTqvas, pirdapiri gagebiT, religiur principad aqcies.
am mimarTulebis azrovnebis udidesi cocxali simbolo al­
153
baT konservatori strategi jorj gilderi iyo, romelic
amtkicebda, rom federaluri rezervis politika, romelic
gulisxmobda fulis miwodebis moculobis gazrdas da Sem­
dgom uSualod biznesmenebisTvis mis gadacemas Semoqmedeb­
iTi ideebis gansaxorcieleblad, faqtobrivad, iyo Rmer­
Tis mier arafrisagan, mxolod misi gonebis ZaliT samyaros
Seqmnis gameoreba adamianis doneze. es mosazreba farTod
gavrcelda „televangelistebSi“ (igulisxmeba satelevizio
religiuri qadagebebi. red.), rogoric iyo, magaliTad, pat
robertsoni, romelic miwodebis ekonomikas „fulis miwode­
bis moculobis gazrdis pirvel WeSmaritad RvTiur Teori­
ad“ moixseniebda. gilderi ufro Sors wavida da amtkicebda,
rom Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebi saSualebas
mogvcemda, dagveZlia Zveli materialisturi crurwmenebi
da kargad gagvecnobierebina, rom fuli, iseve, rogorc Za­
laufleba, sinamdvileSi rwmenas ukavSirdeba _ Cveni ideebi­
sa da principebis SemoqmedebiTi Zalis rwmenas.18 sxvebma ki,
rogoric, magaliTad, buSis administraciis anonimuri wevri
gaxldaT, rwmenis principi samxedro Zalazec ganavrces da
mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mianiWes. orive mimarTuleba
aRiarebs mWidro kavSirs fulsa da Zalauflebas Soris (is­
eve, rogorc memarjvene eretikosebi, ain rendis (namdvili
saxeli da gvaria alisa rozenbaumi (1905-1982) _ amerikeli mw-
erali da filosofosi, warmoSobiT rusi ebraeli. red.) mate­
rialisti mimdevrebi da ron polis (daib. 1935 w. _ amerikeli
politikosi, warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri, „Cais smis moZ-
raobis“ monawile. red.) tipis libertarianelebi, romlebic
ewinaaRmdegebian rogorc fulis miwodebis moculobis gaz­
rdis arsebul sistemas, aseve mis kavSirs samxedro Zala­
uflebasTan).
liberalTa eklesia aris universiteti, sadac filoso­
fosebsa da „radikalur“ socialur Teoretikosebs Teo­
logebis adgili uWiravT. es SeiZleba sruliad gansxvave­
bul samyarod mogeCvenoT, magram amave periodSi akademiur
memarcxene wreebSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri xedva,
bevri kuTxiT, ucnaurad hgavs mas. sakmarisia, gadavxedoT
154
1980-iani wlebis saocar aRmasvlas da frangi poststruq­
turalisti Teoretikosis, miSel fukos (1926-1984), ro­
gorc mfarveli wmindanis, aSkarad ucvlel statuss, gan­
sakuTrebiT ki mis mosazrebas, rom instituciuri codnis
formebi _ medicina, fsiqologia, administraciuli Tu
politikuri mecnierebebi, kriminologia, bioqimia Tu sxva
_ Zalauflebis formebsac warmoadgenen da Tavad qmnian im
realobas, romelsac Seiswavlian. es TiTqmis igivea, rac
gilderis Teologiuri mosazrebebi miwodebis ekonomi­
kis mimarT Rrma rwmenaze, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom am
ukanasknelis xedva profesionalebisa da menejerebis fenas
eyrdnoba, romelic liberaluri elitis birTvs warmoad­
gens. 1990-iani wlebis ekonomikuri buStebis bumis dros
(ase moixsenieben situacias, roca vaWroben saqonlis didi
partiebiT, romlebsac e.w. samarTliani fasebisgan absolu-
turad gansxvavebuli, uzomod gazrdili fasebi adevs. rac
Seexeba birJas, aq am SemTxvevaSi gamZafrebuli aJiotaJia,
romelsac xalxis optimisturi ganwyoba iwvevs. sabolood,
aqciebis fasebi mkveTrad ecema. red.) akademiur wreebSi war­
moiSva axali Teoriuli midgomebis usasrulo nakadi _ per­
formansis (termini, misi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mniS-
vnelobisgan gansxvavebiT, gulisxmobs samuSaos Sesrulebis
xarisxs, efeqtianobas. red.) Teoria, moqmed pirTa qselis
Teoria, aramaterialuri Sromis Teoriebi _ romlebic erT
sakiTxze Tanxmdebian: realoba aris is, risi yofierebaSi
Semotanac SesaZlebelia, Tuki sxvebs daarwmuneb mis ar­
sebobaSi.* cxadia, gasarTobi sferos romelime pasuxismge­

* sainteresoa, rom poststruqturalistur Teorias yovelTvis hqonda ucnauri

Cavardnebi ekonomikasTan, ufro metad ki samxedro ZalebTan mimarTebiT. Tumca,
rodesac miSel kaloni, moqmedebis qselis Teoriis erT-erTi Semoqmedi, ekonomi­
kas CauRrmavda, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ganacxada, rom ekonomistebi metwilad
TviTon qmnian im realobas, romlis Seswavlac miznad aqvT dasaxuli. es sruli
simarTlea, magram kaloni sruliad ugulebelyofs mTavrobis mxridan iZulebis
rols am procesSi. ase rom, realobis Semqmneli Zalebis memarcxene mxare ugule­
belyofs swored im elementebs (fuli da iaraRis Zala), romlebsac memarjvenee­
bi analizis mTavar obieqtad miiCneven. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom memarjveneebis
msgavsad, romlebsac TavianTi koreqtivebi SeaqvT materialistur SexedulebebSi,
memarcxeneebic inarCuneben amgvar damokidebulebas marqsizmis mimarT.

155
beli muSaki SeiZleba detalurad ar icnobdes miSel fukos
naSromebs (umetesobas SeiZleba arc ki smenia mis Sesaxeb,
Tuki kolejSi maTi ZiriTadi specialoba literatura ar
iyo); arc eklesiis mrevlis ubralo wevri, magaliTad, nav­
Tobis kompaniis aRmasrulebeli direqtori erkveva albaT
gilderis TeoriebSi fulis miwodebis moculobis gazrdis
Sesaxeb, magram orive maTgani, rogorc aRvniSne, imgvari
azrovnebis Teologiur apoTeozs warmoadgens, rogoric
e.w. 1%-Sia gavrcelebuli; isini miekuTvnebian inteleqtua­
lur samyaros, romelSic iseTi sityvebic ki, rogoricaa
„qrTami“ an „imperia“, sajarod ar ganixileba, magram, amave
dros, yvelafris safuZvlad iTvleba.
Tuki im qveda safexurze mdgomi 99%-is rakursidan
SevxedavT, romelsac sxva gza aRar darCenia, garda imisa,
rom erT an meore realobaSi icxovros, amgvari azrovneba
cinizmis yvelaze intensiur formad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
_ esaa cinizmi TiTqmis mistikur sibrtyeSi. rasac realu­
rad vxedavT, esaa Zalauflebis mqoneTa mxridan sakuTari
kerZo gamocdilebisa da xedvis Tavad realobis bunebas­
Tan aRrevis gabatonebuli tendencia _ bolos da bolos,
kompaniis aRmasrulebeli direqtoris poziciidan Tu Seva­
fasebT, fuls marTlac SeuZlia, Seqmnas yvelaferi, xolo
holivudis prodiuseris an saavadmyofos menejeris xed­
viT, erTaderTi, rac marTla arsebobs, es aris urTierT­
kavSiri codnas, Zalauflebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis
xarisxs, efeqtianobas Soris.
aq saqme gvaqvs erT amazrzen paradoqsTan. amerikelTa
umravlesobisTvis Tavad meqrTameobis principi ki ar aris
problema (miuxedavad imisa, rom, maTi azriT, is sazizRro­
baa da miiCneven, rom politikosebi gansakuTrebiT saSineli
xalxia), aramed is, rom es 1% aRebul qrTams sazogadoebis
farTo masebze aRar avrcelebs, rogorc amas adre akeTeb­
da. bolos da bolos, mSromelTa klasis moqrTamva, mag­
aliTad, axlad Seqmnili simdidris mniSvnelovani nawilis
qveda mimarTulebiT gadanawilebis gziT (rogorc es 1940-
ian, 1950-ian, 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi iyo miRebuli) _
156
swored isaa, rac am orive partiis ZiriTad amomrCevlebs
ukve aRar surT. amis nacvlad, rogorc respublikelebma,
aseve demokratebma, rogorc Cans, TavianT aqtivistTa baza
im amomrCevelTagan Camoayalibes, romelTa miswrafebebis
odesme ganxorcielebis mcireodeni survilic ki ar hqoniaT:
magaliTad, aq igulisxmeba konservatori qristianebi, rom­
lebic albaT verasdros eRirsebian abortis kanonsawinaaR­
mdego qmedebad gamocxadebas, anda profesiuli kavSirebi,
romlebic aseve verasodes moeswrebian im iuridiuli bari­
erebis moxsnas, romlebic xels uSlis maT organizebas.

Tavdapirveli SekiTxva ase JRerda: ratom miiCneva

politikaSi fulis rolis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba aSS-
Si aucileblad revoluciur sakiTxad? pasuxi aseTia: imi­
tom rom, meqrTameoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fuZemde­
bluri principi gaxda. mTavrobisa da finansuri wreebis
interesebis kavSirze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistema,
romelSic fuli Zalauflebad gardaiqmneba, Semdeg ki, Ta­
vis mxriv, kidev ufro didi fulis saSovnelad gamoiyeneba,
orive politikuri partiis donorTa ZiriTadi jgufebi­
saTvis imdenad bunebrivi gaxda, rom ukve isinic mas re­
alobis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawilad aRiqvamen.
rogor vebrZoloT mas? problema isaa, rom aseT uki­
dures cinizmze damyarebuli politikuri sistemis dacin­
vas azri ara aqvs _ garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aman SeiZleba
saqme kidev ufro gaafuWos. amJamindeli satelevizio axa­
li ambebi SeiZleba davyoT Souebad, romlebic acxadeben,
rom simarTles gveubnebian _ maTi umetesoba eweva an zom­
ieri memarjvene (CNN) an ukiduresi memarjvene (FOX) idee­
bis propagandas, xolo umetesad satiruli (The Daily Show)
an, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, performatiuli (MSNBC)
gamoSvebebis drois udidesi nawili imis Sexsenebas eTmoba,
ramdenad korumpirebuli, cinikuri da arakeTilsindisie­
ria sinamdvileSi CNN da FOX. es sruli simarTlea, magram
aRniSnuli garemoeba, saboloo jamSi, mxolod kidev ufro
ganamtkicebs im azrs, rom Tanamedrove mediis ZiriTadi
157
funqcia (es zemoT vaxsene kidec) Semdegi Sinaarsis gza­
vnilis miwodebaa: SeiZleba Sen sakmarisad Wkviani xar da
xvdebi, rom es yvelaferi xelisuflebis cinikuri TamaSia,
magram danarCeni amerika mainc masxrad agdebul cxvris
farad rCeba.
es yvelaferi aris maxe. Cemi azriT, Tuki misgan Tavis
daRweva gvinda, magaliTi imaTgan ki ar unda aviRoT, vi­
sac memarcxeneebad miviCnevT, aramed populisti (terminis
gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobisagan gansxvavebiT, mocemul kon-
teqstSi igulisxmeba farTo masebis interesebis damcveli
moZraobis wevrebi. red.) memarjveneebisagan, radgan swored
maT aRmoaCines umTavresi susti wertili mTel am sistema­
Si: sinamdvileSi Zalian cota amerikeli Tu iziarebs 1%-is
yovlismomcvel cinizms.
progresuli memarcxeneebis mudmivi ukmayofilebis erT-
erTi mizezi isaa, rom amerikis muSaTa klasis amdeni war­
momadgeneli xmas aZlevs sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis
winaaRmdeg, roca aqtiurad uWers mxars respublikel kandi­
datebs; isini ki pirobas deben, rom im programebs Sekvecen,
romlebmac amomrCevlebis ojaxebi saTbobiT unda moamara­
gos, maTi Svilebis skolebi ganaaxlos da asakovani adamian­
ebis janmrTelobis dazRvevis privatizeba ganaxorcielos.
garkveulwilad, xalxis arCevans Tavisi mizezi aqvs _ is na­
sufrali, romelic demokratiul partias surs, Tavis „ba­
zas“ dauyaros, imdenad ubadrukia, rom misi SemoTavazeba
Seuracxmyofelia: gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac iseT ar­
gumentebze midgeba saqme, rogorsac bil klintoni an obama
iyeneben: „Cven ar vapirebT, TqvenTvis vibrZoloT, an ratom
unda vibrZoloT? Cvens pirad interesebSi es sulac ar Se­
dis, roca isedac viciT rom Tqven sxva arCevani mainc ar
gaqvT, garda imisa, rom Cven mogvceT xma“. da mainc, miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom es SeiZleba sakmaod safuZvliani mizezi iyos
saimisod, rom xalxma saerTod Tavi aaridos xmis micemas (da
marTlac, amerikel mSromelTa umetesobam didi xania, xeli
aiRo saarCevno procesSi monawileobaze), amiT mainc ver aix­
sneba, Tu ratom unda misce xma meore mxares.
158
 erTaderTi, riTac amis gamarTleba SeiZleba, aris ara
is, rom isini, cota ar iyos, ver garkveulan, Tu ras niS­
navs es „sakuTari interesebi“, aramed is, rom maT aRaS­
foTebs idea: politika sxva araferia, Tu ara „sakuTari
interesebisaTvis“ brZola. mkacri ekonomiis politikis
ritorika, rom saxelmwifo valis savalalo Sedegebisa­
gan Cveni Svilebis dasacavad „msxverpli yvelam unda ga­
viRoT“, SesaZloa, cinikuri sicruec iyos, anu 1%-isaTvis
kidev ufro meti simdidris gadanawilebis saSualeba, ma­
gram amgvari mowodebebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rigiT adami­
anebs unergavs garkveul rwmenas, rom maT keTilSobiluri
saqcielis Cadena SeuZliaT. maSin, roca bevri amerikelis
irgvliv sinamdvileSi araferia iseTi, rac imsaxurebs, rom
„sazogadoeba“ uwodo, es aris is mciredi, ris gakeTebac
maT sxvebisTvis SeuZliaT.
rogorc ki gaviazrebT, rom amerikelTa umetesoba
cinikosi sulac ar gaxlavT, gacilebiT gagviadvildeba
gageba, Tu ratom izidavs xalxs memarjvene frTis popu­
lizmi. is sakmaod xSirad rasizmis, seqsizmisa da homofo­
biis yvelaze amazrzeni formebiTaa garSemortymuli. ma­
gram maT ukan dgas gulwrfeli aRSfoTeba imis gamo, rom
keTili saqmis keTebis saSualebas ar gaZleven.
aviRoT populist memarjveneTa yvelaze ufro nacnobi
SeZaxilebi mitingebis dros _ maTSi Warbobs „kulturuli
elitis“ siZulvili da „Cveni jarebis mxardaWeris“ mud­
mivi mowodeba. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos maT Soris araviTari
kavSiri ar arsebobs. sinamdvileSi maT mWidro kontaqti
aqvT. SesaZloa, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram mSromel
amerikelTa sakmaod didi nawili navTobis magnatebsa da
janmrTelobis dazRvevis organizaciis xelmZRvanel pire­
bze metad Semomwyralia 1%-is im nawilze, romelic kul­
turis industriaSi muSaobs, magram es, faqtobrivad, maT
mier sakuTari mdgomareobis obieqtur, realistur Sefase­
bas warmoadgens: kondicionerebis SemkeTebelma nebraski­
dan kargad icis, rom naklebad savaraudoa, misi Svili
odesme msxvili korporaciis aRmasrulebeli direqtori
159
gaxdes, magram es mainc, ase Tu ise, SesaZlebelia; magram
sruliad warmoudgenelia, is odesme saerTaSoriso masSta­
bis adamianis uflebaTa damcveli an The New York Times-is
Teatraluri kritikosi gaxdes. sruliad aSkaraa, rom Tuki
gsurs Seiqmna kariera, romelsac mxolod fulis gamo ar
irCev _ kariera xelovnebaSi, politikaSi, socialur uz­
runvelyofasa Tu JurnalistikaSi, anu im sferoebSi, sadac
cxovreba ara fulis Ziebas, aramed sxva Rirebulebebs _
WeSmaritebas, mSvenierebas, qvelmoqmedebas unda miuZRv­
na, Seni damqiraveblebi pirveli erTi an ori wlis ganmav­
lobaSi fuls, ubralod, ar gadagixdian. roca koleji da­
vamTavre, aRmovaCine, rom uxelfaso staJirebis auRebeli
bastioni amgvar karieras marad miuwvdomels xdis nebism­
ieri adamianisaTvis, romelsac ar SeuZlia, ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi ixados binis qira da Tavisuflad icxovros
iseT qalaqebSi, rogoricaa niu-iorki an sanfrancisko _
rac myisierad gamoricxavs raime Sanss muSaTa klasis war­
momadgenelTa SvilebisTvis. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
zemoTqmuli imas niSnavs, rom es daxvewili inteleqtu­
alebi (sul ufro metad „endogamiuri“, privilegirebuli
fena) amerikis muSaTa klasis umetesobas aramxolod gauT­
lel briyvebad aRiqvamen, rac TavisTavad aRmaSfoTebelia,
aramed Seqmnili aqvT sakmaod daxvewili sistemac, raTa
maTi Svilebi flobdnen monopolias saqmianobis yvela im
sferoze, romelTa wyalobiTac adamians eqneba SesaZle­
bloba, Sesaferi Semosavalic hqondes da uangaro, keTil­
Sobilur miznebsac emsaxurebodes. Tuki kondicionerebis
SemkeTeblis qaliSvili moisurvebs, iseTi kariera Seiqmnas,
romlis meSveobiTac SeZlebs, ufro maRal idealebs emsax­
uros, vidre Tavis gatanaa, mis winaSe mxolod ori realis­
turi arCevani iqneba: imsaxuros adgilobriv eklesiaSi, an
wavides jarSi.
darwmunebuli var, swored zemoT aRniSnuls ukavSirde­
ba jorj uolker buSis gansakuTrebuli mimzidvelobisa da
popularobis saidumlo, politikosisa, romelic amerikis
erT-erTi umdidresi ojaxidan iyo: is saubrobda da moq­
160
medebda im adamianiviT, romelic jariskacebTan gacilebiT
ufro komfortulad grZnobs Tavs, vidre profesorebis
garemocvaSi. populisti memarjveneebis mebrZoli anti­
inteleqtualizmi ar aris mxolod profesionalur-mene­
jeruli fenis Zalauflebis dagmoba (romelsac, rogorc
amerikis muSaTa klasis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba miiC­
nevs, SesaZloa, ufro meti gavlena hqondes maT cxovre­
baze, vidre korporaciebis xelmZRvanel pirebs). es aris
protesti sxva fenis winaaRmdegac; es ukanaskneli, maTi
azriT, cdilobs monopolizebas saSualebebisa, romlebic
SesaZleblobas giqmnis, cxovreba, materialuri piradi in­
teresebis garda, sxva ramesac miuZRvna.
liberalebi gaocebulni arian imiT, rom Turme saku­
Tari piradi interesis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, raki uars
amboben im cotaodeni materialuri nasufralis miRebaze,
romelsac maT demokrati kandidatebi sTavazoben. roca
amas xedav, grCeba STabeWdileba, rom mdgomareoba kidev
ufro uaresia, vidre gegona.
respublikuri partiis rakursidan Tu SevxedavT, misi
warmomadgenlebi motyuebulni rCebian, roca TeTrkaniani
muSaTa klasis populizmze akeTeben gaTvlas. amiT respub­
likelebi samudamod amboben uars demokratiuli partiis
ZiriTad mxardamWerTa garkveuli nawilis gadmobirebaze.
eseni arian: afrikeli amerikelebi, laTinuri amerikis war­
momadgenlebi, imigrantebi da meore Taobis imigrantebi,
romelTaTvisac (miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi umetesoba
morwmune qristiania da, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiaraRe­
bul ZalebSi maTi Svilebi Warbi raodenobiT arian war­
modgenili) amgvari antiinteleqtualuri politika marT­
lac rom wyevlaa. SeiZleba seriozulad warmovidginoT,
rom afro-amerikeli politikosi, jorj uolker buSis
msgavsad, antiinteleqtualuri kartiT iTamaSebda da
warmatebas moipovebda? amgvari ram warmoudgeneli iqne­
boda. demokratiuli partiis ZiriTad eleqtorats swored
is adamianebi Seadgenen, romlebic aramarto ufro mkaf­
iod aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebisa da kulturis
161
nawilad, aramed, rac mTavaria, maTTvis ganaTleba Tavisi
arsiT jer kidev faseulobas warmoadgens.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, amerikuli poli­
tika CixSi Sevida.
axla davfiqrdeT yvela im qalze (umeteswilad TeTrkanian
qalebze), romlebmac TavianTi ambebi „Cven varT 99%“-is
gverdze gamoaqveynes. am gadasaxedidan isini mxolod Cve­
ni politikuri kulturis cinizmis winaaRmdeg analogiuri
protestis gamoxatulebad aRiqmeba. Tumca maT moTxovnas
absoluturi minimumis saxe aqvs _ SegeZlos, Seni cxovreba
sxvebze zrunvas, maT swavlebasa da daxmarebas miuZRvna, ise,
rom iZulebuli ar gaxde, amas msxverplad Seswiro sakuTar
ojaxze zrunvis SesaZlebloba.* bolos da bolos, gana mo­
wodeba „mxari davuWiroT Cvens skolis maswavleblebsa da
meddebs!“ naklebad logikuria, vidre mowodeba „mxari da­
vuWiroT Cvens jarebs!“? da nuTu SemTxveviTia is faqti,
rom amdeni yofili jariskaci da erayisa da avRaneTis omis
veterani SeuerTda adgilobriv „okupaciebs“?
mTeli uolstritis dasanaxad SekrebiTa da Temis SeqmniT,
romelic fuls ar iyenebda, Tanac efuZneboda ara mxolod
demokratiis, aramed ormxrivi zrunvis, solidarobisa da mx­
ardaWeris principebs, „okupantebma“ revoluciuri gamowve­
vis winaSe daayenes ara marto, zogadad, fulis Zalaufleba,
aramed fulis roli imis gansazRvraSi, Tu rogori unda iyos
cxovreba Tavisi arsiT. es iyo Zlieri dartyma ara mxolod
Tavad uolstritisaTvis, aramed swored cinizmis princip­
isaTvis, romlis mkafio gansaxierebasac uolstriti war­
moadgens. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im konkretul momentSi Tavad
siyvaruli gaxda ukiduresad revoluciuri aqti.

* Tavis patara eseSi, saxelwodebiT „qalebi, mkacri ekonomiis politika da daus­

rulebeli feministuri revolucia“ (Occupy! N3, n+1, 2011 wlis noemberi, gv. 32-
34), silvia federiCi swored am mimarTulebiT midis, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom
feminizmis ZiriTadi nakadi swor gzas ascda, radgan yuradRebas, ZiriTadad,
qalebisaTvis Sromis bazarze monawileobis garantiis micemaze amaxvilebs (rac,
arsebiTad, socialuri, diskriminaciuli SezRudvebisagan maT gaTavisuflebad
miaCnia), da ara imaze, rasac is, cotaTi uxerxuli marqsistuli gamoTqma rom
vixmaroT, „reproduqciis sferos“ uwodebs.

162
 amitom gasakviri arc aris, rom arsebuli sistemis
mcvelebma zustad amoicnes, ra iyo es, da masze iseTi reaq­
cia hqondaT, TiTqos samxedro provokaciis winaSe idgnen.

SekiTxva 7

ratom ganicada moZraobam kraxi 2011 wlis noemberSi,

Zalian male mas Semdeg, rac banakebi Zalis gamoyenebiT
daSales?

2011 wlis noemberSi, roca moZraobis banakebi Zalis

gamoyenebiT daSales, mediam maSinve gadmosca informacia,
rom Occupy Wall Street-ma funqcionireba Sewyvita.
im versiis Tanaxmad, romelic Zalian male aSS-is media­
Si damkvidrda, jer kidev banakebis daSlamde saqme isedac
uaresobisken midioda. savaraudod, is, rac Tavdapirve­
lad idealisturi eqsperimenti iyo, kriminalebma, narkom­
anebma, usaxlkaro da SeSlilma adamianebma moicves; higie­
nis normebi dairRva; seqsualuri Zaladoba epidemiasaviT
gavrcelda. cnobili foto SarvalCaxdili usaxlkaro,
uTvistomo adamianisa, romelic, etyoba, zukotis par­
kis maxloblad, niu-iorkis policiis departamentis man­
qanasTan mosasaqmeblad emzadeboda, wiwakis aerozoliani
toni bolonias aseve gaxmaurebul videos daupirispires
da yvelgan afrialebdnen imis sademonstraciod, Tu ram­
denad damZimda mdgomareoba (araviTari mtkicebuleba ar
arsebobda, rom es adamiani Occupy-s wevri iyo, magram amas
mniSvneloba ar hqonda). am braldebaTa umetesoba maSinve
gaqarwyldeba, rogorc ki maT ufro kargad davukvird­
ebiT. ase magaliTad, gaupatiurebebis „epidemiis“ Sesaxeb
gancxadebebis miuxedavad, asobiT okupantTagan seqsual­
uri Zaladobis braldeba, saerTo jamSi, mxolod or ada­
mians wauyenes. rogorc rebeka solniti aRniSnavda, aSS-Si
qalebis mimarT seqsualuri Zaladobis yvelaze maRali

163
maCvenebelia msoflios qveynebs Soris, magram media amas
moralur krizisad ratomRac ver aRiqvams. Tumca Occupy-s
Sesaxeb axal ambebSi gaSvebul siuJetebSi mTavari is ki ar
iyo, rom aqtivistebma SeZles, amerikis yvelaze saSiSi qa­
laqis SuagulSi SeeqmnaT iseTi garemo, romelSic qalebis
mimarT Zaladobis maCvenebeli, aSkarad, mkveTrad Semcir­
da, aramed skandali imis gamo, rom maT amgvari incidentebi
mTlianad ver aRmofxvres.
ufro metic, solniti kaliforniis Statis qalaq oklen­
dis Sesaxeb amgvar informacias avrcelebs:
saocaria, magram faqtia, rom sanam oklendSi banaki ar­
sebobda, danaSauli 19%-iT Semcirda. am statistikas qa­
laqi gulmodgined malavda. „es SeiZleba Cveni gancxadebis
sapirispirod metyvelebdes, romlis Tanaxmadac, Occupy-s
moZraobis uaryofiTi zegavleniT imata danaSaulTa ricx­
vma oklendSi“, _ naTqvamia policiis Sefis mier merisT­
vis gagzavnil meilSi, romelic mogvianebiT adgilobrivma
axali ambebis arxma, KTVU-ma, moipova da gaavrcela, rasac
xmauri mohyva. yuradReba miaqcieT: Occupy imdenad didi
Zala iyo swored Tavisi araZaladobriobis gamo, rom ok­
lendSi arsebuli gamudmebuli danaSaulisa da Zaladobis
problemebis gadaWrasac ki axerxebda, ubralod, imis sa­
SualebiT, rom xalxs aZlevda imeds, sakvebs, saubris saSu­
alebas, aswavlida solidarobas.19
imis Tqmac zedmetia, rom arsad uZRoda sagazeTo
statiebs xmauriani saTaurebi, magaliTad, aseTi: „Zalado­
brivi danaSauli mkveTrad mcirdeba okupaciis periodSi!“,
xolo policia, misive statistikuri monacemebis miuxeda­
vad, kvlavac amtkicebda, rom mdgomareoba swored rom sa­
pirispiro iyo.
zogierT banakSi marTlac iCina Tavi Sida problemebma,
Tumca ver vityviT, rom amis mizezi policielTa nakle­
boba iyo _ faqtobrivad, ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
kviraSi Svidi dRis manZilze, banakebi garSemortymuli iyo
policielebiT da, Teoriulad, es adgilebi mTel amerikaSi
yvelaze usafrTxo unda yofiliyo; magram policiam Tavisi
164
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi yvelaferi gaakeTa am proble­
mebis Sesaqmnelad. magaliTad, usaxlkaro yofil patimarTa
umetesoba, romlebmac zukotis parkSi daides bina, rogorc
ambobdnen, am teritoriaze rikers ailendidan (sapatim-
roebis kompleqsi niu-iorkSi, amave saxelwodebis kunZul-
ze, ist-riveris sruteSi. mTargm.) gaTavisuflebis Semdeg
avtobusebiT moiyvanes policielebma da uTxres, rom maT­
Tvis parkSi uzrunvelyofili iqneboda ufaso sakvebi da
TavSesafari. es sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli taqtikaa. sa­
berZneTSi TiTqmis yvela, visac ki vesaubre da vinc sintag­
mas moedanze sayovelTao SekrebebSi monawileobda, hyve­
boda ambebs jibis qurdebsa da narkodilerebze, romleb­
sac policiam acnoba, rom maT winaaRmdeg devna ar ganxor­
cieldeboda, Tuki isini TavianT xelobas saprotesto aq­
ciis monawileebis mimarT gamoiyenebdnen. aRniSvnis Rirsia
is faqti, rom amgvari zewolis fonze es banakebi SedarebiT
usafrTxo adgilebs warmoadgenda da isini ar moucavs hob­
siseul qaoss (Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) _ ingliseli filoso-
fosi, cnobilia Tavisi naSromebiT politikur filosofia-
Si. mas yvelaze metad aSinebda qaosiT moculi sazogadoeba,
romelic ver uzrunvelyofs adamianis sicocxlis, ojaxisa
da sakuTrebis usafrTxoebas. red.), Tumca media da munici­
paluri mTavroba gamudmebiT sapirispiros amtkicebdnen.
maS, ra xdeboda iq sinamdvileSi?
vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi, unda gaviazroT, rom es
yvelaferi izolirebulad ar momxdara. es Tema globalur
konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT. yovelTvis xazs vusvamdi,
rom Occupy aris Crdiloamerikuli varianti demokratiuli
amboxebisa, romelic 2011 wlis ianvarSi tunisSi daiwyo
da imave wlis dasasrulisaTvis xelisuflebis arsebuli
struqturebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena yvelgan.
Zneli warmosadgenia xelisuflebis arsebuli struq­
turebi SeSfoTebulni ar yofiliyvnen movlenaTa amgvari
ganviTarebiT, an ar ecadaT dakanonebuli wesrigis winaSe
mdgari safrTxis SeCereba da aSkaraa, rom isini asec mo­
qcnen. faqtobrivad, aSS-is mTavroba aris centri poli­
165
tikuri, administraciuli da „usafrTxoebis“ mTeli im
meqanizmebisa, romlebic ukanaskneli Taobebis arsebobis
manZilze, metwilad, swored imisTvis Seiqmna, rom amgvar
safrTxes aRudges win, uzrunvelyos, rom amgvari saxalxo
amboxebebi an saerTod ar moxdes, an didi cvlilebebi ar
gamoiwvios da simSvide swrafad aRdges. axlo aRmosavleTis
problemebis mogvarebaSi aSS-is roli gamoixata imaSi, rom
man dauSva, zogierTi demokratiuli moZraoba mTavrobebs
Zalis gamoyenebiT CaexSoT (bahreini amis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili magaliTia); sxva SemTxvevebSi moZraobis neitral­
izebas misi wevrebis sxvadasxva komitetSi SeyvaniT, humani­
taruli daxmarebebiTa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
meSveobiT cdilobdnen. evropaSi ganxorcielda mTeli se­
ria qmedebebisa, romlebsac sxvas verafers uwodeb, Tu ara
finansur gadatrialebebs mdidarTa mxardamWeri politi­
kuri elitis daxmarebiT _ CrdiloeTis qveynebma italiasa
da saberZneTSi, faqtobrivad, gaaZeves arCeuli mTavroba
da mkacri ekonomiis principebiT Sedgenili biujetebis Se­
tanis mizniT am saxelmwifoebs Tavs moaxvies „neitraluri
teqnokratebi“, rasac Tan axlda policiis TandaTanobiT
sul ufro metad daxvewili specoperaciebi maT winaaRm­
deg, vinc moednebze saxalxo SekrebebSi monawileobda. aSS-
Si ki, orTviani yoymanis Semdeg policiam daiwyo banakebi­
sagan qalaqebis sistematuri gawmenda, risTvisac xSirad
uzarmazar samxedro Zalas iyenebda da, rac mTavaria,
aSkarad agrZnobina „okupantebs“, rom, am droidan moyole­
buli, moqalaqeTa nebismieri jgufi, romelic banakebis aR­
dgenas Seecdeboda, maSinve fizikuri Tavdasxmis obieqti
gaxdeboda.
aSS-is mTavroba yovelTvis cdilobda imis xazgasmas,
rom es qmedebebi koordinirebuli ar yofila. albaT unda
davijeroT, rom asobiT municipalitetis xelmZRvanelo­
bam damoukideblad gadawyvita, iZulebiT daeSala adgi­
lobrivi banakebi erTsa da imave dros, yvelgan erTi da
imave sababiT (sanitariuli normebis dacvis mizniT), erTi
da imave taqtikiT; iseve, rogorc yvelam, erTmaneTis ms­
166
gavsad, gadawyvita, aRar daeSva raime saxis banakis xelaxla
mowyoba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki „okupantebi“ amis gakeTe­
bas kanonis farglebSi Seecdebodnen. es, rasakvirvelia,
absurdia. jer kidev 1999, 2000 da 2001 wlebSi „msoflio
samarTlianobis moZraobis“ CaxSobis mcdelobebi aSkarad
koordinirebuli iyo, xolo 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Sem­
deg aSS-is mTavrobam daamata usafrTxoebis biurokratiis
kidev ramdenime fena gamokveTili mizniT _ maT evalebo­
daT sapasuxo RonisZiebebis koordinireba nebismier ra­
meze, rac sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis safrTxed
aRiqmeboda. Tuki isini, vinc saTaveSi edga amgvar insti­
tutebs, mSvidad isxdnen da yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen didi,
swrafad mzardi da potenciurad revoluciuri moZraobis
uecar warmoSobas mTeli qveynis masStabiT, gamodis, rom
es pirebi TavianT samuSaos ar asrulebdnen.
rogorc moqmedebdnen isini? ra Tqma unda, ar viciT da,
savaraudod, kidev didxans verafers SevityobT amis Ses­
axeb. aTwleulebi dagvWirda, rom gamoZiebis federaluri
biuros mier 1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvi­
sa da samSvidobo moZraobis CasaxSobad ganxorcielebuli
Zalisxmevis xasiaTi zedmiwevniT Segveswavla. miuxedavad
amisa, Zneli araa, aRvadginoT ZiriTadi konturebi imisa,
Tu ra unda momxdariyo. sinamdvileSi arsebobs garkveul­
wilad standartuli taqtika, romelsac TiTqmis yvela
mTavroba iyenebs demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad da
es konkretuli SemTxvevac, aSkaraa, rom, ZiriTadad, in­
struqciis mixedviT warimarTa. ai, rogor xdeba es: Tavda­
pirvelad unda scado moraluri avtoritetis ganadgureba
im radikaluri Zalebisa, romlebic, faqtobrivad, marTaven
moZraobas; amas moaxerxeb, Tu sazogadoebas maT dauxatav
moZaladeebad, romlebic zizRs imsaxureben (yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, potenciurad mainc). Semdeg unda scado, rom Se­
moacalo maT saSualo fenis mokavSireebi kargad gaTvlili
daTmobebiTa da SiSis momgvreli istoriebiT; an Tuki mar­
Tlac revoluciuri situacia gardauvalia, gamiznulad
Seqmna sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis precedenti
167
(cnobilia, rom mubaraqis mTavrobac swored ase moiqca
egvipteSi, roca gamousworebeli damnaSaveebi gaaTavisu­
fla cixeebidan da moxsna policiis dacva ubnebSi, sadac
saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebi cxovrobdnen, raTa isini
daerwmunebina, rom revolucia mxolod qaosisken ubiZgebs
qveyanas). amis Semdeg ukve Tavdasxmac SegiZlia.
2000 wels sakmaod didi dro movandome imas, rom do­
kumenturad damemtkicebina, Tu rogor „imuSava“ zemoT
aRniSnulma pirvelma etapma sietlSi msoflio savaWro
organizaciis Sexvedrebis CaSlis mizniT gamarTuli sap­
rotesto moZraobis kvaldakval. im dros aqtivistur me­
diakavSirebTan xSirad vTanamSromlobdi da uamrav ucnaur
gancxadebas vawydebodi, romlebic uecrad gamoCndeboda
xolme horizontze; isini, aSkarad, sxvadasxva saxis ofi­
cialuri wyarodan modioda, Tanac _ yvela erTsa da imave
dros. magaliTad, 2000 wlis zafxulSi iyo erTi kvira,
rodesac uecrad yvelam daiwyo laparaki imaze, TiTqos
globalizaciis sawinaaRmdego protestis yvela monawile
sinamdvileSi mdidarTa Svilebi iyvnen da satrasto fond­
ebs flobdnen (trasti _ urTierTobebis sistema zogad
samarTalSi, romlis drosac Tavis sakuTrebas mflobeli
gadascems e.w. ndobiT mmarTvels (an meurves), magram marTvis
Sedegad miRebul Semosavals inawileben Semosavlis benefi-
ciarebi. red.). amis Semdeg male gavrcelda xma ukiduresad
Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sietlis sa­
protesto aqciis monawileebs miewereboda _ molotovis
koqteilebis, qvebisa da ganavlis srola; Surdulebisa da
SardiT, qloriT an mJaviT savse wylis Tofebis gamoyene­
ba; ZalayinebiT trotuarebis mongreva policielebisTvis
sasroli masalis mosamarageblad. male amgvari agresiuli
taqtikis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebebi regularulad Cndeboda
gazeTebSi savaWro samitebis win, xSirad _ avtoritet­
uli eqspertebis gancxadebebze dayrdnobiT, romleb­
sac adgilobrivi policielebis gasawvrTnelad gzavnid­
nen. es gancxadebebi qmnida aCrdilebis SiSiT gamowveul
panikur ganwyobas _ miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad sietlis
168
s­aprotesto aqciebis dros azradac aravis mosvlia, es
gaekeTebina. rodesac msgavsi ambebi The New York Times-Si
gamoCnda, adgilobrivi uSualo moqmedebis qselis wevreb­
ma, maT Soris mec, redaqciis Senobis piketireba movawyveT
da gazeTis mesveurebic iZulebulni gaxdnen, ukan waeRoT
TavianTi sityvebi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sietlis
policiaSi darekes da iqac daudastures, rom araviTari
samxili ar arsebobda, rom am tipis taqtika marTla gamoiy­
enes. magram aseT istoriebs isev waawydebodiT xolme. Zne­
lia, zustad davadginoT, ra xdeboda, magram Cven mier mop­
ovebuli mwiri mtkicebulebebiT SegviZlia, vivaraudoT,
rom am yvelafris ukan idga arasauwyebo dacvis kompaniebi
(romlebic policiasTan erTad moqmedebdnen), memarjvene
samecniero centrebi da, SesaZloa, policiis garkveuli
tipis sadazvervo danayofebic. Zalian male mobilizaciis
aucileblobis winaSe mdgari qalaqebis policiis Sefebmac
iseTive istoriebis SeTxzva daiwyes, romlebic ramdenime
dRis manZilze sagazeTo statiebis xmaurian saTaurebSi
aisaxeboda, vidre Cven SevZlebdiT, dagvemtkicebina, rom
Zaladoba arasdros momxdara, magram am droisTvis mTli­
anad es Tema, rasakvirvelia, ukve mediis axali ambebis yur­
adRebis Rirsad aRar miiCneoda.
rodesac istoriis monakveTis xedva ase maxinjdeba, naT­
lad ikveTeba movlenaTa tipuri ganviTarebis garkveuli
sqema. yvelaze TvalSi sacemia fekaliebisa da uniform­
iani adamianebis mudmivad erT konteqstSi moxsenieba. ar
maxsovs demokratiuli saprotesto RonisZiebis monawi­
leTa mimarT policiis mxridan ganxorcielebuli cilisw­
amebis arc erTi SemTxveva, rom, sul mcire, erTxel mainc
ar yofiliyo naxsenebi demonstrantebis mier ganavlis
srolis faqti an amgvari ganzraxva mainc. savaraudod, es
yvelaferi 1960-iani wlebis saprotesto aqciebis monawi­
leTa imijs ukavSirdeba (romelic warmatebiT gamoiyena
policiam) _ isini saxeSi afurTxebdnen omidan dabrunebul
veteranebs. es imiji myarad aris gamjdari xalxis warmo­
saxvaSi, Tumca ar arsebobs araviTari samxili, rom msgavsi
169
ram marTla moxda. magram 1970-iani wlebSic ki sensaciuri
ambebi hipebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ganavals isrodnen, memar­
jvene mediisaTvis ZiriTadi Tema gaxda da yovelTvis xe­
laxla wamoiweoda wina planze (rasakvirvelia, dokumentu­
ri samxilebis gareSe) swored maSin, rodesac uniformian
qalebsa da mamakacebs mSvidobian demonstrantebze Sete­
vas ubrZanebdnen. samoyvarulo videokamerebze aRbeWdilia
aTasobiT policieli, rodesac isini „okupantebs“, Jurnal­
istebsa da SemTxveviT gamvlelebs scemen. arasdros aravis
daufiqsirebia „okupanti“, romelic nexvs isvris.
eqskrementebis Temaze xazis gasma aseTi efeqturi im­
itomaa, rom is, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, or mizans
emsaxureba. pirveli _ es aris zemoqmedeba rigiTi pol­
icielebis gonebasa da grZnobebze, romlebic Tavdapir­
velad, ase Tu ise, rogorc adamianebi, TanaugrZnobdnen
Occupy-s. axla maT pirdapir mosTxoves, xelketebiT gas­
worebodnen mSvidobian idealistebs*. ianvarsa da Teber­
valSi, rodesac represiebma marTlac sistematuri xasiaTi
miiRo, aqtivistebs dapatimrebisas SesaZlebloba miecaT,
xangrZlivad esaubraT policielebTan. maTi darwmuneba
imaSi, rom „okupantebi“ sajaro moxeleebs eqskrementebs
regularulad ar esrodnen, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.
meore efeqti, rasakvirvelia, gaxlavT aqtivistTa
moraluri avtoritetis ganadgureba xalxis TvalSi: maT
xatavdnen moZaladeebad, romlebic zizRs imsaxurebdnen.
policiis manqanasTan Cakuzuli usaxlkaro kacis foto,
etyoba, maT mTavar mizans Zalian waadga. meore mizanTan
dakavSirebiT problema Seiqmna (gansakuTrebiT niu-iorkSi)
_ ubralod, ar arsebobda realuri safuZveli, mosaxleoba

* rogorc adre aRvniSne, imis mtkiceba, TiTqos globalizaciis sawinaaRmdego

moZraobis monawileTa Soris bevrni „satrasto fondebis mflobelTa Svilebi
iyvnen“, kargad iyo mofiqrebuli, raTa sasurveli efeqtisTvis mieRwiaT: es iyo
saSualeba, rom policielebisTvis eTqvaT: „nu ggoniaT, rom, am savaWro samitis
dacviT, faqtobrivad, im „fulis tomrebs“ icavT, romlebsac Tqvenc sZulx­
arT da yvela Tqvennairic. ifiqreT imaze, rom maTi Tavneba Svilebis kargad
mibertyvis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT (magram zedmetic ar mogivideT da vinme ar
moklaT, ra ici, visi Svili SeiZleba aRmoCndes).“

170
daerwmunebinaT, rom TiTqos aqtivistebi policias dae­
sxnen Tavs. ase rom, amis nacvlad amtkicebdnen, TiTqos
policia iZulebuli gaxda, Careuliyo da aqtivistebi erT­
maneTis mimarT Zaladobisagan daecva.
sinamdvileSi ki es iyo im simboluri strategiis
gagrZeleba, romelic, savaraudod, moZraobis sawyis etapze
SemuSavda, rodesac adgilobrivi xelisufleba Tavs im­
tvrevda, moefiqrebina sababi, romelic xels Seuwyobda,
kanonsawinaaRmdegod miCneuliyo qmedeba im moqalaqeebisa (es
iyo, ZiriTadad, saSualo fena), romlebic karvebs dgamdnen.
marTlac, rogor unda gaemarTlebinaT amboxebis CasaxSobad
gawvrTnili, kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli policiis danayofis
gagzavna moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic, umetes SemTx­
vevaSi, arRvevdnen ara kanons, aramed mxolod municipaluri
wesdebis zogierT muxls banakebis gaSlis Sesaxeb. gamosava­
li Tavidanve aSkara iyo _ sanitaria. banakebi sibinZuresTan
unda gaigivebuliyo (rasakvirvelia, am dros xelisuflebis
organoebisTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda iq arse­
bul sanitariul jgufebs, romlebic zogjer gadaWarbeb­
uli gulmodginebiTac ki cdilobdnen sisufTavis dacvas).
„okupaciis“ ukve meore Tu mesame kviras aqtivistebs iseTi
moSorebuli qalaqebidan, rogoricaa ostini (teqsasis Sta­
ti) da portlendi (oregonis Stati), atyobinebdnen, rom,
vinaidan qalaqis mmarTveloba SeSfoTebuli iyo higienuri
mdgomareobis gamo, aucilebeli iqneboda banakebis mTli­
anad dasufTaveba yoveldRiurad, gansakuTrebuli wesiT
(rogorc gairkva, amgvar dasufTavebas dReSi oTxi an xuTi
saaTi mainc sWirdeboda). „binZuri bunagi“ advilad SeiZle­
boda gamoecxadebinaT „Zaladobis, danaSaulisa da degrada­
ciis kerad“. rasakvirvelia, roca banakebs Zalis gamoyenebiT
iRebdnen, qalaqis merebi TavianT qmedebas kriminalisgan
nebismieri adamianis, maT Soris dabanakebulebis, dacvis
motiviT amarTlebdnen, magram TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi
oficialur mizezad asaxelebdnen imas, rom sazogadoebrivi
adgilebis dasufTavebis jgufebisaTvis iq SeRwevis Sesa­
Zlebloba unda miecaT.
171
 zemoT Tqmulidan verc erTi mizezi ver iZleva pirda­
pir pasuxs, Tu ratom Cakvda TiTqos moZraoba ase swrafad
mas Semdeg, rac banakebi Zalis gamoyenebiT daSales, magram
isini saWiro konteqsts warmogvidgens.
pirveli, rasac aq xazi unda gavusvaT, aris is, rom
Cven garegnul niSnebze vsaubrobT. imis Tqma, rom moZ­
raoba „TiTqos Cakvda“, sulac ar niSnavs, rom is marTla
Cakvda. udavoa, rom banakebze Tavdasxmebma, „okupantTa“
TavSesafari nagebobebis, samzareuloebis, biblioTekebi­
sa da klinikebis ganadgurebam da, amis Sedegad, Zalian
bevr qalaqSi ltolvili aqtivistebis dasaxlebaTa Seqm­
nam (romelTagan Zalian bevrma saxli da samsaxuri miatova,
rom banakebs SeerTeboda, mere ki isini uecrad quCaSi aR­
moCndnen, an eklesiebis sardafebs afarebdnen Tavs; bevrs
fizikuri travma hqonda miRebuli, an cdilobda, dapatim­
rebiT, daSavebebiT, cixeSi yofniT da qonebis dakargviT
gamowveul mZime fsiqologiur stress gamklaveboda), ra­
sakvirvelia, moZraobis aqtiurobaze uaryofiTi gavlena
iqonia. Tavdapirvelad sruli areuloba gamefda. yvelani
erTmaneTs sdebdnen brals; aRSfoTebam adamianis rasiT,
socialuri feniTa da sqesiT, rac „okupaciis“ STambeWdav
dReebSi TiTqos aravis axsovda, erTbaSad iCina Tavi. mou­
lodnelad yvelam fulis Taobaze daiwyo dava; niu-iorkSi
am moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT daaxloebiT naxevari mil­
ioni dolari Semovida; ramdenime TveSi es Tanxa mTli­
anad daixarja asobiT sakuTar saxls mowyvetili adamianis
sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofasa da transportis xarjebze
(eklesiebi fuls ar gvTxovdnen). zogierTi organizaciuli
forma, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, „generaluri asamblea“,
romelmac ase gaamarTla banakebSi, axali situaciisTvis
sruliad gamousadegari gamodga. roca zamTari dadga,
qalaqebis umetesobaSi „generaluri asambleebi“ daiSala,
Tumca gadaudebeli praqtikuli miznebis mqone msxvil
jgufebs (niu-iorkSi uSualo moqmedebebis samuSao jgufi
da sxvadasxva saxis Taviseburi „asambleebi“ ikribeboda is­
eTi konkretuli proeqtebis gansaxilvelad, rogoric iyo,
172
magaliTad, sapirvelmaiso mobilizacia) igive bedi ewiaT.
Tuki warsuls Tvals gadavavlebT, „generaluri asam­
bleebis“ modelis kraxi gasakviri albaT arc unda iyos:
bevri Cvengani, visac msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis
gamocdileba gvqonda, am wamowyebas Tavidanve raRac giJur
idead miiCnevda. Cven yovelTvis vvaraudobdiT, rom nebi­
smieri realuri masStabis SexvedrisaTvis da, miT umetes,
SexvedrisaTvis, romelic aTasobiT adamianis monawileo­
biT gaimarTeboda, konsensusis modeli (ufro zustad _
gadawyvetilebis miReba konsensusis, SeTanxmebis meTodiT.
red.) imuSavebda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki erTgvar „war­
momadgenelTa sabWos“ models SevqmnidiT, roca yvelani
ganawildebodnen jgufebSi, TiToeul jgufs eyoleboda
droebiTi „warmomadgeneli“ da mxolod mas SeeZleboda wi­
nadadebebis SeTavazeba, diskusiebSi monawileobis miReba
(Tumca balansi yovelTvis SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo
ufro mcire jgufebad dayofiT, sadac yvelas SeeZle­
boda, erCia Tavisi warmomadgenlisaTvis, ra unda eTqva,
da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Seecvala kidec is). warmomad­
genelTa sabWos modeli sakmaod kargad muSaobda 1999-2003
wlebis masobrivi mobilizaciis periodSi. „generaluri
asambleis“ midgomis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxare (Tuki
is, saerTod, amarTlebda, da is namdvilad amarTlebda)
ikveTeboda maSin, roca aucilebeli xdeboda uSualo ko­
munikaciis SenarCuneba. arc erT Cvengans didad ar gagvk­
virvebia, rom banakebis aRebidan Zalian male funqcioni­
reba Sewyvita „generalurma asambleebmac“.*
is, ramac sinamdvileSi Seanela procesebi da bevri ada­
miani daarwmuna imaSi, rom moZraobam marcxi ganicada, iyo
ramdenime faqtoris samwuxaro Tanmimdevroba: policiis
taqtikis uecari cvlileba, ramac aqtivistebisTvis Seu­
Zlebeli gaxada, SeeqmnaT raime saxis Tavisufali sajaro

* niu-iorkis ubedureba is iyo, rom, rodesac warmomadgenelTa sabWos mod­

eli SemoiRes, igi aRqmul iqna, rogorc ierarqiuli, ganxeTqilebis Semomtani
struqtura daZabul, konfliqtur momentSi. amJamad niu-iorkSi cdiloben,
aRadginon warmomadgenelTa sabWos modeli ufro demokratiuli formiT.

173
sivrce amerikis qalaqebSi ise, rom maT dauyovnebliv fizi­
kurad ar gasworebodnen; Cveni sruli ugulebelyofa lib­
erali mokavSireebis mier, romlebmac arc ki moindomes, es
axali politika sajaro ganxilvis sagnad eqciaT; moulod­
neli ignorireba mediis mxridan, ris wyalobiTac amerikel­
Ta umetesobas warmodgenac ki ar hqonda, rom es yvelaferi,
saerTod, xdeboda. zukotis parkis msgavsi sajaro sivrcis
SenarCuneba uamrav problemas ukavSirdeboda da bolos
Zalian bevrma organizatorma cotaTi amoisunTqa, raki
aRar mouxdebodaT drois xarjva qalaqis funqcionalur
zonebad dayofis ekvivalentis Seqmnaze zrunvaSi da See­
ZlebodaT, koncentrireba moexdinaT uSualo moqmedebebisa
da realuri politikuri kampaniebis dagegmvis sakiTxebze.
isini male mixvdnen, rom saqmis keTeba gacilebiT rTuli
gaxda erTi konkretuli centris gareSe, sadac yvela dain­
teresebul pirs eqneboda saSualeba, misuliyo nebismier
dros da moZraobaSi CarTuliyo, mxardaWera gamoexata an,
ubralod, gaego, Tu ra xdeboda. magram, samwuxarod, aseTi
centris xelaxla daarsebis mcdelobebi sistematurad Cix­
Si Sedioda. Sedegi ver gamoiRo Cvenma mondomebam, dagver­
wmunebina mesveurebi erT dros Cveni mokavSire, qvemo man­
hetenze mdebare samebis taZrisa, miecaT okupantebisTvis
taZris mflobelobaSi uZravi qonebis saxiT arsebuli vr­
celi mitovebuli nakveTiT sargeblobis ufleba. SemdgomSi
maT kidev bevrma sTxova, iseTma adamianebmac ki, rogoric
desmond tutu (daib. 1931w. keiptaunis anglikanuri eklesiis
arqiepiskoposi, aparteidis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, nobelis
premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi. red.) iyo, magram amaod.
am adgilis mSvidobianad dakavebis mizniT demonstracias
ramdenime episkoposi gauZRva. isini maSinve daapatimres
da maTi monawileobis ambavi mediis axal ambebSi ratom­
Rac arc ki moxvedrila. Tavdapirveli „okupaciis“ meeqvse
TvisTavze, 17 marts, yofilma „okupantebma“ improvizebu­
li Sekreba moawyves zukotis parkSi. erT saaTSi maT poli­
cia daesxa Tavs, ris Sedegadac ramdenime aqtivisti serio­
zulad daSavda da saavadmyofoSi moxvda; erTi nawili maT
174
gamoeyo da iunion squearze saZile tomrebiT moewyo. es
sazogadoebrivi parkia da amitom ocdaoTxi saaTis ganma­
vlobaSi is mudam Ria iyo. ramdenime dReSi iq gaCnda mag­
idebi Occupy-s literaturiT da daiwyo samzareulosa da
biblioTekis mowyobac. am movlenebs qalaqis mmarTveloba
gamoexmaura gancxadebiT, rom, im dRidan moyolebuli,
parki Ramis Tormet saaTze unda daketiliyo, rasac mohy­
va e.w. „SuaRamis gaZevebis warmodgena“, rodesac amboxebis
CamxSobi asobiT policieli yovel saRamos, TerTmet saa­
Tze ikribeboda da SuaRamisas parkidan aZevebda banakis bi­
nadrebs TavianTi saZile tomrebianad. wesdeba „araviTari
banakebi!“ iseTi agresiulobiT xorcieldeboda, rom aqtiv­
istebs pledebis gadafarebis gamoc ki apatimrebdnen. ro­
gorc erTxel Tavadac Seveswari, erT-erTi maTgani tro­
tuarze iZulebiT gadahyavdaT da xelebs ugrexdnen imis
gamo, rom ZaRlis mosafereblad daixara (rogorc poli­
ciis maRalCinosanma ganmarta, am dros saprotesto aqciis
monawile metismetad axlos iyo miwasTan).
am periodSi dapatimrebebis dros ganxorcielebuli Za­
ladobis done mkveTrad gaizarda. yvelaze mSvidobiani sap­
rotesto aqciebis drosac ki demonstraciis im monawilee­
bs, romlebic trotuars SemTxveviT gadascdebodnen, an is­
eTi STabeWdileba Seiqmneboda, TiTqos isini amis gakeTebas
apirebdnen, maSinve iWerdnen da Tavs betonze axlevinebdnen.
policia daSinebis axali, ucnauri taqtikis gamoyenebaze
gadavida, romlis nawilic, savaraudod, ucxoeTidan Semov­
ida. magaliTad, rodesac egvipteSi revolucionerebma xe­
laxla scades tahriris moednis „okupireba“ 2011 wlis no­
embersa da dekemberSi, policiam amis pasuxad saprotesto
aqciis mdedrobiTi sqesis monawileebis winaaRmdeg seqsua­
luri Zaladobis sistematuri kampania wamoiwyo. dakavebul
qalebs aramarto scemdnen, aramed tansacmels aglejdnen
da Cxrekdnen. amas xSirad gangeb akeTebdnen maTi mamrobi­
Ti sqesis TanamebrZolebis Tvalwin. rogorc egviptelma
megobrebma amixsnes, es ormag mizans isaxavda: aqtivisti
qalebis maqsimalur travmirebas da, amave dros, maT da­
175
sacavad aqtivisti mamakacebis provocirebas Zaladobisken.
analogiurad, roca martSi niu-iorkSi scades, „okupacia“
xelaxla ganexorcielebinaT, policielTa mxridan sapro­
testo aqciis monawile qalebze intensiuri seqsualuri
Tavdasxmebis momswreni gavxdiT _ aseTi ram manamde Zalian
iSviaTad Tu momxdara. erT qals Sevxvdi, romelmac miam­
bo, rom xuTma policielma mas mkerdze staca xeli, roca
aqtivistebs saRamos iunion squearidan mierekebodnen (am
dros meore policieli haerovan kocnas ugzavnida qals);
meore qalma iyvira da „garyvnili“ uwoda policiels, roca
es ukanaskneli miealersa. amis gamo kanonis damcvelebma
es qali policiis xazs miRma gadaaTries da xelebi majebSi
gadaumtvries. Tumca, roca Occupy-s erTi cnobili war­
momadgeneli gamoCnda programaSi Democracy Now! (yovel-
dRiuri analitikuri programa Crdilo amerikaSi, romelsac
gadascems radio-, tele-, satelituri da kabeluri televi-
ziebis arxebis 1000-ze meti qseli. red.) mTel mkerdze xelis
formis silurjeebiT, mediis sxva saSualebebma, ubralod,
uari Tqves am movlenis gaSuqebaze. samagierod, axali wesebi
TavSeyris Sesaxeb (romelTa Tanaxmadac, did saprotesto
aqciaze mosul nebismier adamians, ramdenad mSvidobianic
ar unda yofiliyo protestis gamoxatvis es forma, kargad
unda scodnoda, rom amas SeiZleboda dapatimreba an saavad­
myofoSi moxvedra mohyoloda), ubralod, „axal normebad“
miiCneoda, xolo policiis Zaladobis romelime kerZo Sem­
Txvevas axal ambebSi moxvedris Rirsadac ar Tvlidnen. es
mediasaSualebebi, TavianTi movaleobisamebr, patiosnad
acxadebdnen, Tu rogor TandaTan mcirdeboda amgvar demon­
straciebze misuli xalxis ricxvi, romelic, savsebiT gas­
agebi mizezebis gamo, male, umeteswilad, mxolod aqtivist­
Ta im birTviT Semoifargleboda, romelic mzad iyo, cema
da patimroba ewvnia. am xalxSi srulebiT aRar iyvnen bavS­
vebi da moxucebi, romlebic Cvens adreul aqciebs eswre­
bodnen da humanur elfers matebdnen maT. media aRniSnavda,
rom demonstraciebze xalxis raodenoba Semcirda, magram
arafers ambobda, Tu ra iyo amis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
176
 amrigad, SekiTxva aseTia: rogor Seicvala es wesebi
da ratom aravis gauprotestebia, roca aSS-is konstitu­
ciis pirveli Sesworeba, faqtobrivad, gaauqmes (bolos
da bolos, is xom Sekrebis Tavisuflebas exeboda)? yvela
gamocdilma aqtivistma kargad icis, rom quCaSi Sekrebis
­wesebs pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs, imasTan, Tu rogori xarisxi
da Sedegi eqneba am Sekrebebs.
erTi mizezi, ris gamoc Occupy-m Tavdapirvelad m­ ediis
didi yuradReba miipyro (umetesoba nawrTobi aqtivistebi­
sa, romlebsac vesaubre, erTsulovnad acxadebda, rom ase­
Ti ram maT arasodes unaxavT), iyo is, rom amdenma wamyvan­
ma aqtivisturma jgufma ase swrafad dauWira mxari Cvens
wamowyebas. aq vgulisxmob gansakuTrebiT im organizaciebs,
romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, demokratiuli partiis memar­
cxene frTas qmnian: magaliTad, MoveOn.org an Rebuild the
Dream. amgvar jgufebs Occupy-s warmoSobam didi stimuli
misca. magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, maTi umetesoba
albaT Tvlida, rom saarCevno politikisa da organize­
bis ierarqiuli formebis principuli uaryofa, ubralod,
gardamavali, droebiTi faza iqneboda, erTgvari „bavSvuri
asaki“ moZraobisa, romelic male momwifdeboda da „Cais
smis moZraobis“ msgavs raRac memarcxene dajgufebaSi ga­
daizrdeboda. maTi gadasaxedidan, banakebi Seqmnidan cota
xnis Semdeg ukve yuradRebas ufantavda xalxs. maTi real­
uri saqmianoba albaT maSin daiwyeboda, roca Occupy gax­
deboda erTgvari gamtari axalgazrda aqtivistebisaTvis,
gauZRveboda maT kanoniT nebadarTuli kampaniebisaken da,
sabolood, progresuli kandidatebisaTvis xmis misacemad
xalxis arCevnebze gamocxadebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT
gamarTul RonisZiebebamde miiyvanda. maT garkveuli dro
dasWirdaT imis gasaazreblad, rom moZraobis ZiriTadi
nawili Tavis principebs sakmaod seriozulad ekidebo­
da. aseve sruliad aSkaraa isic, rom banakebis Zalis gam­
oyenebiT daSlis Semdeg ara marto aseTma jgufebma, ar­
amed ufro liberalurma organizaciebmac strategiuli
gadawyvetileba miiRes, sruliad sapirispiro gza aerCiaT.
177
 radikalebis xedviT, es Ralatis ukiduresi forma
iyo. Cven Tavidanve gamovxateT erTguleba horizontal­
uri principebisadmi. swored es principebi Seadgenda imis
safuZvels, ris gakeTebasac Cven vcdilobdiT. amave dros,
kargad gvesmoda, rom Cvennairi radikaluri jgufebi da
maTi liberali mokavSireebi erTmaneTs usityvod ugebdnen.
radikalebis mowodeba revoluciuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb
liberal memarcxeneebSi anTebs cecxls, romlis Suqzec
Tavad liberalTa mier SemoTavazebuli reformebi ufro
safuZvlian alternativad warmoCndeba. Cven maTTvis magi­
dasTan adgils movipovebT, isini ki patimrobisgan gvixsnian.
am SemTxvevaSi liberalurma organizaciebma imedebi ver
gaamarTles da TavianTi movaleoba ver Seasrules. Occu­
py-m brwyinvale warmatebas miaRwia imaSi, rom sayovelTao
ganxilvis sagnad sul sxva Temebi qceuliyo, kerZod: fi­
nansuri wreebis Zalaufleba, politikuri procesebis ko­
rumpirebuloba da socialuri uTanasworoba. es yvelaferi
xels aZlevda liberalur organizaciebs, romlebic manamde
uSedegod cdilobdnen am sakiTxebis wina planze wamowevas.
magram rodesac tazerebi (specialuri iaraRi, romelsac
policia damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg iyenebs. garegnulad ele-
qtrofarans hgavs. misi saSualebiT 5 metris manZilidan msx-
verpls esvrian 15000 voltis simZlavris or patara isars,
rac adamianis droebiT paralizebas iwvevs. red.), xelketebi
da SWAT danayofebi gamoCnda, es ukanasknelni, ubralod,
gauCinardnen da Cven bedis anabara dagvtoves.
Tuki warsuls Tvals gadavavlebT, es SeiZleba
gardauvalic mogveCvenos, magram adre movlenebi ase ar
viTardeboda. udavoa, rom sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis
CaxSoba Zaladobrivi meTodebiT axali sulac araa. sakma­
risia, gavixsenoT e.w. wiTeli panika (Red Scare _ represiebis
kampania aSS-Si „wiTlebis“ (komunistebis) winaaRmdeg 1918-20
wlebSi. red.), reaqcia muSaTa radikalur moZraobebze, ro­
goricaa, magaliTad, msoflios industriuli mSromelebi
(IWW), rom aRaraferi vTqvaT amerikel indielTa moZrao­
bisa da Savkaniani radikalebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul nam­
178
dvil politikur mkvlelobaTa kampaniaze 1960-ian wlebsa
da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. magram TiTqmis yovelTvis
msxverplni an muSebi iyvnen, an feradkanianebi. im iSviaT
SemTxvevebSi, roca SedarebiT msubuqi meToduri represia
sakmaod didi raodenobis saSualo fenis TeTrkanianebis
winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli (rogorc, magaliTad, makar-
tizmis epoqaSi (politikuri reaqciis periodi aSS-Si 1950-54
wlebSi, roca progresul da liberalur moRvaweTa devnis
kampanias saTaveSi edga senatis qvekomitetis Tavmjdomare
gamoZiebis dargSi, jozef makarti. red.), an demonstranti
studentebis darbevisas vietnamis omis dros), es umalve
nacionaluri masStabis skandalad gadaiqceva xolme. swo­
ri ar iqneba, ­Occupy Wall Street-s saSualo fenis TeTrkani­
anTa moZraoba vuwodoT (is gacilebiT mravalferovani
iyo), magram udavoa, rom masSi Zalian bevri saSualo fe­
nis TeTrkaniani adamiani monawileobda. Tumca mTavrobas
bevri ar uyoymania da maT Tavs daesxa, xSirad samxedro
taqtikasac ki iyenebda, aseve mimarTavda formebs, romleb­
sac mxolod teroristul Zaladobas Tu vuwodebT (Tuki
„terorizms“ ganvsazRvravT, rogorc daSinebis mizniT
moqalaqeebze Tavdasxmas, rasac maTi mxridan politikur
miznebze uaris Tqma mohyveba). mesmis, rom es gancxadeba
SeiZleba sakamaTod mogeCvenoT, magram gavixsenoT, mag­
aliTad, rogor dauSina los-anjelesis policiam rezinis
tyviebi (mas aSkara mizani amoZravebda _ Wkua eswavlebina
moqalaqeebisaTvis da gaefrTxilebina isini, rom Occupy-
sTan dakavSirebul nebismier RonisZiebaSi monawileobis
miReba aucileblad miiyvanda maT fizikurad daSavebamde)
carciT „SeiaraRebul“ demonstrantebs, romlebic sru­
liad kanonier, nebadarTul „samxatvro msvlelobaSi“ (art
walk) monawileobdnen; Znelia, ipovo argumenti, Tu ratom
ar SeiZleba mivusadagoT sityva „terori“ maT qmedebas.
ra Seicvala? erTi pasuxi aseTia: es iyo pirveli ameri­
kuli sazogadoebrivi moZraoba, romelic 9/11-is Semdeg
warmoiSva. Secvala Tu ara terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolam
wesebi?
179
 unda vaRiaro _ pirveli „okupaciisas“, garkveulwilad,
gakvirvebuli davrCi, rom 9/11-Tan dakavSirebul emociur
fons CvenTvis problema ar Seuqmnia. zukotis parki uol­
stritidan ori kvartaliT iqneba daSorebuli, aseve mx­
olod ori kvartali aSorebda mas Ground Zero-s. maxsovs,
velodiT, rom aTasgvari saxis mkrexelobasa da teror­
istuli aqtis msxverplTa mimarT upativcemulobas dagv­
abralebdnen. magram ase ar moxda. Tumca sabolood mainc
aRmoCnda, rom 9/11-ma SeumCnevlad Secvala is safuZveli,
romelzec Cven vmuSaobdiT. diax, arsebobda viwro sark­
meli, romelSic TiTqos marTlac muSaobda gandis for­
mula _ xelisuflebis delegitimacia zedmiwevniT mSvi­
dobiani (araZaladobrivi) qmedebebiT da msofliosaTvis
imis Cveneba, rom, amis miuxedavad, mainc ramdenad sastikia
saxelmwifos reaqcia. magram sarkmeli metismetad viwro
iyo. sakmarisi ar iqneba imis aRniSvna, rom banakebis Zalis
gamoyenebiT daSlis Semdeg liberalurma organizaciebma
strategiuli gadawyvetileba miiRes, es Zaladoba sayovel­
Tao ganxilvis sagnad ar eqciaT. aq unda daisvas SekiTxvac:
rogor unda SerCenodaT maT es yvelaferi _ ratom ver
gaaogna Zaladobam isini imdenad, rom xelisuflebisTvis
pasuxi moeTxovaT? vfiqrob, swored aq vlindeba 9/11-is
fsiqologiuri zegavlenis namdvili Sedegebi.
teroristuli Tavdasxmebis kvaldakval Cven amerikuli
policiis militarizaciis momswreni gavxdiT. miliarde­
bi gamoiyo „antiteroristuli“ aRWurvilobisa da poli­
ciis ganyofilebebis wvrTnebisTvis iseTi mwiri biujetis
mqone municipalitetebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, deitoni
(ohaios Stati), romlebsac aSkarad ar emuqreboda teror­
izmis araviTari safrTxe. es gvexmareba, avxsnaT ucnauri da
swrafi reagireba Cvens bevr qmedebaze, roca aqtivistebi
cdilobdnen, daekavebinaT bankis mier CamorTmeuli saxli
niu-jersiSi, anda, rodesac gvindoda, sityviT gamovsuli­
yaviT manhetenze, federaluri holis kibeze da iq kbile­
bamde SeiaraRebul SWAT razmebs vawydebodiT. sxva dros
uflebamosilebis aseTi gadaWarbeba mrisxanebas gamoi­
180
wvevda. 2012 wels ki amgvarma qmedebam sruliad SeumCnev­
lad Caiara. ram gamoiwvia saSualo fenis liberalebis ase
iolad Segueba policiis militarizaciasTan? ZiriTadad,
iman, rom isini absoluturad, dabejiTebiT uaryofdnen
yvelafers, rasac SeiZleboda, mohyoloda Zaladoba sapro­
testo aqciis monawileebis saxeliT. maSinac ki, roca poli­
ciam winaswar dagegmili Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mSvidobi­
an demonstrantebze, magaliTad, pirdapir TavSi daumizna
cremlsadeni gazis balonebi demonstrantebs (rogorc es
oklendSi araerTxel xdeboda) rogorc media, ise liber­
ali momomxilvelebi, upirveles yovlisa, svamdnen kiTx­
vas: romelime „okupants“ xom ar hqonia amgvar Tavdasxmaze
raime saxis reaqcia, garda pasiuri winaaRmdegobisa? im Sem­
TxvevaSic ki, Tuki demonstrantebi fexs hkravdnen creml­
sadeni gazis balons policielTa mimarTulebiT, ukve aRar
ityodnen, rom: „policiam cecxli gauxsna demonstran­
tebs“; an: „sazRvao flotis veterani mZime mdgomareobaSia
imis gamo, rom cremlsadeni gazis baloni TavSi esroles“,
aramed ase: „demonstrantebi policiasTan xelCarTul br­
ZolaSi Caebnen“.
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, bedis ironia iyo is, rom
gandisa da martin luTer kingis sulebis gamoxmoba gaxda
ZiriTadi saSualeba amerikis sazogadoebis militarizaciis
(rac bolo xanebSi dafiqsirda) gasamarTleblad. amas is­
eTi formiT akeTebdnen, romelime cocxali rom yofiliyo
da es enaxaT an moesminaT, gancvifrdebodnen da SeZrwun­
debodnen. Occupy uaRresad araZaladobrivi moZraobaa. is
SeiZleba amerikis istoriaSi am masStabis moZraobebs Soris
yvelaze mSvidobiani moZraobac ki iyos, imis miuxedavad,
rom ar yofila araviTari mSvidobis kodeqsebi, marSlebi
an oficialuri samSvidobo policia. Semodgomaze, sul mc­
ire, xuTasi „okupacia“ ganxorcielda, romelTa monawilee­
bic sruliad sxvadasxva filosofiis adamianebi iyvnen,
dawyebuli evangelistebidan, damTavrebuli revolucio­
neri anarqistebiT; aTasobiT demonstracia da RonisZieba
moewyo da yvelaze „Zaladobrivi“ aqtebi, romlebic maT
181
monawileebs miewereba, iyo vitrinis Camsxvrevis oTxi-xu­
Ti SemTxveva, praqtikulad, imaze naklebi, rac SeiZleba
arcTu ise xmaurian kanaduri hokeis matCs mohyves. isto­
riuli TvalsazrisiT, es udidesi miRwevaa. magram odesme
miuciaT misTvis aseTi Sefaseba? amis nacvlad, es ramdenime
vitrina moraluri krizisis maniSneblad aqcies. banakebis
daSlis kvaldakval, roca amerikelebs pirvelad miecaT
SesaZlebloba, srulad gaeazrebinaT, rac moxda _ masobri­
vi dapatimrebebi, cema, saxlebisa da biblioTekebis siste­
maturi ganadgureba _ amis nacvlad, liberaluri blogebis
sivrceSi dominirebda gamoxmaurebebi New York Times-is yo­
fili Jurnalistis da im droisaTvis OWS-is mxardamWeris,
kris hejsis statiaze „Occupy-s simsivne“. am statiaSi is
amtkicebda, rom oklendSi vitrinebis Camsxvrevis ramden­
ime SemTxveva sinamdvileSi Zaladobrivi da fanatikuri an­
arqistuli fraqciis, „Savi blokis“ namoqmedari iyo; amitom
moZraobas, pirvel rigSi, amgvari elementebi unda gamoeaS­
karavebina da gaeZevebina, radgan isini policias sababs
aZlevdnen. im faqtma, rom aq arc erTi gancxadeba simar­
Tles ar Seesabameboda („Savi bloki“ sinamdvileSi jgufi ki
ar aris, aramed formireba, da albaT „okupaciebis“ 95%-Si
isini arc ki unaxavT), TiTqos kidev ufro meti sababi misca
yvelas sakamaTod. cota xanSi liberali mimomxilvelebi
sabolood mividnen mosazrebamde, rom Occupy-sTvis re­
aluri problema iyo ara romelime namdvilad momxdari
fizikuri Zaladobis aqti (romlebic, ZiriTadad, policiis
mxridan ganxorcielda), aramed is faqti, rom okupacia Sei­
cavda iseT elementebs, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tavad ar sCadiodnen Zaladobriv qmedebas, SesaZleblad
miiCnevdnen qonebis dazianebis SemTxvevebis gamarTlebas.
arsebul Seusabamobaze warmodgena rom Segveqmnas, erTi
ram unda aRiniSnos: niu-iorkSi martSic ki ar cxreboda
kamaTi kafes erTaderTi vitrinis gamo. is oklendSi, noem­
bris demonstraciisas, SeiZleba Caemsxvria (an SeiZleba ar
Caumsxvrevia) aqtivists, romelic „Sav blokTan“ asocird­
eboda. 17 marts niu-iorkSic Caimsxvra erTi vitrina, rac
182
pirvelad daukavSirda OWS-s, magram amaze krintic aravis
dauZravs _ es iyo qvemo manhetenis erT-erTi maRaziis vi­
trina, romelic niu-iorkis policiis departamentis ofi­
cerma aqtivistis TaviT Caamsxvria.
imis gasaanalizeblad, Tu ramdenad Seusabamo da aras­
woria gandis filosofiis moxmoba saxelmwifos Zaladobis
gasamarTleblad, SegviZlia Tavad gandis sityvebi da moq­
medeba gavixsenoT. anarqistebis umetesobisaTvis gandi wi­
naaRmdegobrivi figuraa. erTi mxriv, misi filosofia tol­
stoisa da kropotkinis anarqizms eyrdnoba, meore mxriv ki,
is erTgvar mazoxistur puritanizmsac moicavs da stimuls
aZlevs iseTi pirovnebis kults, romlis Tanamonawileobam
SeiZleba mxolod seriozuli ziani moutanos WeSmaritad
Tavisufali sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis saqmes. is nam­
dvilad gmobda nebismieri saxis Zaladobas, magram, amave
dros, amtkicebda, rom usamarTlo socialuri sistemis­
admi pasiuri morCileba kidev ufro uaresi iyo. maxsendeba
niu-iorkSi, New School-Si gamarTuli OWS-is konferencia
banakebis daSlis Semdgom periodSi, romelzedac liber­
ali pacifistebi gamudmebiT Seaxsenebdnen sazogadoebas:
gandi imdenad Sors wavida, rom „droebiT Sewyvita Tavisi
kampania „wadiT indoeTidan!“, rodesac Zaladobis SemTx­
veva dafiqsirda“. magram maT ar aRuniSnavT, rom aRniS­
nul incidentSi monawileobdnen Tavad gandis mimdevrebi,
romlebmac nawilebad daCexes ocdaori policieli da Sem­
deg cecxli waukides maT. advili misaxvedria, rom Tuki,
magaliTad, monawileebi aqciebisa „daikave klivlendi!“
­(Occupy Cleveland!) an „daikave denveri!“ (Occupy Denver!) pol­
icielebs daxocavdnen da nawil-nawil daWridnen, Cveni moZ­
raobac maSinve SeCerdeboda, miuxedavad imisa, gveyoleboda
Tu ara qarizmatuli lideri, romelic amisken mogviwodeb­
da. im samyaroSi, sadac amgvari ram SesaZlebelia, is azri,
rom Tavad gandic ki ramdenime Camsxvreuli vitrinis gamo
aReldeboda, namdvili sigiJea. sinamdvileSi, rogorc poli­
tikosi, gandi mudmivad ewinaaRmdegeboda moTxovnas, daegmo
isini, vinc antikoloniuri brZolis ufro militaristul
183
formebs amjobinebda, anu isini, vinc mis moZraobas ar ekuT­
vnoda. maSinac ki, roca saqme partizanebis mier policiis
ganyofilebebze Tavdasxmasa da matareblebis afeTqebas
exeboda, igi yovelTvis aRniSnavda: miuxedavad imisa, rom
TviTon swor midgomad araZaladobriv formebs miiCnevda,
isini mainc kargi adamianebi iyvnen, radgan cdilobdnen, is
gaekeTebinaT, rasac, marTebulad Tvlidnen. is yovelTvis
ambobda, rom usamarTlobasTan araZaladobrivi dapirisp­
ireba, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, ukeTesia, vidre Zalado­
brivi; xolo usamarTlobasTan Zaladobrivi dapirispireba,
moraluri TvalsazrisiT, sjobs saerTod arafris keTebas.20
isRa dagvrCenia, visurvoT, rom is adamianebi, romlebic
gandis saxeliT laparakoben, xandaxan mainc iqceodnen mis
msgavsad.

miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, SeCerda Tu ara mainc moZ­

raoba? srulebiTac ara. Cven daaxloebiT eqvsidan rva
Tvemde dagvWirda, rom fexi mogvekidebina absoluturad
axal da gamZafrebuli fizikuri mtrobis garemoSi, pre­
sis mxridan TanagrZnobis gareSe. iyo, arsebiTad, sruliad
axali kampaniebi: „daikave bankis mier CamorTmeuli saxle­
bi!“, „daikave fermebi!“; sabinao gadasaxadebis sawinaaRm­
dego gaficvebi, saganmanaTleblo iniciativebi. tardeboda
uamravi treiningi quCaSi moqmedebis axali taqtikis Sesaxeb
da axleburad keTdeboda aqcenti dramisa da komediis ar­
sze, rac, nawilobriv, emsaxureboda aqtivistebis sulieri
simtkicis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofas represiebis SemTx­
vevaSi. magram umetesad veZiebdiT axal kavSirebs.
mas Semdeg, rac liberalebma, faqtobrivad, migvatoves,
CvenTvis Semdegi etapi gaxda kavSiris ganmtkiceba maTTan,
visac yovelTvis Cvens WeSmarit mokavSireebad miviCnevdiT:
es iyo profkavSirebi, saTemo organizaciebi, imigrantTa
memarjvene jgufebi. niu-iorkSi Occupy-s pirveli WeSmari­
tad udidesi iniciativa banakebis daSlis Semdeg iyo sapir­
velmaiso „sayovelTao gaficvis“ dagegmvaSi monawileoba
(gaficva mTeli qveynis masStabiT unda mowyobiliyo). es
184
yovelTvis sarisko moqmedebaa, radgan kargad vicodiT,
rom ver SevZlebdiT sayovelTao gaficvis organizebas misi
tradiciuli gagebiT, media ki aucileblad gaaSuqebda mas,
rogorc warumatebel mcdelobas. magram roca miliono­
biT adamiani mTel qveyanaSi quCaSi gamovida axali inicia­
tivebis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro forumis Seqmnis mizniT, es
ukve sakmaod did gamarjvebas hgavda. rodesac niu-iorkSi
SevZeliT qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela profesiuli kavSiris (maT
Soris Teamsters-is (satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebis profka­
vSiri) da Central Labor Council-is (muSaTa centraluri sabWo)
xelmZRvaneloba dagverwmunebina, mxari daeWiraT mowodebi­
sTvis „revoluciuri gardaqmnis“ Sesaxeb, saboloo Sede­
gebma Tvali agvixila. rogorc aRmoCnda, magaliTad, prof­
kavSirebis biurokratia zemodan zewolis mimarT metisme­
tad damyolia saimisod, rom qmedobaunariani mokavSireebi
eZios. iseve, rogorc blumbergvilSi, aqac profkavSirebis
liderebi dagegmvis sawyis etapze enTuziazmiT saubrobdnen
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ideis Sesaxeb, magram bolo
wuTebSi Tavi Seikaves: qalaqis etapobrivad paralizebis
ambiciuri gegma maT ubralo, oficialurad nebadarTul
demonstraciamde daiyvanes, romelzec profkavSirebis ri­
giTi wevrebi arc ki gamoCenilan, radgan niu-iorkis poli­
ciis departamentis mxridan Tavdasxmis eSinodaT.
maisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis Occupy Wall Street-is organi­
zatorTa umetesoba mivida daskvnamde, rom ukeTesi iqne­
boda, gverdze gadagvedo aliansis Seqmnis idea da sakuTar
bazaze gvefiqra. ra iyo is sakiTxebi, romlebsac uSualo
gavlena hqonda „okupantTa“, Cveni ojaxebisa da mego­
brebis realur, yoveldRiur problemebze? rogor unda
gagvewia organizeba kampaniebisTvis, rom amas uSualod
xsenebuli problemebis mogvarebaze sasikeTod emoqmeda?
gadavwyviteT, Segveqmna yovelkvireuli Ria forumebi,
romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi Tema eqneboda (magaliTad,
klimatis cvlileba (igulisxmeba globalur daTbobasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. red.), vali, policia, sapatim­
roebi) rac gviCvenebda, Tu romeli iyo ufro aqtualuri.
185
valis forumi imdenad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rom yvela
danarCeni daCrdila. swrafad Seikriba erTad movaleTa
lokaluri „asambleebi“. TiToeulma moZraobas asobiT ax­
ali monawile, axali proeqtebi da ideebi SesZina. am wig­
nis daweris droisTvis axlad warmoqmnili kampania Strike
Debt („gaficva valis winaaRmdeg“) _ aseve kampaniebi: Invisible
Army („uxilavi armia“) Rolling Jubilee (valis iubiles aRniS­
vna valis Sesyidvis kampaniiT), Debt Resistor’s Operations Man-
ual (rCevebi valis gadaxdis mowinaaRmdegeebs), da People’s
Bailout (xalxis gamoyvana krizisidan) _ aSkarad, moZraobis
yvelaze saintereso da mzardi arealebia. Occupy Tavis
fesvebs ubrundeba.
rasakvirvelia, kvlav rCeba uamravi kiTxva. aris Tu ara
marTlac SesaZlebeli valis gadaxdis mowinaaRmdegeTa maso­
brivi moZraobis organizeba amerikaSi? rogor davZlioT
sircxvilisa da gariyulobis grZnoba, romelic yovelTvis
Tan axlavs vals? an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rogor Camo­
vayaliboT safuZveli demokratiuli mxardaWerisa da sax­
alxo forumebis Sesaqmnelad milionobiT amerikelisaTvis
(zogierTi SefasebiT, daaxloebiT 6-dan erTi adamianisaT­
vis), romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve axorcieleben samo­
qalaqo daumorCileblobas finansuri kapitalizmis mimarT
misi warmomadgenlebis valis gadaxdaze uaris TqmiT? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema ase martivi ar aris. Cven mxolod
is viciT, rom im droisaTvis, rodesac es wigni gamova, al­
baT zogierT qalaqSi axali kampaniebi iqneba warmoqmnili,
romlebic kidev ufro Zlieri STagonebis wyaro gaxdeba.
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebisaTvis erTi weli araferia.
is aqtivobebi, romelTa miznebi kanonis farglebSi eteva
da SeiZleba maSinve Sesruldes, iseve swrafad qreba, ro­
gorc warmoiqmneba; amerikaSi im moZraobebs, romlebmac
warmatebiT aiRes gezi sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani moral­
uri gardaqmnis ganxorcielebaze (abolicionistebidan daw­
yebuli, feminizmiT damTavrebuli), gacilebiT meti dro
dasWirda realuri Sedegebis misaRwevad, magram, samagi­
erod, es Sedegebi gacilebiT seriozuli da mtkice iyo. erT
186
weliwadSi Occupy-m SeZlo rogorc problemis gansazRvra (es
iyo zedafenis Zalauflebis sistema, romelmac efeqturad
gaaerTiana finansebi da mTavroba), aseve misi gadaWris gzis
SemuSavebac _ WeSmaritad demokratiuli kulturis Seqmna.
amas, savaraudod, didi dro dasWirdeba, rom gaamarTlos,
magram Sedegebi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis iqneba.

mesame

„xalxi iwyebs fiqrs da azrovnebas“:

demokratiis faruli istoria

roca sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis Sefasebebs ecnobi,

romlebic aSkara konservatorebis mier aris dawerili,
xSirad ucnauri kmayofileba geufleba; gansakuTrebiT ma­
Sin, roca saqme liberalebs exeba, romlebmac, saerTod, ad­
vilad ician ganawyeneba; isini araprognozirebadni arian,
radgan, rogorc Tavad acxadeben, radikaluri moZraobebis
ideebs _ demokratias, egalitarizms, Tavisuflebas _ izi­
areben, magram aseve rogorRac irwmuneben Tavs, rom, sab­
oloo jamSi, am idealebTan miaxloeba SeuZlebelia. amitom
isini erTgvar moralur safrTxes xedaven nebismier adami­
anSi, romelsac ganzraxuli aqvs, zemoxsenebuli principebi
realobad aqcios. es „msoflio samarTlianobis moZrao­
bis“ dReebSi SevniSne. zogierTi, vinc „liberaluri mediis“
saxeliT gamodioda, TiTqos Tavs icavda, Tanac geslianad
dagvcinoda, rogorc es memarjveneebs Cvenze saubrisas
sCveviaT. roca moZraobis Sesaxeb maTi kritikuli werilebi
wavikiTxe, CemTvis naTeli gaxda, rom mediis mravali cno­
bili warmomadgeneli, romlebmac kolejSi 1960-ian wlebSi
Caabares, Tavs yofil student revolucionerad miiCnevda,
mxolod imis gamo, rom im TaobasTan asocirdeboda. rac
Seexeba maT samuSaos, masTan mimarTebiT isini sakuTar Tavs
ewinaaRmdegebodnen. Tavs irwmunebdnen, rom, marTalia, am­
187
 Jamad istebliSmentisTvis muSaobdnen, magram namdvilad ar
gayidulan, radgan maTi adrindeli revoluciuri ocnebebi
ukiduresad ararealuri iyo; amJamad ki abortis legal­
izaciisa Tu erTsqesianTa qorwinebisTvis brZola radi­
kaluria imdenad, ramdenadac _ realurad SesaZlebeli. Tu
radikali xar, yovel SemTxvevaSi, konservatorebTan daka­
vSirebiT Seni pozicia garkveuli gaqvs _ isini Seni mtre­
bi arian. Tu maT surT, gagigon, es mxolod imisTvis, rom
ufro gaiadvilon Seni moZraobis CaxSoba Zalmomreobis
gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaferi ufro naTeli xdeba.
es niSnavs imasac, rom maT xSirad marTla undaT, gagigon.
Occupy Wall Street-is sawyis periodSi memarjveneebis mxri­
dan gaxsnil cecxls meTiu kontinetis eses saxe hqonda,
romelic daibeWda The Weekly Standard-Si, saxelwodebiT
„anarqia aSS-Si: amerikaSi arsebuli areulobis mizezebi“.1
kontineti amtkicebda, rom „rogorc memarcxeneebma, ise
memarjve­ neebma, Secdoma dauSves, roca CaTvales, rom
­Occupy Wall Street-is ukan myofi Zalebi demokratiuli poli­
tikiTa da misi problemebis gadaWriT iyvnen dainteresebu­
li“. sinamdvileSi maT birTvs anarqistebi warmoadgendnen,
romlebic utopiur socialistur samoTxeze ocnebobdnen,
iseTive ucnaurze, rogoric Sarl furies (1772-1837)
„falan­gebi (furies utopiuri Teoriis mixedviT, esaa erTob­
liv Sromaze dafuZnebuli Temebi, komunebi. red.) an 1840-
iani wlebis New Harmony-s („axali harmonia“) Tavisufali
siyvarulis komunebia (igulisxmeba ingliseli filosofo-
sis, socialistisa da pedagogis, robert ouenis (1771-1858)
mier indianis StatSi daarsebuli mwarmoebluri Temi. red.).
avtori Tanamedrove anarqizmis mimdevarTa, ZiriTadad,
noam Comskisa da Cemi citirebiT agrZelebs:
„am permanentul amboxebas garkveul prognozirebad
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. demokratiuli politikis legi­
timurobis uaryofiT anarqistebi Zirs uTxrian TavianT
SesaZleblobas, gavlena moaxdinon adamianebis cxovrebaze.
isini ar cnoben araviTar moZraobas saarsebo minimumTan
dakavSirebiT; araviTar debatebs buSis sagadasaxado ga­
188
nakveTebis Sesaxeb; anarqistebs swamT, rom amerikaSi arc
xelfasebia misaRebi da, ra Tqma unda, arc gadasaxadebi.
devid greberi, anTropologi da Occupy Wall Street-is wa­
myvani figura, amas amgvarad ayalibebs: „yvelaze ukeTesi,
rac politikur debatebSi monawileobiT SeiZleba iqnes
miRweuli, aris zianis SezRudva; politikur debatebSi
monawileobis daSvebac ki azaralebs ideas, romlis Tanax­
madac, xalxma sakuTari saqmeebi Tavad unda moagvaros“.
mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ara aqvs Occupy Wall Street-s samo­
qmedo programa, aris is, rom anarqizmi ar iTvaliswinebs
samoqmedo programas. erTaderTi, ris gakeTebac anarqists
SeuZlia, aris magaliTis Cveneba, an arsebuli sistemis ga­
nadgureba Zaladobis gziT“.
es punqti tipuria: is problemis arsis logikur wvdo­
mas uTavsebs kargad gaTvlil ciliswamebebsa da insinu­
aciebs, romelTa mizanic Zaladobis waxalisebaa. es mar­
Talia, rom anarqistebma, rogorc vTqvi, uari ganacxades
politikur sistemasTan TanamSromlobaze, magram imitom,
rom Tavad sistema iyo arademokratiuli _ is aSkara insti­
tuciuri meqrTameobis sistemamde daeca, romelsac zurgs
umagrebda iZuleba, Zalis gamoyeneba. Cven gvindoda, es faq­
ti gamogvemzeurebina rogorc aSS-Si, ise sxvaganac. swored
es gaakeTa OWS-ma, Tanac ise, rom politikuri gancxadebebi
arasodes ufrialebia. imis Tqma, rom Cven ar gvaqvs samoqme­
do gegma, aris absurdi; imis mtkiceba, rom Cven sxva arCevani
ar gagvaCnia, Tu sabolood Zaladobas ar mivmarTeT, aris
gancxadeba (miuxedavad „okupantebis“ gulmodgine mcdelo­
bisa, araZaladobrivi meTodebiT emoqmedaT), romelsac mx­
olod maSin akeTebs vinme, roca sasowarkveTili cdilobs,
TviTonve mouZebnos gamarTleba Zaladobas.
statiis avtori swori gziT midioda Tanamedrove glo­
baluri antikapitalisturi qselebis warmoSobis kvlevi­
sas, rasac is 1994 wlis zapatistur amboxebasTan mihyavda;
aseve sworad aRniSnavda, rom es qselebi sul ufro mzardi
antiavtoritaruli politikiT xasiaTdeba, ewinaaRmdegebi­
an Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas Zalis meSveobiT da iyeneben
189
internets. kontineti aseT daskvnas akeTebs:
„or aTwleulze meti xnis manZilze viTardeboda in­
teleqtualuri, finansuri, teqnologiuri da social­
uri infrastruqtura, raTa Ziri gamoeTxara globaluri
kapitalizmisaTvis, da Cven amis ukanaskneli gamovlinebis
SuagulSi vimyofebiT... „okupantebis“ karvebis qalaqebi
TviTmmarTveluri, Temuri, egalitaruli da qseluria.
isini uars amboben yoveldRiur politikaze; amkvidre­
ben bohemianizmsa (pirobiTobas moklebuli, araSablonuri,
aratradiciuli qceva. red.) da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas­
Tan konfrontacias. karvebis qalaqebi warmoadgens post­
modernul droSi gadmotanil „falangsa“ da New Harmony-s
, romlebic Cveni Tanamedrove qalaqebis centrSi aRmocen­
da. banakebSi SeiZleba bevri aqtivisti sulac ar iyos. isini
SeiZleba sulelurad, groteskuladac ki gamoiyurebodnen.
maT SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba gauwion „samoqmedo gegmis“ Se­
muSavebisa da sxvadasxva „politikis“ danergvis ideebs. Sei­
Zleba ar daeTanxmon imas, rac undaT, an roca undaT. isi­
ni SeiZleba zamTris dadgomasTan erTad gauCinardnen da
liberalebs, romelTa skverebic maT „okupirebuli“ aqvT,
SeiZleba moTmineba daakargvinon. magram utopistebi da an­
arqistebi kvlav gamoCndebian... „okupacia“ iqamde gagrZel­
deba, sanam adamianebs sjeraT, rom qonebrivi uTanasworo­
ba arasamarTliania da dedamiwaze adamianebs Soris Zmobis
damyareba SesaZlebelia“.
albaT xvdebiT, Tu ratom SeiZleba anarqistebi aseT
msjelobaSi gulwrfelobas, patiosnebas xedavdnen, rac
maT „ucnaur kmayofilebas“ aniWebs. avtori ar malavs Ta­
vis survils, Cven, yvelani, cixeSi gvixilos, magram, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, unda, rom samarTlianad Seafasos, Tu vis ra
wili udevs saqmeSi.
Tumca The Weekly Standard-is statiaSi ikveTeba erTi Za­
lian mcdarad Camoyalibebuli Tema _ „demokratiis“ gan­
zrax gaigiveba e.w. „yoveldRiur politikasTan“, anu lo­
birebasTan, Tanxebis mozidvasTan, saarCevno kampaniebis
mosawyobad muSaobasTan da amerikis arsebul politikur
190
sistemaSi kidev sxva tipis monawileobasTan. sawyisi piroba
aris is, rom avtori mxars uWers demokratias, xolo „oku­
pantebi“ mis winaaRmdeg gamodian, raki arsebul sistemas
uaryofen. sinamdvileSi konservatoruli tradicia, ro­
melic safuZvlad udevs The Weekly Standard-is msgavsi Ju­
rnalebis daarsebas da ganapirobebs maT sicocxlisuna­
rianobas, ukiduresad arademokratiulia. am Jurnalebis
statiebis gmirebi, platonidan dawyebuli, edmund biorkiT
damTavrebuli, TiTqmis yovelTvis arian adamianebi, romle­
bic, principuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, ewinaaRmde­
gebodnen demokratias; maT mkiTxvelebs jer kidev uyvarT
aseTi gancxadebebi: „amerika ar aris demokratia, is respub­
likaa“. ufro metic, kontinetis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi
_ rom anarqistebis mier inspirirebuli moZraobebi aris
arastabiluri, uwesrigo, safrTxes uqmnis qonebasTan da­
kavSirebiT qveyanaSi arsebul kanoniT dadgenil wesrigs,
da aucileblad migviyvans Zaladobamde _ swored is argu­
mentebia, romlebsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen
konservatorebi Tavad demokratiis winaaRmdeg.
sinamdvileSi OWS aris anarqistebis mier inspirireb­
uli, magram swored am mizezis gamo is misdevs amerikuli
saxalxo demokratiis tradicias, romelsac yovelTvis Se­
upovrad ewinaaRmdegebodnen kontinetis msgavsi konserva­
torebi. anarqizmi ar niSnavs demokratiis (an Tundac de­
mokratiis ama Tu im aspeqtis) uaryofas, romelic, istori­
ulad, amerikelebis umravlesobisaTvis misaRebi da mosawo­
ni iyo. anarqizmi ufro metad aris am ZiriTadi demokrati­
uli principebis miyvana logikur Sedegebamde. amis danaxva
imitoma Zneldeba, rom sityva „demokratiis“ mniSvnelobaze
yovelTvis dausruleblad kamaTobdnen: magaliTad, umrav­
lesoba amerikeli eqspertebisa da politikosebisa axla am
termins xelisuflebis im formis gamosaxatavad iyenebs,
romlis mkafio mizani Semdegia _ uzrunvelyos, rom ara­
sodes moxdes is, rasac jon adamsma „demokratiis saSine­
lebebi“ uwoda.2

191
 rogorc wignis dasawyisSic aRvniSne, bevr amerikels
warmodgena ara aqvs, rom arc damoukideblobis deklara­
ciaSi da arc konstituciaSi araferia naTqvami imis Tao­
baze, rom SeerTebuli Statebi demokratiaa.* sinamdvileSi,
umravlesoba im adamianebisa, romlebic fuZemdebluri do­
kumentebis SedgenaSi monawileobdnen, uyoymanod daeTanx­
ma meCvidmete saukunis puritanizmis mqadagebel jon uin­
Trops (1588-1649 _ ingliseli iuristi, amerikis saxelmwifo
moRvawe. red.), romelic werda, rom „civilizebuli erebis
umetesobisaTvis demokratia qveynis marTvis yvelaze uRim­
Ramo da uares formad iTvleba.“3
amerikis saxelmwifos fuZemdebelTa umravlesobam
Tuki raime icoda demokratiis Temaze, yvelaferi Tuki­
dides „istoriis“ tomas hobsiseuli inglisuri Targmani­
dan, peloponesis omis Sesaxeb istorikosis Sefasebebi­
dan Seityo. rogorc hobsma mkiTxvelebs ganumarta, man
am proeqts xeli imisTvis mohkida, rom isini demokratiis
safrTxeebis Sesaxeb gaefrTxilebina. amis gamo amerikis
„mamebi“ am sityvas im mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen, romliT­
ac Zveli berZnebi, Tvlidnen ra, rom demokratia Temur
TviTmmarTvelobas gulisxmobs, romelic aTenis agoras
msgavsi saxalxo Sekrebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. es iyo
is, rasac axla „uSualo demokratias“ vuwodebT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es gaxldaT mmarTvelobis sistema „sayovel­
Tao Sekrebebis“ meSveobiT, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom am
Sekrebebs yovelTvis unda emuSava mxolod umravlesobis
mmarTvelobis principiT _ 51%-49%. magaliTad, jeims me­
disonma (1751-1836, aSS-is meoTxe prezidenti, politikis Teo-
retikosi, aSS-is konstituciisa da uflebaTa bilis erT-er-
Ti Semqmneli. red.) „federalistis CanawerebSi“ (sami avto-
ris, maT Soris medisonis, mier dawerili 85 statiis krebuli,
romelic miznad isaxavda aSS-is konstituciis ratifikaciis
mxardaWeras. red.) naTelyo, Tu ratom miaCnda, rom amgvari

* igive iTqmis Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibebuli cametive Statis konstitucie­

bzec, romlebic revoluciis Semdeg Seiqmna.

192
aTenuri demokratiis damyareba ara mxolod SeuZlebeli
iyo misi drois did qveynebSi (radganac is Tavisi arsis
gamo vrcel geografiul arealSi ver imuSavebda), aramed
arasasurvelic ki iyo. misi azriT, istoriam aCvena, rom
uSualo demokratiis nebismieri sistema aucileblad ga­
daizrdeboda fraqciulobaSi, demagogiaSi da, sabolood,
wesrigisa da kontrolis aRdgenis mizniT Zalauflebas
romelime diqtatori Caigdebda xelSi:
„wminda demokratias _ masSi vgulisxmob sazogadoebas,
romelic mcirericxovani moqalaqeebisgan Sedgeba; romelic
ikribeba da Tavad axorcielebs marTvas _ ar gaaCnia saSuale­
ba, Tavidan aicilos ziani, romelsac mas mowinaaRmdege fraq­
cia miayenebs... aqedan gamomdinare, amgvari demokratiebi yov­
elTvis turbulentobisa da uTanxmoebis asparezs warmoad­
genda; iTvleboda pirad usafrTxoebasTan Tu sakuTrebis
uflebebTan SeuTavseblad; rogorc wesi, isini didxans ver
Zlebda da maT yovelTvis Zalis gamoyenebiT amxobdnen“.4
yvela im adamianis msgavsad, romlebsac amerikis saxelm­
wifos fuZemdebeli „mamebis“ saxeliT vicnobT, medisoni
amtkicebda, rom misTvis misaRebi xelisuflebis forma _
„respublika“, udavod, sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo:
„demokratiis dros adamianebi ikribebian da Tavad ax­
orcieleben qveynis marTvas; respublikis dros isini ikri­
bebian da marTvas TavianTi warmomadgenlebisa da agentebis
saSualebiT axorcieleben. demokratia, Sesabamisad, Semoi­
fargleba mcire zomis teritoriiT. respublikuri mmarT­
veloba ki SeiZleba damyardes did regionSi“.5
is xedva, rom respublikebi „warmomadgenlebis“ saSu­
alebiT imarTeboda, erTi SexedviT, axla SeiZleba ucnau­
rad mogeCvenoT, vinaidan termini „respublika“ maT Zveli
romidan isesxes, xolo romSi senatorebs ar irCevdnen; isi­
ni aristokratebi iyvnen da TavianTi adgilebi dabadebidan,
memkvidreobiT ergoT, rac imas niSnavda, rom isini sinamd­
vileSi vinmes „warmomadgenlebi da agentebi“ ki ar iyvnen,
aramed sakuTar Tavs warmoadgendnen. Tumca warmomadgen­
lobiTi organoebis idea iyo is, rac fuZemdebelma „mamebma“
193
revoluciis dros memkvidreobiT miiRes britanelebisagan:
axali qveynis mmarTvelebi iyvnen swored arCeuli pirebi,
romlebsac qonebis mflobelma individebma misces xma kon­
tinentaluri kongresis msgavs organoSi mosaxvedrad (is
britaneTSi SezRudul TviTmmarTvelobas gulisxmobda,
romelic mefis xelisuflebas emorCileboda). revoluciis
Semdeg maT maSinve Tavad aiRes xelSi Zalaufleba, rogor­
ic mefe jorj III-s hqonda. Sesabamisad, moqmedebas warmo­
madgenlobiTi organoebisa, romlebic mefis xelisuflebas
emorCilebodnen, axla xalxis mmarTveloba warmarTavda,
rogori SezRudulic ar unda yofiliyo is.
amgvar organoebSi delegatebis arCevis wesi siaxliT ar
gamoirCeoda. inglisSi es jer kidev XIII saukuneSi xdeboda.
XV saukunisTvis dadgenil normad iqca, rom sakuTrebis
mqone adamianebs ufleba hqonodaT, TavianTi saparlamento
warmomadgenlebi sakuTari xmebis adgilobrivi SerifisaT­
vis gagzavnis (Cveulebriv, naWdevebian joxebze akeTebdnen
niSnuls) saSualebiT aerCiaT. im droSi veravin ifiqrebda,
rom am sistemas raime saerTo hqonda „demokratiasTan“.6
iTvleboda, rom arCevnebi monarqistuli saxelisuflebo
sistemebis gagrZeleba iyo, radgan warmomadgenlebs marT­
vis araviTari uflebamosileba ar gaaCndaT. isini arafers
marTavdnen, arc erToblivad da arc cal-calke; maT mefis
suverenuli xelisuflebis winaSe unda elaparakaT maTi
raionis mcxovrebTa saxeliT (anu „warmoedginaT“ isini),
miecaT rCeva, waredginaT saCivrebi da, rac mTavaria, ga­
daecaT TavianTi sagrafos gadasaxadebi. amrigad, vinaidan
warmomadgenlebs ar hqondaT araviTari Zalaufleba da
arCevnebSi konkurenciac iSviaTi iyo, arCeuli warmomad­
genlebis sistema, udavod, Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebuli
Tanxmobis iuridiuli principebis Sesabamis formad iTv­
leboda: miiCneoda, rom vinaidan brZanebebi, rogorc wesi,
zevidan modioda, xolo rigiT adamianebs araviTari wvlili
ar SehqondaT politikis gansazRvraSi, imave adamianebs ver
daavaldebulebdnen, damorCilebodnen brZanebebs, rom­
lebsac isini, farTo gagebiT, ar eTanxmebodnen. marTalia,
194
inglisis samoqalaqo omis Semdeg parlamentma daiwyo Tavi­
si uflebebis dacva da xmis uflebis mopoveba gadasaxade­
bidan Semosuli Semosavlebis gankargvaze gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas, Seqmna ra, rogorc mas „mamebma“ uwodes, „Sez­
Ruduli monarqia“, amerikuli idea, romlis Tanaxmadac,
xalxs WeSmaritad qveynis marTvis uflebiT aRWurvili war­
momadgenlebisTvis xmis micemiT SeeZlo, realurad hqono­
da suverenuli Zalaufleba (romlis msgavs­ sac erT dros
mefeebi flobdnen), namdvilad inovacias warmoadgenda da
dauyovnebliv miiCnies kidec aseTad.7
amerikis brZola damoukideblobisTvis „xalxis“ sax­
eliT mimdinareobda da yvela politikosi, romlebic
aminds qmnidnen, xvdeboda, rom raRac momentSi konsulta­
ciebi unda gaemarTaT „mTeli xalxis warmomadgenel orga­
nosTan“, raTa TavianTi revolucia legitimuri gaexadaT _
magram konstituciis ZiriTad mizans imis uzrunvelyofa
warmoadgenda, rom konsultaciis es forma ukiduresad
SezRuduli yofiliyo, raTa yovelive amas „demokratiis
saSinelebebi“ ar gamoewvia. im dros ganaTlebul xalxSi
arsebobda zogadi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela CvenT­
vis cnobil sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva doziT arsebobda
xelisuflebis sami sawyisi principi: monarqia, aristokra­
tia da demokratia. amerikeli politikosebi eTanxmebod­
nen antikuri xanis politikis Teoritikosebs, romlebmac
daadgines, rom romis respublika am principebis yvelaze
srulyofil balanss warmoadgenda. respublikur roms hy­
avda ori konsuli (senatis mier arCeuli), romlebic monar­
qis funqcias asrulebdnen, senatorebis ucvleli jgufi
patriciebis fenidan da, bolos, saxalxo krebebi SezRudu­
li uflebamosilebiT. es krebebi irCevdnen magistratebs
(pirebi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze Zvel romSi. red.) aris­
tokrat kandidatebs Soris da aseve or tribuns, romle­
bic plebeebis fenis interesebs warmoadgendnen; tribunebs
xmis micemis an senatSi Sesvlis uflebac ki ar hqondaT
(isini SesasvlelTan, gareT isxdnen), magram maT SeeZloT,
veto daedoT senatorebis gadawyvetilebaze.
195
 amerikis konstitucia msgavsi balansis miRwevis mizniT
Seiqmna. monarqis funqcias Seasrulebda senatis mier ar­
Ceuli prezidenti; igulisxmeboda, rom senati warmoad­
genda mdidari aristokratiis interesebs, xolo kongresi
_ demokratiul elements. am ukanasknelis kompetencia
umeteswilad unda Semofargluliyo Tanxis mozidviTa da
xarjviT, radgan, bolos da bolos, revolucia efuZneboda
princips: „ar arsebobs gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis ga­
reSe!“ (lozungi, romelic amerikis revoluciis dros gamox-
atavda Crdilo amerikaSi britaneli kolonistebis ZiriTad
pretenzias mefis xelisuflebisa da koloniuri administra-
ciis mimarT. kolonistebs ar hyavdaT warmomadgeneli bri-
taneTis parlamentSi, ris gamoc ver axerxebdnen realizebas
TavianTi uflebebisa, romlebic maT uflebaTa bilma mianiWa.
red.). saxalxo krebebi saerTod gauqmda. amerikul kol­
oniebSi, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo STamomavlobiTi aristokra­
tia. magram wamyvani politikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom, sa­
magierod, droebiTi monarqisa da droebiTi warmomadgen­
lebis arCeviT isini SeZlebdnen SeeqmnaT is, rasac zogjer
daufaravad moixseniebdnen, rogorc erTgvar „naturalur“
aristokratias. is ganaTlebuli da SeZlebuli fenebisgan
Sedgeboda da iseTive jansaR interess iCenda sazogadoe­
brivi keTildReobis mimarT, rogorsac, maTi azriT, cice­
ronisa da cincinatis droindeli romis senati.
vfiqrob, Rirs, am sakiTxze SevCerdeT. roca amerikis
saxelmwifos damfuZneblebi „aristokratiaze“ laparako­
bdnen, isini am termins metaforulad ar iyenebdnen. maT
kargad icodnen, rom ayalibebdnen axal politikur for­
mas, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo demokratiuli da aris­
tokratiuli elementebi. evropis mTeli istoriis man­
Zilze arCevnebi ganixileboda (Tavis droze amas aristo­
telec amtkicebda), rogorc sajaro moxeleebis SerCevis
aristokratiuli, yvelaze ufro tipuri forma. arCevnebze
xalxi, rogorc wesi, mcirericxovan profesional poli­
tikosebs Soris (romlebic amtkiceben, rom, sxvebze metad
kompetenturni da ganaTlebulni arian) SearCevs erTs, ro­
196
melic, maTi azriT, saukeTesoa (es aris is, rasac niSnavs
sityvasityviT „aristokratia“ _ „saukeTesoTa mmarTvelo­
ba“). arCevnebi iyo saSualeba, romliTac daqiravebul me­
brZolTa jarebi irCevdnen TavianT meTaurebs, an didgva­
rovnebi metoqeobas uwevdnen erTmaneTs TavianTi momavali
xelqveiTebis mxardasaWeris mosapoveblad. demokratiuli
midgoma (romelsac intensiurad iyenebdnen antikur sa­
myaroSic da renesansis droindel qalaqebSic, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, florencia) iyo lataria, an, rogorc mas xan­
daxan uwodebdnen xolme _ „kenWisyra“. arsebiTad, proce­
dura ase gamoiyureboda: Tavs mouyridnen saxelebs Temis
im warmomadgenlebisa, romlebsac undodaT, emsaxuraT sa­
jaro samsaxurSi da maTi codnis, gamocdilebis gadamow­
mebis Semdeg iRebdnen am adamianebis saxelebs SemTxveviTi
SerCevis principiT. es imis garantias iZleoda, rom yve­
la kompetentur da dainteresebul mxares Tanabari Sansi
hqonoda, sajaro Tanamdeboba daekavebina. am process aseve
minimumamde dahyavda fraqciuloba, radgan saarCevno olq­
Si mogebis mizniT dapirebebis micemas azri ar hqonda, Tuki
arCeva kenWisyriT unda momxdariyo (arCevnebi ki, piriqiT,
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, xels uwyobda fraqciebad dayo­
fas). gakvirvebas iwvevs Semdegi faqti: uSualod safrange­
Tisa da amerikis revoluciebamde arsebul TaobebSi, mon­
teskiesa da rusos msgavs ganmanaTlebel moazrovneebs So­
ris cxare kamaTi midioda arCevnebisa da latariis dadeb­
iTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb, 1770-1780-ian wlebSi
ki axali revoluciuri konstituciebis Seqmnelebi arc ki
msjelobdnen latariis gamoyenebaze. erTaderTi, raSic
maT latariis principi aRmoaCines, iyo nafic msajulTa
sistema, da is ucvlelad datoves, ZiriTadad, imitom, rom
es tradicia memkvidreobiT hqondaT miRebuli inglisuri
saerTo samarTlisgan (ingl. common law _ saerTo, anu prece-
dentuli samarTali _ samarTlis sistema, romelic upirate-
sobas aniWebs mosamarTleTa mier miRebul gadawyvetilebeb-
sa da qveynis tradiciebs, adaT-wesebs, daweril kanonebTan
SedarebiT (gansxvavebiT statutoruli samarTlisgan). red.).
197
nafic msajulTa sistemac ki savaldebulo iyo da ara ne­
bayoflobiTi; nafic msajulebs regularulad auwyebdnen
(da dRemde ase xdeba), rom maT rols warmoadgenda ara
kanonis samarTlianobis ganxilva, aramed mtkicebulebis
Semcveli faqtebis Sefaseba.
ar unda gamarTuliyo araviTari Sekrebebi. ar unda
momxdariyo kenWisyra. saxelmwifos fuZemdebeli „mamebi“
amtkicebdnen, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba xalxs ekuTvnoda
(Tuki is kidev erT revolucias ar moawyobda da xelSi
iaraRs ar aiRebda), oRond mas SeeZlo am xelisuflebis
realizeba saukeTesoTa fenis wevrebs Soris arCevanis
gakeTebiT; saukeTesoebs ki maT imitom uwodebdnen, rom
iyvnen rogorc kargad momzadebuli iuristebi, ise privi­
legirebuli fenis warmomadgenlebi; gamoirCeodnen meti
gonierebiT da SeeZloT, imaze ukeT Caswvdomodnen xalx­
is namdvil interesebs, vidre TviTon xalxi. raki „xalxi“
aseve unda damorCileboda kanonebs, miRebuls im sakanon­
mdeblo organos mier, romelsac es axali, „naturaluri“
aristokratia edga saTaveSi, xalxis xelisuflebis cnebis
amerikis saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebiseuli gageba sinamd­
vileSi didad ar daSorebia Zvel, Suasaukuneobrivi war­
modgenas, romlis Tanaxmadac, zemodan wamosul brZanebebs
unda daemorCilo.

Tuki jon adamsis naSromebs an „federalistis Canawerebs“

gaecnobiT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, saerTod, ratom xarja­
vdnen aseTi avtorebi amden dros aTenuri stilis uSualo
demokratiis Sesaxeb msjelobaze. bolos da bolos, es iyo
politikuri sistema, romelsac ori aTas welze meti xania,
aRar uarsebia da arc erT mniSvnelovan politikur figu­
ras misi aRdgenisTvis mxari gamokveTilad ar dauWeria.
ai, sad gvWirdeba ufro farTo politikuri konteqs­
tis ganxilva. SesaZloa, XVIII saukunis Crdiloatlantikur
struqturebSi ar yofiliyo demokratia, magram namdvilad
iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs „demokratebs“

198
uwodebdnen. amerikaSi amis albaT yvelaze cnobili ­nimuSi
aris Tomas peini (1737-1809, aSS-isa da didi britaneTis
sazogado da politikuri moRvawe. red.). im dros, roca kon­
tinentalurma kongresma inglisis samefo taxtTan urT­
ierTobebis gawyvetaze fiqri daiwyo, termini erTgvar
aRorZinebas ganicdida evropaSi, sadac populistebi aris­
tokratebis marTvis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen da ufro da
ufro xSirad uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs „demokratebs“ _
pirvel yovlisa, amas, ZiriTadad, epataJisTvis akeTebdnen,
zustad ise, rogorc homoseqsualistebis uflebaTa dam­
cvelma moZraobam gamomwvevad miiTvisa sityva queer (ingl.
_ ucnauri, eqscentrikuli, sxvanairi. am sityviT dRes ara-
tradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis mqone adamianebs
moixsenieben. red.). umetes SemTxvevaSi isini mcirericxovani
demagogebi iyvnen da ara inteleqtualebi; mxolod ramden­
ime maTganma warmoadgina gansaxilvelad qveynis marTvis
kargad damuSavebuli Teoria. aRmoCnda, rom umravleso­
ba didgvarovanTa da saeklesio privilegiebis winaaRmdeg
gamarTul kampaniebsa da iseTi ZiriTadi principebis da­
sacavad wamowyebul moZraobebSi iyo CarTuli, rogoricaa
kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba. roca revolucia ifeTqebda,
aseTi adamianebi TavianT adgils poulobdnen masobriv
Sexvedrebsa da SekrebebSi, romlebsac msgavsi situaciebi
yovelTvis warmoSobs (magaliTad, Sekrebebi axali ingli­
sis municipalitetebsa Tu safrangeTis revoluciis „qveg­
anyofilebebSi“). mravali maTgani amgvar SekrebebSi axali
politikuri sistemis8 struqturis potenciur Semadgenel
elements xedavda. ramdenadac, arCeviTi organoebisagan
gansxvavebiT, masobriv Sexvedrebze xmis micemisas qonebri­
vi SezRudvebi ar arsebobda, aq bevrad ufro radikalur
ideebs ganixilavdnen.
im wlebSi, romlebsac Semdeg maleve mohyva amerikis
revolucia, patriotebi xSirad mimarTavdnen masobriv
mitingebs (romelsac ori terminiT gamoxatavdnen: mob da
mobility), raTa moewodebinaT xalxisTvis iseTi masobrivi

199
qmedebebisken, rogoric „bostonis Cais smis moZraoba“ iyo.
zogjer amas SemaSfoTebeli Sedegebi mohyveboda. magali­
Tad, 1774 wlis 19 maiss gaimarTa masobrivi mitingi niu-
iorkSi, romelzec unda emsjelaT gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
mimarT boikotis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, rac iqneboda sapa­
suxo reaqcia britaneTis mTavrobis mier bostonis navsad­
guris daxurvaze (mitingi, savaraudod, dRevandeli zuko­
tis parkis maxloblad Sedga). safiqrebelia, rom swored aq
daibada idea kontinentaluri kongresis mowvevis Taobaze.
Cven xelT gvaqvs governer morisis (1752-1816, amerikis sax-
elmwifo moRvawe, aSS-is saxelmwifos erT-erTi damfuZnebe-
li „mama“. red.) Canaweri amis Sesaxeb, romelsac maSin niu-
jersis mTavari mosamarTlis posti eWira. is iyo ojaxidan,
romelic im dros axlandeli bronqsis (niu-iorkis xuTi
raionidan (borodan) erT-erTi. red.) umetes teritorias
flobda. morisi aRwers, Tu rogor mouxdaT ubralo xe­
losnebsa da vaWrebs (romlebmac erTi dRiT gaiTavisufles
Tavi samuSaodan) wvril memamuleebTan da maT mxardam­
WerebTan xangrZliv debatebSi Cabma, sadac ganixileboda,
„Tu rogori formebi unda hqonoda Cvens mTavrobas moma­
valSi da aristokratiul principebze unda yofiliyo igi
damyarebuli Tu demokratiulze“. Tu wvrili memamuleebi
msjelobdnen, ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi eqneboda
inglisis arsebuli (ukiduresad konservatoruli) konsti­
tuciis moqmedebis gagrZelebas, yasbebi da xabazebi maT
grakxusisa da polibiusis argumentebiT pasuxobdnen.
„me aivanze videqi, Cemgan xelmarjvniv Camwkrivebuli
iyvnen sakuTrebis mflobeli adamianebi, ramdenime Rarib
xelqveiTTan erTad, xolo meore mxares idga yvela vaWari
da sxvebi, romlebsac sjerodaT, rom Rirda, yoveldRiur
samuSaos moscdenodnen da qveynis sakeTildReod iq md­
gariyvnen.
inglisis konstituciis suliskveTebas jer kidev Ser­
Cenoda mciredi zegavlena marcxniv mdgar xalxze, magram
Zalian umniSvnelo. marTalia, misi darCenili moqmedi mux­
lebi mdidrebs amjerad upiratesobas aZlevda, magram Tu
200
konstitucias am saxiT SeinarCunebdnen, maT samsaxurebi­
dan unda gaeyaraT yvela skolis maswavlebeli da mxolod
sakuTari codnis imedad unda darCeniliyvnen. es ki Seu­
Zlebeli iyo.

xalxi iwyebs fiqrs da azrovnebas. sabralo qvewarmav­

lebi! maT gazafxulis dila daudgaT, Zal-Rones ar iSure­
ben, rom zamTris droindeli kani moicilon, mzis sxivebs
eficxebian, da sanam SuadRe dadgeba, kbenas daiwyeben, dar­
wmunebulni iyaviT amaSi. wvrili memamuleebi SiSoben amis
gamo“.9

aseve eSinoda morissac, romelmac, movlenebidan gamom­

dinare, daaskvna, rom sruli damoukidebloba britaneTis­
gan Zalian cudi azri iyo. „me SiSiTa da ZrwolviT vuyureb
amas, Cven yvelaze uaresi batonobis _ meamboxe brbos ba­
tonobis _ qveS moveqceviT“, ambobda is.
Tumca es daskvna arcTu ise gulwrfeli Canda. mori­
sis Canaweri cxadyofda, rom mas ugunur vnebebs ayolili
„xalxis“ ki ar eSinoda, piriqiT, eSinoda, rom amdeni niu-
iorkeli xelosani da vaWari, aSkarad, ara mxolod Sesan­
iSnavad SeZlebda klasikuri komerciuli rekomendaciebis
micemas, aramed moaxerxebda gaazrebuli, safuZvliani ar­
gumentebis Camoyalibebasac demokratiis sasargeblod.
xalxi iwyebs fiqrs da azrovnebas. raki misTvis aRar ar­
sebobda araviTari SezRudva da ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi
iyo, miznis misaRwev erTaderT saSualebad britaneTis Sei­
araRebul Zalebze dayrdnoba rCeboda.
morisma werili daasrula imis aRniSvniT, rom wvrilma
memamuleebma komiteti mdidrebiT daakompleqtes, raTa
ubralo adamianebi moetyuebinaT, rom TiTqos isinic gu­
lis siRrmeSi pativs scemdnen xalxis interesebs. niu-
iorkis sakuTrebis mflobelTa fenis umravlesobisagan
gansxvavebiT, morisi SemdgomSi mainc revolucionerebis
mxares gadavida da amerikis konstituciis saboloo pro­
eqtis Sedgenaze muSaoba gaagrZela, Tumca sakonstitucio
201
konventze mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan winadadebaTagan zogi­
erTi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad is, rom senatorebad mTeli
sicocxlis vadiT unda daniSnuliyvnen, misma kolega del­
egatebmac ki metismetad konservatorulad miiCniesda, sab­
oloo jamSi, ar miuRiaT.
revoluciuri omis Semdegac ki Zneli iyo demokratiis
jinis boTlSi Cabruneba. mobilizaciebi, masobrivi mitinge­
bi da saxalxo amboxebebi grZeldeboda. revoluciamdeli
periodis msgavsad, am saprotesto aqciebis umetesobac aq­
cents akeTebda valze. gacxarebuli debatebi imarTeboda
imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda gakeTebuliyo revoluciuri omiT
gamowveul davalianebasTan dakavSirebiT. xalxi moiTxovda
daeSvaT inflaciis saSualebiT misi neitralizeba da valu­
ta daemyarebinaT fasian qaRaldebze, romlebsac sazoga­
doebrivi kontrolis qveS myofi adgilobrivi „sasoflo-
sameurneo bankebi“ gamouSvebdnen. kontinentalurma kon­
gresma sapirispiro midgoma gamoavlina, gaiziara ra mdidari
filadelfieli vaWris, robert morisis (araviTari kavSiri
ara aqvs governerTan) rCeva, rom srulad unda aenazRaure­
binaT gadaxdili Tanxa im mdidari birJis saqmosnebisTvis,
romlebmac vali amortizebuli (Semcirebuli) Rirebule­
biT Seisyides. igi ambobda, rom es gamoiwvevda simdidris
„imaT xelSi moxvedras, visac misi yvelaze produqtiulad
gamoyeneba SeeZlo“; amave dros, inglisis bankis modelis
mixedviT erTi didi centraluri bankis Seqmna saSualebas
miscemda saxelmwifo vals, mimoqcevaSi yofiliyo, rogorc
„komerciis axali saSualeba.“10 saxelmwifos samxedro valis
valutis safuZvlad gamoyenebis sistema nacadi da aprobi­
rebuli iyo, da forma, romelic federaluri sarezervo
sistemis saxiT axlac gvaqvs, garkveulwilad waagavs kidec
mas, magram respublikis arsebobis adreul etapze patio­
sani, miamiti fermerebisaTvis, romlebsac, faqtobrivad,
am valis unda gadaxda mouwiaT, Sedegebi katastrofuli
aRmoCnda. revoluciuri omidan dabrunebul aTasobiT vet­
erans xSirad e.w. „Serifis furgonebi“ akiTxavda, rom maTi
yvelaze ufro Rirebuli nivTebi waeRoT. amas ki Sedegad
202
mohyva saxalxo mobilizaciis talRebi da, sul mcire, ori
didi amboxeba, erTi _ dasavleT masaCusetsSi da meore _
pensilvaniis soflebSi; zogierT kvartalSi mowodebebic
ki gaismoda, SemoeRoT kanonmdebloba, romlis mixedviTac,
ubralo xalxis nacvlad, qonebas umsxviles birJis saqmos­
nebs CamoarTmevdnen.*
adamsis, medisonis Tu hamiltonis msgavsi adamianebi­
sTvis amgvari proeqtebi SemaSfoTeblad hgavda antikuri
epoqis revoluciur moZraobebs, romlebic mouwodebdnen
valebis gauqmebisa da miwebis xelaxali gadanawilebisken.
am moZraobebma maTTvis maSinve cxadyo, rom umravlesobis
marTvis principi amerikas arasodes gamoadgeboda. magali­
Tad, jon adamsi ambobda:
„Tuki yvelaferi xmaTa umravlesobiT gadawydeba, rva
Tu cxra milioni, romelsac sakuTreba ar gaaCnia, ara­
sodes ifiqrebs, xelSi Caigdos uflebebi im erTi Tu ori
milionisa, romelic qonebas flobs?
upirveles yovlisa, unda gauqmdes valebi; gadasaxadebis
mTeli simZime unda daekisros mdidrebs, xolo danarCeneb­
ma, saerTod, ar unda gadaixadon araviTari gadasaxadi; da
bolos, moTxovnil unda iqnes da kenWi eyaros yvelafris
Tanabrad gayofas. ra Sedegi mohyveba amas? uamravi us­
aqmuri, uzneo, TavSeukavebeli adamiani miecema ukidures

* es mRelvarebebi istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc Seizis amboxeba, da dacinviTac

moixsenieba, rogorc viskis amboxeba, Tumca meore saxelwodeba ganzrax moigo­
na aleqsander hamiltonma, romelsac, teri boutonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
surda, es amboxeba mTvrali soflelebis mier atexil ayalmayalad gaesaRebina
da ar CaTvliliyo is moqalaqeTa mier ufro metad demokratiuli kontrolis
moTxovnad. ix. Bouton, Taming Democracy: ’’The People’’, The Founders and the Troubled
Ending of the American Revolution (Oxford: Oxsford University Press, 1977). am Temaze ua­
mravi kvleva Catarda am bolo xnis ganmavlobaSi: aRsaniSnavia vudi holtonis
Unruly Americans and the Origin of the Constitution (New York: Hill & Wang, 2007); uiliam
hoglendis The Whiskey Rebellion (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006) da Founding Finance: How
Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made US a Nation (Austin: University
of Texas Press, 2012). am sferos kvlevis tradicias saTave daudo Carlz beardis
cnobilma wignma An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (New
York: McMillan, 1913), romelSic naTqvamia, rom amerikis konstituciis TiTqmis
yvela Semoqmedi obligaciebis mflobeli gaxldaT; am avtoris daskvnebi kidev
ufro daxvewa Semdgomma kvlevam.

203
garyvnilebas, TavaSvebulobas, gayidis da daxarjavs mTel
Tavis wils da Semdeg xelaxla moiTxovs qonebis nawils im
xalxisa, romelmac misgan SeiZina. rogorc ki sazogadoe­
baSi dauSveben mosazrebas, rom qoneba ar aris RvTiuri
kanonebiviT wminda, rom ar arsebobs kanonis Zala da mar­
Tlmsajuleba, romelic mas daicavs, im momentidan anarqia
da tirania daisadgurebs“.11
medisonisTvisac respublikuri mTavroba mxolod imi­
tom ar iyo upiratesi, rom mas SeeZlo, emoqmeda farTo
geografiul arealSi; mTavroba, romelic farTo geo­
grafiul arealSi imoqmedebda, marTlac saukeTeso vari­
anti iyo, radgan „qaRaldis fulis, valebis gauqmebis, sa­
kuTrebis Tanabrad ganawilebis an nebismieri sxva mcdari
an ubedurebis momtani proeqtiT gamowveuli mZvinvareba“
mosalodneli iyo adgilobriv doneze, da Zlieri central­
uri mTavroba SeZlebda, mas swrafad aRdgomoda win.
maSasadame, es iyo is, rac amgvari adamianebisTvis, ro­
gorc Cans, aTenuri demokratiis koSmarTan iyo gaigive­
buli: Tuki fermerebis, xelosnebisa da vaWrebis Sekrebe­
bi da masobrivi mitingebi municipalitetebSi (romlebic
wlebis ganmavlobaSi daixvewa da revoluciis safuZvelic
gaxda) institutebad gadaiqceoda da oficialur, kanoniT
miniWebul statuss miiRebda, maSin „valebis gauqmeba da...
sakuTrebis Tanabrad ganawileba“ iqneboda is moTxovnebi,
romlebsac, savaraudod, isini wamoayenebdnen. ufro metic,
saxelmwifos mesveurebs aSinebdaT Tavawyvetili Rreobis,
SfoTisa da udisciplinobis safrTxe. maSin monumenturi
xateba respublikelebisa, romlebmac romi didebamde mi­
iyvanes, da, romlebsac amerikis „mamebi“ misabaZ magaliTad
Tvlidnen, masebis vulgaruli vnebebis gamo uaryofili
unda yofiliyo. adamsis kidev erTi mravlismetyveli ci­
tata aTenis Sesaxeb: „misi demokratiuli konstituciis
funqcionirebis mTeli drois manZilze mTel qveyanaSi ba­
tonobda Tavqarianoba, mxiaruleba, meryeoba, TavaSvebuli
cxovreba, TavSeukavebloba, garyvnileba da tradiciebis,
adaT-wesebis mimarT upativcemuloba“.13 doqtori benjamin
204
ruSi, eqimi da Philadelphia’s Sons of Liberty-s (filadelfiis
Tavisuflebis Svilebi) erTguli mimdevari, Tvlida, rom
tradiciebis „demokratiul“ Sesustebas SeiZleba dausva
diagnozi, rogorc erTgvar daavadebas _ is gulisxmobda,
kerZod, im Sedegebs, romlebic mohyveboda „cvlilebebs
kvebis reJimSi, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis CvevebSi da,
zogadad, tradiciebSi, rasac iwvevda valebis sruli gau­
qmeba gaufasurebuli qaRaldis fulis saSualebiT“:
„Tavisuflebisadmi gadaWarbebulma ltolvam, romelic
omis warmatebuli dasasruliT iyo STagonebuli, mraval
adamians Camouyaliba Sexedulebebi da qcevebi, romelTa
aRmofxvrac Segnebaze zemoqmedebiT, an SezRudva mTavro­
bis mier SeuZlebelia... mZlavrma zegavlenam, romelsac
es Sexedulebebi SeerTebuli Statebis mravali moqalaqis
warmodgenebze, vnebebsa da moralze axdendnen, Camoayali­
ba sigiJis saxeoba, romelsac, gavbedav, davarqva anarqia“.14
aq niSandoblivia „gaufasurebuli qaRaldis fulis“
xseneba. erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelmac federalistebi aiZu­
la, moewviaT sakonstitucio konventi, pirvel rigSi, iyo
ara mxolod myari fulis (ingl. hard money _ igulisxmeba is
Tanxebi, romlebic winasaarCevno kampaniebis Casatareblad
politikur partiebs misdis sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi-
dan, biznesis mxardamWeri asociaciebidan da a.S. red.) poli­
tikis winaaRmdeg amboxebebisa da areulobebis mowyobis
safrTxe, romlis SeCerebac samxedro Zalis saSualebiT
SeiZleboda, aramed saSiSroeba imisa, rom „demokratiul“
Zalebs SesaZloa, daekavebinaT Statis saxelmwifo Tanam­
debobebi da daewyoT sakuTari valutis beWdva _ rogorc
jorj vaSingtonma, im droisTvis yvelaze mdidarma ada­
mianma amerikaSi, ise Tomas jefersonma, amgvari sqemebis
meSveobiT TavianTi piradi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili
dakarges. es aris swored is, rac ukve daiwyo pensilvani­
aSi, sadac uaryofil iqna qonebrivi cenzi xmis micemisas
da male mis Tvalwin Camoyalibda saxalxo sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba, romelmac 1785 wels jer gaauqma robert
morisis centraluri bankis wesdeba, xolo Semdeg daiwyo
205
sqemis SemuSaveba saxelmwifo kreditis sistemis Sesaqmne­
lad. es unda ganxorcielebuliyo qaRaldis fulis meSveo­
biT, romelic imisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, rom droTa gan­
mavlobaSi gaufasurebuliyo, gaeTavisuflebina movaleebi
da xeli SeeSala birJis saqmosnebisaTvis. saxalxo fraqci­
is erT-erTi lideri, kvakeri mqadagebeli herman hasbendi
(romelsac ruSis msgavsi adamianebi „alegeinel (alegeini
_ qalaqi pensilvaniis StatSi, romelic 1907 wels SeuerTda
pitsburgs. red.) giJad“ moixseniebdnen) saqveynod acxadeb­
da, rom amgvari RonisZiebebi gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan
uzarmazari qonebrivi uTanasworoba xels uSlida Tavisu­
fal adamianebad dabadebul moqalaqeebs, monawileoba mi­
eRoT politikaSi.* rodesac amerikis saxelmwifos fuZem­
deblebi, maT Soris morisic, 1787 wels filadelfiaSi Sei­
kribnen, ganzraxuli hqondaT, win aRdgomodnen damRupveli
zegavlenis gavrcelebas. yrilobaze gamarTuli debatebis
Taviseburebebs CavwvdeT, SegviZlia ganvixiloT virjiniis
maSindeli gubernatoris, edmund rendolfis Sesavali si­
tyva. arc pensilvaniaSi da arc mis farglebs gareT, sxva
Statebis konstituciebi ar Seicavda sakmaris garantiebs
„xalxis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis“ winaaRmdeg:
„CvenTvis mTavari saSiSroeba Cveni konstituciebis de­
mokratiuli nawilebidan momdinareobs. esaa maqsima, ro­
melic, mimaCnia rom udavoa: Zala xelisuflebisa, rodesac
marTvis sadaveebi xalxs upyria xelT, nTqavs sxva saSuale­
bebs. arc erT konstitucias ar gaaCnia sakmarisi meqanizme­
bi demokratiis gasakontroleblad. virjiniis ususuri
senati iluzorulia. merilends ufro Zlieri senati hyavs,
magram ukanasknelma mRelvarebam am StatSi dagvanaxva, rom
igi sakmaod Zlieri ar yofila. niu-iorkisa da masaCuset­
sis konstituciebiT dadgenili demokratiis makontrole­
* hasbendi moiTxovda miwis sakuTrebis SedarebiT Tanabar gadanawilebasac im
motiviT, rom qonebrivi uTanasworoba demokratiul monawileobas Seasustebda.
aseve moiTxovda, rom saarCevno olqebi mcire yofiliyo, rom warmomadgenlebs
TavianT amomrCevlebTan regularulad urTierTobis SesaZlebloba hqonodaT.
savaraudod, adamsi swored mis am SeniSvnebs gulisxmobda, rodesac xmaTa um­
ravlesobis principiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis safrTxeebze saubrobda.

206
beli saSualebebi jer kidev SedarebiT gamZle bariers war­
moadgens demokratiisaTvis, Tumca, rogorc Cans, isinic
arasakmarisia“.*
kanadelma politologma, frensis diupiui-derim Sead­
gina zusti gegma, Tu rogor iyenebdnen sityva „demokra­
tias“ wamyvani politikuri figurebi aSS-Si, safrangeTsa da
kanadaSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi da yvela SemTxvevaSi zustad
erTi da igive modeli aRmoaCina. roca es sityva pirvelad
gavrcelda 1770-1800 wlebSi, is gamoiyeneboda mxolod
Sercxvenisa da Seuracxyofis aRsaniSnavad. frang revo­
lucionerebsac TiTqmis iseve sZagdaT „demokratia“, ro­
gorc maT amerikel kolegebs. mas ganixilavdnen, rogorc
anarqias, xelisuflebis naklovanebas da boboqar qaoss.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTebma xSirad am sityvis erT­
gvari provokaciis saxiT gamoyeneba daiwyes: magaliTad,
rodesac robespierma gagania teroris dros sakuTari Tavi
demokratad moixsenia, anda, roca 1800 wels Tomas je­
fersonma (romelsac Tavis adreul naSromebSi sityva „de­
mokratia“ arasodes uxsenebia**, magram, miuxedavad amisa,
adamss arCevnebSi konkurencias uwevda, rogorc radikali;
romelic TanaugrZnobda valis gamo mowyobili amboxebebis
organizatorebs da sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda central­
uri bankis sqemebs) gadawyvita, Tavisi partiisTvis saxeli
gadaerqmia da misTvis „demokratiuli respublikelebi“
ewodebina.

* es pasaJi epigrafad uZRvis uiliam hoglendis „viskis ajanyebas“. masSi xaz­

gasmulia, Tu ramdenad frTxilad iqna Sedgenili saboloo dokumenti, rom
Tavidan aecilebina demokratiis amoqmedeba.
** jefersonis Sromebis Tormet tomSi sityva „demokratia“ mxolod erTxel
gvxvdeba (!) da isic mxolod semuel von pufendorfis sityvebis citirebisas,
sadac is SeTanxmebiT dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesaxeb saubrobs. rasakvir­
velia, amerikis saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebs Soris jefersoni yvelaze axlos
idga uSualo demokratiis dacvasTan Tavisi cnobili TeoriiT qveynis aTasobiT
„administraciul raionad“ dayofis Sesaxeb, romlebic imdenad patara unda yo­
filiyo, rom sazogadoebrivi CarTuloba uzrunveleyo; es saSualebas miscemda
moqalaqeebs, SeenarCunebinaT saxalxo mobilizacia im formiT, rogoric rev­
oluciis periodSi dadasturda; magram am raionebsac ki is patara respublike­
bad moixseniebda.

207
 Tumca xalxis metyvelebaSi terminis damkvidrebas mainc
garkveuli dro dasWirda.
1830-1850 wlebSi aSS-sa da safrangeTSi politikosebma
daiwyes sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba demokratebTan, xolo „de­
mokratias“ saarCevno reJimis aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen, miuxe­
davad imisa, rom saxelis gadarqmevas arc sakonstitucio
cvlileba edo safuZvlad da arc gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesis gardaqmna. SeerTebul StatebSi ase pirvelad
Seicvala mniSvneloba terminma. endriu jeksoni iyo pirve­
li saprezidento kandidati, romelmac Tavi „demokratad“
waradgina; es iyo iarliyi, romliTac, misi azriT, daicavda
„patara adamianebis“ interesebs (kerZod, fermerebisas _ Sua
dasavleTis mcire teritoriaze da Savi muSebisas _ aRmosav­
leTis did qalaqebSi) ZlierTagan (biurokratebisgan da
politikosebisgan _ vaSingtonSi da privilegirebuli fenis
warmomadgenlebisgan _ did qalaqebSi).15
jeksoni kenWs iyrida, rogorc populisti. is kvlav il­
aSqrebda centraluri sabanko sistemis winaaRmdeg, romlis
droebiTi demontaJic man moaxerxa. diupiui-deris TqmiT,
„jeksonma da misma momxreebma kargad icodnen, rom maT mier
sityva „demokratiis“ gamoyeneba Zalian hgavda imas, rasac
dRes politikur marketings uwodeben“; es, Tavisi arsiT,
cinikuri oini iyo, magram iseTi warmatebuli aRmoCnda,
rom aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela politikuri partiis
yvela kandidati sakuTar Tavs „demokratad“ moixseniebda.
raki msgavsi ram moxda yvelgan _ safrangeTSi, inglisSi,
kanadaSi _ sadac ki arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba im­
denad xelmisawvdomi gaxda, rom xmis micema uamrav rigiT
moqalaqes SeeZlo, amis gamo TviT „demokratiis“, rogorc
terminis, mniSvnelobac Seicvala, Tanac imdenad, rom TviT
saguldagulod damuSavebul respublikur sistemasac ki,
romelic saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebma mkveTrad gamoxat­
uli mizniT Seqmnes _ rom demokratiis safrTxeebi See­
Cerebina _ Tavidan daarqves saxeli da mas „demokratia“
uwodes, romelic imas aRniSnavda, ra mniSvnelobiTac Cven
mas dRemde viyenebT.
208
 cxadia, maSin sityva „demokratia“rigiTi amerikelebisT­
vis sxva rames aRniSnavda, iseve, rogorc rigiTi frangebisa
da ingliselebisTvis, xolo politikuri elitis wevrebi­
sTvis sul sxva mniSvneloba hqonda. saxeldobr, ras niS­
navda is? Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis SezRuduli bune­
bidan gamomdinare, ver vigebT, magaliTad, ra argumentebi
unda wamoeyenebina niu-iorkelma xalxs, roca man „daiwyo
fiqri da azrovneba“ _ Cven SegviZlia, mxolod vivaraudoT.
magram, vfiqrob, SegviZlia, zogierTi ZiriTadi principi
aRvadginoT.
upirveles yovlisa, roca ganaTlebuli fenebis wevrebi
saubrobdnen „demokratiaze“, isini gulisxmobdnen xelisu­
flebis sistemas, romelic warsuls, kerZod ki, antikur
samyaros, ukavSirdeboda. rigiTi amerikelebi ki, rogorc
Cans, piriqiT, ganixilavdnen mas, rogorc dRes vityodiT,
bevrad ufro farTo socialur da kulturul WrilSi: „de­
mokratia“ iyo Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, ubralo fermer­
isa Tu vaWris SesaZlebloba, sakuTari Tavis pativiscemiT,
pirovnuli Rirsebis grZnobiT miemarTa masze „ukeTesebi­
saTvis“ _ es iyo, garkveulwilad, samyaros ufro farTo
demokratiuli aRqma, romelic male Zlier STabeWdilebas
moaxdens iseT ucxoel damkvirveblebze, rogoricaa aleq­
sis de tokvili, roca isini ori Taobis Semdeg isaubreben
„amerikaSi demokratiis“ Sesaxeb. Zneli iqneba, aRvadginoT
am aRqmis masazrdoebeli fesvebi, iseve, rogorc realuri
winapirobebi bevri im politikuri inovaciisa, romlebmac
XVIII saukunis didi revoluciebi warmoSva. magram, rogorc
Cans, isini iq araa, sadac veZebT.
erTi mizezi, ris gamoc ase gviZneldeba demokratiis
Sesaxeb warmodgenebisa da maT mier STagonebuli organi­
zebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis yoveldRiuri formebis
istoriis aRdgena, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven miveCvieT,
ambavi raRac gansakuTrebulad gadmovceT. es aris ambavi,
romelic, realurad, pirveli msoflio omis kvaldakval
moxda, maSin, roca SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis zo­
gierTma universitetma sajarod ganacxada, rom demokra­
209
tia ganuyofeli nawili iyo imisa, rasac isini „dasavlur
civilizacias“ uwodebdnen. Tavad mosazreba, rom arse­
bobda raRac, rasac „dasavluri civilizacia“ erqva, maSin
SedarebiT axali iyo: vaSingtonis an jefersonis dros es
gamoTqma uSinaarso iqneboda. istoriis am axali versiis
mixedviT, romelic male amerikeli konservatorebis sax­
arebad iqca, da romelsac yvela naboZebad miiCnevs, de­
mokratia warmoadgens xmis micemaze damyarebul insti­
tuciuri struqturebis kompleqts, romelic pirvelad
antikur aTenSi „gamoigones“ da Semdeg rogorRac grandio­
zul tradiciad iqca, romelmac saberZneTidan imogzaura
romsa da Sua saukuneebis inglisSi, gadavida renesansis
drois italiaSi da Semdeg sabolood daido bina Crdilo
atlantikis teritoriaze. axla aq misi mSobliuri keraa. es
is formulireba gaxlavT, romlis daxmarebiTac civi omis
yofil monawileebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, semuel han­
tingtoni (1927-2008, amerikeli sociologi da politologi.
red.) SeuZliaT, amtkicon, rom Cven axla CarTuli varT
„civilizaciaTa omSi“ Tavisufal da demokratiul dasav­
leTTan, romelic amaod cdilobs, yvela danarCens Tavs
moaxvios Tavisi faseulobebi. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
es sakiTxis mikerZoebuli, calmxrivi gaSuqebis naTel mag­
aliTs warmoadgens. mTel am msjelobas araviTari azri
ara aqvs. pirvel rigSi, erTaderTi, rac volters, medi­
sonsa da gledstons antikuri saberZneTis mosaxleobas­
Tan akavSirebdaT, iyo is, rom isini antikuri saberZneTis
literaturaze iyvnen gazrdili. magram, Tuki dasavluri
tradicia, ubralod, inteleqtualuri mimarTulebaa da
sxva araferi, maSin rogor SeiZleba, mas demokratiuli vu­
wodoT? faqtobrivad, arc erTi Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli
berZeni avtori ar yofila demokratiis mxardamWeri, da,
sul mcire, 2400 wlis manZilze, faqtobrivad yvela avtori,
romelic dRes „dasavlur civilizaciasTan“ aris gaigive­
buli, calsaxad antidemokratiuli iyo. Tuki vinmes eyo­
fa gambedaoba da am sakiTxze miuTiTebs, konservatorebi,
Cveulebriv, Temas Secvlian da ityvian, rom „dasavleTi“
210
warmoadgens kulturul tradicias, romlis unikalurma
siyvarulma Tavisuflebisadmi ukve pova asaxva Sua sauku­
neebis iseT dokumentebSi, rogoricaa Magna Carta (inglisis
mefis, jon umiwawylos mier 1215 wels mier xelmowerili „Ta-
visuflebis didi qartia“, romelic, sxva aqtebTan erTad, in-
glisis sakonstitucio praqtikis safuZvlad iTvleba. red.),
da mxolod revoluciebis xanas eloda, rom amoexeTqa. es
cota ufro damajereblad JRers. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amiT
aixsneba xalxis aRtaceba demokratiiT iseT qveynebSi, ro­
goricaa SeerTebuli Statebi da safrangeTi, elitis mxri­
dan sayovelTao ukmayofilebis fonzec ki. magram Tu am
midgomas daveTanxmebiT da vityviT, rom „dasavleTi“ mar­
Tlac Rrma kulturuli tradiciaa, maSin am gavrcelebuli
versiis danarCen nawilebs Soris logikuri kavSiri irRve­
va. erTi mxriv, rogor SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom dasavluri
tradicia saberZneTSi iwyeba? bolos da bolos, Tu kul­
turis kriteriumebiT visaubrebT, adamianebi, romlebmac
dRemde moaRwies da yvelaze metad gvanan Zvel berZnebs, ra
Tqma unda, Tanamedrove berZnebi arian. magram umravlesoba
im xalxisa, romelic xotbas asxams „dasavlur tradicias“,
saberZneTs dasavleTis nawilad aRarc ki ganixilavs _ es
qveyana aSkarad CamorCeba ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT daax­
loebiT Cv.w. 600 wlidan, rodesac qristianoba mimarTule­
bebad daSlis mcdar gzas daadga.
faqtobrivad, „dasavleTi“ amJamindeli Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTviT SeiZleba TiTqmis yvelafers gulisxmobdes.
misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia inteleqtualuri tradiciis,
kulturuli tradiciis, politikuri Zalauflebis adg­
ilmdebareobis („dasavluri intervencia“) da rasobrivi
kuTvnilebis aRsaniSnavadac ki („avRaneTSi aRmoCenili sxe­
ulebi, rogorc irkveva, dasavleTis mcxovreblebisa iyo“).
es met-naklebad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra momentSi, ra
konteqstSi iyeneben mas.
maSin gasakviri araa, Tu ratom reagireben ase gaSmage­
biT amerikeli konservatorebi, roca vinme amerikas pirv­
elobaSi ecileba, rogorc „dasavluri civilizaciis“ Semo­
211
qmeds, radganac „dasavluri civilizacia“ warmoadgens,
arsebiTad, imas, rac Tavad amerikelebma SeTxzes. araTan­
mimdevrulobis miuxedavad, is erTaderT sicocxlisunar­
ian idead SeiZleba CaiTvalos imaT Soris, romlebic maT
odesme moufiqrebiaT. Tu gvinda, rom marTla gaverkveT
demokratiis namdvil istoriaSi, maSin yvelaferi es ganze
unda gadavdoT da daviwyoT nulidan. Tu dasavleT ev­
ropas ar ganvixilavT, rogorc raRac gansakuTrebulad
gamorCeul mxares, maSin marTla ras vxedavT XVI, XVII da
XVIII saukuneebSi?
pirvel rigSi, vxedavT Crdilo atlantikur samefoTa
jgufs, romlebic TandaTan Sordebodnen qveynis marTva­
Si xalxis monawileobis adreul formebs da TiTqmis yov­
elTvis ayalibebdnen ufro da ufro centralizebul, ab­
solutistur mTavrobebs. ar dagaviwydeT, rom im dromde
CrdiloeT evropa erTgvar Waobs warmoadgenda. am peri­
odis ganmavlobaSi evropuli sxvadasxva tipis gaerTianebe­
bi farTovdeboda yvela mimarTulebiT _ sazRvargareTTan
vaWrobis proeqtebiT, aziis, afrikisa da amerikis terito­
riebis dapyrobiTa da kolonizaciiT, garda amisa, Tvals
mogWridaT axali, ucxo da uCveulo politikuri ideebis
uTavbolo siWarbe. evropeli inteleqtualebis umravle­
soba am ideebis gacnobis Semdeg dainteresda maTi gamoy­
enebiT, raTa ufro Zlierad centralizebuli monarqiebis
modelebi SeeqmnaT: magaliTad, germaneli swavluli laib­
nici, romlis STagonebis wyarosac CineTi warmoadgenda,
Tavisi kulturuli erTgvarovnebis, nacionaluri sagamoc­
do sabWoebisa da gonivrulad awyobili saxelmwifo samo­
qalaqo samsaxuris gamo; anda monteskie, romelsac cnobis­
moyvareobas sparseTis magaliTi aRuZravda. danarCenebi
(magaliTad, jon loki, an bevri sxva ingliseli politikis
filosofosi, romlebic ase moswondaT fuZemdebel „mam­
ebs“) moxiblulni iyvnen CrdiloeT amerikaSi iseTi sazoga­
doebebis aRmoCeniT, romlebic bevrad ufro egalitaruli
da gacilebiT individualisturi iyo, vidre amas evro­
pelebi odesme warmoidgendnen.
212
 evropaSi uxvad hqondaT traqtatebi da argumentebi
am axlad aRmoCenili socialuri SesaZleblobebis mniSvn­
elobis, maTi politikuri da moraluri Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
amerikul koloniebSi es ar iyo, ubralod, inteleqtual­
uri gansjis obieqti. CrdiloeT amerikis pirveli evro­
peli kolonistebi ara marto paradoqsul mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen, radgan uSualo kavSiri unda daemyarebinaT
mkvidr mosaxleobasTan da axal garemoSi Tavis gadarCe­
nis mizniT iZulebuli iyvnen, maTi bevri Cveuleba Seeswav­
laT, amave dros, devnidnen da metwilad anadgurebdnen
maT. am procesSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc pirveli
kolonistebis TemTa liderebis skandaluri Canawerebidan
vigebT) Tavad isini, da gansakuTrebiT ki maTi Svilebi, Tan­
daTanobiT ukve ise iqceodnen, rogorc indielebi.
es mniSvnelovania, radgan amerikul demokratiaze ab­
origenTa sazogadoebebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb wamowyebuli
debatebisas xSirad mxedvelobidan gamorCebaT xolme is
Rrma kulturuli transformacia, romelic am process
mohyva. 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, am Temaze cxare
debatebi imarTeba. samecniero literaturaSi mas, Cveu­
lebriv, moixsenieben, rogorc „debatebs aborigenTa ze­
gavlenis Sesaxeb“. mecnierebs, romlebmac isini wamoiwyes,
istorikosebs, donald grinds (Tavadac warmoSobiT in­
diels) da brius iohansens, gacilebiT damajerebeli argu­
mentebi mohyavdaT, magram polemika Temas gascda da erTi
konkretuli sakiTxis irgvliv gagrZelda: warmoadgenda
Tu ara Tavdapirvelad amerikis konstituciis garkveuli
elementebis, kerZod, misi federaluri struqturis, ST­
agonebis wyaros „hodenoSaunis eqvsi eris liga“ (the League
of Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee), anu „irokezebi“ (XVI sauku-
neSi daarsebuli kavSiri, liga, romelic moicavda indielTa
tomebs _ mohaukebs, oneidas, onondagas, kaiugas, senekas; mas
mogvianebiT SeuerTda tuskaroras tomi. red.). es debati
1977 wels daiwyo, roca grindma miuTiTa, rom koloniebis
federaciad Camoyalibebis idea, rogorc Cans, pirvelad
onondagas elCis, kanasategos, mier iyo SeTavazebuli 1744
213
wels lankasteris xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT gamar­
Tuli molaparakebebis dros. eqvs koloniasTan cal-calke
molaparakebiT rom daiRala, man Suaze gadaamtvria isa­
ri, raTa eCvenebina, Tu ra advili iyo misi gatexa, Semdeg
aiRo eqvsi isris Sekvra da Tanamosaubreebs imaves gakeTe­
ba sTxova (es Sekvra dResac aris gamosaxuli SeerTebuli
Statebis saxelmwifo emblemaze, Tumca isrebis raodenoba
cametamde gaizarda). benjamin franklinma, romelic mo­
laparakebebSi monawileobda, SemdgomSi SesTavaza kol­
oniebs, mieRoT federaluri sistema, Tumca pirvel etapze
am ideam warmateba ver moipova.
grindi pirveli ar yofila, vinc ivarauda, rom „iroke­
zebis“ federalur instituciebs SesaZloa, garkveuli ze­
gavlena hqonoda amerikis konstituciaze. msgavsi ideebi
XIX saukuneSic wamouyenebiaT xolme, magram maSin gansa­
kuTrebul safrTxes an raime RirsSesaniSnavs amaSi veravin
xedavda. es sakiTxi 1980-ian wlebSi kidev erTxel wamo­
swies wina planze, ramac mrisxanebis namdvili afeTqeba
gamoiwvia. kongresma daamtkica kanonproeqti, romelic
aRiarebda hodenoSaunis wvlils, xolo konservatorebi
ewinaaRmdegebodnen yvelanair winadadebas, romelic kon­
stituciis fuZemdeblebze, „dasavluri civilizaciis“
tradiciis garda, sxva zegavlenas gulisxmobda. TiTqmis
yvela warmoSobiT indielma mecnierma miiRo es mosazre­
ba, romelic kanonproeqtSi iyo gamoTqmuli, magram isini
aseve xazs usvamdnen, rom es iyo, ubralod, erTi nimuSi
gacilebiT yovlismomcveli procesisa, romlis drosac
kolonistebi Tavisuflebismoyvare aborigenTa sazoga­
doebebis Cveulebebis gavlenis qveS moeqcnen. amave dros,
rogorc anTropologebi (warmoSobiT araindielebi, rom­
lebic Seiswavlidnen „eqvs ers“) ), ise amerikis konstitu­
ciis istorikosebi, moiTxovdnen, rom aqcenti mxolod sa­
konstitucio sakiTxze gakeTebuliyo da ganxilvis gareSe,
gadaWriT uaryofdnen arguments. es gulisxmobda mtkice­
bas: miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos fuZemdebelTagan
bevri iRebda monawileobas hodenoSaunis federaciasTan
214
xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT gamarTul molaparakebebSi,
da is iyo erTaderTi federaluri sistema, romelTanac
TiToeul maTgans uSualo urTierToba akavSirebda, am ga­
mocdilebas araviTari roli ar uTamaSia maTi azrovnebis
procesSi, rodesac maT TviTon daiwyes fiqri imaze, Tu
rogor SeeqmnaT federaluri sistema.
erTi SexedviT, uCveulo gancxadebaa. mizezi ki imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom „federalistis Canawerebis“ avtorebi,
rodesac Riad ganixilaven sxvadasxva saxis federaluri
sistemis upiratesobebs da uaryofiT mxareebs, arasodes
axseneben sistemas, romelic maT sakuTari TvaliT naxes,
isini saubroben imaze, romlis Sesaxebac mxolod waukiTx­
avT: „msajulTa wignis“ droindel iudeis organizaciebze,
aqavelTa kavSirze, Sveicariis konfederaciaze, nider­
landebis gaerTianebul provinciebze. roca isini abori­
genebs exebodnen, Cveulebriv, maT „amerikel velurebs“
uwodebdnen, da xandaxan xotbasac asxamdnen, rogorc indi­
vidualuri Tavisuflebis nimuSebs, da swored am mizezis
gamo maTi politikuri gamocdileba aRniSnuli sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT absoluturad Seusabamo iyo. magaliTad, jon
adamsi maT Zvel goTebs adarebda, romlebic, misi azriT,
uCveuloni iyvnen, radgan SeeZloT, mxari daeWiraT qvey­
nis marTvis garkveulwilad demokratiuli sistemisTvis,
Tanac ise, rom agresiul areulobaSi ar CaeTriaT is. ad­
amsma daaskvna, rom amis gakeTeba orive am xalxs (goTebs da
amerikis aborigenebs) SeeZlo, radgan isini Zalian daqsaq­
sulebi da zarmacebi iyvnen saimisod, rom didZali qoneba
daegrovebinaT, da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc instituciebis
Seqmnas saWiroebdnen simdidris dasacavad.
Tumca mTeli es debatebi konstituciis Sesaxeb meo­
rexarisxovani iyo. es procesi emsaxureboda imis warmoCe­
nas, Tu ra nakiTxi da ganaTlebuli iyvnen miwaTmflobeli
zedafenebi, rogor argumentebsa da miniSnebebs miiCnevdnen
isini Sesaferisad sajaro debatebSi gamoyenebisTvis. mag­
aliTad, cxadia, rom fuZemdeblebma kargad icodnen kana­
sategos isrebis metaforis Sesaxeb (bolos da bolos, maT
215
xom isrebis gamosaxuleba TavianTi axali respublikis em­
blemazec ki daitanes), arc erT maTgans, arasodes, gakvri­
Tac ki ar uxsenebia is TavianT publicistur werilebSi,
sajaro gamosvlebSi Tu debatebSi. niu-iorkelma yasbebma
da fornebis xelosnebmac ki icodnen, rom zedafenebis war­
momadgenlebTan kamaTisas TavianTi argumentebi uamravi
klasikuri gamoTqmiT unda daemSvenebinaT.
Tu demokratiis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebis im
safuZvlebis Seswavla gvinda, romlebmac rigiTi niu-
iorkelebi simpaTiiT ganawyo, pirvel rigSi, demokrati­
uli mmarTvelobis ideis mimarT, an Tu gvsurs, gavarkvi­
oT, Tu sinamdvileSi sad miiRo xalxma koleqtiurad
gadawyvetilebis miRebis uSualo, praqtikuli gamocdile­
ba (rasac SesaZloa, gavlena moexdina maT mier demokratiis
aRqmaze), amisaTvis mxolod ganaTlebul miwaTmflobelTa
sastumro oTaxebSi Sexedva ar kmara. faqtobrivad, Cven
ukve aRmovCndiT iseT adgilebSi, romlebic, erTi Sexed­
viT, SeiZleba marTlac gasaocrad mogveCvenos. 1999 wels
erT-erTma wamyvanma Tanamedrove istorikosma, evropuli
demokratiis mkvlevarma, jon markofma gamoaqveyna ese sax­
elwodebiT: „sad da rodis gamoigones demokratia?“ Sem­
degi pasaJi swored am naSromidanaa: „is, rom lideroba ara
mxolod zemdgomi organos mier SeiZleba iqnas naboZebi,
aramed SesaZlebelia, moganiWos im adamianTa Tanxmobamac,
romelTa winamZRolic xar, savaraudod, Tanamedrove at­
lantikuri samyaros adreuli periodis mekobreTa gemebis
ekipaJebis gamocdilebas warmoadgenda. mekobreebis ekipa­
Jebi ara mxolod irCevdnen TavianT kapitnebs, aramed kar­
gad icnobdnen maT konkurent Zalasac (zemdegi mesaWisa
da gemis sabWos saxiT); aseve individsa da koleqtivs So­
ris saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs (rac dasturdeba gemis
ekipaJis wevrebTan dadebuli werilobiTi xelSekrulebis
formiT, romelic zustad gansazRvravda nadavlis wilebsa
da kompensaciis tarifebs samuSaoze miRebuli fizikuri
dazianebebisTvis)“.16

216
 es SeniSvna Zalian zedapirulia, magram, garkveuli Tval­
sazrisiT, avtors mainc Zalian mravlismetyveli magaliTi
mohyavs. Tuki XVIII saukunis mekobreTa gemebis organizaciuli
struqtura aris nimuSi, romliTac unda vixelmZRvaneloT,
gamodis, rom is saocrad demokratiuli yofila.17 kapitnebi
ara mxolod arCeviT xdebodnen, aramed isini, Cveulebriv, in­
dielTa omebis sardalTa msgavsadac moqmedebdnen: devnis an
brZolis dros sruli Zalaufleba eniWebodaT, xolo nebis­
mier sxva SemTxvevaSi ekipaJis rigiT wevrad moiazrebodnen.
gemebi, romelTa kapitnebsac ufro meti uflebamosileba
hqondaT miniWebuli, aseve iTxovdnen, rom ekipaJs hqonoda
ufleba, nebismier dros moeSorebina aseTi kapitani simxda­
lis, sisastikis an raime sxva mizezis gamo. yvela SemTxvevaSi
gadamwyveti Zalaufleba eniWeboda saerTo krebas, romelic
xSirad yvelaze umniSvnelo sakiTxebsac ki umravlesobis mier
xelis awevis meSveobiT agvarebda.
es gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT meko­
breTa warmomavlobas. isini, ZiriTadad, meamboxeebi iyvnen,
mezRvaurebi, romlebic xSirad Tavdapirvelad iZulebiT
muSaobdnen atlantikis okeanis saporto qalaqebSi; isini au­
janydnen tiran kapitnebs da „mTel msoflios gamoucxades
omi“. es adamianebi xSirad klasikuri socialuri bandite­
bi xdebodnen, Surs iZiebdnen im kapitnebze, romlebic
Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen TavianT ekipaJebs, zogs aTavisu­
flebdnen, xolo maT, visac aravin uCioda, ajildoebdnen
kidec. ekipaJis Semadgenloba xSirad araCveulebrivad mra­
valferovani iyo. markus redikeris wignis, „yvela eris ar­
amzadebis“ (Villains of All Nations) Tanaxmad, „Black Sam Bella-
my-s ekipaJi 1717 wels uamravi eris nazavs warmoadgenda
_ moicavda britanelebs, frangebs, holandielebs, espan­
elebs, Svedebs, indielebs, afro-amerikelebs, da ociode
afrikels, romlebic monaTa gemidan gaeTavisuflebinaT.“18
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven saqme gvaqvs adamianebTan,
romlebsac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari gamocdilebiT
mainc ecodinebodaT uSualo demokratiuli institutebis
Zalian farTo speqtris Sesaxeb, Sveduri „Tingebidan“ (sab­
217
Woebi) dawyebuli, afrikuli soflis SekrebebiTa da in­
dielTa federaluri struqturebiT damTavrebuli; maT
xom uceb mouxdaT, sruliad moumzadeblad moefiqrebinaT
TviTmmarTvelobis erTgvari modeli, saxelmwifo struq­
turebis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi. mekobreTa
gemebi SesaniSnav kulturaTaSoris sivrces warmoadgenda
eqsperimentisTvis. im dros arsad, mTel atlantikur sa­
myaroSi, ar arsebobda ufro xelsayreli safuZveli axali
demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
moaxdina Tu ara XVIII saukunis adreul etapze atlan­
tikis okeanis mekobreTa gemebze dagrovilma demokrati­
ulma gamocdilebam pirdapiri an iribi zegavlena Crdil­
oatlantikuri samyaros demokratiuli konstituciebis
ganviTareba-daxvewaze 60-70 wlis Semdeg? SesaZlebelia.
eWvgareSea, rom XVIII saukunis ubralo niu-iorkeli xelo­
sani an vaWari Tavisufali drois did nawils atarebda
navsadguris barebSi, ludis kaTxiT xelSi, da mekobreebis
istoriebs ismenda. sensaciuri ambebi mekobreTa Sesaxeb
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da maT Sesaxeb, savaraudod,
medisonisa da jefersonis msgavs adamianebsac eqnebodaT
wakiTxuli, bavSvobaSi mainc. magram SeuZlebelia dazuste­
biT imis garkveva, aiRes Tu ara aseTma adamianebma raime
idea am istoriebidan; Tuki am ambebma raime saxis STabeW­
dileba moaxdines maTze, maSin es iqneboda ukanaskneli ze­
gavlena, romelsac isini sajarod aRiarebdnen.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom arsebobda erTgvari farTo
demokratiuli aracnobieri, romelic amerikuli revo­
luciis bevri ideisa da argumentis miRma moiazreba, im
ideebisa, romelTa warmomavloba rigiT moqalaqeebsac ki
uxerxulobas uqmnida, radgan isini ase mkafiod asocird­
eboda velurobasa da kriminalTan. mekobreebi amis yvelaze
naTel magaliTs warmoadgenen. ufro mniSvnelovani Crdil­
oamerikul koloniebSi iyo frontiris (igulisxmeba e.w.
veluri dasavleTi, romelic moicavda axlandeli Crdilo
da samxreT dakotis, montanis, vaiomingis, kolorados, kan-
zasis, nebraskis, oklahomisa da teqsasis Statebis terito-
218
riebs, sadac XIX saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurad daiwyes
gadasaxleba aRmosavleTidan. red.) sazogadoebebi. Tumca is
adreuli koloniebi gacilebiT hgavda mekobreTa gemebs,
vidre warmogvidgenia. veluri dasavleTis Temebi SeiZleba
ise kompaqturad dasaxlebuli ar yofiliyo, rogori sim­
Widrovec iyo mekobreTa gemebze, an maT, SesaZloa, mud­
mivi TanamSromloba sulac ar sWirdebodaT, magram isini
kulturaTaSorisi improvizaciis sivrces warmoadgendnen,
da iseve, rogorc mekobreTa gemebi, metwilad saxelmwifos
kanonis moqmedebis miRma imyofebodnen. es bolo xania, rac
istorikosebma daiwyes imis dokumenturad mtkiceba, Tu
rogor gadajaWvulni iyvnen erTmaneTze kolonistebisa da
aborigenebis Temebi sawyis periodSi.19 kolonistebma SeiT­
vises indielebis sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi, tansac­
meli, medikamentebi, Cveulebebi da omis warmarTvis wese­
bi. isini CarTuli iyvnen vaWrobaSi, xSirad gverdigverd
cxovrobdnen, zogjer erTmaneTze qorwindebodnen, magram
iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic wlebis manZilze tyveebiviT
cxovrobdnen indielTa TemebSi, vidre sakuTar saxlebs
daubrundebodnen, Tumca swavlobdnen maT mSobliur enas,
wes-Cveulebebs da sxv. istorikosebi, upirveles yovlisa,
miuTiTebdnen im gamudmebul SiSze, romelic koloniuri
Temebisa da samxedro gaaerTianebebis liderebs hqondaT,
rom maTi xelqveiTebi iseve SeiTvisebdnen indielebis­
gan Tanasworobisa da individualuri Tavisuflebisadmi
damokidebulebas, rogorc Tavad iswavles tomahavkis, vam­
pumisa (niJarebis yelsabami, romelsac hqonda samkaulis,
fulis, ceremoniebis atributis funqcia. red.) da kanoes
gamoyeneba.
amas mohyva kulturuli transformacia, romelmac
gavlena iqonia kolonistebis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela
aspeqtze. magaliTad, puritanebi miiCnevdnen, rom bavS­
vebis aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda fizikur
dasjas: rozgi iyo saWiro imisaTvis, rom bavSvebisTvis
eswavlebinaT Zalauflebis mniSvneloba, moedrikaT maTi

219
nebisyofa (pirvelqmnili codviT Selaxuli); maTi azriT,
rogorc ­cxens an sxva cxovels sWirdeba gaxedna, zustad
iseTi aucilebelia rozgi zrdasrulTa cxovrebaSi, raTa
colebi da mosamsaxureebi disciplinas mieCvion. indiel­
Ta umravle­ soba ki piriqiT, Tvlida, rom bavSvebis cema
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda. 1690-ian wlebSi bos­
tonis cnobili kalvinisti mRvdeli koton maTeri, rome­
lic mekobreebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda da maT kaco­
briobis ubedurebasa da sasjels uwodebda, ukmayofile­
bas gamoTqvamda, rom misi Tanamoazre kolonistebi swor
gzas aacdina „axali samyaros“ Tavisufalma, moSvebulma
atmosferom da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yvelafrisadmi
uzrun­velma, udardelma damokidebulebam: isini moeqcnen,
rogorc man uwoda, „indianizaciis“ zegavlenis qveS, raki
uars ambobd­nen TavianTi Svilebis fizikur dasjaze, riT­
ac Zirs uTxridnen disciplinis, ierarqiisa da dadgenili
normebis, wesebis dacvis im principebs, romlebsac unda
emarTa urTierTobebi patronsa da mosamsaxures Soris,
mama­kacsa da qals Soris, axalgazrdasa da moxucs Soris:

„miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli ingliseli ­plantatorebi

am qveyanaSi Tavad uZRvebodnen sakuTar ojaxebs, da Tan
arc disciplina da simkacre akldaT, aqaurma atmosferom
mainc Seuwyo xeli Cvens indianizacias. xalxi imdenad mo­
dunda, rom xeli aiRo wesebis dacvaze da mTlad gamovida
mwyobridan. bavSvebisadmi es suleluri Semwynarebloba ki
qveynis totalur ubedurebad iqca, rasac, savaraudod,
bevri savalalo Sedegi mohyveba“.20

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdenadac kolonistebs

Soris gaRviveba daiwyo individualisturma, Semwynare­
blurma, Tavisuflebismoyvare sulma, adreuli xanebis pu­
ritanma mamebma es pirdapir indielebs, anu „amerikelebs“
daabrales (im dros maT jer kidev ase moixseniebdnen,
radgan kolonistebi maSin jer isev ingliselebad Tvlidnen
Tavs da ara amerikelebad). „zegavlenis Sesaxeb gamarTul
220
debatebTan“ dakavSirebuli erT-erT paradoqsi is gaxl­
daT, rom, federalur sistemaze „irokezebis“ zegavlenis
garSemo atexili mTeli am aJiotaJis fonze, koloniebSi
mcxovrebma Cveulebrivma ingliselebma da frangebma mx­
olod mas Semdeg CaTvales Tavi „amerikelebad“, Tavisu­
flebismoyvare axali tipis adamianebad, roca gaiazres,
rom sul ufro emsgavsebodnen indielebs. grindi da iohan­
senic swored amis xazgasmas cdilobdnen.
is, ris Tqmac SeiZleboda bostonis msgavs qalaqebze,
kidev ufro metad Seefereboda velur dasavleTs, gansa­
kuTrebiT im Temebs, romlebic xSirad mepatroneebs gamo­
qceuli monebisa da mosamsaxureebisagan Sedgeboda (es
ukanasknelni „indielebi gaxdnen“ da absoluturad kolon­
iuri xelisuflebis kontrolis miRma imyofebodnen);21 an
kunZul-anklavebze, sadac gaTavisuflebuli monebis, mez­
Rvaurebis, gemebis meZavebis, renegatebis, amoralistebisa
da meamboxeebis Wreli krebuli cxovrobda, romelsac is­
torikosebi, piter linbo da markus redikeri „atlantikis
proletariats“ uwodebdnen. isini Tanamedrove rasizmis
aRmocenebamde dafuZndnen Crdiloatlantikuri samyaros
saporto qalaqebSi da, savaraudod, pirvelad maTgan
wamovida amerikis (da ara mxolod amerikis) revoluciis
demokratiuli impulsebi.22 maTeris msgavsi adamianebic
daeTanxmebodnen am mosazrebas: igi xSirad werda, rom ve­
luri dasavleTis dasaxlebebze indielebis Setevebi RvTis
sasjeli iyo amgvari xalxisTvis, radgan maT miatoves Ta­
vianTi kanonieri patronebi da ise cxovrobdnen, rogorc
indielebi.
Tu istoriuli wyaroebi WeSmaritebas RaRadeben, maSin
mrCeba STabeWdileba, rom demokratiuli sulis (da sa­
varaudod, mravali demokratiuli institutis) namdvili
sawyisi swored improvizaciis im sivrceebSi Zevs, romle­
bic xelisuflebisa da organizebuli eklesiebis kontro­
lis miRma arsebobdnen. SemiZlia davamato, rom maT Soris
aris Tavad hodenoSaunic. liga (kavSiri) pirvelad Camo­
yalibda (ucnobia, zustad rodis) xelSekrulebis saxiT
221
senekas, onondagas, kaiugas, oneidasa da mohauks Soris (me­
eqvse tomi, tuskarora, mas mogvianebiT SeuerTda), da mis
mizans uTanxmoebis dros Suamdgomlobis gaweva da mSvi­
dobis damyareba warmoadgenda. magram XVII saukuneSi, misi
gafarToebis periodSi, is xalxis saocar nazavad gadaiqca,
romlis umetes nawils sxva adgilobriv erebTan omis dros
wamoyvanili tyveebi, datyvevebuli kolonistebi da dezer­
tirebi Seadgendnen. erTi iezuiti misioneri XVII saukuneSi,
gacxarebuli irokezebisa da frangebis omebis dros Cioda,
rom TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, senekas tomisTvis misive enaze
eqadaga, radgan iq bevri Tavisuflad ver flobda am enas!
XVIII saukuneSic ki, magaliTad, kanasategos, elCs, romel­
mac pirvelad SesTavaza kolonistebs federacia, mSoble­
bi onondagas tomidan hyavda, xolo svatane, hodenoSaunis
meore mTavari Suamavali kolonistebTan amave periodSi,
faqtobrivad, frangi gaxldaT _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi
mSoblebi kvebekeli frangebi iyvnen. yvela cocxali struq­
turis msgavsad, ligac mudmivad icvleboda, viTardeboda
da, udavoa, rom misi sabWos struqturis gonivruli wyoba
da STambeWdavi Rirsebac swored kulturaTa, tradiciebisa
da gamocdilebis amgvari SemoqmedebiTi nazavis Sedegi iyo.

ratom amtkiceben konservatorebi, rom demokratia an­

tikur saberZneTSi „gamoigones“ da Semdeg is rogorRac
memkvidreobiT gadaeca, rogorc TviTon uwodeben, „dasav­
lur civilizacias“ (miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali faqti
amis sapirispiros amtkicebs)? sabolood, es aris is, ra­
sac mdidrebi da Zlevamosilebi odiTganve akeTebdnen _
sxvisi Sromis nayofis miTviseba. es igivea, rom sakuTrebis
ufleba sasworze dado. sakuTrebis ufleba ki daculi
unda iyos. amitom, Tuki odesme vinme amartia senis (daib.
1933 w. indoeli ekonomisti. red.) msgavsi gamoCndeba, vinc
mkafiod gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss, rom demokratia aseve
iolad SeiZleba samxreT afrikis an indoeTis soflis sab­
WoebSi aRmovaCinoT (rogorc man axlaxan gaakeTa), amas
­maSinve mohyveba aRSfoTebuli gamoxmaurebebis talRa kon­
222
servatorul JurnalebSi da vebgverdebze, romlebic daiw­
yeben imis mtkicebas, rom es adamiani ver Caswvda arsebiTs,
yvelaze mniSvnelovans.
saerTod, yvela erTsulovnad aRiarebs, rom cnebebi _
simarTle, Tavisufleba, demokratia _ Zalian kargia, ma­
gram darwmunebuli iyaviT, veravin SeTanxmdeba imis gansaz­
Rvraze, Tu zustad ras warmoadgens TiToeuli maTgani.
magram rogorc ki dasvamT kiTxvas, Tu ratom moswons
amerikelebis umravlesobas is, an, zogadad, xalxis umete­
sobas _ demokratiis idea, sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexed­
uleba amis Sesaxeb ara mxolod nawilebad daiSleba, aramed
sruliad uadgiloc gaxdeba.
demokratia ar gamougoniaT antikur saberZneTSi. TviTon
sityva „demokratia“ swored aq gamoigones, magram, ZiriTa­
dad, im adamianebma, romlebsac didad ar moswondaT is.
sinamdvileSi demokratia arc arasodes „gamougoniaT“; arc
romelime konkretuli inteleqtualuri tradiciidan warmo­
Sobila. is, realurad, mTavrobis modelic ki ar aris. de­
mokratia, Tavisi arsiT, warmoadgens mxolod rwmenas, rom
adamianebi imTaviTve Tanasworni arian da unda mieceT ufle­
ba, nebismieri xelsayreli saSualebis gamoyenebiT, egalita­
rizmis principebiT warmarTon TavianTi erToblivi saqmeebi.
am yvelafers daemateba gulmodgine muSaoba, rac am princi­
pebze damyarebul sistemas daamkvidrebs cxovrebaSi.
am gagebiT, demokratia iseTive Zvelia, rogoric isto­
ria, da rogorc adamianis azrovnebis unari. savaraudod,
SeuZlebelia, is vinmes mflobelobaSi yofiliyo. vfiqrob,
Tu mavani moisurvebda, SeZlebda, polemika wamoewyo
sakiTxze, rom demokratia warmoiSva swored maSin, roca
hominidebma, ubralod, Sewyvites erTmaneTis daSineba da
ganuviTardaT komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi saerTo proble­
mebis erToblivad mogvarebisTvis. magram aseTi varaudi
ar gamogvadgeba; saqme isaa, rom demokratiul SekrebaTa
arseboba SeiZleba yvela drosa da adgilas dadasturdes,
balis sekaTi dawyebuli (bali _ xalxi indoneziaSi, kunZul
lombokze; seka _ sofluri dasaxlebis tipi indoneziaSi.
223
„seka“ TargmanSi ase JRers: „icxovro, rogorc erTma“. red.),
boliviis ailuTi damTavrebuli (ailu _ Temis tradiciuli
forma andebSi, kerZod, boliviasa da peruSi. red.), romle­
bic mravalferovan formalur procedurebs mimarTaven da
yovelTvis moulodnelad aRmocendebian iq, sadac ki adam­
ianTa didi jgufi Seikribeba koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad, im pirobiT, rom TiToeul monawiles sityvis
Tanabari ufleba eqneba.
erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc demokratiis istoriaze
saubrisas politologebs uadvildebaT, yuradReba ar mi­
aqcion amgvar adgilobriv asociaciebsa da Sekrebebs, imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom maT umravlesobaSi saqme xmis micemamde
arc ki midioda. mosazrebam, rom demokratia mxolod xmis
micemis sakiTxia (amerikis saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebic ase
Tvlidnen), SesaZloa, vinmes afiqrebinos, rom igi inovacia
da erTgvari konceptualuri aRmoCenaa: TiTqos wina epo­
qebSi arasodes momxdariyos, rom SemoTavazebis mxardaWer­
is gadamowmebis mizniT eTxovaT xalxisTvis, xelis aweviT,
Tixis natexze raRacis amokawvriT, anda didi moednis erT
mxares dadgomiT gamoexataT TavianTi pozicia. magram,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli istoriis manZilze xalxisT­
vis cnobili iyo, Tu rogor unda daeTvalaT xmebi, arse­
bobs safuZvliani mizezi, ratomac ar mimarTavdnen isini
am meTods, rogorc jgufuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
saSualebas. kenWisyra iwvevs ganxeTqilebas. Tu Tems ar
gaaCnia meqanizmebi, romelTa meSveobiTac aiZulebs Tavis
wevrebs, daemorCilon koleqtiur gadawyvetilebas, maSin
albaT sajaro diskusiebis ciklis mowyoba iqneba yvelaze
didi sisulele, romelSic erTi mxare aucileblad damar­
cxebuli aRmoCndeba; es ara mxolod xels Seuwyobda iseTi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, romlebsac Temis mTeli 49%
kategoriulad SeewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed maqsimalurad
gazrdida wyenas sazogadoebis im nawilSi, romelic yvelaze
metad saWiroebs darwmunebas, winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
winsvla ganagrZos. konsensusis miRwevis, ormxrivi Seg­
uebisa da kompromisis Ziebis procesi, romlis drosac
224
iseTi koleqtiuri gadawyvetileba miiRweva, romelsac,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, kategoriulad aravin SeewinaaRmdege­
ba, yvelaze metad Seefereba situaciebs, sadac isini, vinc
miRebul gadawyvetilebas xorci unda Seasxas, moklebulni
arian centralizebul biurokratias, kerZod, sistemuri
iZulebis saSualebebs. es saSualebebi, saWiroebis SemTx­
vevaSi, aiZulebda gabrazebul umciresobas, damorCilebo­
da im gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac is sulelurad, Seura­
cxmyofelad an arasamarTlianad miiCnevda.
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, warmoudgenelia, ipovo
erTad es orive elementi. kacobriobis mTeli istoriis
­
manZilze, swored egalitarul sazogadoebebs ar hqondaT
samxedro an policiuri aparatebi, romelTa gamoyenebiT
aiZulebdnen xalxs, gaekeTebinaT is, rac maT ar surdaT
(vgulisxmob mTel am sekebsa da ailuebs, romlebsac ze­
moT SevexeT); iq, sadac iZulebis saSualebebi arsebobda,
fiqradac aravis mosdioda, rom Cveulebrivi adamianebis
azrebic, ase Tu ise, mniSvnelovani iyo.
maSin sad vxvdebiT xmis micemas, anu kenWisyras? zogjer
sazogadoebebSi, sadac sajaro Sejibrebebi, rogorc sanax­
aobebi, normalur movlenad iTvleboda _ rogoricaa anti­
kuri saberZneTi (Zveli berZnebi yvelaferSi awyobdnen Se­
jibrebas) _ magram, umeteswilad, situaciebSi, sadac yvela,
vinc monawileobas iRebs SekrebaSi, aris SeiaraRebuli an,
sul mcire, gawvrTnilia iaraRis gamoyenebaSi. antikur sa­
myaroSi kenWisyra xdeboda, ZiriTadad, armiebSi. es kargad
hqonda gacnobierebuli aristoteles: berZnuli saxelmwifos
struqtura, aRniSnavda igi, didad aris damokidebuli samx­
edro Zalis mTavar iaraRze: Tu es kavaleriaa, maSin unda
velodeT aristokratias, Tu mZime qveiTi jaria, maSin xmis
ufleba gavrceldeba im mdidar mamakacebze, romelTac aqvT
imis SesaZlebloba, hqondeT saomari aRWurviloba, Tu igi
msubuqad SeiaraRebuli jarebis, mSvildosnebis, meSurdu­
leebis an samxedro-sazRvao flotisgan Sedgeba (rogorc aT­
enSi), maSin SesaZloa, iyos demokratia. analogiurad, romSic
xmaTa umravlesobis principiT imarTeboda saxalxo Sekrebebi
225
askacian samxedro SenaerTebSi; maT centuriebi ewodeboda.
instituts safuZvlad edo logikuri pozicia: Tu kaci Sei­
araRebuli iyo, misi mosazrebebi unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT.
uZvelesi samxedro SenaerTebi xSirad TavianT oficrebs Tvi­
Ton irCevdnen. gasagebia, Tu ratom hqonda azri umravle­
sobis principiT kenWisyras samxedro SenaerTebSi maSinac ki,
roca xmebi ase gadanawildeboda: 60/40; orive mxare Seiara­
Rebuli iyo; Tu saqme brZolamde mividoda, maleve naTeli
gaxdeboda, Tu vin gaimarjvebda. am models met-naklebi six­
SiriT mTeli istoriis manZilze iyenebdnen: magaliTad, 1600-
ian wlebSi, eqvsi eris sabWoebi (romelTa Zalisxmeva, pirvel
rigSi, mSvidobis damyarebas emsaxureboda) moqmedebdnen kon­
sensusis meTodiT, xolo mekobreTa xomaldebi, romlebic
saomar operaciebs axorcielebdnen, mimarTavdnen kenWisyras
xmaTa umravlesobis principiT.
yovelive es mniSvnelovania, radgan gviCvenebs, rom
safuZvels sulac ar yofila moklebuli XVIII saukunis
SeZlebuli patriotebis (Patriots _ ase uwodebdnen im kolo-
nistebs, romlebic britaneTis gavlenis winaaRmdeg ajanyd-
nen da 1776 wels aSS damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamoacxades.
red.) SiSi „aristokratTa“ gadasaxedidan _ roca isini „de­
mokratiis“ koSmarul suraTze dafiqrdebodnen, maSinve
warmoidgendnen, rogor iRebda gadawyvetilebebs SeiaraRe­
buli mosaxleobis umravlesoba xelis awevis saSualebiT.

demokratia aucileblad xmaTa umravlesobis prin­

cipze damyarebuli kenWisyriT ar ganisazRvreba; is ufro
koleqtiuri ganxilvis procesia, romelic srul da Tanas­
woruflebian monawileobas emyareba. demokratiuli Semo­
qmedebiToba ki, Tavis mxriv, savaraudod, maSin viTardeba,
roca arsebobs Zalian gansxvavebuli tradiciebis mqone
monawileebis mravalferovani krebuli, romelsac Tavisi
saerTo saqmeebis mowesrigebis mizniT aucileblad sWird­
eba axali gzebisa da saSualebebis mofiqreba, manamde arse­
buli totaluri mmarTvelobisgan damoukideblad.
dRevandel CrdiloeT amerikaSi anarqistebi (anu politi­
226
kuri filosofiis momxreebi, romlebic, zogadad, nebismieri
saxis mTavrobas ewinaaRmdegebodnen), ZiriTadad, arian isini,
vinc aqtiurad cdilobs, ganaviTaros da mxari dauWiros ze­
moaRwerilis msgavs demokratiul institutebs. anarqistis
gaigiveba demokratiis amgvar gagebasTan istoriisken migva­
brunebs. 1550 wels, an 1750 welsac ki, roca orive termini
salanZRav, Seuracxmyofel sityvebad iTvleboda, insinu­
atorebi xSirad iyenebdnen „demokratias“ „anarqiis“ nacvlad,
an, Sesabamisad, „demokrats“ „anarqistis“ magivrad. zogierTi
radikali ukve demonstraciulad axsenebda termins sakuTar
TavTan mimarTebiT. magram maSin, roca „demokratia“ Tan­
daTan gaxda is, risTvisac, yvela mixvda, rom mxari unda dae­
Wira (Tumca veravin Tanxmdeboda, zustad ras warmoadgenda
demokratia), „anarqiam“ sapirispiro datvirTva miiRo da bev­
risTvis Zaladobisa da areulobis sinonimad iqca.
maS, ra aris anarqizmi?
arsebiTad, termini mniSvneloba, ubralod, Semdegia:
„mmarTvelebis gareSe“. ise, rogorc demokratiis SemTx­
vevaSi, aqac anarqizmis istoriis or gansxvavebul versiaze
SeiZleba visaubroT. erTi mxriv, SegviZlia, gadavxedoT is­
torias sityvisa „anarqizmi“, romelic pier-Jozef prudonma
SemoiRo 1840 wels da XIX saukunis bolos evropis politi­
kurma moZraobam aitaca, xolo sanam mTel msoflioSi gavr­
celdeboda, gansakuTrebiT mtkiced damkvidrda ruseTSi,
italiasa da espaneTSi; meore mxriv ki, SegviZlia, ganvixi­
loT igi, rogorc ufro farTo politikuri msoflaRqma.
anarqizmis ganmartebis yvelaze martivi gza, erT-erTi
gagebiT, aris gancxadeba, rom is warmoadgens politikur
moZraobas, romelic miznad isaxavs, Camoayalibos WeSmari­
tad Tavisufali sazogadoeba; es gageba „Tavisufal sazoga­
doebas“ gansazRvravs, rogorc warmonaqmns, romelSic ada­
mianebi mxolod iseT urTierTobebs amyareben erTmaneTTan,
romlebic ar moiTxovs mudmivi Zaladobis muqariT moq­
medebas. istoria gviCvenebs, rom didi qonebrivi uTanas­
woroba, monobis msgavsi instituciebi, peonaJi (monoba, ka-
baluri damokidebuleba valis gamo. red.) Tu daqiravebuli
227
Sroma mxolod im SemTxvevaSi arsebobs, Tuki maT zurgs
umagrebs armia, cixe da policia. ufro Rrma struqturu­
li uTanasworobebic ki, rogoricaa rasizmi da genderuli
diskriminacia (ufro eSmakuri da mzakvruli), sabolood,
Zalis gamoyenebis muqaras emyareba. amgvarad, anarqistebs
samyaro Tanasworobasa da solidarobaze damyarebuli
warmoudgeniaT, romelSic adamianebi Tavisuflad ukav­
Sirdebian erTmaneTs, raTa usasrulod mravalferovani
poziciebidan, proeqtebidan da koncefciebidan airCion is,
rasac cxovrebaSi yvelaze faseulad Tvlian. roca xalxi
mekiTxeba, Tu ra saxis organizaciebi arsebobs anarqistul
sazogadoebaSi, yovelTvis vpasuxob: nebismieri formis or­
ganizacia, rogoric SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, da iseTebic,
rogoris warmodgenac axla SeuZlebelia, oRond mxolod
erTi pirobiT _ isini unda gamoricxavdnen iseTi pirebis
arsebobas, romlebsac eqnebaT SesaZlebloba, nebismier
dros mouwodon SeiraRebul pirebs, rom gamocxaddnen da
uTxran maT: „ar mainteresebs Tqveni azri am sakiTxis Ses­
axeb! gaCumdiT da gaakeTeT, rasac geubnebian!“
am gagebiT, anarqistebi yovelTvis arsebobdnen: nebis­
mier dros didi raodenobiT aRmoaCenT maT im adamianTa
jgufSi, romelic upirispirdeba xelisuflebis an batono­
bis sistemas, Tuki es ukanasknelni TavianT miznebs iseTi
Zaladobis gamoyenebiT moaxveven Tavs adamianebs, rom
xalxi iwyebs fiqrs, Tu ra saSualebiT SeZleben erTmaneT­
Tan urTierTobas ise, rom Tavisufalni iyvnen amgvari xe­
lisuflebisa da, zogadad, batonobis nebismieri formisa­
gan. amgvari proeqtebis umravlesoba istoriaSi Caikarga,
magram drodadro maTi niSnebi aqa-iq Tavs iCens xolme.
magaliTad, CineTSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde 400 wels ar­
sebobda filosofiuri moZraoba, romelic cnobili iyo,
rogorc „miwaTmoqmedTa skola“. is Tvlida, rom rogorc
vaWrebi, ise xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, usargeblo
parazitebi iyvnen; amitom cdilobdnen, SeeqmnaT Tanaswor­
Ta Temebi, romlebSic iqneboda erTaderTi saxis marTvis
forma _ magaliTis micema, xolo ekonomikuri sakiTxebi
228
demokratiuli formiT daregulirdeboda did saxelmwi­
foebs Soris arsebul Tavisufal teritoriebze, romle­
bzec pretenzias aravin acxadebda. aSkaraa, rom moZraoba
Seqmnili iyo amgvar Tavisufal soflebSi gaqceuli racio­
nalisti renegatebisa da damxvduri glexebis (aseve racio­
nalistebis) aliansis mier. maT saboloo mizans, rogorc
aRmoCnda, warmoadgenda mimdebare samefoebidan gandgom­
ilTa, daumorCilebelTa TandaTanobiT gamoyvana, rac,
saerTo jamSi, am saxelmwifoebis daSlas gamoiwvevda. maso­
brivi dezertirobis amgvari waxaliseba klasikuri anarq­
istuli strategiaa. ra Tqma unda, maT warmatebas ver mi­
aRwies, magram maTma mosazrebebma uzarmazari zegavlena
iqonia Semdgomi Taobebis im warmomadgenlebze, romlebic
marTvis filosofias ikvlevdnen. xolo did qalaqebSi an­
arqistulma ideebma dasabami misca warmodgenebs, rom in­
dividi ar unda emorCilebodes araviTar sazogadoebriv
pirobiTobebs, uaryofil unda iqnes yvelanairi teqnolo­
gia, raTa davubrundeT warmosaxviT primitiul utopias _
models, romelic mravaljer ganmeorda mTeli istoriis
manZilze. am individualisturma da primitivistulma idee­
bma, Tavis mxriv, uzarmazari zegavlena moaxdina lao-Zisa
da CJuan-Zis daosistur filosofiaze.23
ramdeni msgavsi moZraoba Seqmnila kacobriobis isto­
riis manZilze? amis dadgena SeuZlebelia („miwaTmoqmedTa“
Sesaxeb mxolod im SemTxvevis wyalobiT viciT, rom maT
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiis iseTi kargi saxelmZR­
vaneloebi Seadgines, rom xalxi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
iyenebda da maT aslebs qmnida). magram yvelaferi, rasac
„miwaTmoqmedebi“ akeTebdnen, inteleqtualuri Tvalsaz­
risiT, STambeWdavi versia iyo imisa, rasac, jeims skotis
„samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis anarqistuli istoriis“ mixed­
viT, saukuneebis manZilze msoflios am nawilSi milion­
obiT adamiani akeTebda _ mimdebare samefoebis kontro­
lisgan gaqceva da mcdeloba Temebis daarsebisa, romlebic
uaryofdnen yovelive imas, rasac es saxelmwifoebi war­
moadgendnen; Semdeg ki cdilobdnen, sxvebic daerwmune­
229
binaT, rom isinic ase moqceuliyvnen.24 savaraudod, bevri
amgvari moZraoba iqneboda, romlebic moipovebdnen ama Tu
im tipis Tavisufal teritoriebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. imis
Tqma minda, rom aseTi iniciativebi yovelTvis arsebobda. ka­
cobriobis istoriaSi raRacis uaryofa, savaraudod, ufro
gaqcevis, dezertirobisa da axali Temebis Seqmnis saxes
iRebda, vidre maSindel xelisuflebebTan revoluciuri da­
pirispirebis formas. ra Tqma unda, yovelive amis gakeTeba
gacilebiT iolia, roca Soriaxlos arsebobs mTebi, sadac
SegiZlia, Tavi Seafaro, da qveynebi, romlebsac uZneldebaT
TavianTi vrclad gadaWimuli teritoriebis gakontroleba.
industriuli revoluciis Semdeg, roca muSaTa radikaluri
moZraobebi mTeli evropis masStabiT warmoiSva da zogierTi
qarxnis muSebma iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi da
espaneTi, sajarod dauWires mxari anarqistul ideebs, es
varianti ukve aRar gamodgeboda. samagierod, anarqistebma
uamravi strategia ganaviTares, dawyebuli alternatiuli
ekonomikuri sawarmoebis CamoyalibebiT (kooperativebi,
urTierTsasargeblo sabanko momsaxurebebi), samuSao adg­
ilebze gaficvebiTa da sabotaJiT, sayovelTao gaficvebiT,
damTavrebuli namdvili ajanyebiT.
marqsizmi, rogorc politikuri filosofia, daaxloe­
biT amave dros Camoyalibda; gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze,
is imave saboloo miznisken iswrafoda, romliskenac anarq­
izmi: Tavisufali sazogadoeba, socialuri uTanasworobis
yvelanairi formis gauqmeba, muSebis CarTva qarxnebis mar­
TvaSi, saxelmwifos daSla. Tumca pirveli internacionalis
SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTuli debatebis droidan, da
Semdegac, maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba SeimCneoda. marq­
sistebis umravlesoba amtkicebda, rom saWiro iyo, pirvel
rigSi, arCevnebis (faruli kenWisyris) saSualebiT an raime
sxva gziT, xelSi CaegdoT saxelmwifo xelisufleba da
gamoeyenebinaT misi meqanizmebi sazogadoebis gardasaqmne­
lad, iqamde, vidre, rogorc isini amtkicebdnen, amgvari
meqanizmebi, sabolood, zedmeti gaxdeboda da, ubralod,
moispoboda. jer kidev XIX saukuneSi anarqistebi aRniSnavd­
230
nen, rom es auxdeneli ocneba iyo. isini acxadebdnen, rom
aravis SeuZlia daamyaros mSvidoba omisaTvis mzadebiT,
Tanasworoba _ mmarTvelobis ierarqiuli jaWvis SeqmniT,
an, adamianTa bedniereba _ pirquS da revolucionerebad
maTi gadaqceviT, romlebic mTel TavianT pirad cxovre­
bas, TviTrealizaciasa Tu TviTganviTarebas msxverplad
swiraven saqmes. anarqistebi amtkicebdnen, rom es ar iyo
is SemTxveva, roca Sedegi ar amarTlebs saSualebas (Tum­
ca Sedegi, ra Tqma unda, ar amarTlebs saSualebas), aramed:
Sedegs saerTod ver miaRwev, Tu saSualeba TviTon ar iqneba
nimuSi im samyarosi, romelic gsurs, rom Seqmna. aqedan mom­
dinareobda cnobili anarqistuli mowodeba, dawyebuliyo
„axali sazogadoebis mSenebloba Zvel CarCoSi“, egalita­
ruli eqsperimentebiT, araierarqiuli skolebiT dawyebuli
(espaneTis Escuela Moderna-s an SeerTebul Statebis „Tavi­
sufali skolis moZraobis“ msgavsi), radikaluri profkav­
SirebiT (CGT safrangeTSi, CNT espaneTSi, IWW CrdiloeT
amerikaSi), uamravi sxvadasxva tipis komuniT damTavrebuli
(1851 wels daarsebuli niu-iorkis Modern Times-is koleqti­
vi, 1971 wels Camoyalibebuli daniuri „qristiania“; kibucis
moZraoba israelSi, romelic Tavdapirvelad, mniSvnelovan­
wilad, anarqistebis mier iyo inspirirebuli da, savarau­
dod, amgvari eqsperimentebis yvelaze cnobil da warmate­
bul Tanmdev Sedegs warmoadgenda).
XIX saukunis bolos calkeuli anarqistebi mkvlelobe­
biTa da afeTqebebiT zogjer pirdapir dartymas ayenebdnen
xolme msoflio liderebs an „avazak baronebs“ (XIX sauku-
nis meore naxevarSi ase uwodebdnen amerikel kapitalistebs,
romlebsac qoneba upatiosno gziT hqondaT naSovni. red.):
gansakuTrebiT intensiuri talRa iyo daaxloebiT 1894-
1901 wlebSi, ris Sedegadac daiRupa safrangeTis preziden­
ti, espaneTis premier-ministri da SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidenti uiliam mak-kinli; garda amisa, Tavs esxmod­
nen mefeebs, ufliswulebs, saidumlo policiis ufrosebs,
mrewvelebsa da saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs. es is periodia,
roca Seiqmna bombis msroleli anarqistis popularuli
231
ybadaRebuli imiji, romelic mas Semdeg CabeWdilia xalxis
warmosaxvaSi. petre kropotkinisa da ema goldmanis msgavs­
ma anarqistma moazrovneebma xSirad aRar icodnen, ra unda
eTqvaT amgvari Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac xSirad is­
eTi calkeuli individebi axorcielebdnen, romlebic, faq­
tobrivad, araviTari anarqistuli kavSirisa Tu asociaciis
wevrebi ar iyvnen. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom anarqistebi
warmoadgendnen albaT pirvel Tanamedrove politikur
moZraobas, romelmac gaacnobiera (etapobrivad), rom ter­
orizmi, rogorc politikuri strategia, maSinac ki, roca
is ar aris mimarTuli udanaSaulo adamianebis winaaRmdeg,
ar amarTlebs. daaxloebiT saukunis manZilze, anarqizmi,
arsebiTad, erT-erTi iyo im mcirericxovan politikur fi­
losofiebs Soris, romelTa warmomadgenlebsac arasodes
aravin aufeTqebiaT (marTlac, meoce saukunis politikuri
lideri, romelmac anarqistebis tradiciidan yvelaze meti
iswavla, mahaTma gandi iyo). jer kidev daaxloebiT 1914-
1989 wlebSi, rodesac msoflio ganuwyvetliv ibrZoda, an
emzadeboda msoflio omebisTvis, anarqizmma erTgvarad
dakarga xibli swored am mizezis gamo: aseT agresiul
epoqaSi rom „realisturi“ saxe hqonoda, politikur moZ­
raobas unda SeZleboda satanko armiebis, aviamzidebisa da
balistikuri saraketo sistemebis organizeba; da es iyo
erTaderTi, raSic marqsistebi, SesaZloa, xSirad sxvebs
aRematebodnen, magram yvela xvdeboda, rom anarqistebi
(Cemi azriT, maTda sasaxelod) verasodes SeZlebdnen, ze­
moxsenebul amocanas gamklavebodnen. mxolod 1989 wlis
Semdeg, roca didi omebisTvis mobilizaciis era TiTqos
dasasruls miuaxlovda, didi revoluciuri moZraoba, ro­
melic anarqistul principebs eyrdnoboda _ „msoflio
samarTlianobis moZraoba“ _ xelaxla gamoCnda asparezze.

anarqizmis uamravi saxeoba, Seferiloba da tendencia

arsebobs. Cemi mxriv, me sakuTar Tavs a anarqists vuwodeb.
naklebad mainteresebs imis garkveva, Tu romeli tipis an­
arqisti gaxlavarT; ufro metad mizidavs muSaoba im farTo
232
koaliciebSi, romlebic anarqistuli principebis Sesabam­
isad moqmedeben: es is moZraobebia, romlebic ar cdiloben
mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobas an xelisuflebaSi mosvlas;
romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli, miiRon de faqto sax­
elisuflebo institutebis saxe, savaWro organizaciebis an
kapitalisturi firmebis msgavsad; es is jgufebia, romlebic
Zalisxmevas ar iSureben, Cveni erTmaneTTan urTierToba aq­
cion modelad im samyarosi, romlis Seqmnac gvwadia. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es is xalxia, romelic muSaobs WeS­
maritad Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmnaze. bolos da bo­
los, Znelia, gaarkvio, zustad romeli saxeobis anarqizmi
ufro amarTlebs, roca uamrav kiTxvas mxolod momavalSi
SeiZleba gaeces pasuxi. daekisrebodaT raime roli bazrebs
WeSmaritad Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi? rogor SeiZleba es
vicodeT? Tavad me, istoriaze dayrdnobiT,25 darwmunebuli
var: kidevac rom gvecada sabazro ekonomikis SenarCuneba
amgvar Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi (aq ar iqneboda araviTari
saxelmwifo, romelic vinmes xelSekrulebebis dadebas ai­
Zulebda; SeTanxmebebi daemyareboda mxolod ndobas), eko­
nomikuri urTierTobebi gadaizrdeboda iseT rameSi, rac
male sruliad aRar emsgavseboda imas, Cven rom „bazrad“
moviazrebT (es albaT libertarianelebisTvis absolutu­
rad gaugebari iqneboda). verafriT warmomidgenia, vinme
daTanxmdes daqiravebul Sromaze, Tuki alternativa gaaC­
nia. magram vin icis, iqneb vcdebi. me naklebad mainteresebs
momavlis Tavisufali sazogadoebis struqturis detalebis
garkveva; CemTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, Seiqmnas pirobebi,
romlebic amis gaanalizebis saSualebas mogvcemda.
Cven cota ram viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis orga­
nizaciebi, an, am SemTxvevaSi, teqnologiebi warmoiqmne­
boda, Tavisufal adamianebs Tavisuflad rom SeZlebodaT
TavianTi Teoriuli mosazrebebis xorcSesxma, raTa kole­
qtiuri problemebi ki ar daemZimebinaT, aramed moegvare­
binaT. magram aq, upirveles yovlisa, ismis kiTxva: rogor
unda mivaRwioT iqamde? ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom Cveni
politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi gaxdes koleqtiuri
233
problemis gadawyvetis saSualeba, da ara koleqtiuri omi­
sa (rogorc es amJamad xdeba)?
anarqistebsac ki Zalian didi dro dasWirdaT imisTvis,
rom problemis masStabebi daedginaT. roca anarqizmi ufro
farTo mimarTulebis, magaliTad, muSaTa moZraobis nawils
warmoadgenda, is cdilobda, gaeziarebina mosazreba, rom
„demokratia“ xmaTa umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis
principsa da „robertis reglamentis wesebs“ (amerikeli samx-
edro inJinris, henri martin robertis mier 1876 wels daweri-
li wigni saparlamento procedurebis Sesaxeb, romelic eyrd-
noba warmomadgenelTa palatis mier SemuSavebul wesebs. red.)
gulisxmobda, imeds amyarebda umciresobis mimarT umravle­
sobis mowodebebze solidarobisaken. solidarobisaken mo­
wodebebi SesaZloa, Zalian Sedegiani iyos maSin, roca vinme
ama Tu im saxis konfliqtSia CaTreuli, romlis drosac
sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi wydeba (rogorSic, Cveulebriv,
revolucionerebi iyvnen xolme). 1920 da 1930-iani wlebis es­
paneTis muSaTa anarqistuli profkavSiri (CNT) efuZneboda
princips: roca fabrikaSi an qarxanaSi kenWs uyridnen gafic­
vas, gadawyvetileba araviTar valdebulebas ar akisrebda
arc erT im wevrs, romelic mxars ar dauWerda gaficvis or­
ganizebas; Sedegi ki, TiTqmis yovelTvis, 100%-iani Tanxmoba
iyo. da mainc, gaficvebi TiTqos samxedro operaciebs war­
moadgenda. adgilobrivi soflis komunebi, rogorc soflis
Temebs sCveviaT, mimarTavdnen formas, romelic, erTgvari
de faqto konsensusi iyo.
meore mxriv, SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi orga­
nizaciebis wevrebi, romlebic anarqistebi aSkarad ar iyvnen,
konsensusis meTodiT ufro xSirad iRebdnen gadawyvetile­
bebs, vidre xmaTa umravlesobiT. maTgan SeiZleba dava­
saxeloT SNCC, „studentTa araZaladobrivi sakoordinacio
komiteti“, romelic samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZ­
raobis horizontalur ganStoebas warmoadgenda da konsen­
susis princips iyenebda, aseve SDS, „studentebi demokra­
tiuli sazogadoebisaTvis“, romelic Tavis fuZemdeblur
principebSi acxadebda, rom saparlamento procedurebiT
234
moqmedebda, Tumca sinamdvileSi cdilobda, praqtikaSi kon­
sensuss dayrdnoboda. amgvar SexvedrebSi monawileTa um­
ravlesoba fiqrobda, rom procedura, romelsac im dros
iyenebdnen, iyo uxeSi, saxeldaxelo da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
ukiduresad gamaRizianebeli. es nawilobriv imis brali
iyo, rom amerikelebs, miuxedavad maTi demokratiuli su­
liskveTebisa, sakiTxis demokratiuli formiT ganxilvis
TiTqmis araviTari gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT. arsebobs cno­
bili ambavi samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobis aqtiv­
istTa patara jgufis Sesaxeb, romlis wevrebic sagangebo
situaciaSi cdilobdnen, koleqtiur gadawyvetilebamde mi­
suliyvnen, magram ver moaxerxes, konsensusisTvis mieRwiaT.
bolos erT-erTma maTganma moTmineba dakarga, amoiRo iara­
Ri, daumizna pirdapir fasilitators da uTxra: „an Cven ma­
givrad miiReb gadawyvetilebas, an gesvri“. fasilitatorma
upasuxa: „maSin vfiqrob, unda mesrolo“. Zalian didi dro
dasWirda imis ganviTarebas, rasac demokratiis kultura
SeiZleba vuwodoT; xolo mis sabolood Camoyalibebas is­
eTma mimarTulebebma Seuwyo xeli, rogoricaa sasuliero
tradiciebi, magaliTad, kvakerizmi, da feminizmi, rac sru­
liad moulodneli SeiZleba mogveCvenos.
magaliTad, „megobarTa amerikuli sazogadoeba“, anu
kvakerebi, saukuneebis manZilze aviTarebdnen konsensusis
saSualebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis maTTvis damaxasi­
aTebel formas da mas sulieri varjiSis saxes aZlevdnen.
kvakerebi, abolicionizmidan moyolebuli, aseve aqtiurad
iyvnen CarTuli masobriv amerikul sazogadoebriv moZrao­
bebSi, magram 1970-ian wlebamde isini uars ambobdnen sxvebi­
sTvis TavianTi meTodebis swavlebaze, swored im mizeziT,
rom isini am meTodebs sasuliero sakiTxad, TavianTi reli­
giis nawilad Tvlidnen. cnobilma kvakerma, pacifistma da
aqtivistma, jorj lekim erTxel ganmarta: „Tqven imedebs
amyarebT konsensusze maSin, rodesac RvTismetyvelebis
Cveneul gagebas iziarebT. es ar aris is, rac SeiZleba xalxs
daaZalo. kvakerebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1950-ian wlebSi,
prozelitizmis winaaRmdegni iyvnen“.26 sinamdvileSi femi­
235
nisturi moZraobis krizisma (am moZraobam araformaluri
konsensusis meTodis gamoyeneba daiwyo patara, rogorc
wesi, daaxloebiT 10-12-kacian jgufebSi, romlebic mowo­
debulni iyvnen sakuTari saWiroebebis gasaazreblad; ma­
gram, roca es jgufebi raodenobrivad gaizarda, dapirisp­
irebulma fraqciebma da faruli liderobis struqturam
moZraobas sxvadasxva saxis problemebi Seuqmna) aiZula di­
sidenti kvakerebi (romelTagan yvelaze cnobili TviT leki
gaxldaT), wvlili gaeRoT da zogierTi TavianTi meTodis
gavrceleba daewyoT. Tavis mxriv, am meTodebma axla ukve
feminizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi SeiZina da ufro
did, mravalferovan jgufebSi danergvisas cvlilebebi
ganicada.27
es mxolod erTi nimuSia imisa, Tu rogor warmoiSva, ro­
gorc amJamad mas uwodeben, „anarqistuli procesi“ (fasil­
itaciis, konsensusis Ziebisa da Jestebis niSnebis yvela is
kargad damuSavebuli meTodi) radikaluri feminizmidan,
kvakerizmidan da amerikeli indielebis tradiciebidanac
ki. faqtobrivad, im mravalferovani saSualebebis gansa­
kuTrebul erTobliobas, romelsac CrdiloeT amerikaSi
iyenebdnen, marTlac SeiZleba, ufro „feministuri proce­
si“ ewodos, vidre „anarqistuli procesi“. es meTodebi an­
arqizmTan swored imitom asocirdeboda, rom anarqistebma
aRiares isini, rogorc formebi, romelTa gamoyenebac Ses­
aZlebeli iqneboda Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi, sadac fizi­
kuri zewoliT veravis aiZulebdnen, misTvis principulad
miuRebel gadawyvetilebas daTanxmeboda.*

* ramdenime konservatoruli gamonaklisiT. aq unda aRvniSno, rom konsensu­

sis procesis pirvel masobriv gamoyenebas 1970-iani wlebis bolos da 1980-iani
wlebis antibirTvul moZraobebSi xSirad sakmaod aramdgradi xasiaTi hqonda
(nawilobriv, ubralod, gamoucdelobis gamo da, nawilobriv, purizmis mizeziT
(ufro did jgufebze morgebuli konsensusis masobrivad gamoyeneba mogviane­
biT daiwyes). bevrma, vinc praqtikuli gamocdileba miiRo am sferoSi (maTgan
yvelaze aRsaniSnavia libertarianeli socialisti miurei bukCini, romelic ko­
munalizmis (sazogadoebis Temebad organizebis principi. red.) ideas uWerda mx­
ars), konsensusis ideis mimarT kategoriuli winaaRmdegoba gamoxata da mxari
dauWira xmaTa umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis princips.

236
 konsensusi mxolod meTodebis nakrebs ar warmoadgens.
roca Cven vsaubrobT procesze, is, rasac sinamdvileSi
ganvixilavT, aris demokratiis kulturis etapobrivi Se­
qmna. es ki gvaiZulebs, gadavxedoT Cvens zogierT ZiriTad
varauds imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoadgens, saerTod, de­
mokratia.
Tuki naSromebs iseTi adamianebisa, rogoricaa adamsi da
medisoni, an Tundac jefersoni, am kuTxiT mivubrundebiT,
davrwmundebiT, rom isini elitistebi (adamianebi, romle-
bic miiCneven, rom saxelmwifos elita unda marTavdes. red.) ki
iyvnen, maT mier demokratiis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli zogierTi
kritikuli mosazreba seriozul midgomas imsaxurebs. up­
irveles yovlisa, isini amtkicebdnen, rom xmaTa umravleso­
bis principze dafuZnebuli uSualo demokratiis sistemis Se­
moReba zrdasrul TeTrkanian mamakacebs Soris, iseT sazoga­
doebaSi, romelic ukiduresad gaTiSulia qonebrivi uTanas­
worobiT, savaraudod, xmaurian, arastabilur, saboloo
jamSi ki, sisxlian Sedegebamde, demagogebisa da tiranebis
gaCenamde migviyvans. amaSi albaT isini marTlebi iyvnen.
maT mier Camoyalibebuli meore argumenti iyo is, rom
mxolod gansazRvruli sakuTrebis mflobel mamakacebs
SeeZloT xmis micema da Tanamdebobis dakaveba, ramdenadac
mxolod isini iyvnen sakmarisad damoukidebelni da, aqedan
gamomdinare, uangaroni saimisod, rom sakuTari TavisTvis
sazogadoebis keTildReobaze fiqris ufleba miecaT. es
ukanaskneli mniSvnelovani argumentia da imaze meti yur­
adRebis Rirsia, vidre mas, Cveulebriv, uTmoben.
cxadia, amgvari formulireba sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara
elitisturi. absoluturi siyalbea imis mtkiceba, rom
ubralo xalxs aklia ganaTleba da keTilgoniereba, rac
naTlad aisaxa iseTi adamianebis werilebSi, rogoric gov­
erner morisi iyo. is mzad iyo, eRiarebina, yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, „aristokrati“ kolegisaTvis miweril pirad werilSi
mainc, rom sinamdvileSi saqme piriqiT iyo _ Cveulebrivma
xalxma miiRo ganaTleba dagonivruli argumentebis Camoya­
libebac SeeZlo (rac Tavad mas yvelaze metad afrTxobda).
237
 magram realuri problema im argumentebisa, romlebic
eyrdnoboda varauds, rom Cveulebrivi xalxi „keTilgon­
ieri araa“, momdinareobda Tavad ZiriTadi varaudebidan
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens „keTilgoniereba“. re­
spublikis sawyis etapze gavrcelebuli erTi argumenti,
romelic saxalxo xelisuflebas ewinaaRmdegeboda, aseTi
iyo: „im rva Tu cxra milion adamians, romelic araviTar
qonebas ar flobda“, rogorc adamsi aRniSnavda, ar Sesw­
evda keTilgonivrulad msjelobis unari, radgan maT ar
hqondaT sakuTari saqmeebis warmarTvis, mogvarebis Cveva.
mosamsaxureebi da daqiravebuli muSebi, qalebsa da monebze
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, miCveulni iyvnen, SeesrulebinaT
brZanebebi. elitis zogierTi warmomadgeneli miiCnevda,
rom es imis gamo xdeboda, rom maT meti araferi SeeZloT;
zogierTi ki amas, ubralod, maTi Cveuli cxovrebis wesis
logikur Sedegad ganixilavda. magram TiTqmis yvela Tanx­
mdeboda imaze, rom Tu amgvar xalxs eqneboda xmis micemis
ufleba, maSin isini imaze ki ar ifiqrebdnen, Tu ra iqne­
boda ukeTesi qveynisTvis, aramed maSinve romelime liders
SeuerTdebodnen _ an imitom, rom lideri raRac saSualebiT
moisyidda maT (dahpirdeboda rom gauuqmebda davaliane­
bebs, an, saerTod, daufaravda am valebs), anda, ubralod,
imitom, rom erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac maT icodnen, iyo
is, rom sxvebs gahyolodnen. amitom Tavisuflebis siWarbe
maT mxolod tiraniamde miiyvanda, radgan xalxi qariz­
matuli liderebis mowyalebis molodinSi aRmoCndeboda.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es gamoiwvevda „fraqciulobas“,
politikur sistemas, romelsac politikuri partiebi
marTaven (saxelmwifos damfuZnebeli „mamebidan“ TiTqmis
yvela mkacrad ewinaaRmdegeboda partiuli sistemis war­
moSobas) da sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad ibrZvian. am
SemTxvevaSic isini sworad msjelobdnen: marTalia, mTavar
politikur Zalebs Soris konfliqti ar warmoqmnila (nawi­
lobriv imis gamo, rom maT saerTo problemebi hqondaT
mosagvarebeli qveynis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT), magram
dapirispirebulma fraqciebma da politikurma partiebma
238
maSinve wamoyves Tavi, rogorc ki 1820-ian da 1830-ian wleb­
Si arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis realizebis farglebi,
marTalia, zomierad, magram mainc gafarTovda. elitis SiSi
mTlad usafuZvlo ar aRmoCnda.
mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, mxolod qonebis mflo­
beli mamakaci SeiZleba iyos keTilgonieri, xolo yvela da­
narCeni imisTvis arsebobs, rom, ZiriTadad, brZanebebi Sea­
srulos, ukan, sul mcire, aTenis xanamde mainc mivyavarT.
aristotele Tavisi „politikis“ dasawyisSi am sakiTxis
Sesaxeb sakmaod araorazrovnad saubrobs. is amtkicebs,
rom mxolod Tavisufali zrdasruli mamakacebi SeiZleba
iyon savsebiT keTilgonieri arsebani, romlebic, rogorc
TavianT sxeuls marTaven, ise marTaven sxvebsac: TavianT
qalebs, bavSvebsa da monebs. ai, aq aris realuri nakli
„keTilgonierebis“ tradiciuli gagebisa, romelic ameri­
kis saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebma memkvidreobiT miiRes. sab­
oloo jamSi, is ar gulisxmobs damoukideblobas uangaro
adamianisa, romelsac materialuri daintereseba ar gaaC­
nia. am tradiciis mixedviT, keTilgoniereba gaigivebulia
gankargulebebis gacemis unarTan, rac moiazrebs situaci­
isgan ganze dgomas da garkveuli distanciidan mis Sefase­
bas, Sesabamisi gaTvlebis gakeTebas da Semdeg sxvebisTvis
imis Tqmas, Tu ra unda gaakeTon.28 arsebiTad, es aris gaT­
vlebi, romelsac mavani mxolod maSin akeTebs, roca Seu­
Zlia, sxvebs uTxras, gaCumdnen da is akeTon, rasac maT
eubnebian, da ara maSin, roca maTTan, rogorc Tavisufal
adamianebTan, Tavis TanasworebTan erTad muSaobs, roca
maTTan erTad eZiebs problemis gadaWris gzebs. es mx­
olod brZanebis gacemis Cvevaa, romelic adamians warmoad­
geninebs, rom samyaro SeiZleba maTematikuri formulis
ekvivalentamde daiyvano, formulisa, romelsac nebismier
situacias miusadageb, masTan dakavSirebuli realuri ada­
mianuri problemebis gauTvaliswineblad.
swored amis gamo, nebismieri filosofia, romelic
iwyebs mosazrebiT, rom adamianebi arian, an unda iyvnen,
racionalurni, anu iseTive civi da angariSiani, rogoric
239
feodalebi, yovelTvis amTavrdebs daskvniT, rom sinamd­
vileSi Cven amis sapirispironi varT _ im mizezis gamo,
romelzec iumma gonebamaxvilurad miuTiTa: adamiani yov­
elTvis „vnebebis monaa“ da mxolod aseTi SeiZleba iyos.
Cven veZebT siamovnebas; aqedan gamomdinare, veZebT qone­
bas, raTa uzrunvelvyoT, rom siamovneba CvenTvis xelmi­
sawvdomi iyos; amitom veZiebT Zalauflebas, raTa uzrun­
velvyoT qonebis xelmisawvdomoba. arc erT am process ar
eqneba bunebrivi dasasruli; Cven sul viqnebiT metis da
metis ZiebaSi. es Teoria adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb ukve war­
modgenilia antikuri xanis filosofosebis naSromebSi (es
avtorebi misi saSualebiT xsnian, Tu ratom SeiZleba de­
mokratias katastrofuli Sedegebi mohyves) da meordeba
pirvelqmnili codvis saxiT netari avgustines qristianul
msoflmxedvelobasa da aTeist Tomas hobsis TeoriaSi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi mdgomareoba
mxo­lod Zaladoba da „yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg“; hob­
sic, ra Tqma unda, aRniSnavs, Tu ratom unda mohyoloda de­
mokratias aucileblad katastrofuli Sedegebi. XVIII sau­
kunis respublikuri konstituciis Semqmnelebi am mosazre­
bebsac iziarebdnen _ adamianebi marTlac gamousworebelni
arian. ase rom, am TemisTvis sagangebod SerCeuli qedmaR­
luri toniT msjelobis miuxedavad, am filosofosebis
umravlesoba, saboloo jamSi, mzad iyo, eRiarebina, rom
arsebobda erTaderTi realuri arCevani boboqar vnebebsa
da elitaruli klasis interesebis racionalur gaTvlebs
Soris; Sesabamisad, idealuri iqneboda konstitucia, ro­
melic SemuSavdeboda imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom amgvar
interesebs erTmaneTi gaekontrolebinaT da, saboloo jam­
Si, daebalansebinaT.
amas erTgvarad uCveulo Sedegebi mohyva. erTi mxriv,
sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom demokratia, Tavisufali si­
tyvis, Tavisufali presisa da sajaro politikuri diskus­
iebisa da debatebis mowyobis saSualebebis gareSe, bevrs
arafers warmoadgens. amave dros, liberaluri demokrati­
is Teoretikosebis umetesoba (Jan-Jak rusodan jon rol­
240
zamde) fiqrobs, rom msjelobis sferos areali Zalian Sez­
Rudulia, radgan miaCniaT, rom is moiazrebs politikur
figurebs (politikosebs, amomrCevlebs, saerTo intere­
sebis mqone adamianTa jgufebs), romlebmac ukve politi­
kur arenaze gamosvlamde ician, rac undaT. isini, imis ma­
givrad, rom politikuri sfero erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
faseulobebis dasabalanseblad an saukeTeso samoqmedo
gegmis SesamuSaveblad gamoiyenon, mxolod imaze fiqro­
ben (Tuki fiqroben saerTod raimeze), ukeT rogor Seasxan
xorci sakuTar interesebs.29
ase rom, xelSi SegvrCeba „racionalurTa“ demokratia,
sadac „racionalurobas“ ganvsazRvravT, rogorc calke
aRebul maTematikur gaangariSebas, romelsac warmoSobs
Zalaufleba brZanebebis gasacemad; esaa „racionaluro­
bis“ erTgvari saxeoba, romelic aucileblad warmoqm­
nis monstrebs. Tu am pirobebs WeSmaritad demokratiuli
sistemis safuZvlad ganvixilavT, maSin isini namdvilad
katastroful Sedegebs gamoiRebs. magram ra aris alterna­
tiva? amis nacvlad, rogor davafuZnoT demokratiis Teo­
ria TanasworTa Soris msjelobaze, romelic kidev ufro
ganviTardeba?
amis ganxorcielebis rTulia, ris erT-erT mizezs war­
moadgens is, rom amgvari koleqtiuri msjeloba sinamdvile­
Si ufro rTuli da daxvewilia, vidre martivi maTematikuri
gaangariSeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar iyenebs raode­
nobriv modelebs, romlebic ase uyvarT politologebsa
da im pirebs, sagranto ganacxadebs rom ganixilaven. bolos
da bolos, roca romelime adamianis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT,
„racionaluria“ Tu ara igi, bevrs ar viTxovT: realurad,
gvainteresebs, SeuZlia Tu ara mas ZiriTadi logikuri ka­
vSirebis damyareba. sakiTxs ase iSviaTad svamen, yovel Sem­
TxvevaSi, iqamde ara, Tu mavans eWvi ar gauCnda, rom vinme
SesaZloa, marTla giJi iyos, an, savaraudod, vnebebisgan
ise dabrmavebuli, rom mis mier wamoyenebul argumentebs
azri ar hqondes. axla ganvixiloT sapirispiro SemTxveva,
roca kiTxvas vsvamT vinmes Sesaxeb, „gonieria“ is Tu ara.
241
aq ufro maRal standartebTan gvaqvs saqme. goniereba gu­
lisxmobs gacilebiT daxvewil unars, romlis meSveobiTac
damyardeba balansi sxvadasxva xedvas, faseulobebsa da
brZanebebs Soris, romelTagan, rogorc wesi, maTematikur
formulamde verc erTi ver daiyvaneba. es niSnavs kompro­
misis povnas iseT poziciebs Soris, romlebic, formaluri
(maTematikuri. red.) logikis Tanaxmad, araTanazomadia,
swored ise, rogorc ar arsebobs raime formaluri meTodi,
romliTac, roca sadilis momzadebas gadavwyvetT, winas­
war SevafasebdiT kontrastul upiratesobebs momzadebis
simartives, sakvebis sijansaResa da gemos Soris. magram,
ra Tqma unda, Cven sul gviwevs amgvari gadawyvetilebebis
miReba. cxovrebis umetesi nawili (gansakuTrebiT sxvebTan
Tanacxovrebisa) gonivruli kompromisebis gamoZebnisgan
Sedgeba, romlebic verasodes daiyvaneba maTematikur mod­
elebamde.
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, politikis Teoretikosebi, ro­
gorc wesi, msjeloben im pirovnebebis magaliTze, romlebic
rva wlis bavSvis inteleqtualur doneze moqmedeben. asa­
kobrivi fsiqologiis specialistebma SeniSnes, rom bavSvebi
logikuri argumentebis moyvanas iwyeben ara problemebis
gadaWrisas, aramed maSin, roca igoneben mizezebs, romelTa
Sesaxebac ukve ufiqriaT. visac yoveldRiurad uwevs urT­
ierToba patara bavSvebTan, aucileblad SeamCnevs, rom es
simarTlea. urTierTsawinaaRmdego xedvaTa Sedarebisa da
koordinirebis unari ki, meore mxriv, mogvianebiT modis da
mowifuli asakis adamianis inteleqtis arsebiT nawils war­
moadgens. amave dros, es swored isaa, rasac brZanebis gacemis
uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili adamianebi iSviaTad iyeneben.
filosofosma stiven tulminma, ukve cnobilma Tavisi
wigniT, romelSic moralis Sesaxeb msjelobis magaliTe­
bze saubrobda, 1990-ian wlebSi erTgvari inteleqtualuri
sensacia moaxdina, roca scada, analogiurad daepirisp­
irebina erTmaneTisTvis „racionaluroba“ da „goniereba“;
Tumca misi analizi emyareboda racionalizms, romelic
brZanebis gacemis Zalauflebidan ki ar momdinareobs, ar­
242
amed absoluturi sizustis saWiroebidan warmoiqmneba. is­
eTi keTilSobiluri suliskveTebiT gamorCeuli eseisti,
rogoric montenia, romelic XVI saukunis eqspansiur ev­
ropaSi moRvaweobda, miiCnevda, rom WeSmariteba yovelT­
vis situaciuria; TiTqmis paranoiduli simkacriT cnobili
rene dekarti, erTi saukunis Semdeg, roca evropa sisx­
lianma religiurma omebma daauZlura, sazogadoebas wminda
„racionalur“ safuZvelze damyarebulad aRiqvamda. maT­
gan gansxvavebiT, tulmini gamoTqvamda varauds, rom mom­
devno epoqis yvela politikuri Sexeduleba damaxinjebuli
iyo abstraqtuli racionalurobis realobas mowyvetili
standartebis gamoyenebis mcdelobebiT cxovrebiseuli
konkretuli, realuri SemTxvevebis mimarT. magram tul­
mini pirveli ar yofila, vinc es gansxvaveba SemogvTavaza.
me TviTon pirvelad mas britaneli poetis, robert greiv­
sis 1960 wels dabeWdil sakmaod ucnaur eseSi gadavawydi,
saxelwodebiT „qsanTipes saqme“.
maT, visTvisac niu-iorkis adreuli xanis yasbebisa da
xabazebis* klasikuri ganaTleba naklebad xelmisawvdomia,
SevaxsenebT: qsanTipe iyo sokrates coli, romelic isto­
riaSi Sesulia, rogorc saSinlad kapasi da anCxli qali.
sokrates keTilSobiluri xasiaTis dasturad mohyavT is
faqti, rom igi olimpiuri simSvidiT uZlebda (yuradRe­
bas ar aqcevda) mas. greivsi iwyebs SekiTxviT: ratom aravin
dainteresda ori aTasi wlis manZilze, Tu rogori unda
yofiliyo sokrates coloba? warmoidgineT, rom tvirTad
gawevT qmari, romelic TiTqmis arafers akeTebs ojaxis
sarCenad, mTel dros imaSi atarebs, rom yvelas, visac ki
gadaeyreba, umtkicebs, rogor cdebian isini yvelaferSi,
da miaCnia, rom namdvili siyvaruli mxolod mamakacebsa
da arasrulwlovan biWebs Soris aris SesaZlebeli. nuTu
am yvelafris Sesaxeb Tqvens mosazrebas ar gamoxatavdiT?
im droidan moyolebuli, sokrate miCneulia mkacri logi­

* msoflios governer morisebi, samwuxarod, yvelafers akeTebdnen saimisod,

rom amgvari codna mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar yofiliyo.

243
kuri Tanmimdevrulobis Sesaxeb uryevi warmodgenisa da ar­
gumentebis logikur daskvnamde miyvanisken daucxromeli
swrafvis srulyofil nimuSad, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveu­
li TvalsazrisiT, friad saqebaria, magram igi swored
„keTilgonieri“ adamiani ar iyo, da maT, vinc didebiT am­
kobda sokrates, Zalauneburad Seqmnes „meqanizebuli, usu­
lo, arahumanuri, abstraqtuli racionaluroba“, romel­
mac msoflios uzarmazari ziani miayena. greivsi wers, rom
mas, rogorc poets, sxva arCevani aRar darCenia, Tu ara
sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba berZnuli qalaqis „racionaluri“
sivrcisgan gancalkevebiT mdgar im adamianebTan, qsanTipes
msgavsi qalebiT dawyebuli, romlebisTvisac goniereba
logikas ar gamoricxavs (sinamdvileSi logikis winaaRmde­
gi aravinaa), magram uxamebs mas iumoris grZnobas, praqti­
cizms, da ubralo adamianur Tavazianobas.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasagebi xdeba, rom demokrati­
uli procesis axali formebis Seqmnis iniciativebis didi
nawili (rogoricaa konsensusi) warmoiSva feminizmis mimar­
Tulebidan, romelic niSnavs (sxva sakiTxebTan erTad)
inte­leqtualur tradicias im adamianebisa, romelTac
brZa­nebis gacemis uflebamosileba istoriulad miniWebu­
li arasodes hqoniaT. konsensusi aris mcdeloba, Seiqmnas
politika, romelic damyarebuli iqneba keTilgonierebis
principze _ politika, romelic feministi filosofo­
sis, debora heiksis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moiTxovs ara
mxo­lod logikur Tanmimdevrulobas, aramed „garkveuli
doziT _ gamWriaxobas, jansaRi gansjis, TviTkritikis,
socialuri interaqciis unars da adamianTa mzaobas, eZi­
os da ganixilos motivebi, Camoayalibos mosazrebebi.“30
mokled rom vTqvaT, es politika gulisxmobs WeSmarit gan­
sjas. fasilitaciis treneri, savaraudod, ityoda, rom is
moiTxovs kargi mosmenis unars, raTa CavwvdeT Sexedule­
bebs, romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavebulia Cveni poziciis­
gan da Semdeg rogorme vipovoT pragmatuli saerTo in­
teresebi ise, rom ar vecadoT, Tanamosaubreebi mTlianad
Cvens mxares gadmoviyvanoT. es niSnavs, demokratia aRiqva,
244
rogorc saerTo problemis gadaWris procesi im adamianebs
Soris, romlebic pativs scemen faqts, rom maT, iseve, ro­
gorc nebismier sxvas, yovelTvis eqnebaT garkveulwilad
araTanazomadi Sexedulebebi.
savaraudod, konsensusma ase unda imuSaos: pirvel rig­
Si, jgufi Tanxmdeba garkveul saerTo mizanze. es saSu­
alebas miscems mas, gadawyvetilebis miReba saerTo prob­
lemebis gadaWrad ganixilos. amgvarad aRqmulma rakursTa
mravalferovnebam (Tundac radikalurad gansxvavebulma
rakursebma) SeiZleba siZneleebic warmoSvas, magram Sesa­
Zloa, is uzarmazar resurssac warmoadgendes. bolos da
bolos, savaraudod, vin ufro SemoqmedebiTad gadawyvets
problemas: jgufi, romelSic adamianebi sakiTxebs, gar­
kveulwilad, gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen, Tu jgufi, romel­
Sic yvelas zustad erTnairi xedva aqvs?
rogorc ukve SevniSne, demokratiuli kreatiulobis
sivrceebad moiazreba swored is adgilebi, sadac sxva­
dasxva tipis adamianebs, romlebic Zalian gansxvavebuli
tradiciebis warmomadgenlebi arian, moulodnelad impro­
vizebas mosTxoven. erTi mizezi amisa imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom amgvar situaciebSi adamianebi iZulebulni arian,
Seeguon sapirispiro Sexedulebebs imis Taobazec ki, Tu
ras warmoadgens TviTon politika. 1980-ian wlebSi parti­
zanebis jgufi (potenciuri maoistebi) mexikodan meqsikis
samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare mTebSi gaiqca, sadac revo­
luciuri qselis Seqmnas Seudgnen da Tavdapirvelad qa­
lebisTvis wera-kiTxvis swavlebis kampaniiT daiwyes. bolos
es jgufi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel zapatistur armiad
gadaiqca, romelmac 1994 wels amboxeba wamoiwyo (is didx­
ans ar gagrZelebula), Tumca ara xelisuflebis damxobis
mizniT, aramed gaTavisuflebuli teritoriis Sesaqmnelad,
sadac adgilobrivi Temebi (ZiriTadad) SeZlebdnen eqsperi­
mentis Catarebas demokratiis axal formebze. Tavdapirve­
lad mudmivi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo warmoSobiT qalaqel
inteleqtualebs Soris, rogoricaa cnobili subkomandante
markosi, romlis azriTac, demokratia xmaTa umravleso­
245
biT gadawyvetilebis miRebas da arCeul warmomadgenlebs
niSnavda da memis, Coltis, celtalisa da cocilis enebze
molaparake xalxebis (saubaria meqsikel aborigenebze. red.)
Temuri Sekrebebi yovelTvis konsensusis safuZvelze moq­
medebda; aq upiratesoba iseT sistemas eniWeboda, romlis
mixedviTac, Tu delegatebs airCevdnen, maTi ukan gawveva
SesaZlebeli xdeboda maSinve, rogorc ki Temebi CaTvlid­
nen, rom delegatebi xalxis nebas aRar gamoxatavdnen. ro­
gorc markosi ixsenebs, maT male aRmoaCines, rom ar arse­
bobda araviTari SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoad­
genda sinamdvileSi „demokratia“:
„Temebis arseboba xels uwyobs demokratiis ganviTare­
bas. magram, rogorc Cans, cneba bundovania. mravali saxis
demokratia arsebobs. esaa is, rasac me maT veubnebi. vcdi­
lob, avuxsna: „Tqven SegiZliaT konsensusiT imoqmedoT,
radgan koleqtiurad cxovrobT“. roca isini Tavs iyrian
Sekrebaze, yvela erTmaneTs icnobs; isini saerTo proble­
mebis gadasaWrelad ikribebian. „magram sxva adgilebSi ase
ar xdeba“, veubnebi maT, „adamianebi cal-calke cxovroben;
isini Sekrebebs sxva rameebisTvis iyeneben, da ara proble­
mebis gadasaWrelad“.
isini amboben: „ara“, magram es niSnavs: „diax, es amarT­
lebs CvenTan“.
es swored rom amarTlebs maTTan _ isini agvareben
problemas. ase rom, isini qveyanasa da msoflios meTods
sTavazoben. msoflio ase unda moewyos... Zalian Znelia,
amas SeewinaaRmdego, vinaidan swored ase axerxeben isini
TavianTi problemebis gadaWras“.31
modi, seriozulad ganvixiloT es winadadeba. ratom
ar SeiZleba, demokratia saerTo problemis gadaWris sa­
Sualeba iyos? SesaZloa, mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba
gvqondes imis Taobaze, bolos da bolos, ras warmoadgens
cxovreba, magram savsebiT naTelia, rom adamianebs am plan­
etaze uamravi saerTo problema aqvT (pirveli, rac max­
sendeba, klimatis cvlilebaa, rogorc yvelaze mwvave da
gadaudebeli sakiTxi, Tumca bevri sxvac arsebobs), rom­
246
lebsac warmatebiT gavarTmevT Tavs, Tuki maT mogvarebas
erToblivad muSaobiT vecdebiT. rogorc Cans, yvela Tanx­
mdeba, rom, principSi, ukeTesi iqneba Tu amas demokrati­
ulad gavakeTebT, Tanasworuflebianobisa da gonivruli
msjelobis suliskveTebiT. maSin ratomRa gveCveneba mosaz­
reba, rom Cven amis gakeTeba marTla SegviZlia, aseT uto­
piur, auxdenel ocnebad?
albaT, nacvlad imisa, Tu romeli politikuri siste­
maa saukeTeso Cveni amJamindeli sazogadoebrivi wyobis
mxardasaWerad, unda vikiTxoT: ra socialuri RonisZie­
bebi unda gatardes imisaTvis, rom gvqondes WeSmariti,
Tanamonawileobaze damyarebuli, demokratiuli sistema,
romelic mowodebuli iqneboda, koleqtiuri problemebi
gadaeWra?*
rogorc Cans, kiTxva TavisTavad gulisxmobs pasuxs.
Tu aqamde am kiTxvas ar vsvamdiT, es imitom, rom adreuli
asakidanve gvaswavlidnen: pasuxi masze „arakeTilgonivru­
lia“; radgan pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, aris anarqizmi.
sinamdvileSi arsebobs safuZveli, virwmunoT, rom
„fuZemdeblebi“ marTalni iyvnen: SeuZlebelia, vinmem uSu­
alo, Tanamonawileobriv demokratiaze damyarebuli poli­
tikuri sistema Seqmnas iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric maT
hqondaT, romelic didi qonebrivi uTanasworobiT iyo
gaTiSuli, saerTod gamoricxavda mosaxleobis did nawils
(adreul amerikaSi am nawils miekuTvnebodnen qalebi, mone­
bi da aborigenebi) da xalxis umetesobis cxovreba brZane­
bebis gacemasa da maT Sesrulebaze iyo agebuli. misi Seqmna
Cvens sazogadoebaSic SeuZlebelia, romelSic mosaxleobis
1% simdidris 42%-s akontrolebs.
Tu Cveulebrivi adamianebiT savse oTaxSi wamoayenebT

* sxvaTa Soris, is ar unda iyos damyarebuli mkacrad gansazRvruli konsen­

susis sistemaze, radganac, rogorc vxedavT, absoluturi konsensusi arare­
aluria did jgufebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT konsensusze planetis masStabiT!
razec axla vsaubrob, swored is aris, rac zemoTac aRvniSne: politikisadmi
midgoma (ra konkretul instituciur formasac ar unda iRebdes is), romelic
politikur diskusiasac problemis gadaWrad miiCnevs da ara interesebs Soris
brZolad.

247
anarqizmis ideas, vinme aucileblad gaaprotestebs: magram,
rasakvirvelia, Cven ver gavauqmebT saxelmwifos, cixeeb­
sa da policias. es rom gavakeToT, adamianebi, ubralod,
erTmaneTs daxocaven. umravlesoba amas, ubralod, jansaR
azrad miiCnevs. ucnauri am prognozSi isaa, rom misi empir­
iulad Semowmeba SesaZlebelia; xSiradac SeumowmebiaT em­
piriulad da aRmoCnda, rom is mcdaria. marTalia, arsebobs
erTi-ori SemTxveva, rogoricaa, magaliTad, somali, sadac
saxelmwifo daiSala, roca xalxi ukve sisxlismRvrel samo­
qalaqo omSi iyo Cabmuli da samxedro meTaurebs maSinve ar
SeuwyvetiaT erTmaneTis xocva-Jleta (Tumca somaliSic ki,
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze uaresi Sedegebis molodinSi
iyvnen, centraluri mmarTvelobis gauqmebidan oci wlis
Semdeg ganaTleba, jandacva da sxva socialuri maCveneble­
bi realurad gaumjobesda!).32 rasakvirvelia, Cven somalis
msgavs garemoebaTa Sesaxeb swored im mizezis gamo vigebT,
rom iq Zaladoba xdeba. Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi, magali­
Tad, madagaskaris soflebis nawilSi, sakuTari dakvirvebiT
SemiZlia, vTqva, Zaladoba Zalian iSviaTia.
cxadia, statistika xelmisawvdomi ar aris, vinaidan sax­
elmwifoebis ararseboba imTaviTve gulisxmobs, rom ar ar­
sebobs piri, romelic statistikur aRricxvas awarmoebs.
Tumca mraval anTropologsa da sxva adamianebsac gavsau­
brebivar, romlebic amgvar adgilebSi arian namyofi da
maTi monaTxrobi saocrad hgavs erTmaneTs. policia uqmde­
ba Tu ara, xalxi wyvets gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, sxva mxriv,
kvlavac iseve ganagrZobs cxovrebas, rogorc manamde. ra
Tqma unda, isini moulodnelad ar iwyeben hobsiseul „yve­
las oms yvelas winaaRmdeg“.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cven TiTqmis verasodes verafers
vigebT amgvari adgilebis Sesaxeb. 1990 wels, roca qalaq
arivonimamoSi (qalaqi madagaskarze. red.) vcxovrobdi da ax­
lomdebare soflebSi davxetialebdi, Tavdapirvelad mec
ki ar mqonda warmodgena, rom iseT adgilas vcxovrobdi,
sadac saxelmwifos kontroli, faqtobrivad, aRar arsebob­
da (vfiqrob, nawilobriv, Cemi STabeWdileba gamoiwvia iman,
248
rom yvelani ise saubrobdnen da iqceodnen, TiTqos sax­
elmwifo institutebi kvlav ganagrZobda funqcionirebas
da imedovnebdnen, rom veravin SeamCnevda, Tu sinamdvileSi
ra xdeboda). Semdeg, roca 2010 wels iq kvlav davbrundi,
policia amoqmedebuli iyo, gadasaxadebs isev krefdnen, ma­
gram, amasTan, yvela amCnevda, rom ZalmomreobiT Cadenili
danaSaulis ricxvi mkveTrad iyo gazrdili.
amgvarad, kiTxva, romelic unda davsvaT, realurad,
ase Camoyalibdeba: ras unda grZnobdes adamiani, romelic
cxovrobs saxelmwifoSi, anu sazogadoebaSi, sadac wesebs
kanonis Zala cixeebisa da policiis saSiSroebis meSveobiT
eZleva, rac uTanasworobisa da gaucxoebis yvelanair for­
mas amkvidrebs; erTi ram cxadi xdeba: gana adamianebs es pi­
robebi aiZulebs, ar Caidinon imgvari saqcieli, rogorsac
isedac arasodes Caidendnen?
anarqistis pasuxi martivia. Tu adamianebs ise moeqcevi,
rogorc bavSvebs, maSin isinic bavSvebiviT moiqcevian.
erTaderTi warmatebuli meTodi, romelic ki odesme Se­
muSavebula imisaTvis, rom sxvebs stimuli misce, zrdas­
rulebiviT moiqcnen, Semdegia: moepyro maT ise, TiTqos
isini ukve zrdasrulebi arian. es utyuari meTodi ar aris.
utyuari araferi ar aris. magram arc erT sxva midgomas
warmatebis realuri Sansi ar gaaCnia. istoriuli gamoc­
dileba imisa, Tu ra xdeba realurad krizisul situacieb­
Si, adasturebs, rom isinic ki, vinc TanamonawileobiTi de­
mokratiuli kulturis pirobebSi ar aRzrdila, SeiZleba
uceb uaRresad keTilgonierni gaxdnen, Tu maT CamovarT­
mevT iaraRs, an ar mivcemT advokatebTan darekvis saSuale­
bas.33 es aris is, ris gakeTebasac, faqtobrivad, anarqistebi
gvTavazoben.

249
 meoTxe

rogor xorcieldeba cvlilebebi

wina Tavi vrceli filosofiuri msjelobiT dasrulda;

es Tavi SedarebiT praqtikuli xasiaTisa iqneba.
SeuZlebelia, daiweros Tanamedrove wesebi radikalebi-
sTvis, anu saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba,
Tu rogor unda moewyos amboxebebi Zalmomreobis gareSe.
Tu arsebobs erTi wesi, romelic yovelTvis gamodgeba
samoqalaqo winaaRmdegobis dros, es imas ar niSnavs, rom
arsebobs mkacrad gansazRvruli wesebi. moZraoba maSin
warimarTeba yvelaze ukeT, roca is konkretul situacias
moergeba. saukeTeso demokratiuli procesi damokidebu­
lia procesSi CarTuli sazogadoebis bunebaze, mis kul­
turul da politikur tradiciebze, monawileTa raodeno­
baze, monawileTa gamocdilebis doneze, da, ra Tqma unda
(sxva mraval sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis problemasTan er­
Tad), imaze, Tu ris miRwevas cdilobs xalxi. taqtika mo­
qnili unda darCes: Tu moZraobebi mudmiv ganaxlebas ar
ganicdis, isini male ifiteba da kvdeba.
aSkaraa, rom erTi tipis taqtika, romelic moergeba erT
sazogadoebas, SesaZloa Seuferebeli aRmoCndes meorisT­
vis, magram xSirad es arasworad esmiT. OWS-is banakebis
Zalis gamoyenebiT daSlis Semdeg, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
mwvave debatebi gaimarTa „Savi blokebis“ Taobaze. „Savi
blokebi“ warmoadgens formirebebs, romlebic, ZiriTadad,
anarqistebis an avtoritaruli xelisuflebis sxva mowi­
naaRmdegeebisagan aris dakompleqtebuli; isini aqciebze
niRbebiTa da erTnairi kapiuSonebiani maisurebiT modian,
raTa, erTi mxriv, revoluciuri solidarobis demonstri­
reba moaxdinon, meore mxriv, xazi gausvan im garemoebas, rom
arseboben adamianebi, romlebic mzad arian, miiRon monaw­
ileoba ufro agresiul qmedebebSic, Tuki amas saWiroe­
ba moiTxovs. amerikaSi isini sakuTar Tavs Zalmomreobis
momxreebad ar miiCneven, xolo „Zaladobas“ gansazRvraven,
250
rogorc cocxali arsebebisaTvis sazianos; xSirad mzad
arian, CaerTon korporatiul sakuTrebaze ganxorciele­
bul simbolur SetevebSi da zogjer, rogorc SeuZliaT,
winaaRmdegobasac ki uweven policias, Tu es ukanaskneli
pirdapir Tavs esxmis maT. Tumca xSirad „agresiuli taqti­
ka“ mxolod saRebavebiani pulverizatorebiT sloganebis
daweriT, xelixelCakidebuli dgomiT an umweo demonstran­
tebisaTvis policiisgan damcavi kedlis agebiT Semoifar­
gleba.
rogorc aRvniSne, Tavad „Savi blokebis“ arsebobac ki
xSirad liberali mimomxilvelebis mier Zaladobis for­
mad aRiqmeboda. maT saerTo argumenti hqondaT _ amgvari
formirebebis arseboba Zalauneburad ganapirobebda imas,
rom msxvilmasStabian moZraobebs zurgs aqcevdnen muSaTa
klasis swored is jgufebi, romelTa CarTvasac didi mniS­
vneloba eniWeboda; an sababs aZlevda policias, mSvidobian
demonstrantebze Seteva ganexorcielebina. magram sinamd­
vileSi, „okupaciebis“ 90%-s „Savi blokebis“ taqtika saer­
Tod ar gamouyenebia, xolo im yvelaze didi blokirebis
SemTxvevas _ „daikave oklendi!“ _ Tavisi konkretuli, lo­
kaluri mniSvnelobis mizezebi hqonda. oklendi aris qa­
laqi, romelic aTwleulebis manZilze policiis ukidure­
si sisastikiTa da RaribTa (gansakuTrebiT afro-ameriku­
li Temis) mxridan (bolos da bolos, „Savi panterebi“ xom
oklendidan arian) agresiuli dapirispirebiT gamoirCeoda.
Tu bevr qalaqSi „Savi blokis“ taqtikas SeiZleba muSaTa
klasi farTomasStabiani moZraobisgan CamoeSorebina, ok­
lendSi sabrZolo taqtika ufro metad mSromeli xalxis
solidarobis niSnad unda miCneuliyo.
rogorc 2000 wels „msoflio samarTlianobis moZrao­
baSi“ yofnisas Sevityve, taqtikis Sesaxeb mwvave kamaTi
xSirad, simarTle rom vTqvaT, exeba, arsebiTad, SeniR­
bul strategias. magaliTad, sietlSi 1999 wlis noember­
Si WTO-s mier Catarebuli aqciebis Semdeg yvelani gan­
vixilavdiT sakiTxs: „SeiZleba odesme vitrinis Camsxvreva
misaRebi iyos?“ magram am kiTxvas sinamdvileSi safuZvlad
251
edo kidev erTi Tema: visi mobilizeba unda moexdina re­
alurad „msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobas“ SeerTebul
StatebSi da ra mizniT: es iqnebodnen ganaTlebuli sa­
Sualo fenis momxmareblebi, romelTa darwmunebac imaSi,
rom mxari daeWiraT urTierTsasargeblo vaWrobis poli­
tikisTvis, savaraudod, SesaZlebeli iyo (es adamianTa is
kategoriaa, romelic Zaladobis nebismieri gamovlinebis
SemTxvevaSi ganze gadgeboda), Tu potenciurad revoluci­
uri elementebi, romelTac ar sWirdebodaT imis axsna, rom
sistema Zalmomreobasa da da korufcias efuZneba, magram
sWirdebodaT darwmuneba imaSi, rom SesaZlebeli iyo amis
winaaRmdeg warmatebuli gaficvis organizeba (es ki im ti­
pis xalxia, romlisTvisac erTi-ori vitrinis Camsxvreva,
SesaZloa, STagonebis wyaro yofiliyo). am kamaTs bolo
arasodes moeReboda da amgvari strategiuli kiTxvebis
dasmac aq uadgilod meCveneba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, sulac
ar vapireb, Caveba diskusiaSi sulac imis Taobaze, Tu mo­
saxleobis romeli nawilis mobilizeba unda moxdes, anda
imis Tqmas, rom yvela, vinc Tavis TemSi organizebas axor­
cielebs (vinc ar unda iyvnen isini), imaze unda fiqrobdes,
99%-is danarCen wevrebTan solidarobis suliskveTebiT
imoqmedos.
me ufro metad yuradRebas gavamaxvileb praqtikul
ideebsa da rCevebze, romlebic horizontalur organize­
baSi Cemi aTwliani gamocdilebisas da TviT „okupaciaSi“
uSualo monawileobis dros damigrovda.

konsensusi

bevri debati imarTeba imis Taobaze, SeiZleba Tu ara

konsensusis meTodis gamoyeneba ufro did jgufebSic da
ra mizniT _ konsensusis meTodze dafuZnebuli jgufebi
xom xSirad mimarTaven kenWisyras. magram am deba­tebSi
xSirad Tavs iCens gaurkvevloba imasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi konsensusi. bevri, magali­
252
Tad, miiCnevs (da sakmaod jiutad amtkicebs amas), rom
konsensusis procesi, ubralod, erTsulovani kenWisyris
sistemaa, da Semdeg agrZeleben msjelobas imis Taoba­
ze, „muSaobs“ Tu ara amgvari sistema, savaraudod, im
sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac yvela gadawyvetilebas,
faqtobrivad, xmaTa umravlesobiT iReben (yovel Sem­
TxvevaSi, Cemi gadasaxedidan, amgvari debatebi saqmis
arss ascdeba xolme). konsensusis procesis arsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom yvelas Tanabari SesaZlebloba unda
hqondes, gamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas da aravin unda daemorCilos im gadawyvetile­
bas, romelic misTvis sruliad miuRebelia. praqtikaSi
SeiZleba igi 4 principamde daviyvanoT:
• yvelam, vinc Tvlis, rom SemoTavazebul winadade­
basTan dakavSirebiT raRac saTqmeli aqvs, detalurad unda
Camoayalibos Tavisi mosazreba da imsjelos masze.
• Tuki vinmes problema aqvs SemoTavazebul winadade­
basTan dakavSirebiT, an ewinaaRmdegeba mas, es mxedvelo­
baSi unda iqnes miRebuli da, Tu SesaZlebelia _ gaTval­
iswinebulic winadadebis saboloo variantSi.
• Tuki vinmes gauCndeba gancda, rom SemoTavazebuli
winadadeba arRvevs im fundamentur princips, romelsac
mTeli jgufi iziarebs, unda hqondes SesaZlebloba, veto
daados mas („dablokos“).
• aravin unda daTanxmdes iZulebiT iseT gadawyvetile­
bas, romelic misTvis kategoriulad miuRebelia.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi am amocanebis uzrunvelsayofad
sxvadasxva jgufebisa Tu calkeuli adamianebis mier Se­
muSavebul iqna formaluri konsensusis procesis sis­
temebi. maT SesaZloa, mravali sxvadasxvanairi forma
miiRon. magram sulac ar aris aucilebeli, romelime
maTgani formalur process saWiroebdes. zogjer aman
SeiZleba garkveuli samsaxuri gagiwios, zogjer _ ara.
mcire jgufebi xSirad yvelanairi formaluri proce­
durebis gareSe moqmedeben. sinamdvileSi uamravi gza
arsebobs, romelTa saSualebiTac da am oTxi principis
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gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia gadawyvetilebis miReba.
isic ki meorexarisxovani sakiTxia, razec xSirad kama­
Toben, anu SemoTavazebuli winadadebis ganxilvis pro­
cesi mTavrdeba Tu ara kenWisyriT (roca maRla xels
formalurad sweven), an konsensusis sxvagvari gamoxat­
ulebiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris procesi, romelsac
gadawyvetilebamde mivyavarT. kenWisyriT dasruleba
problematuria ara imitom, rom xelebis awevaSi aris
raime arsebiTad araswori, aramed imitom, rom nakleb
savaraudoa, yvelas mosazreba srulyofilad dafiq­
sirdes. magram, Tuki iseTi procesis modeli Seiqmneba,
romelic damTavrdeba kenWisyriT, sadac yvela pozi­
cia damakmayofileblad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, amaSi
cudi araferia.
neba momeciT, moviyvano ramdenime praqtikuli magaliTi
imisa, rasac zemoTqmulSi vgulisxmob.
saerTo problema, romelsac axali jgufebi awydebi­
an xolme, mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu riT iwyebs jgufi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis process. es SeiZleba cotaTi qa­
Tmisa da kvercxis Tavsatexs daemsgavsos. sWirdeba Tu ara
jgufs kenWisyra imisaTvis, rom miiRos konsensusiT moq­
medebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba, Tu konsensuss mimarTavs
imisaTvis, rom xmaTa umravlesobis principiT, anu kenWisy­
riT imoqmedos? ra aris gamosavali?
amis gasarkvevad kargi iqneba, Tu erTi nabijiT ukan
davixevT da Tavad jgufis bunebaze davfiqrdebiT. Cven
jgufebs ganvixilavT, rogorc erTobliobas adamianebisa,
romlebsac wevrobis formaluri statusi aqvT. Tu Tanaxma
xarT, SeuerTdeT jgufs, romelsac ukve dadgenili wesebi
aqvs, magaliTad, profkavSirebi an softbolis moyvarulTa
liga, amiT gamoxatavT mzadyofnas, daemorCiloT mis we­
sebs. Tu es iseTi jgufia, romelic xmaTa umravlesobiT
gadawyvetilebis miRebis principiT moqmedebs, maSin es niS­
navs, rom Tqven Tanaxma xarT, daemorCiloT umravleso­
bis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. Tu esaa vertikaluri
jgufi liderobis struqturiT, maSin es gulisxmobs, rom
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Tqven Tanaxma xarT, daemorCiloT imas, rasac liderebi
amboben. Tumca arCevani mainc gaqvT: Tu gadawyvetile­
bas ewinaaRmdegebiT, SegiZliaT, uari ganacxadoT mis Ses­
rulebaze, an datovoT jgufi, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos es
ukanaskneli, miRebul gadawyvetilebas gadaxedos; Tumca
ufro savaraudoa, rom Tqven raime formiT dagajarimon,
an gagaZevon. mTavaria, rom raRac sanqcia iqneba. dasjis
saSiSroeba jgufis mxridan aiZulebs mis erT-erTi wevrs,
moiqces situaciis Sesabamisad.
magram Tu formaluri wevrebisgan Sedgenili jgu­
fisgan gansxvavebiT, saubaria aqtivistebis Sexvedraze an
sayovelTao-saxalxo Sekrebaze, maSin, rac zemoT vTqviT,
marTebuli ar iqneba. sajaro Sexvedraze aravin gamoxat­
avs raimeze Tanxmobas. es, ubralod, erTad Tavmoyrili
adamianebi arian, romlebic sxedan oTaxSi (an dganan did
moedanze). isini ar emorCilebian umravlesobis mier miRe­
bul gadawyvetilebas, Tu Tavad ar SeTanxmdebian amaze. da
SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSic, Tu romelime monawile mogvi­
anebiT aRmoaCens, rom ewinaaRmdegeba gadawyvetilebas da
Seicvlis azrs, jgufs masTan mimarTebiT arafris gakeTeba
ar SeuZlia. realurad, veravin daatans Zalas vinmes, rames
gaakeTos. da Tu es horizontaluri an anarqistuli jgu­
fia, maSin arc aravis gauCndeba survili, amgvari SesaZle­
bloba hqondes.
maSin rogor wyvets amgvari jgufi, xmaTa umravlesobiT
gadawyvetilebis miRebis principiT imoqmedos Tu konsen­
susis sxva romelime formiT? upirveles yovlisa, yvela
unda SeTanxmdes amaze. Tu amgvar SeTanxmebas ver miaRw­
even, maSin swori iqneba, vTqvaT, rom „yvelas unda hqondes
sityvis Tanabari ufleba da aravis ar unda daatanon Zala,
iseTi rame gaakeTos, rasac TviTon kategoriulad ewinaaR­
mdegeba“. es nebismieri gadawyvetilebis miRebis ZiriTadi
principi xdeba.
es ar niSnavs, rom, saerTod, xelis aweviT umravleso­
bis dadgenis meTods arasodes ar unda mivmarToT. yvelaze
xSirad es warmoadgens saukeTeso saSualebas iseTi mniS­
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vnelovani informaciis mopovebisa, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
„orSabaTs rom davgegmoT Sexvedra 13:00 saaTze, ramdeni
Tqvengani SeZlebda mosvlas?“ analogiurad, Tu arsebobs
formaluri sakiTxi, sadac naTlad Cans, rom araviTari
principuli kiTxva ar warmoiSoba („axla gamovitanoT es
sakiTxi gansaxilvelad?“ an: „samSabaTs SevikriboT Tu oTx­
SabaTs?“), fasilitators SeuZlia, ubralod, dasvas kiTxva,
yvela Tanaxmaa Tu ara am sakiTxis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze xmaTa umravlesobiT da amiT daasrulos. Tumca
ufro xSirad fasilitatori, ubralod, iTxovs xelis aw­
eviT xmis micemas, rac „sazogadoebrivi azris arasavalde­
bulo, araoficialuri gamokiTxvis“ an e.w. „temperaturis
gazomvis“ magivrobas asrulebs; es mas imisTvis sWirdeba,
rom, ubralod, warmodgena Seeqmnas, Tu rogoria oTaxSi
Sekrebili xalxis ganwyoba. es SeiZleba iyos martivad xelis
aweva an ufro daxvewili sistema, sadac xels maRla sweven
momxreebi, dabla _ mowinaaRmdegeebi, xolo xels horizon­
talur mdgomareobaSi aCereben isini, visac pozicia Camoya­
libebuli ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari testebi
arasavaldebuloa, maT xSirad SeiZleba mTeli is informa­
cia mogceT, romlis codnac TqvenTvis aucilebelia: Tu
damokidebuleba SemoTavazebuli winadadebis mimarT uki­
duresad uaryofiTia, maSin pirma, romelmac is gansaxilve­
lad warmoadgina, SesaZloa, winadadeba ukanve gamoiTxovos.
roca saqme sakvanZo sakiTxebs exeba, es oTxi principi
ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. rogor miaRwevT konsensuss
ufro rTul sakiTxebze? arsebobs sakmaod standartizebu­
li oTxetapiani procedura, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi
SemuSavda, raTa mudmivad SesaZlebeli yofiliyo SemoTava­
zebuli winadadebebis formis cvlileba kompromisisa da
kreatiulobis suliskveTebiT, vidre miRweuli ar iqneboda
yvelasaTvis misaRebi forma. amas didi gulmodgineba ar
sWirdeba: uamravi SesaZlo varianti arsebobs. mniSvnelova­
nia, gvaxsovdes, rom adamianebi, romlebic Sexvedraze mo­
dian, SesaZloa, savaraudod, eTanxmebodnen ZiriTad prin­
cipebs, magram ar eTanxmebodnen proceduris romelime
256
konkretul formalur wess; ase rom, procedurebi unda
moergos jgufis survilebs; mokled, procesi daaxloebiT
ase gamoiyureba:
1. vinme warmoadgens winadadebas moqmedebis garkveuli
gegmis Sesaxeb;
2. fasilitatori iTxovs, dausvan dasazustebeli
SekiTxvebi, raTa darwmundes, rom yvelam sworad gaigo, Tu
ras sTavazoben;
3. fasilitatori svams kiTxvebs, xom ara aqvs vinmes
raime problema winadadebasTan dakavSirebiT;
a. diskusiis dros pirebma, romlebsac winadadebasTan da­
kavSirebiT aqvT problemebi, SesaZloa megobrulad, guliTa-
dad SesTavazon Sesworebebis Setana winadadebaSi da am sax­
iT xsenebuli problemebis gaTvaliswineba, rac winadadebis
warmdgeni pirisTvis an aRmoCndeba misaRebi, an _ ara;
b. SeiZleba ganxorcieldes (an ar ganxorcieldes) xal­
xis ganwyobis kvleva winadadebis, Sesworebebisa Tu prob­
lemis seriozulobis Sesaxeb;
g. procesis msvlelobisas SesaZloa: winadadebis Se­
Cereba, xelaxla formulireba, sxva winadadebebTan kom­
binireba, nawilebad dayofa; an SeiZleba ganxilva gadaidos.
4. fasilitatori konsensuss amowmebs Semdegnairad:
a. kiTxulobs, Tu arian iseTebi, vinc ganze gadga, pasi-
urobs. ganze gadgomiT, pasiurobiT piri acxadebs: „ me ar
momwons es mosazreba da ar miviReb monawileobas aqciaSi,
Tumca ar vapireb, xeli SevuSalo sxvebs“. yovelTvis mniS­
vnelovania, mivceT saSualeba aseT adamianebs, axsnan, Tu
ratom iqcevian ase.
b. kiTxulobs, xom ar arsebobs raime saxis bloki („bari-
eris“, „winaaRmdegobis“ mniSvnelobiT. red.). bloki ar niS­
navs winaaRmdeg xmis micemas. is ufro vetos hgavs. albaT
saukeTeso ganmarteba iqneba, rom bloki jgufidan nebi­
smiers aZlevs saSualebas, droebiT moisxas uzenaesi sa­
samarTlos mosamarTlis mantia da Caagdos, ar miiRos wi­
nadadebis is nawili, romelsac arakonstituciurad Tvlis;
an, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, jgufis erTianobis an misi
257
miznis fundamenturi principebis darRvevad miiCnevs.*
blokis sakiTxis mogvarebis ramdenime gza arsebobs.
yvelaze martivi gzaa SemoTavazebul winadadebaze, ubralod,
uaris Tqma. fasilitators SeuZlia, daexmaros blokis ini­
ciators, Sexvdes winadadebis avtors, SeuerTdes Sesabamis
samuSao jgufs da mosinjos, SeuZliaT Tu ara maT raime
gonivrul kompromisamde misvla. zogjer, gansakuTrebiT ma­
Sin, roca sxvebi miiCneven, rom bloki gamarTlebuli araa (mag­
aliTad: „ar vfiqrob, rom antisemitizmis gamovlineba iqne­
ba, Tu momaval Sexvedras paraskevs davniSnavT, miuxedavad
imisa, rom am dRes ebraelebis dResaswaulia. Cveni umravle­
soba ebraelia da CvenTvis sulerTia.“**); SeiZleba arsebob­des
garkveuli procesi, romelic winaaRmdegobas gauwevs bloks:
magaliTad, dasvamen kiTxvas: jgufis, sul mcire, kidev ori
sxva wevri Tu moiZebneba iseTi, vinc mxars dauWers mas (roca
aseTi situaciis daxasiaTeba gvinda, zogjer vambobT: „kon­
sensuss minus erTi“ an „konsensuss minus ori“). an Tuki saqme
did jgufs exeba, maSin ukan daxeva, Cveulebriv, kargi azria:
Tu aSkarad igrZnoba, rom, miuxedavad blokisa, xalxis umrav­
lesobas mainc surs SemoTavazebuli winadadebis miReba, maSin
SeiZleba mimarTon kenWisyras kvalificiuri umravlesobiT
(kvalificiuri umravlesobiT kenWisyra gulisxmobs pirobas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa
daaxloebiT 67-90%. red.). magaliTad, 2 agvistos, „daikave uol
* unda aRvniSno: Occupy Wall Street-Si miRebulia, rom bloki unda efuZnebodes
„moralur, eTikur an usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, romlebic
imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom SemoTavazebuli winadadebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi
Tqven SeiZleba moZraobis datovebis gadawyvetilebac ki miiRoT“.

** rogorc mkiTxveli albaT Tavadac xvdeba, es magaliTi konkretul SemTx­

vevas ukavSirdeba: uSualo moqmedebis qselis Sexvedraze erTi axalmosuli
orTodoqsi ebraeli, Sexvedris ramdenime SemoTavazebul TariRs im motiviT
ar daeTanxma, rom es TariRebi ebraul dResaswaulebs emTxveoda. aman Zalian
gaaRiziana jgufis sxva wevrebi (Zalze xangrZlivi Sexvedris Semdeg Cven So­
ris aseTi Tormeti darCa); erTma afro-amerikelma aqtivistma ganacxada, rom
is apirebda, daebloka es SemoTavazeba im motiviT, rom aRniSnuli TariRiT
Sexvedris Catareba, religiuri TvalsazrisiT, diskriminaciuli iqneboda. sab­
olood, romeliRac iZulebuli gaxda, mSvidad aexsna misTvis, rom is erTad­
erTi araebraeli iyo, romelic oTaxSi darCa.

258
stritis“ Temaze Cveni pirveli Sexvedris dros, SevTanxmdiT
„modificirebuli konsensusis“ variantze, romlis drosac,
CixSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi, SegveZlo, migvemarTa ori mesa­
mediT warmodgenili umravlesobis principisTvis, magram
„okupaciaSi“ ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi yofnis Semdeg,
„generaluri asamblea“ SeTanxmda 90%-ian saTadarigo vari­
antze im motiviT, rom wina sistema, ase swrafad mzardi moZ­
raobis arsebobis fonze, xels Seuwyobda iseTi winadadebebis
gatanas, romlebsac asobiT da aTasobiTac ki mowinaaRmdege
hyavda. Tumca mniSvnelovania isic, rom am sistemaze avto­
maturad gadasvla ar SeiZleba: Tu vinme blokirebas axdens,
es savaraudod, imis gamoa, rom procesi marcxs ganicdis,
anu wina planze wamoswies saWirboroto sakiTxi, magram is
saTanadod ar ganuxilavT. aseT SemTxvevaSi jgufis sauke­
Teso svla iqneba, Tu ukan dabrundeba da winadadebas Tavidan
ganixilavs. amgvar xerxebs drodadro unda mimarTon, gansa­
kuTrebiT Zalian didma jgufebma.
arsebobs konsensusis procesis ramdenime sakiTxi, rom­
lebic xSirad problemebsa Tu gaurkvevlobas warmoSobs;
Sevecdebi, mokled ganvmarto, rasac vgulisxmob.
erTi is aris, rom SeuZlebelia, vinmem Zalian kargad
daasabuTos blokireba jgufis erTianobis principebiT,
Tu jgufs sinamdvileSi ar gaaCnia isini. amrigad, yov­
elTvis umjobesia, arsebobdes garkveuli SeTanxmeba imis
Taobaze, Tu ratom arsebobs jgufi da ris miRwevas cdi­
lobs igi umokles droSi. Zalian kargia, Tu es principebi
martivi iqneba. maTi Camoyalibebisas aseve mniSvnelovania,
gvaxsovdes: aqtivistTa nebismieri jgufi imisTvis arse­
bobs, rom raRac gaakeTos, garkveulwilad Secvalos samya­
ro. amgvarad, principebi unda asaxavdes, Tu ris miRwevas
cdilobs jgufi, aseve imasac, Tu ra saSualebiT cdilobs
is amis gakeTebas _ da es ori ram (Sedegebi da saSualebebi)
erTmaneTTan maqsimalur harmoniaSi unda iyos. rac Seexe­
ba jgufis miznebis gansazRvras, ukeTesia, isini martivad
Camoyalibdes. bevrad iolia dawero, magaliTad: „Cven vewi­
naaRmdegebiT socialuri ierarqiisa da Cagvris yvelanair
259
formas“, vidre ecado, Camowero socialuri ierarqiisa da
Cagvris yvela saxeoba, romelTa Sesaxebac ki gsmenia.
jgufisTvis erTianobis principebis arsebobas, garda
imisa, rom naTels hfens blokirebas, kidev erTi dadebiTi
mxare aqvs. is SesaZleblobas aZlevs keTili zraxvebiT aR­
savse wevrebs, drodadro yvelas Seaxsenon, Tu ratom Sei­
kribnen isini erTad. aman SeiZleba fasdaudebeli daxmareba
gaswios konfliqtebis mogvarebisas, radgan gacxarebuli
konfliqtis dros adamianebi avlenen araCveulebriv unars,
daiviwyon, upirveles yovlisa, risTvis Seikribnen. amas sxva
sakiTxamde mivyavarT: konfliqtSi cudi araferia, Tuki is
adamianebs Seaxsenebs, Tu ra mizniT moiyares Tavi. es kon­
sensusis kidev erTi mcdari gagebaa. xSirad gaigonebT: „ki
magram, konfliqti xom politikis arsia. rogor SeZlebT
mis aRmofxvras?“ cxadia, ver SeZlebT da arc unda ecadoT.
zogierTi gaurkvevloba im faqtidan momdinareobs, rom
amerikaSi (bevri sxva qveynisgan gansxvavebiT) aqtivistebs
konsensusi Tavdapirvelad kvakerizmis tradiciis saSu­
alebiT gaacnes, rac imas niSnavda, rom aqtivistTa umrav­
lesobisaTvis konsensusTan pirveli Sexeba ukavSirdeboda
warmodgenebs zedafenebze da, simarTle giTxraT, bur­
Juaziaze. fiqrobdnen, rom, garegnulad mainc, yvela uaR-
resad Tavaziani unda yofiliyo. 1960-iani wlebis bolos,
radikalTa ZvelbiWuri „dramatuli“ sanaxaobebis Semdeg,
sadac skamebze Sextoma da muSti-krivi normalur qcevad
iTvleboda, kvakerizmiTa da feminizmiT STagonebul kon­
sensuss sanaqebo magaliTis Zala hqonda. magram sul male
uaRresad saWiro feministuri tendencia, romelic moiaz­
rebda erTmaneTis mosmenas, urTierTpativiscemasa da araZ­
almomreobiT komunikacias, TandaTan, nel-nela, aSkarad,
Secvala SeZlebulTa fenis koqteilis wveulebis stilma,
romelic met mniSvnelobas Tavazianobasa da evfemizmebs
aniWebda da arasasiamovno emociebis sajarod gamoxatvas
ar iwonebda; es manera, Tavis mxriv, iseTive damTrgunveli
iyo, rogoric adrindeli ZvelbiWuri qceva, gansakuTrebiT
maTTvis, vinc SeZlebul fenas ar miekuTvneboda.
260
 Tavidan Tu „burJuaziul“ stils xalxi verafriT Seelia,
am bolo wlebSi nel-nela xeli aiRo masze. magaliTad,
fasilitaciis saukeTeso trenerebi mixvdnen, rom marTlac
ukeTesi iyo, eTqvaT: „diax, Cven mgznebare adamianebi varT;
aq imitom movediT, rom Zalian gvawuxebs, rac xdeba, da Zl­
ieri emociebi gveufleba; aRSfoTebisa da imedgacruebis
gamoxatva iseve mniSvnelovania (da logikuria), rogorc
iumoris da siyvarulisa. unda gvesmodes, rom Tu miznis
miRweva gvinda, es yvelaferi ki ar unda CavaxSoT, aramed
piriqiT, megobrebsa da Tanamoazreebs Soris konfliqtis
gaRvivebasac ki unda SevuwyoT xeli, oRond, ra Tqma unda,
yvelas kargad unda axsovdes, rom is, saboloo jamSi, Seyva­
rebulebs Soris Cxubs hgavs. praqtikaSi es Semdegnairad
xorcieldeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom savsebiT kanonzomieria,
eWvi Segeparos, mizanSewonilia Tu ara Sexvedris monawile
sxva adamianebis sityva an saqme, an Tundac aRSfoTeba gamox­
ato maTi naTqvamisa Tu moqmedebis gamo, mainc yovelTvis
unda icavde udanaSaulobis prezumfcias, darwmunebuli
unda iyo maT patiosnebasa da keTil zraxvebSi. amis gakeTeba
zogjer ukiduresad rTulia. xandaxan SeiZleba yovelgvari
safuZveli gqondes, eWvi Segeparos imaSi, rom Seni Tanamo­
saubreebi ar iqcevian patiosnad da ara aqvT keTili zrax­
vebi. vinmem SeiZleba isic ki ifiqros, rom isini farulad
moqmedeben da sinamdvileSi policielebi arian. magram Sesa­
Zloa, igi cdebodes. da rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, roca gin­
daT, rom adamianebi bavSvebiviT iqceodnen, maSin ise unda
moeqceT maT, rogorc bavSvebs, aqac zustad igive principi
moqmedebs: Tu gindaT, adamianebma Sexvedraze upasuxismge­
bloba gamoiCinon, amisTvis saukeTeso saSualebaa, ise mo­
eqceT maT, TiTqos es Tviseba ukve gamoavlines. amitom, mar­
Talia, amis gakeTeba sakmaod Znelia, yvela fxizlad unda
iyos, rom amgvari qceva ar gamoeparos da aRmoCenisTanave
gamoavlinos is. araferi daSavdeba, Tu vinmes etyviT, rom
is idiotia, Tu Tqven marTla ase fiqrobT masze; magram ar
SeiZleba vinmes daabraloT, rom is mizanmimarTulad cdi­
lobs moZraobis daSlas.
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 Tu gairkveva, rom mavanni marTlac ganzrax cdiloben
moZraobis daSlas, maSin arsebobs gzebi, romeliTa saSu­
alebiTac amas SeewinaaRmdegebiT. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom
vinme aris policieli an nacisti, anda aqtiurad cdilobs,
dablokos jgufi da xeli SeuSalos mas miznis miRwevaSi, an
sruliad Seuracxadia, maSin unda arsebobdes maTi uvnebe­
lyofis garkveuli saSualebebi; Tumca es Sexvedris farg­
lebs gareT unda moxdes. niu-iorkSi aseTi problema Segveqm­
na: maSinac ki, roca adamianebi acxadebdnen, rom maT mizans
Sexvedris CaSla warmoadgenda, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maT mainc
veraferi uSlida xels, am SexvedraSi monawileoba mieRoT.
bolos da bolos, mivediT daskvnamde, rom aseT adamia­nebs
iolad gaumklavdebi, Tu maTgan Sors daiWer Tavs: yovel­
gvari reagirebis gareSe toveb yvelafers, rasac ar unda
ambobdnen, an akeTebdnen isini. es midgoma Tavdapirvelad
sakmaod spontanurad, „saxalxo mikrofonis“ gamoye­nebisas
SemuSavda: Tu vinme ityoda iseT rames, rasac sxve­bi Seura­
cxyofad miiCnevdnen, ubralod, Sewyvetdnen mis gameorebas
da, saboloo jamSi, Tuki spikeri kvlav iseTive Seuracx­
myofeli toniT agrZelebda laparaks, aRmoaCenda, rom misi
naTqvami ukve aRaravis esmoda.
yovelTvis arsebobs sazRvari, sayovelTaod aRiarebu­
li an kidev sxvagvari. Tu sazRvrebi sayovelTaod aRiare­
buli ar aris, maSin maTi arseboba im wamidan xdeba SesamCne­
vi, roca maT vinme daarRvevs. rogorc „taqtikis saxeobaTa
mravalferovneba“ (koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac, taqtikis
mSvidobian da „aramSvidobian“ saxeobebs Soris arCevani unda
gakeTdes situaciis Sesabamisad. red.) emyareba imas, rom Ta­
visTavad igulisxmeba _ aravin arasodes miva demonstra­
ciaze manqanis asafeTqebeli bombiTa Tu xelis tanksawi­
naaRmdego yumbarmtyorcniT, zustad aseve, imis mtkice­
bac, rom arc erTi aqtivisti ar unda gaaZevon Sexvedridan,
garkveul parametrebs unda gulisxmobdes.
cota xnis win niu-iorkSi warmomadgenlobiT sabWos
daveswari, sadac didxans kamaTobdnen sakiTxze, unda ar­
sebobdes Tu ara „sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba“, da saerTo
262
principi imis Taobaze, rom Tu vinme daarRvevs am SeTanx­
mebas, mas unda eTxovos, nebayoflobiT datovos Sexvedra.
am winadadebas yvela erToblivad ewinaaRmdegeboda. ue­
crad viRacam SeniSna erT-erTi delegati, romelsac xelSi
eWira dafa warweriT: „ariuli identobis samuSao jgufi“.
mas xalxi maSinve gars Semoexvia (maT Soris iseTebic, vinc
cota xnis win xmamaRla amtkicebda, rom zemoxsenebuli wesi
metismetad sastiki iyo) da aiZula, Sexvedra daetovebina.

es mxolod erT-erTi instrumentia im mravalTagan,

romlebic aqtivistTa jgufebma wlebis ganmavlobaSi Sei­
muSaves, rom konsensusis process funqcionireba gae­
grZelebina. kidev mravali meTodi arsebobs („ganmmuxtavi
SeniSvnebi“, „rotaciebi“, „popkorni“, „situaciis ganxilva
farTo masebis mier“ da a. S.) da maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
detaluri instruqciebic xelmisawvdomia (Zalian martivad
_ Google-is saZiebo sistemis saSualebiT). fasilitaciisa
da konsesusis procesis Sesaxeb Cemi sayvareli saxelmZR­
vanelos avtoria aqtivisti da mwerali starhoki, Tumca
kidev bevri SeiZleba naxoT, yvelanair gemovnebas rom See­
sabameba. aseve arsebobs organizebis sxvadasxva modeli
(magaliTad, „generaluri asambleebi“ da warmomadgenlo­
biTi sabWoebi), romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs. ar arsebobs erTi swori mimar­
Tuleba, an moqmedebis gegma, romelic gansazRvravda, Tu
rogor unda gafarTovdes am modelebis masStabebi ise,
rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes mTeli sazogadoebis organizeba
uSualo demokratiis safuZvelze. konsensusis procesis
xibli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is mravalferovania da Sei­
Zleba advilad moargo sxvadasxva tipis Sekrebas. aq moyva­
nilia zogierTi praqtikuli mosazreba da sayovelTaod
gavrcelebuli mcdari warmodgenebi konsensusis ZiriTad
principebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, imedia, dainteresebul
mkiTxvels amgvar sakiTxebSi garkvevas gauadvilebs.

263
 kiTxvebi, romlebsac swrafi konsensusis
Sesaxeb xSirad svamen

k: gana mTeli es „konsensusis procesi“ TavisTavad nagu-

lisxmev an farul liderTa dapirispirebuli dajgufebis
meSveobiT manipulirebamde ar daiyvaneba?

p: Tu moqmedebT konsensusiT yovelgvari wesebis gar­

eSe, maSin diax, faruli liderobis gaCena gardauvali iqne­
ba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, im droisTvis mainc, roca Tqveni
jgufi gaizrdeba da misi ricxvi 8-9 adamians gadaaWarbebs.
mwerali da aqtivisti jo frimani amaze jer kidev 1970-ian
wlebSi, feministuri moZraobis sawyis etapze miuTiTeb­
da. is, rasac axla Cven „konsensusis process“ vuwodebT,
ZiriTadad, am problemaze reagirebis mizniT Seiqmna, fri­
manis kritikuli SeniSvnis Semdeg.
fasilitatoris roli aq mSvenier magaliTs warmoadgens.
Tu (a) Sexvedris warmmarTvelica da (b) winadadebebis warm­
dgenic erTi da igive piria, maSin naTelia, rom saqme cudad
organizebul procesTan gvaqvs. nebismier horizontalur
jgufSi dadgenilia piroba, rom fasilitatorma winadadeba
TviTon ar unda waradginos. igi Sexvedras eswreba imisaT­
vis, rom mousminos, Seasrulos Suamavlis roli, romlis
daxmarebiTac jgufi SeZlebs, iazrovnos. Cveulebriv, amas­
Tan, fasilitatoris funqcia ramdenime adamianze SeiZleba
gadanawildes: erTi piri uZRveba Sexvedras, meore pasux­
ismgebelia gamomsvlelTa Tanmimdevrobis regulirebaze
(aRnusxavs, vin iTxova sityviT gamosvla), mesame akontro­
lebs dros, meoTxe Tvalyurs adevnebs ganwyobas da zrunavs,
rom energia „ar Sesustdes“ da vinmem Tavi gariyulad ar
igrZnos. es ki fasilitatorisTvis debatebis manipulirebas
ufro arTulebs (Tumca amas is SeiZleba verc acnobiereb­
des). fasilitatorebi erTmaneTs enacvlebian, rac jgufs
saSualebas aZlevs, mudmivad SeinarCunos genderuli balan­
si rogorc fasilitatorebs, ise gamomsvlelTa Soris.

264
 es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom dapirispirebuli da­
jgufebebi ar warmoiSoba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme
did jgufebs exeba; an _ zogierTebs Zalauneburad gac­
ilebiT meti zegavlena ar eqnebaT, vidre sxvebs. erTad­
erTi gamosavali isaa, jgufma sifxizle ar moadunos, rom
amgvari dajgufebis warmoSoba ar gamoeparos.

k: Tu Tqven ambobT, rom amgvari gavleniani dajgufebebi

mainc warmoiqmneba, xom ar ajobebs, ubralod, vaRiaroT is
faqti, rom liderebi marTla arseboben da, aqedan gamomdin-
are, ukeTesia, liderobis struqtura oficialurad Seiqmnas,
vidre arsebobdes faruli, gaugebari lideroba, romelsac
aravin aRiarebs?

p: rac ar unda gasakviri iyos _ ara. im adamianebs, rom­

lebic met samuSaos asruleben, ra Tqma unda, meti zegav­
lena eqnebaT. es garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs maT, visac
meti dro aqvs. zogierTebi aucileblad daiwyeben koor­
dinirebulad moqmedebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom zogierT
adamians metad miuwvdeba xeli informaciaze. es realuri
problemaa. nebismier egalitarul jgufSi informacia
ufro SezRuduli resursi xdeba: Tu ierarqiebi viTarde­
ba, es imitom xdeba, rom zogierT adamians aqvs situaciaSi
garkvevis saSualebebi, sxvebs ki _ ara. informaciaze privi­
legirebuli wvdomis mqone pirTa „liderebad“ gamocxadeb­
iT am faqts oficialurad davadasturebT, rac problemas,
mogvarebis nacvlad, kidev ufro gaamwvavebs. erTaderTi
gza, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba, vakontroloT, rom am
jgufma sakuTari neba Tavs ar moaxvios sxvebs, aris iseTi
meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic uzrunvelyofs informaciis
rac SeiZleba farTo xelmisawvdomobas da mudmivad Seax­
senebs yvelaze aqtiur wevrebs, rom ar arsebobs araviTari
oficialuri liderobis struqtura da aravis aqvs ufleba,
sakuTari neba Tavs moaxvios sxvas.
analogiurad, araoficialuri lideruli dajgufebis
wevrebis „sakoordinacio komitetis“ wevrebad g ­ amocxadeba,
265
romelTa xelaxla daniSvnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe­
ba yvela danarCens daaxloebiT yovel eqvs TveSi erTxel
SeuZlia, maT „ufro metad angariSvaldebuls“ ar gax­
dis, rasac xSirad varaudoben xolme (miuxedavad mTeli
maTi gamocdilebisa); aramed piriqiT, amiT maT, aSkarad,
kidev ufro SeumcirdebaT angariSvaldebuleba. SeiZle­
ba gaCndes kiTxva: ratom unda efiqra vinmes, rom ase ar
moxdeboda?*

k: davuSvaT, rom konsensusi sakmaod kargad muSaobs

p­ atara jgufSi, kvartalSi an TemSi, sadac yvela erTmaneTs
icnobs, magram rogor imuSavebs is erTmaneTisTvis ucxo
adamianebis­gan dakompleqtebul did jgufSi, romlis wevreb-
sac Tavdapirvelad ara aqvT safuZveli, erTmaneTs endon?

p: Temi ar unda gavaidealoT. marTalia, adamianebi,

romlebmac mTeli cxovreba erTad gaatares, vTqvaT, rome­
lime sofelSi, savaraudod, ufro gaiziareben erTmane­
Tis xedvas, vidre isini, vinc gaucxoebul megapolisebSi
cxovrobs, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom mWidrod
dasaxlebul arealSi mcxovrebi individebi, savaraudod,
ufro sastiki mtrebic iqnebian erTmaneTis mimarT. is faq­
ti, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT SeuZliaT, konsesuss

* sinamdvileSi amis mizezi liberaluri politikis TeoriaSi warmoSobili,

farTod gavrcelebuli mcdari mosazrebaa, romelic upirispirdeba nebismier
rames, rac SeiZleba waagavdes „diskreciul uflebamosilebas“ (esaa TviT­
nebobaze damyarebuli xelisufleba, romelic araa SezRuduli normatiuli
aqtebiT an qcevis winaswar dadgenili normebiT. red.). sul mcire, erTi saukunis
manZilze mTavrobis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze Zaladobis ganxorcielebis
ZiriTad gasamarTlebel mizezad iTvleboda mosazreba, TiTqos qmedeba
kanonsawinaaRmdegoa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu detalurad SemuSavebul,
farTod gavrcelebul wesebs arRvevs. aq igulisxmeba, rom Zalauflebis
nebismieri gamoyeneba, gavlenis saxiTac ki, gamarTlebuli ar aris, Tu is
oficialurad aRiarebuli araa da uflebamosilebebic detalurad ar aris
gawerili. Sedegad, araoficialuri Zalaufleba (im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca
is Zaladobrivi ar aris) ratomRac ufro met safrTxed miiCneva adamianTa
TavisuflebisaTvis, vidre Tavad Zaladoba. saboloo jamSi, es raRac utopiaa:
SeuZlebelia mkafio da garkveuli wesebis arseboba, romlebic yvela saxis
politikur qmedebas moicavs.

266
miaRwion, adasturebs, rom adamians gaaCnia unari, daZlios
­siZulvili saerTo keTildReobis gulisTvis.
rac Seexeba ucxo adamianebis Sexvedrebs: Tu vinme Sem­
TxveviTi SerCeviT quCidan Sekrebs xalxs da aiZulebs, dae­
swron Sexvedras, maTi neba-survilis sawinaaRmdegod, maSin
es adamianebi, savaraudod, bevri saerTos gamonaxvas ver
moaxerxeben (garda gaqcevis SeTqmulebis momzadebisa). ma­
gram aravin midis Sexvedraze sakuTari surviliT, Tu am
Sexvedrisgan raRacas ar moelis _ es is saerTo mizania,
romlis miRwevasac iq yvela cdilobs. Tu isini Sexvedris
mTavari gezs ar ascdebian da mudmivad emaxsovrebaT, risT­
visac Seikribnen, maSin, zogadad rom vTqvaT, gansxvavebebi
maT xels ver SeuSlis.

k: Tu didi Sexvedrebis dros giwevT, mimarToT 66, 75 an

90%-ian kenWisyrasac ki, ratom uwodebT amas „modificire-
bul konsensuss“? gana es kvalificiuri umravlesobiT ken-
Wisyra araa? ratom ar unda iyoT, ubralod, gulwrfeli da
daaarqvaT amas Tavisi saxeli?

p: es ar aris, faqtobrivad, erTi da igive. konsensus­

Si yvelaze mniSvnelovania sinTezis procesi, roca Semo­
Tavazebuli winadadebebis gadamuSavebis procesi iqamde
grZeldeba, sanam misaRebi ar iqneba monawileTa yvelaze
didi procentuli nawilisTvis da miuRebeli _ mxolod um­
ciresi procentuli nawilisTvis. miuxedavad amisa, zogjer
did jgufebSi mainc xdeba, rom viRac axdens blokirebas da
arsebiTi uTanxmoeba warmoiSoba imis Taobaze, namdvilad
gamoxatavs Tu ara es blokireba jgufis ZiriTad princi­
pebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi gaqvT arCevani, mimarToT kenWisyras.
magram vinc daswrebia, vTqvaT, ori mesamedis umravleso­
biT kenWisyraze damyarebul Sexvedras, daadasturebs Sem­
degs: Tu dauyovnebliv mimarTavT kenWisyras, maSin mTeli
dinamika gansxvavebuli iqneba, radgan arasodes arsebobs
garantia imisa, rom yvelas xedva Tanabrad dafasdeba.
is Sexedulebebi, romlebic Sexvedris monawileTa erT
267
m­esamedze naklebis pozicias warmoadgens, SesaZle­
belia,
ubralod, ugulebelyofil iqnes.

k: rogor moviqceT, Tu adamianebi borotad iyeneben

sistemas?

p: arseboben adamianebi, romelTa monawileobac de­

mokratiul Sekrebas, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, Zalian
did zians ayenebs an xelis uSlis. arian iseTebic, romelTa
gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia, Tumca isini zogjer iseT Zirga­
momTxrel saqmianobas ewevian, maTTan urTierToba imdenad
rTulia da mudmivad imden yuradRebas iTxoven, maT rom
survilebi ausruloT, maT azrebsa da grZnobebs rom an­
gariSi gauwioT, am adamianebisTvis gacilebiT meti drois
daTmoba mogixdebaT, vidre jgufis danarCeni wevrebisT­
vis. es imTaviTve ewinaaRmdegeba princips, rom yvelas mo­
sazrebebs da grZnobebs Tanabari fasi unda hqondes. Tu
mavani mudmivad arRvevs wesrigs da jgufisTvis saziano
saqmes sCadis, maSin unda arsebobdes saSualeba, rom vTxo­
voT mas, datovos Sexvedra. Tu uars ganacxadebs, maSin
Semdegi nabiji iqneba, xma mivawvdinoT mis megobrebsa Tu
Tanamoazreebs da vTxovoT, dagvexmaron mis darwmunebaSi.
Tu arc es moxerxdeba, maSin saukeTeso midgoma iqneba, mi­
viRoT koleqtiuri gadawyvetileba maTi sistematuri ig­
norirebis Sesaxeb.

k: aris Tu ara konsensusis daJinebuli moTxovna indi-

vidualurobisa da kreatiulobis CaxSoba? gana es xels ar
­uwyobs garkveuli normebisadmi brma morCilebas?

p: diax, oRond im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es yvelaferi cudad

gakeTdeba. yvelaferi SeiZleba cudad gaakeTo. konsensusis
procesi xSirad Zalian cudad warimarTeba xolme. magram
es, ZiriTadad, imitom xdeba, rom bevri CvenganisTvis is
siaxles warmoadgens. Cven demokratiul kulturas, faqto­
brivad, nulidan vaSenebT. Tu yvelafers sworad warvmar­
268
TavT, maSin arc erTi sxva procesi ar dauWers mxars in­
dividualizmsa da kreatiulobas ise, rogorc konsensusi,
radgan is efuZneba princips, romlis Tanaxmadac, arc ki
unda scado, sxvebi mTlianad Sens poziciaze gadmoiyvano;
rom Cven Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi warmoadgens saerTo
resurss, romelsac pativi unda vceT da dabrkoleba ar
unda SevuqmnaT saerTo miznebisken swrafvas.
realuri problema warmoiqmneba maSin, roca konsen­
susi warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis miRebis process iseT
jgufebSi, sadac Zalaufleba (aRiarebuli an araaRiareb­
uli) ukve mkveTrad araTanabaria, an sadac ukve arsebobs
konformizmis kultura (rogori saxiT aRweven konsensuss,
amis gansakuTrebuli magaliTia iaponuri korporaciebi, an
Tundac iseTi amerikuli korporacia, rogoricaa Harley-
Davidson). aseT SemTxvevebSi, eWvgareSea, rom „konsensusis“
moTxovna saqmes ufro gaauaresebs. magram aq konsensusi im
TvalsazrisiT, romelic am wignSia asaxuli, saerTod ar
arsebobs; es ufro iZulebiTi erTsulovnebaa. ar moiZeb­
neba sxva ufro efeqturi saSualeba amgvari demokratiuli
procedurebis radikaluri potencialis dangrevisa, vidre
is, rom adamianebs moaCveno, TiTqos maT iyeneben, maSin,
roca es ase ar aris.

k: gonivrulia, gvjerodes, rom adamianebi yovelTvis

­daeswrebian ToTxmetsaaTian Sexverebs?

p: ara, sruliad aragonivrulia. cxadia, Zala aravis unda

davatanoT (Tundac es moraluri zewola iyos), daeswron
Sexvedrebs, Tu es maTi survili ar iqneba. magram arc is
gvinda, rom xalxi daiyos liderebis fenad, romelsac aqvs
dro, daeswros xangrZliv Sexvedrebs, da „mimdevarTa“ fe­
nad, romelic arasodes gamoxatavs Tavis mosazrebas mniS­
vnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros. tradiciul
sazogadoebebSi, romelTac konsensusis mravalsaukunovani
gamocdileba aqvT, Cveulebriv, gamosavals xedaven Sexve­
dris garTobad gadaqcevaSi: SemoaqvT iumori, musika, poe­
269
zia, rom xalxma marTla isiamovnos daxvewili ritorikuli
TamaSebisa da maTi Tanmdevi dramebis cqeriT (madagaskari
am SemTxvevaSic Cemi sayvareli magaliTia. erTgvar rito­
rikas, romelsac Sexvedrebze iyeneben, iq Zalian afaseben;
me vusmendi umaRlesi rangis daxelovnebul oratorebs,
romlebic musikaluri festivalis monawile rok-jgufebis
msgavsad asrulebdnen erTgvar gasarTob nomrebs); magram,
ra Tqma unda, es is sazogadoebebia, romelTac meti dro
aqvT (aRarafers vityvi imaze, rom ara aqvT televizori da
socialuri media, romlebic maT yuradRebas daipyrobda).
Tanamedrove urbanul konteqstSi (romelSic gamoricxu­
lia sawyisi etapi, roca yvela Relavs, bolomde ar ician,
miiReben Tu ara, saerTod, monawileobas) saukeTeso gamo­
savalia, ToTxmetsaaTiani Sexvedrebi, ubralod, ar gaim­
arTos. sifrTxiliT moekideT drois limitebs: aTi wuTi
gamoyaviT erTi Temis ganxilvisTvis, xuTi _ meorisTvis
da araumetes ocdaaTi wamisa _ TiToeuli gamomsvlelisT­
vis. mudmivad SeaxseneT gamomsvlelebs, rom ar aris saWiro
imis gameoreba, rac sxvam ukve Tqva. da rac yvelaze mniS­
vnelovania: ar waradginoT SeTavazebebi didi jgufis wi­
naSe, Tu amisaTvis myari safuZveli ar iqneba. es arsebiTia.
es marTlac imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mas calke nawils
davuTmob.

nu gaitanT gansaxilvelad winadadebas konsensusze,

Tu amisTvis myari safuZveli ar geqnebaT

konsensusis procesi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs,

Tu radikaluri decentralizaciis principTan aris Ser­
wymuli.
namdvilad ar SemiZlia saTanado yuradReba ar mivaqcio
amas. Tu arsebobs raime naTeli wertili formaluri kon­
sensusis procesis rTul bunebaSi, maSin is swored imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom gadaafiqrebinos adamianebs, gaitanon wi­

270
nadadebebi generaluri asambleis, warmomadgenlobiTi sab­
Woebis an sxva didi jgufebis winaSe gansaxilvelad, Tu amis
aucilebloba marTla ar dgas. yovelTvis sjobs, Tu Sesa­
Zlebelia, gadawyvetilebebi ufro mcire jgufebSi miiRon:
samuSao jgufebSi, TanamoazreTa jgufebSi, koleqtivebSi.
iniciativa qvemodan unda modiodes. ar unda gaCndes ganc­
da, rom saWiroa vinmes nebarTva, Tundac „generaluri asam­
bleisa“ (romelic TiToeuli „vinmes“ erTobliobaa), Tuki
nebarTvis gareSe procesis gagrZeleba raime saxis zianis
momtani ar iqneba.
neba momeciT, moviyvano magaliTi.
roca Cven jer kidev tompkinsis moedanze, skverSi viya­
viT Sekrebili, vidre faqtobrivi „okupacia“ daiwyeboda,
propagandis jgufma kinaRam arseboba Sewyvita, rodesac
man warmoadgina „daikave uol stritis“ jgufis bunebisa
da miznebis orstriqoniani aRwera flaerebis teqstisT­
vis, romelic maSinve daibloka „generalur asambleaze“.
qali, romelic propagandis jgufis erT-erTi lideri iyo,
gaRizianebas ver malavda da meZebda me, rogorc, savarau­
dod, konsensusis procesis karg mcodnes, raTa gaerkvia,
arsebobda Tu ara Suamdgomlobis raime saSualeba. dav­
fiqrdi da vkiTxe: „kargi, saerTod, ratom gaitaneT teqsti
jgufis winaSe gansaxilvelad?“
„imitom, rom CavTvale, ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu yvela dae­
Tanxmeboda im formas, romliTac maT sxvebs warvudgen­
diT. magram, etyoba, rogori teqstic ar unda SesTavazoT,
raoden minimalisturic ar unda iyos is, mainc gamoCndeba
vinme, vinc misi winaaRmdegi iqneba. imas vgulisxmob, rom
gancxadeba, romelic Cven maT SevTavazeT, marTla ar imsax­
urebda gaprotestebas!“
„darwmunebuli xarT, isini im faqts ar aprotesteben,
rom Tqven, saerTod, jgufis winaSe gansaxilvelad gaita­
neT teqsti?“
„amis sawinaaRmdego ra unda hqondeT?“
„kargi, modi, davfiqrdeT amaze. Tqven xarT propagan­
dis jgufi, samuSao jgufi, romelsac „generalurma asam­
271
bleam“ daavala informaciis gavrceleba. vfiqrob, Tqven
SeiZleba ganacxadoT, rom moniWebuli gaqvT informaciis
gavrcelebis uflebamosileba, maSin, Sesabamisad, ufle­
bamosili xarT, akeToT, rac informaciis gasavrceleblad
gWirdebaT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, jgufis aRweris erTgvari
formis mofiqreba. ase rom, ara mgonia, realuri mizezi
arsebuliyo saimisod, jgufisTvis SesaTanxmeblad migemar­
TaT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqven Tavad ar migaCniaT, rom ar­
sebobs raRac, rac sakmaod sakamaToa da risi Semowmebac
gsurT. imis Tqma minda, rom me iq ar vyofilvar. amitom
gekiTxebiT: iyo raime sakamaTo?“
„ara. vfiqrobdi, rom Tuki mas raime nakli hqonda, is
iyo, rom simZafre aklda“.
swored ase xdeba maSin, roca fiqrobT, rom yvelaferze
Tanxmoba gWirdebaT.
am saubris Semdeg me movZebne is piri, romelmac Tavda­
pirvelad dabloka teqsti da aRmovaCine, rom igi savsebiT
eTanxmeboda Cems varauds. man dabloka teqsti, radgan surda,
daenerga, rom samuSao jgufebs Tavad mieRoT gadawyvetile­
bebi msgavs Temebze (mTavar problemas maSin procesis gan­
sxvavebuloba sulac ar warmoadgenda; blokatorma ver Se­
Zlo, saTanadod ganemarta, Tu ratom moiqca ase).

nacadi zogadi wesia: gadawyvetilebebis miReba sjobs

mcire masStabiT da rac SeiZleba dabal doneze.* ar moiTxo­
voT maTi dadastureba maRal doneze, Tu amis gadaudebe­
li saWiroeba ar arsebobs. magram rodis xdeba saWiroeba
gadaudebeli? ra kriteriumebis mixedviT unda gadawydes,
Tu, realurad, vis unda mieces sakiTxis Sesaxeb mosazrebis
gamoTqmis saSualeba da vis _ ara?
Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT SevxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom radi­
kaluri azrovnebis istoriis umetesi nawili (gansakuTrebiT

* evrokavSiris farglebSi am princips saSineli, gaugebari terminiT moixsenie­

ben: „iniciativis delegireba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis qveda rgolebze“.
ramdenadac vici, am principis gamosaxatavad ukeTesi gamoTqma ar arsebobs,
ubralod, me ar mindoda misi gamoyeneba.

272
_ radikaluri demokratiuli azrovneba) swored am kiTx­
vaze aris koncentrirebuli. vin iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da
ratom? aman, ZiriTadad, or princips Soris dapirispirebis
forma miiRo: erTs xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc muSaTa
TviTorganizebas, an, ubralod, muSaTa kontrols; xolo
meores SegviZlia, uSualo demokratia vuwodoT.
warsulSi ufro xSirad iyenebdnen termins „muSaTa kon­
troli“, radgan es sityva samuSao adgilebis organizebas
gulisxmobda, magram, rogorc ZiriTadi principi, nebis­
mier konteqstSi SeiZleba CavsvaT. ZiriTadi principi dai­
yvaneba ideamde, rom adamianebs, romlebic aqtiurad arian
CarTuli aqciis garkveul proeqtSi, Tanabari ufleba unda
hqondeT, gamoTqvan sakuTari mosazreba, Tu rogor unda
ganxorcieldes es proeqti. es is principia, romelic, mag­
aliTad, Teoretikos maikl albertis mier SemoTavazebul
monawileobiTi ekonomikis sistemas (parecon) udevs safuZv­
lad. man scada, pasuxi gaeca kiTxvaze: Sromis organizebis
romeli forma uzrunvelyofs WeSmaritad demokratiul
samuSao garemos? misi pasuxi iyo: „dabalansebuli samuSao
kompleqsebi“ _ organizaciebi, romlebSic yvela garkveul
wil fizikur, gonebriv da administraciul samuSaos Sea­
srulebda. muSaTa kontrolis ZiriTadi idea imaSi md­
gomareobs, rom Tu CarTuli xar proeqtSi, maSin sruli
ufleba gaqvs, gamoTqva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rogor mim­
dinareobs is.
meore, anu uSualo demokratiis principi imaSi mdgo­
mareobs, rom yvelas, viszec aqciis proeqti uSualo zemo-
qmedebas moaxdens, misi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb mosazrebis
gamoxatvis saSualeba unda hqondes. cxadia, aq CarTulobis
xarisxi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. amgvar xedvas garkveuli
wesis saxe rom miscemoda, maSin igi demokratiuli Tem­
uri Sekrebebis erTgvar formamde migviyvanda, raTa Tavi
moeyara yvela im piris mosazrebebisaTvis, romlebisTvi­
sac proeqts garkveuli sargebloba unda moetana. magram
yvelafris CarCoebSi moqceva saWiro araa. bevri garemoe­
baa iseTi, sadac albaT mniSvnelovania, rom es ar moxdes.
273
madagaskarze, sadac xalxi Zalian didi xania, konsensusis
suliskveTebiT moqmedebs, arsebobs principi, romelsac
„fokonolona“ ewodeba, romlis Sinaarsis axsna Znelia,
radgan is xan iTargmneba, rogorc „sajaro Sekreba“, xan ki
_ rogorc, ubralod, „yvela adamiani“. frangi koloniste­
bi Tvlidnen, rom „fokonolona“ adgilobrivi politikuri
institucia iyo, romelic SeiZleboda maTi administraciis
gafarToebul nawilad gadaqceuliyo; mogvianebiT madagas­
karis mTavrobebi xSirad cdilobdnen, isini adgilobrivi
demokratiis safuZvlad eqciaT. sinamdvileSi es arasodes
amarTlebs da, ZiriTadad, imitom, rom isini ar warmoad­
genen oficialur organoebs, aramed _ Sekrebebs, romlebic
ewyoba iseTi konkretuli problemis gamo, rogoricaa: da­
vis mogvareba, sarwyavi wylis ganawileba, gzis mSeneblobis
dawyeba; is im xalxs aerTianebs, romlis cxovrebazec miRe­
buli gadawyvetileba, savaraudod, zegavlenas moaxdens.
arseboben adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben, es ori prin­
cipi _ uSualo demokratia da muSaTa kontroli _ erT­
maneTs daupirispiron da saqme ise warmoadginon, TiTqos
maTgan aucileblad erT-erTi unda airCio; WeSmaritad
demokratiuli sazogadoeba ki, savaraudod, orives kombi­
nacias unda emyarebodes. warmoidgineT, rom romelime pa­
tara qalaqSi aris qaRaldis qarxana; iqaur mcxovreblebs,
romelTa cxovrebazec qarxana albaT, garkveulwilad, ze­
gavlenas axdens, araferSi ar unda sWirdebodeT da arc
unda undodeT qarxnis saSvebulebo sistemis ganxilvaSi
Careva; Tumca yvelanairi safuZveli aqvT imisaTvis, rom
dainteresdnen, ras Rvris qarxana adgilobriv mdinareSi.
aqtivistTa jgufis SemTxvevaSi, roca am kiTxvas vsvamT,
sinamdvileSi Cven mcire samuSao jgufebis rolis Sesaxeb
vkiTxulobT. Occupy-s yvela „generalur asambleas“ hyavs
samuSao jgufebi; 2011 wlis noembrisTvis niu-iorkis „gen­
eralur asambleas ukve ocdaaTze meti aseTi jgufi hyavda.
zogi mudmivi da struqturuli iyo: media, fasilitacia,
sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, buRalteria, uSualo moq­
medeba; zogic _ mudmivi da Tematuri: alternatiuli sa­
274
banko operaciebi, ekologia, transseqsualTa problema;
zogis organizebac ukavSirdeboda konkretul aqciasa Tu
kampanias da, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba yofiliyo mudmivi an
droebiTi. maT magaliTebad gamodgeba: „daikave CamorT­
meuli saxlebi!“ da „oklendis solidarobis demonstra­
cia“. moqmedebis samuSao jgufebs TavianTi struqturuli
samuSao jgufebi hyavT xolme: mediis jgufi, propagandis
jgufi, transportirebis jgufi da a.S.
samuSao jgufebs „generaluri asamblea“ an didi jgufi
qmnis, raTa konkretuli davaleba an raime saxis samuSao
Sesruldes _ kvlevis, informaciis gavrcelebis, an nebis­
mier sxva sferoSi. zogjer es imitom xdeba, rom arsebobs
saWiroeba, romelsac yvela aRiarebs („aris vinme msurveli,
banakis dasufTavebis sakiTxebze pasuxismgebloba aiRos?“);
zogjer ki imitom, rom adamianebis garkveul jgufs aqvs
idea („zogierT Cvengans surs, Seqmnas jgufi, romelic if­
iqrebs imaze, Tu rogor imuSavebda dasufTavebis siste­
mebi egalitarul sazogadoebaSi“). niu-iorkis „generaluri
asamblea“ moqmedebs principiT, rom samuSao jgufis Seqm­
nis msurvelebma unda Sekribon wevrobis, sul mcire, xuTi
msurveli da Seitanon ganacxadi jgufis Seqmnis Taobaze.
zogierTi ganacxadi SesaZloa, daiblokos.
ra Tqma unda, yvelas SeuZlia, Seikribos oTaxSi da im­
sjelos, razec unda. samuSao jgufis damtkicebiT „gen­
eraluri asamblea“ uflebamosilebas aniWebs mas, imo­
qmedos „generaluri asambleis“ saxeliT. es, arsebiTad,
delegirebis formas warmoadgens. is ar qmnis vertikalur
ierarqias, radgan samuSao jgufebis kari yvelasTvis Riaa.
roca „generaluri asamblea“ an aqciis dagegmvis mizniT
gamarTuli Sexvedra samuSao jgufebad daiSleba, es, faq­
tobrivad, uzrunvelyofs, rom Zalian didi zegavlena ve­
ravin moipovos, radgan fizikurad SeuZlebeli xdeba, erT­
sa da imave dros monawileoba miiRo erTze meti jgufis
muSaobaSi. principSi, uflebamosili wevrebic ki, romle­
bic survils gamoTqvamen, samuSao jgufis wevrebTan daka­
vSirebis msurvelTaTvis sakontaqto pirebis funqcia Seas­
275
rulon, drodadro unda icvlebodnen. warmomadgenlobiT
sabWoebSi, romlebSic oficialuri ganxilvis dros TiTo
samuSao jgufidan mxolod erTi warmomadgeneli iRebs
monawileobas (danarCen wevrebs eZlevaT saSualeba, daes­
wron da mxolod gadaCurCulebiTa da taqtiani rCevebis
micemiT Semoifarglon), aravis aqvs ufleba, erTi da imave
jgufis saxeliT orjer zedized gamovides sityviT. Tumca
mas Semdeg, rac samuSao gadanawildeba, an arsebul jgufs
daevaleba, ganaxorcielos ramdenime proeqti, ismis kiTxva:
ra sixSiriT unda SevaTanxmoT da davazustoT detalebi?
zogadi wesi namdvilad unda arsebobdes, oRond im SemTx­
vevisTvis, roca aSkaraa, rom sxvagvarad moqceva araswori
iqneboda. Tu gaqvT eWvis safuZveli, rom saWiroa raRacis
gadamowmeba, ubralod, imoqmedeT Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr
da gaakeTeT es, magram, mgoni, Tqven amas ar izamT.

uSualo moqmedeba, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba da

banakebi

Occupy Wall Street-is Tavdapirveli STagonebis wyaro iyo

ara marto uSualo demokratiis, aramed uSualo moqmedebis
tradiciebi. anarqistuli gadasaxedidan, uSualo demokra­
tia da uSualo moqmedeba warmoadgens (an, yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, unda warmoadgendes) erTi da imave mimarTulebis
or aspeqts: is idea, rom Tavad Cveni qmedebis forma unda
gamxdariyo nimuSi imisa, anda, sul mcire, zogadi warmod­
gena mainc Seeqmna xalxisTvis, Tu rogori organizeba unda
SeZlon Tavisufalma adamianebma da, Sesabamisad, rogori
unda iyos Tavisufali sazogadoeba. XX saukunis dasawy­
isSi amas „Zvel CarCoSi axali sazogadoebis mSeneblobas“
uwodebdnen, 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi ki is cnobili gax­
da, rogorc „prefiguratiuli politika“. magram, rodesac
berZeni anarqistebi acxadeben: „Cven varT gzavnili momav­
lidan!“ an, rodesac amerikeli anarqistebi amtkiceben, rom

276
qmnian „meamboxe civilizacias“, es, ubralod, erTi da imave
saTqmelis sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatvis gzebia. Cven vsau­
brobT im sferoze, romelSic Tavad qmedeba ukve winas­
warmetyvelebaa.
OWS-is Tavdapirvel koncefciaSi es anarqistuli gaaz­
reba sxvadasxvanairad iyo asaxuli. aSkaraa, rom moTxovnebis
wamoyenebaze uaris Tqma winaswarganzraxuli nabiji iyo. es
niSnavda, rom arsebul politikur sistemas ar cnobdnen,
rogorc kanoniers, romlisTvisac SesaZlebeli iqneboda
amgvari moTxovnebis wayeneba. anarqistebi xSirad aRniS­
naven, rom swored esaa gansxvaveba saprotesto aqciebsa
da uSualo moqmedebas Soris: saprotesto aqcia, ramdenad
mebrZoli xasiaTisac ar unda iyos is, aris mTavrobisadmi
wayenebuli moTxovna, rom is sxvagvarad moiqces; uSualo
moqmedeba, iqneba es sazogadoebis mier alternatiuli
saganma­naTleblo sistemis daarseba Tu marilis gamoxda
kanonis sawinaaRmdegod (magaliTi gulisxmobs gandis mier
mowyobil cnobil marilis laSqrobas), Sexvedris CaSlis
mcdeloba Tu qarxnis dakaveba _ es swored isaa, rasac ada­
miani gaakeTebda saxelisuflebo struqturebis ararse­
bobis pirobebSi. uSualo moqmedeba, pirvel rigSi, aris
qeduxreli winaaRmdegobis gaweva im formiT, TiTqos Sen
ukve Tavisufali xar (yvelas kargad gvaqvs gacnobierebu­
li, rom saxelisuflebo struqtura arsebobs, magram aseTi
qmedebiT Cven varTmevT am saxelmwifo manqanas moralur
uflebas, sapasuxod Zala gamoiyenos, rac misgan savsebiT
mosalodnelia).
nebarTvis aRebaze uaris Tqmac amave suliskveTebiT
iyo gamowveuli. tompkinsis moednis parkSi gamarTuli
Sexvedrebis pirvel dReebSi erTmaneTs vuxsnidiT: niu-
iorkis kanonebi imdenad SemzRudvelia, rom Tormet kacze
meti adamianis nebismieri unebarTvo TavSeyra sazogadoe­
briv parkSi, formalurad, ukanonod iTvleba (es swored
is kanonebia, romlebsac aravis mimarT ar iyeneben, garda
politikuri aqtivistebisa). Sesabamisad, Cveni Sexvedrebic
ki, sul mcire, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis forma iyo.
277
 am yvelafers kidev erT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebamde
mivyavarT _ samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasa da uSualo
moqmedebas Soris, romlebic xSirad SecdomiT moiazreba,
ubralod, sabrZolo xasiaTis mixedviT gansxvavebul cne­
bebad (iTvleba, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gulisx­
mobs blokadas, uSualo qmedeba ki _ ganadgurebas). samoqa­
laqo daumorCilebloba niSnavs usamarTlo kanonebisadmi,
an iuridiulad kanonieri, magram usamarTlo sistemisadmi
morCilebaze uaris Tqmas. TavisTavad, samoqalaqo daumor­
Cileblobis aqti SeiZleba uSualo moqmedebac iyos: ro­
goricaa, magaliTad, samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis uwyebis
dawva, im principiT, rom Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi samx­
edro samsaxurSi gawvevis uwyeba saerTod ar unda arse­
bobdes; an moTxovna, daicvan Seni „ufleba“ da gancalkev­
ebul sasadilo daxlTan mogemsaxuron. magram aucilebeli
ar aris, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uSualo moqmede­
bas gulisxmobdes; rogorc wesi, samoqalaqo daumorCile­
blobis aqtebi eWvqveS Tavad samarTlebriv reJims ki ar
ayenebs, aramed mxolod konkretul kanonebsa da politikas.
sinamdvileSi isini xSirad, sruliad araorazrovnad, miznad
isaxavs swored am samarTlebrivi sistemis SigniT muSaobas.
amitomaa, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi CarTuli
adamianebi xSirad dapatimrebas miesalmebian kidevac: es maT
aZlevs safuZvels, samarTlebriv an sazogadoebriv samsjav­
roze gamoitanon romelime kanoni an politika.
amis ilustrirebaSi SeiZleba istoriis naklebad cno­
bili monakveTebi dagvexmaros. STagonebis erT-erTi wyaro
im mobilizaciisaTvis, romelmac, sabolood, 1999 wels si­
etlSi msoflio savaWro organizaciis winaaRmdeg mimar­
Tuli aqciebi gamoiwvia, iyo indoeTis StatSi, karnatakaSi,
dafuZnebuli gandis mimdevar fermerTa jgufi KRRS (kar­
natakas Statis fermerTa asociacia), romelsac kargad ic­
nobdnen 1995 wels mis mier mowyobili aqciis gamo, roca
asobiT fermerma daangria Kentucky Fried Chicken-is adgi­
lobrivi franSiza, romelic maT indoeTis soflis meur­
neobis ganadgurebis mizniT genmodificirebuli iafi da
278
uvargisi sakvebis pirvel Semotevad CaTvales. am magaliTSi
kargad Cans, rom maT sakuTrebis ganadgureba araZalado­
brivi winaaRmdegobis sruliad legitimur gzad miiCnies.
1990-iani wlebis bolos maTma prezidentma, m. d. naniun­
dasvamim, masobrivi mSvidobiani samoqalaqo daumorCile­
blobis evropasa da amerikaSi gavrcelebis kampania gaaCa­
Ra da sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi „msoflio
samarTlianobis moZraobasTan“ TanamSromlobda. KRRS-is
aqcia Kentucky Fried Chicken-is winaaRmdeg gaxda STamagonebe­
li im qmedebisa, romelic cnobilia, rogorc „McDonald’s-is
ritualuri ngreva“. protestis es forma evropaSi ganxor­
cielebuli aqciebis erT-erTi mudmivi maxasiaTebeli gax­
da, iseve, rogorc sabolood Starbucks-sa da sietlSi arse­
bul sxva qselebze Tavdasxmisa. Tumca svami (ase icnobdnen
mas aqtivistebi) iZulebuli gaxda, amgvari taqtikisTvis
kategoriuli winaaRmdegoba gaewia; ara imitom, rom maRa­
ziis fasadebze ieriSs Zaladobis formad miiCnevda. cxa­
dia, ara: is Tvlida, rom, rogorc Kentucky Fried Chicken-is
aqcia, ise maTi sxva qmedebebi savsebiT eTanxmeboda gandi­
seul tradiciebs. mas aRaSfoTebda is faqti, rom aqtiv­
istebi, romlebic Senobebs azianebdnen, iq policielebis
mosvlamde aRar rCebodnen da nebayoflobiT ar bardebod­
nen maT. „Tqven winaaRmdegoba unda gauwioT usamarTlo
kanons!“ _ ambobda igi. magram is adamianebi, romlebic Tavs
esxmodnen swrafi kvebis obieqtebs evropasa da amerikaSi,
anarqistebi iyvnen. isini savsebiT eTanxmebodnen KRRS-is
kritikas imis Taobaze, rom swrafi kveba ekologiuri da
socialuri ganadgurebis meqanizmia, romelsac mxars uW­
ers mTavroba; rom am obieqtebis daarsebas xeli Seuwyo
savaWro xelSekrulebebis mTelma samarTlebrivma aparatma
da kanonmdeblobam „Tavisufali vaWrobis“ Sesaxeb; magram
anar­qistebs arc ufiqriaT, rom am yvelafris mogvarebis
SesaZlebloba, an Tundac raime saxis samarTlianoba ar­
sebul kanonmdeblobaSi eZiaT. Tavdapirveli „okupaciebi“
warmoadgenda rogorc uSualo moqmedebas, aseve samoqa­
laqo daumorCileblobis aqtebsac. bolos da bolos, Cven
279
xom kargad vicodiT, rom mSvenieri sasamarTlo saqme Sei­
Zleboda aRZruliyo imis gamo, rom wesebi SekrebaTa Ses­
axeb, romlebic Cven davarRvieT, arakonstituciuri iyo.
uflebaTa bili, garkveulwilad, britaneTis Zveli kolon­
iuri politikis, adamianis Rirsebis Seuracxmyofeli dad­
genilebebis sapasuxod Seiqmna, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,
saxalxo SekrebaTa akrZalva, da konstituciurma konventma,
arsebiTad, xalxis zewolis Sedegad, iZulebis wesiT miiRo
is swored aseTi politikuri aqtivobis dasacavad. konsti­
tuciis pirveli Sesworebis Sinaarsic sakmaod araoraz­
rovania. „kongresi ar miiRebs kanons... romelic SezRudavs
sityvis an presis Tavisuflebas; an xalxis uflebas, mS­
vidobianad Seikribos da mimarTos mTavrobas usamarTlo­
bis gamosworebis TxovniT“. raki iZulebulni varT, poli­
cias laparakis ufleba vTxovoT, es imas niSnavs, rom ar
gvaqvs sityvis Tavisufleba; raki policias unda vTxovoT
nebarTva raimes gamoqveynebaze, es niSnavs, rom ar gvaqvs
presis Tavisufleba. Znelia, gaigo is logika, romlis
Tanaxmadac, kanoni, romelic ganmartavs, rom Sekrebis ne­
barTva policiisgan unda miiRo, ar arRvevs Sekrebis Tavi­
suflebas.* amerikis arsebobis manZilze es nebarTva aravis
auRia. nebarTvis Sesaxeb kanonebi 1880-ian wlebamde ara­

* gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki konstituciaSi araferia naTqvami Sesabamis ufle­

bebze, rogoricaa transportis nakadis Tavisuflad moZraobis ufleba, an sa­
zogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisagan adamianTa dacvis ufleba; arada, es is
moraluri normebia, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis gasamarTleblad: magaliTad, cnobili „drois, adgilisa da qcevis
wesis“ SezRudva, romelsac sasamarTlo policiis mier Sekrebis Tavisuflebis
akrZalvis gasamarTleblad iyenebs. konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis teqsti
kongress mimarTavs, magram is, 1925 wels sasamarTlo saqmeze Gitlow v. New York
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad (igulisxmeba aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba saqmeze „gitlou niu-iorkis Statis winaaRmdeg“; masSi gansaz-
Rvrulia, rom sityvis Tavisufleba da beWdviTi sityvis Tavisufleba, romlebmac
asaxva pova konstituciis pirvel SesworebaSi, „miekuTvneba fundamentur ufle-
bebsa da Tavisuflebebs, romlebic konstituciis me-14 Sesworebis Sesabamisi
samarTlebrivi proceduris Sesaxeb debulebis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba, SeizRudos
Statebis mier“. es iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlos pirveli gadawyvetileba, romelic
acxadebda, rom uflebaTa bilis debulebebi savaldebulo iyo StatebisTvis. red.),
vrceldeba rogorc aSS-is yvela sakanonmdeblo organoze, iseve municipalur
dadgenilebebze.

280
konstituciurad iTvleboda, swored im periodamde, rode­
sac Tanamedrove korporaciuli kapitalizmis warmoSoba
daiwyo. aseTi kanonebi Seiqmna sagangebod muSaTa moZraobis
winaaRmdeg gamosayeneblad, romelic maSin yalibdeboda. es
imitom ki ar momxdara, rom mosamarTleebma konstituciis
pirveli Sesworebis mizanze azri Seicvales. maT, ubralod,
gadawyvites, rom es Tema aRar ainteresebdaT. kanonebi kidev
ufro gamkacrda 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, imis uzrunv­
elsayofad, rom 1960-iani da 1970-iani wlebis omis sawinaaR­
mdego mobilizacia aRarasodes ­ganmeorebuliyo.

Tuki arsebobda raime saxis samarTlebrivi moTxovna,

romelsac, raoden ar unda gagikvirdeT, anarqisti Sei­
Zleba dasTanxmeboda, es iyo moTxovna adgilis gamoyofis
Sesaxeb _ sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda TviTorganizebuli
politikuri aqtivobis ganxorcieleba _ radgan, bolos da
bolos, es, ubralod, aris moTxovna mTavrobisadmi, rom
Tavi dagvanebos. TviT jorjia sagris, romelic namdvi­
li anarqistia, am Temis wamoWra Zalian undoda, rodesac
Tavdapirvelad vcdilobdiT, mogvefiqrebina, Tu ra unda
Segvetana moTxovnaTa savaraudo CamonaTvalSi.
sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis adgilis dakavebis idea
uSualod axlo aRmosavleTis revoluciebidan modioda
_ yvelaze metad STagvagonebda tahriris moedani, iseve,
rogorc sintagmas moedani aTenSi, aseve madridisa da
barselonis sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis adgilebi, rom­
lebic kvlav aqtivistebma daibrunes. es modeli strategi­
uladac saukeTeso iyo, radgan saSualebas iZleoda, saer­
To ena gamonaxuliyo liberalebsa da danarCenebs Soris,
romlebic samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis tradiciebiT
moqmedebdnen da sistemis demokratizacia surdaT; aseve
anarqistebsa da avtoritarizmis sxva mowinaaRmdegeebs So­
ris, romlebsac undodaT, SeeqmnaT sivrce, romelic abso­
luturad sistemis kontrolis miRma iqneboda. orive mxare
Tanxmdeboda, rom es qmedeba legitimuri iqneboda ufro
moraluri TvalsazrisiT, vidre samarTlebrivad, radgan
281
isini, vinc samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas axorci­ elebda,
Tvlidnen, rom akmayofilebdnen sayovelTao samarTliano­
bis principebs, romlebsac Tavad kanoni efuZneboda; anarq­
istebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom Tavad kanoni iyo „arakanonieri“.
ucnauri is aris, rom swored buneba am umniSvnelovanesi
moraluri normebisa (romelTa mixedviTac, Cven vacxadebT,
rom romelime an yvela kanoni usamarTloa), zogadad, yve­
la monawilisaTvis mTlad naTeli ar gaxlavT. iSviaTad
Tu SeZlebs vinme, mkafiod Camoayalibos isini. SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom maTi moTxovnis legitimurobas es mkve­
Trad asustebs, magram, faqtobrivad, isini, vinc sakanon­
mdeblo sistemis sadarajoze dgas, imave problemis winaSe
aRmoCndebian xolme, da zogjer uares mdgomareobaSic
ki, radgan, samarTlebriv TeoriaTa umetesobis Tanax­
mad, mTlianad sistemis kanoniereba emyareba ara mxolod
aSkarad bundovan warmodgenas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb,
ara­med SeiaraRebuli amboxebebis warsul gamocdileba­
sac. swored es aris Tanamedrove saxelmwifos safuZvlebis
Zireuli Seusabamoba. mas xSirad „uzenaesi xelisuflebis
paradoqssac“ uwodeben. arsebiTad, is ase JRers: policias
SeuZlia gamoiyenos Zala, magaliTad, moqalaqeTa gasaZeve­
blad sazogadoebrivi parkidan, radgan is moqmedebs saTa­
nado wesiT SemuSavebuli kanonebis Sesabamisad. kanonebi
iZens legitimurobas konstituciis Tanaxmad. konstitucia
iZens legitimurobas im raRacisgan, rasac „xalxs“ uwode­
ben. magram rogor aniWebs „xalxi“ am legitimurobas kon­
stitucias? rogorc amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebi
cxadyofs, faqtobrivad, es xdeba ukanono Zaladobis gziT
(bolos da bolos, vaSingtonica da jefersonic SeiZle­
boda dagvedanaSulebina saxelmwifo RalatSi im kanonebis
mixedviT, romelTa suliskveTebiTac isini aRizardnen).
maS, ra aZlevs policias uflebas, Zala gamoiyenos swored
im saxalxo amboxis CasaxSobad, romelmac maT, pirvel rigSi,
Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba misca?
anarqistebisaTvis pasuxi martivia: araferi. swored
amitom amtkiceben isini, rom Zalauflebis saxelmwifo
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m­onopoliaze dafuZnebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifos
idea gaugebaria. liberalebisaTvis Zalauflebis saxelm­
wifo monopoliis idea realur problemas warmoadgens.
damwyebTaTvis es praqtikuli xasiaTis sirTulea. Tu Cav­
TvliT, rom „xalxs“ aqvs ufleba, win aRudges usamarTlo
mmarTvelobas, rasac, bolos da bolos, mivyavarT iq, Tu
rogor Seiqmna amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, maS, rogor
gavarCioT nebismier konkretul SemTxvevaSi „xalxi“ ga­
cofebuli brbosgan? istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, pasuxi,
rogorc wesi, aseTia: „Tvali gadavavloT warsuls: gaaCnia,
vin gaimarjva“. magram Tuki am princips yovelTvis gamoviy­
enebT, es niSnavs: Tuki is adamianebi, romlebic parkebidan
gamoaZeves, warmatebiT gauwevdnen winaaRmdegobas poli­
cias avtomaturi iaraRiT, maSin maT ufro meti ufleba
eqnebodaT, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amas ver SeZlebdnen
(an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu es winaaRmdegoba nacionalur
ajanyebaSi gadaizrdeboda) _ es is formulirebaa, romelic
albaT konstituciis meore Sesworebis bevr momxres moe­
woneboda, magram qveteqsti, romelic am ukanasknelTa moq­
medebaSi ikiTxeba _ „Zala saukeTeso argumentia“ _ liber­
alTa umetesobisTvis miuRebelia. ra gasakviria, rom isini
sapirispiro mimarTulebas irCeven.
es yvelaferi kidev erT moralur problemas warmoSobs.
liberalebi, moralur principebze dayrdnobiT, xSirad
ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier rames, rac SeiZleba Tundac
waagavdes gacofebul brbos, nebismier pirobebSi. maS, ro­
gor gauwios xalxma winaaRmdegoba usamarTlo mmarTvelo­
bas (razedac yvelani vTanxmdebiT, rom asec unda moxdes);
an rogor uwevda mas winaaRmdegobas warsulSi? saukeTeso
gamosavali, rac ki odesme vinmes SemouTavazebia, iqneboda
imis Tqma, rom SesaZlebelia Zaladobrivi revoluciebis
Tavidan acileba (da, Sesabamisad, agresiuli brbos kanon­
ieri gziT SeCerebac), Tuki „xalxi“ acnobierebs, rom aqvs
ufleba, eWvqveS daayenos kanonebi mSvidobiani samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis gziT. amgvarad, masa, romelsac eyofa
gambedaoba, daupirispirdes arsebul samarTlebriv reJims
283
sindisis karnaxiT, xdeba „xalxi“.* rogorc konstituciis
liberali eqspertebi (magaliTad, brius akermani) miuTiTe­
ben, swored amgvarad xorcieldeboda Zireuli sakonsti­
tucio cvlilebebi aSS-Si da, savaraudod, bevr im qveya­
naSi, romlebic, politikuri wyobis TvalsazrisiT, liber­
alur demokratiebs warmoadgendnen _ im sazogadoebrivi
moZraobebis meSveobiT, romlebic mzad iyvnen, daerRviaT
kanoni. an, ufro anarqistuli terminologia rom gamoviy­
enoT: arc erT mTavrobas xalxisTvis, romelsac TviTon
marTavda, raime axali Tavisufleba sakuTari nebiT ar mi­
uniWebia. amgvar Tavisuflebas yovelTvis moipovebdnen is
adamianebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom isini moqmedebdnen
principebiT, romlebsac imdroindeli kanonieri xelisu­
fleba ar aRiarebda.

am gadasaxedidan, SesaZloa, TandaTan cxadi gaxdes, Tu

ratom iqca koleqtiuri geniis stiqiur gamovlinebad „ok­
upaciis“ strategia. es gaxldaT demonstraciuli daumor­
Cileblobis imgvari aqti, romelic misaRebi iyo yvelasaT­
vis, liberalebidan dawyebuli, anarqistebiT damTavrebu­
li; iseve, rogorc „msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis“
erTdroulad Catarebuli didi aqciebis dros (sietlSi,
praRaSi, vaSingtonSi, kvebekSi) is miznad isaxavda WeSma­
riti demokratiis dapirispirebas im degradirebul Za­
lauflebis sistemasTan, romelic imJamad cdilobda, Tavi
WeSmarit demokratiad gaesaRebina (am SemTxvevaSi sistemis
gansaxierebas warmoadgenda msoflio vaWrobis biurokra­
tiuli aparati, razec maSin aravin dafiqrebula). magram
maT Soris mainc arsebobda erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba. 1999-2001 wlebis didi mobilizaciebi, ZiriTa­
dad, partiebs moicavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sakuTar Tavs
isini aRiqvamdnen, rogorc „kapitalizmis sawinaaRmdego
karnavalebs“ da „winaaRmdegobis festivalebs“. rac ar unda

* TiTqmis imave principiT, vinmem SeiZleba Tqvas, rom erT-erTi mTavari rolis
Sesrulebas kisruloben isini, visac yofnis gambedaoba, konsensusis Sexvedris
dros dablokos winadadeba, romelsac umravlesoba iwonebs.

284
ilaparakon sietlis `Savi blokis~ mier Starbucks-is vitri­
nebis Camsxvrevaze, xalxs am moZraobidan mainc yvelaze
metad daamaxsovrda giganturi marionetebi, romlebsac
Tan mohyvebodnen jambazebi, sasule orkestrebi, warmarTi
qurumi qalebi, radikalTa mxardamWerebi, balerinis kabeb­
Si gamowyobili „vardisferi blokebi“ (romlebic bumbulis
mtversawmendebiT uRitinebdnen policielebs) da komikuri
operis romaeli jariskacebi, romlebic, gasaberi iaraRiT
aRWurvilni, barikadebs Soris mobarbacebdnen. isini das­
cinodnen elitis warmomadgenelTa pretenziebs sibrZneze,
yovlismcodneobaze, surdaT, momxmarebluri ideologiis
„jado moexsnaT“ da raRac ufro mimzidveli SemoeTavaze­
binaT. mobilizaciis axal raundTan SedarebiT, is ufro
mebrZoli sulisac iyo da ufro eqscentrikulic. misgan
gansxvavebiT, OWS araa partia, is aris sazogadoeba, Temi.
is naklebad mxiarulia; an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mis­Tvis
mTavari imdenad garToba araa, ramdenadac _ daxmareba,
­yuradReba, zrunva.
TiToeul banakSi swrafad iqmneboda ramdenime ZiriTa­
di instituti: ra zomisac ar unda yofiliyo banaki, mas­
Si aucileblad iyo ufaso samzareulo, samedicino kara­
vi, biblioTeka, media/komunikaciis centri (sadac xSirad
iyridnen Tavs aqtivistebi leptopebiT) da sainformacio
centri stumrebisa da axalmosulTaTvis. „generaluri
asambleebi“ erTsa da imave dros tardeboda: magaliTad,
yoveldRiurad, dRis 3 saaTze _ zogadi diskusiebisaTvis
da yovel 9 saaTze, saRamoobiT _ banakisaTvis specifikuri
teqnikuri sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. amas garda, iyo sa­
muSao jgufebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT, romlebic dRis
nebismier monakveTSi saqmianobdnen da ikribebodnen: xe­
lovnebisa da garTobis samuSao jgufi, sanitariis samuSao
jgufi, usafrTxoebis samuSao jgufi da a.S. is sakiTxe­
bi, romlebic organizebis procesSi wamoiWreboda xolme,
imdenad rTuli iyo, rom mxolod am Temaze mTeli wigni
SeiZleba daiweros (darwmunebuli var, odesme amis Sesaxeb
vinme aucileblad dawers).
285
 Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am yvelafers ori centri
hqonda: samzareulo da biblioTeka. samzareuloebs Zalian
didi yuradReba eTmoboda. es gamowveuli iyo, garkveul­
wilad, imiT, rom ramdenime TviT adre egviptis muSaTa prof­
kavSirebma viskonsinis Statis sakanonmdeblo organos Seno­
bis „okupaciisaTvis“ Sekrebil kolegebs, profkavSirebis aq­
tivistebs, picebi gagugzavnes; am magaliTiT STagonebulma
asobiT adamianma CrdiloeT amerikis masStabiT da imaTac,
visi sakredito baraTebis moqmedebis arealic Cvenamde ar
vrceldeboda, satelefono SekveTebiT gamogzavnes pica
(mesame kvirisaTvis erTma piceriam sagangebod CvenTvis
Rvezelic ki Seqmna saxelwodebiT Occu-pie, romelSic, ro­
gorc Tavad piceriis warmomadgenlebma agvixsnes, 99% yveli
iyo da 1% _ Roris xorci). SemoTavazebuli sakvebis umete­
soba gafuWebuli iyo da ufasod gvawvdidnen.
biblioTekebi, romlebsac yovel fexis nabijze
waawydebodiT, kidev ufro STambeWdav simboloebs gana­
saxierebda, gansakuTrebiT im mosaxleobisaTvis, romlis
ZiriTad nawils valebSi Cavardnili yofili studentebi
warmoadgendnen. biblioTekebis arseboba Zalian praqtiku­
lic iyo da, amave dros, Zalian simboluric: biblioTeka
„ufasod“ gascems sesxs, yovelgvari procentisa da Sena­
tanis gareSe. Rirebuleba sesxisa, romelsac is gascems si­
tyvebis, warmodgenebis da, rac mTavaria, ideebis saxiT, ar
emyareba SezRuduli sikeTis princips; sikeTe gavrcelebis
Sedegad kidev ufro izrdeba.
axali, alternatiuli civilizaciis Seqmna Zalian rTuli
saqmea, gansakuTrebiT _ civ da pirquS quCebSi (rogoricaa
isini amerikis did qalaqebSi), romlebic savsea avadmyofi,
usaxlkaro da fsiqikaSeryeuli adamianebiT; isini politi­
kuri da ekonomikuri elitis nebis sawinaaRmdegod arian
quCaSi, am elitis aTasobiT SeiaraRebuli policieli ki am
pirebs garkveviT mianiSnebs, rom ar surT maTi iq yofna.
male wina planze wamoiwia ramdenime usiamovno sakiTx­
ma. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, Temis teritoriis dapirispireba
kerZosTan: roca parki gadatvirTulia personaluri karve­
286
biT, xSirad Temis sivrce aRar Cans. gadasawyveti iyo aseve,
rasakvirvelia, usafrTxoebis sakiTxebic, magram Cven winaSe
idga mwvave problema _ rogor gavmklavebodiT kriminal­
uri fenis saSiS elementebs, romlebic cdilobdnen, parkSi
daedoT bina, an iq myofi xalxi gaeZarcvaT. yovelive amis
stimulirebis strategia saxelisuflebo organoebidan
modioda. gvindoda, mogvewesrigebina gamoTavisuflebuli
teritoriebisa da parkis mimdebare dasaxlebuli punqtebis
urTierToba da gamogveyenebina isini politikur aqciaTa
ufro masStaburi proeqtebis platformad. es sakiTxebi im­
denad bevria da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi imdenad gan­
sxvavebuli, rom, winamdebare wignis specifikidan gamomdi­
nare, Cemi azriT, umjobesi iqneba, yuradReba gavamaxvilo
yvelasaTvis saerTo, zogad problemebze, romlebic raime
formiT yovelTvis da yvelgan iCens xolme Tavs.
maSasadame, viwyeb erT-erTi maTganiT _ amerikis
cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganuSorebeli StrixiT _
policiiT.

taqtika: policiasTan urTierToba

eg zRapari mezRvaurebs uambeT (Tell it to the marines). _ amerikuli andaza

(iTvleboda, rom mezRvaurebs Zalian didi gamocdileba

hqondaT, uamravi ram enaxaT cxovrebaSi, Sesabamisad, arcTu
miamitebi iyvnen da advilad arafers ijerebdnen. mTargm.)

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba, rome­

lic „okupaciebis“ dagegmvis sawyis etapze miviReT, iyo
Semdegi: araviTari formaluri kavSiri ar gvqonoda poli­
ciasTan da ar Seqmniliyo policiasTan urTierTobisaTvis
raime jgufi. am principma, romelic kargad moergo Cvens
uSualo moqmedebis strategias, moamzada niadagi yovelive
imisaTvis, rac Semdeg moxda. danarCenma „okupaciebma“ gan­
sxvavebuli mimarTuleba airCies da Camoayalibes jgufebi
287
policiasTan kontaqtis dasamyareblad. ramdenadac vici,
yvela aseTi SemTxveva savalalo SedegiT damTavrda.
ratom moxda ase? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom swored iseT
moZraobaSi, romelic xazgasmiT uaryofs Zaladobas, komu­
nikaciis akrZalvis aucilebloba ar unda yofiliyo. magram
sinamdvileSi imisaTvis, rom avtonomiuri teritoria Se­
qmna (es exeba ara marto iseT xangrZlivi droiT dakavebul
teritoriebs, rogoric banakebia, aramed nebismieri saxi­
sas, romelSic adamianebs ganzraxuli aqvT, sakuTari we­
sebi daamkvidron da wesrigic Tavad daamyaron), garkveuli
mkveTri sazRvrebis gavleba saWiroa.
isini, vinc sapirispiros amtkicebs, xSirad acxadeben,
rom „policia 99%-is nawilia“, da Tuki Cven vacxadebT, rom
yovel maTgans warmovadgenT, maSin farisevloba iqneboda,
uari gveTqva nebismieri saxis urTierTobaze amerikel mu­
Sa-mosamsaxureTa am konkretuli nawilisaTvis. diax, wmin­
da socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis yvela
policieli marTlac aris „99%-is nawili“. Zalian iSviaTia
policieli, TviT yvelaze korumpirebul maRalCinosnebs
Sorisac ki, romelic weliwadSi $340 000-ze mets gamoi­
muSavebs. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom maTi daaxloebiT
15% amerikel mSromelTa im nawils warmoadgens, romelic
profkavSirebis wevria, xSirad SeminiSnavs, rom policiele­
bi TiTqmis yovelTvis gansxvavebulad ekidebian im orga­
nizaciebis mier gamarTul piketebsa da quCis aqciebs (nebi­
smier sxva saxis saprotesto RonisZiebasTan SedarebiT),
romlebic, maTi azriT, muSaTa moZraobis wevrebis mier aris
mowyobili. me sakmaod aqtiurad viyavi CarTuli IWW-Si
­(Industrial Workers of the World _ msoflios industriuli mSro­
melebi), romelic, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadad, anarq­
istul kavSirs warmoadgens, da yovelTvis maocebda, rom
zustad erTsa da imave axalgazrdebs maSinve Tavs esxmian an
prevenciis mizniT apatimreben, roca isini niRbebiT cxad­
debian globalizaciis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebze, magram
didi sifrTxiliT, taqtianad eqcevian, roca isini gacile­
biT agresiul piketirebaSi miiReben monawileobas, Tundac
288
TiTqmis iseTive tansacmeli ecvaT, imave atributikiT. gan­
sakuTrebiT damamaxsovrda SemTxveva amerikis erT-erTi
didi qalaqis kvartalSi, sadac ganlagebuli iyo sawyobebi:
Cven mier ramdenime satvirTo manqanis sabotaJis (termini
gamoyenebulia Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: raime saxis qonebis
winas­warganzraxuli dazianeba an ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT
_ politikuri motiviT, an omis dros. red.) ganxorcielebis
Semdeg IWW-s piketis xazs policiis oficeri miuaxlovda
da gavigone, rogor Tqva: „hei, biWebo, sawyobis mepatrone
amtkicebs, rom Tqven misi manqanebi dasvareT, magram ambobs,
rom zustad ar daunaxavs, romeli Tqvengani iyo. iqneb,
cota xniT waxvideT da erT naxevar saaTSi dabrundeT; ma­
Sin, Tu is ityvis, rom icis, vin aris damnaSave, me SemeZleba,
vuTxra: „axla saidan ici, Tu maSin ar icodi?“ (paradoqsi
is aris, rom im konkretul SemTxvevaSi piketis monawileebi
umetesad „Savi blokis“ veterani wevrebi iyvnen da tansac­
melic Sesabamisi ecvaT, zogierTi maTgani ki anarqo-sin­
dikalistur droSebs afrialebda (sindikalizmi _ Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, muSebi Tavad unda flobdnen da marTavd-
nen fabrika-qarxnebs. red.). Tumca meore dRes sawyobis mepa­
tronem, ubralod, fuli gadauxada policiis oficers da
misma xelketebiT SeiaraRebulma biWebma ZaliT wagviyvanes
kanonis sruli dacviT mowyobili piketidan, ris Sedegadac
ramdenime Cvengani fizikurad dazianda). fabrika-qarxnebis
irgvliv gaSenebul qalaqebSi, romelic, ZiriTadad, am
sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli adamianebiTaa dasaxlebuli (ro­
goricaa, magaliTad, niu-heiveni), student aqtivistebsac
ki gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT epyrobian, Tundac isini
protests ucxadebdnen adgilobriv universitets, radgan
iTvleba, rom isini profkavSirebTan TanamSromloben.
Tumca es yvelaferi simarTles, ZiriTadad, im SemTx­
vevaSi Seesabameba, roca policias moqmedebis meti Tavi­
sufleba aqvs: roca saprotesto aqciis monawileebi mxo­
lod calkeul policielebs an romelime dabalCinosans
upirispirdebian, romlis daqvemdebarebaSic mxolod ram­
denime policielia. niu-iorkSi „okupantebma“ aRmoaCines,
289
rom TviT policiis SigniT mkveTri „klasobrivi“ gansxvave­
ba arsebobda. Zalian bevri quCaSi momuSave policieli, anu
cisferperangianebi, TanagrZnobasa da mxardaWeras gamox­
atavda. sul sxvanairad iyo saqme TeTrperangianebis, anu
meTaurebis SemTxvevaSi; Zalian bevrs jamagirs sinamdvile­
Si uSualod uolstritis korporaciebi uxdidnen. magram
mTavari isaa, rom TeTrperangianebic ki zewolas ganicdian
da isini, ubralod, brZanebebs emorCilebian.
„policiasTan urTierToba“ ar niSnavs calkeul pol­
icielTan saubars; zogierTi demonstranti, „okupanti“
da TviT „Savi blokis“ anarqistic ki xSirad ase iqceva da
amas maT veravin dauSlis; arc arsebobs mizezi saamisod.
magram „policia“ ar gaxlavT individTa nakrebi, romelic
piradi grZnobebis, mosazrebebisa da moraluri Sefasebebis
karnaxiT moqmedebs. es aris jgufi saxelmwifo funqcio­
nerebisa, romlebic, TavianTi samsaxuridan gamomdinare,
Tanaxmani arian, gverdze gadadon sakuTari Sexedulebebi
da grZnobebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, maSin, roca isini brZane­
bebs iReben) da ise moiqcnen, rogorc etyvian. isini admin­
istraciuli biurokratiis nawils warmoadgenen, romelsac
axasiaTebs ierarqiuloba, anu brZanebebi zemodan qvemoT
gadmoecema. umaRlesi rangis policiis Cinovnikebic ki,
romlebsac moqmedebis sruli Tavisufleba aqvT, iq mx­
olod imisTvis arian, rom im politikur xelisufalTa br­
Zanebebi Seasrulon, romlebsac emorCilebian. aseT piro­
bebSi maT pirad grZnobebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
sietlSi, WTO-s saprotesto demonstraciebze, Zalian bevr
aqtivists vesaubre, romlebmac sakuTari TvaliT naxes,
rogor tirodnen Cafxutebiani policielebi, radgan uzo­
mod wuxdnen, rom miiRes brZaneba, aSkarad mSvidobian ax­
algazrda idealistebze Seteva ganexorcielebinaT. magram
Setevaze mainc gadavidnen. xSirad zedmiwevniT kargad ar
asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobas, magram verc erTma maT­
ganma ver gabeda, brZanebas ar damorCileboda.
policielebi kargad arian gawvrTnili da Semowmeb­
uli, rom am mdgomareobaSi sandoni iyvnen, radgan arse­
290
buli politikuri da ekonomikuri sistema mTlianad am
keTilsaimedoobazea damokidebuli. mkiTxveli Cems naTq­
vams bolo TavSi gaixsenebs, romelic organizacebis an­
arqistul formebs exeba: policia _ es aris organizebis
forma, romelic ar efuZneba SesaZleblobas, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi gamoiZaxos iaraRiani adamianebi da uTxras maT:
„xma gakminde da is gaakeTe, rasac geubnebian“. policiele­
bi swored es iaraRiani adamianebi arian, ufro zustad _
SeiaraRebuli oficialuri pirebi, Tofiani biurokratebi.
maTi es roli _ arsebuli instituciuri meqanizmis, gan­
sakuTrebiT, qonebrivi struqturis mxardaWera da zogi­
erTi adamianis uflebamosileba, gasces brZanebebi, rom­
lebic usityvod unda Sesruldes _ sabolood, gacilebiT
mniSvnelovania, vidre, savaraudod, sazogadoebriv wes­
rigze an Tundac sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebaze zrunva.
SeiZleba, erTi SexedviT, ase ar Candes, magram yvelaferi
aSkara xdeba, roca instituciur mowyobas raime saxis
uSualo safrTxe daemuqreba. roca sistema iseTi poli­
tikuri gamowvevis winaSe dgas, rogoricaa samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis farTomasStabiani saprotesto aqcia,
ufro da ufro xSirad mimarTaven ukidures zomebs _ is
SeiZleba iyos agenti provokatorebis gamoyeneba, romle­
bic aqezeben demonstrantebs, Tavs daesxan policias da am
ukanasknels maTi dapatimrebis sababi mieces; varaudebis
gamoTqma, TiTqos demonstrantebi asafeTqebel nivTiere­
bebs yiduloben, rom xidebi mwyobridan gamoiyvanon; poli­
ciis qmedebebi, romlebic xalxSi panikisa da ganxeTqilebis
daTesvas emsaxureba; masobrivi Tavdasxmebi da Zalmom­
reoba xalxze, roca maTgan mxolod erTi-ori adamiani Tu
arRvevs kanons, isic im formiT, romelic parkirebis we­
sebis darRvevis tolfasia; masobrivi dapatimrebebi, rac
TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom am procesSi udanaSaulo gamv­
lelebic moyvebian; sazogadoebriv adgilebSi cremlsadeni
gazisa da sxva qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyeneba. yvela es
qmedeba Semdegze metyvelebs: rodesac saprotesto gamos­
vlebi marTlac STambeWdav masStabebs iZens, policias
291
yovelTvis ubrZaneben, imoqmedos, rogorc politikurma
Zalam, romelic miznad isaxavs politikuri opoziciis wi­
naaRmdeg brZolas, Tundac aman calkeuli adamianebis si­
cocxles seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmnas, daazianos an mZime
fizikuri travma miayenos maT.
amrigad, policia, rogorc calkeuli pirebis erTo­
blioba, 99%-is nawils warmoadgens, magram, rogorc insti­
tuciuri struqtura, is yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardamWe­
ria im instituciuri mmarTvelobis mTeli sistemisa, ro­
melic 1%-is simdidresa da Zalauflebas uzrunvelyofs.
absoluturad araferia cudi imaSi, rom policielebs,
rogorc pirovnebebs, megobrulad da pativiscemiT move­
kidoT _ piriqiT, swored asec unda moviqceT da aramarto
imitom, rom yvelas mimarT keTilganwyobilni unda viyoT,
aramed Tundac strategiuli TvalsazrisiT: roca reJime­
bi emxoba, roca revolucionerebi sabolood imarjveben,
es yovelTvis imis gamo xdeba, rom jari an policia uars
acxadeben, esrolon maT. magram, amave dros, kargad unda
gvaxsovdes: es ukve brZolis ukanaskneli etapia. Cven vera­
sodes mivaRwevdiT iqamde, Tuki urTierToba gveqneboda
policiasTan, rogorc instituciur struqturasTan, da
ganvagrZobdiT arsebobas Zalauflebis im erTiani struq­
turis SigniT, romelsac isini warmoadgenen.
miaqcieT yuradReba: me vambob „Zalauflebis struq­
turas“ da ara „kanonier struqturas“. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
kanonierebas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. bolos da
bolos, Cveni cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqti, Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, im kanonebisa da dadgenilebebis meSveobiT
imarTeba, romelTa Sesaxebac bevr Cvengans mxolod zeda­
piruli warmodgena aqvs; amerikaSi TiTqmis yoveli adamiani
dReSi aTjer an ocjer mainc arRvevs kanons; policiels
rom namdvilad undodes, pirvelive Semxvedr moqalaqes mi­
vardes da wixli amoartyas, kbilebi Caumtvrios an TiTebi
mostexos, is albaT amis gasamarTlebel mizezs nebismier
SemTxvevaSi ipovida (sxvaTa Soris, aqtivistur samyaroSi
cnobili paradoqsia, rom policielebi gacilebiT Tavi­
292
suflad iyeneben Zalas, roca maT saboloo mizans „kanon­
ierebis damcvelTa“ romelime danaSaulis msxverplis msja­
vrdebulis skamze moxvedra ar warmoadgens, radgan, Tuki
is marTlac damnaSavea da sasamarTlos winaSe wardgeba,
dapatimrebis dros policielis mier qcevis normebis raime
darRveva Tu gamoaSkaravda, gansasjelisTvis ganaCenis
gamotanisas es gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes; Tuki policia
miznad ar isaxavs, rom esa Tu is piri gansasjelis skamze
moxvdes, maSin, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, araviTari
safuZveli ara aqvs, masze Zala ar gamoiyenos. yvelaze ua­
resi, rac SeiZleba moxdes masStaburi skandalis SemTxveva­
Si, isaa, rom policieli ramdenime kviris xelfass dakar­
gavs). swored amitom, Tuki policielebs surT, mimarTon
dauwerel rasistul kanonebs (magaliTad, „Seawuxon“ afro-
amerikelebi, romlebic „SecdomiT“ aRmoCndebian im ubanSi,
sadac ar unda moxvedriliyvnen) maT sruliad kanonierad
SeuZliaT, ase moiqcnen; ubralod, im kanonebs gamoiyeneben,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, TeTrkanianebze ar vrceldeba.
igive exeba aqtivistebsac.
is, rom kanoni aq arafer SuaSia, sruliad aSkara xdeba im
wuTidan, roca jgufis wevrebi mainc gadawyveten urTier­
Tobas policiasTan, rogorc instituciur struqturas­
Tan, niSnaven Suamavals policiasTan dasakavSireblad da
iwyeben molaparakebebs. bolos da bolos, orive mxare rom
kanonis farglebSi moqmedebdes, ra SeiZleba iyos molapara­
kebis sagani? es iqneboda, ubralod, informaciis gacvla-
gamocvla imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria iuridiuli wesebi, ris
gakeTebas gegmaven „okupantebi“ Tu demonstrantebi; amis
Semdeg policias saSualeba miecemoda, daecva sazogadoe­
bis is wevrebi, romlebsac ganzraxuli hqondaT protes­
tis gamoxatva. magram ase arasodes xdeba. sinamdvileSi,
upirvelesad, policiis meTaurebi qmnian improvizebul
wesebs, romlebic maT absolutur Zalauflebas sruliad
ganuzomel uflebamosilebaSi gadazrdis (maT aqvT ufle­
ba, dagartyan, Sen ki ar gaqvs amis ufleba; maT aqvT ufle­
ba, dagapatimron, Sen ki ar SegiZlia amis gakeTeba).
293
 neba momeciT, erTi uCveulod naTeli magaliTi warmo­
gidginoT. niu-iorkSi policia Cveul xerxs iyenebs _ met­
alis barierebiT viwro moedans Semofarglavs da Semdeg
cdilobs, piketisa da saprotesto aqciebis monawileebi
am SemosazRvrul arealSi moaqcios. demonstrantTa de­
moralizebisaTvis es erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas war­
moadgens. es qmedeba, aSkarad, arakonstituciuricaa. ufro
metic, policiis meTaurebma es kargad ician: yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, ar msmenia, vinme daepatimrebinoT imis gamo, rom man
uari Tqva, am SemoRobil teritoriaze Sesuliyo (Tumca
ramdenime demonstranti, romlebmac uari Tqves iq Sesv­
laze, adre Tu gvian, raRac gamogonili braldebebiT mainc
daukavebiaT). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu demonstracias Tavisi
marSlebi hyavs, policia, upirveles yovlisa, eubneba maT,
rom ar avaldebulebs, am SemoRobil teritoriaze Tavad
Sevidnen, magram miiCnevs, rom marSlebi pasuxismgebelni
arian, uzrunvelyon, rom yvela danarCeni Semofargluli
teritoriis SigniT darCes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
Tuki arsebobs mmarTvelobis struqtura, policia dauy­
ovnebliv mianiWebs masSi Semaval adamianebs gansakuTrebul
privilegiebs (romlebsac kanonis aRmasrulebelni sax­
eldaxelod TviTon moigoneben) da Seecdeba, isini saku­
Tari uflebamosilebis damatebad aqcios (faqtobrivad,
esaa araoficialuri rgoli maTi ierarqiuli jaWvisa, ro­
melic brZanebebs asrulebs). es sakuTar Tavze gamovcade,
roca survili gamovTqvi, marSali vyofiliyavi. sakmarisia,
uari Tqva imaze, rom mudariT, muqariTa Tu iZulebiT Seya­
ro demontrantebi SemoRobil teritoriaze, maSinve brals
dagdeben, rom „Sen Sens samuSaos ver asruleb!“ _ TiTqos,
roca Tanxmdebi, iyo marSali, es, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs
imas, rom gamoTqvam survils, imuSao policiisTvis.
Tuki jgufis SigniT mmarTvelobis struqtura ar ar­
sebobs, policiis maRalCinosani aucileblad mosinjavs,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi Seqmna. Suamavlebs mieniWebaT gan­
sakuTrebuli privilegiebi da policiis Cinovnikebi Se­
ecdebian, dadon maTTan araoficialuri garigebebi, rom­
294
lebic kanoniT gaTvaliwinebuli araa; maT ganxorcielebas
(rasakvirvelia, im principis safuZvelze, rom meore mxares
Tavs, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, valdebulad agrZnobineben)
isini Seecdebian im mosazrebiT, rom de faqto uflebamo­
sili pirebi iZulebulni iqnebian, mxari dauWiron maT da,
amgvarad, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibdeba ierarqiuli struq­
tura. kidev erTi magaliTi SemiZlia moviyvano, amjerad
meore mxridan: „daikave ostinis“ sawyis periodSi erTma aq­
tivistma (kargad damamaxsovrda es dredebiani libertari­
aneli hipi, romelic xSirad eZleoda meditacias da fasil­
itaciis jgufis TiTqmis yvela wevrs Zalian dauaxlovda)
„generaluri asambleis“ dasawyisSi survili gamoTqva,
policiasTan Suamavloba gaewia, anu yofiliyo, rogorc
Tavad uwodebda, „mSvidobis oficeri“. es SemoTavazeba ar
daamtkices, magram man mainc gadawyvita, aRniSnuli rolis
Sesruleba sakuTar Tavze aeRo. pirveli sakiTxi, romelic
„okupantebis“ mier qalaqis meriis win damkvidrebis Semdeg
warmoiSva, karvebs exeboda: SegveZlo Tu ara, gagveSala
karvebi? kanoni am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod bundo­
vani iyo. rogorc ki ramdenime „okupantma“ karvis gaSla
scada, policielebi maSinve avismomaswaveblad gamoCndnen
iq; karavs gars SemovertyiT da mSvidobiani samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobisaTvis movemzadeT. Cveni TviTmarqvia
Suamavali maSinve amoqmedda, moZebna policiis meTauri,
cota xanSi isev gamoCnda da ganacxada, rom molaparakebis
gziT kompromisis miRweva moaxerxa: SegveZlo, simbolurad
SegvenarCunebina is erTi karavi, oRond im pirobiT, rom
met karavs aRar davdgamdiT.
Zalian bevri (me vityodi, rom umetesoba) „okupanti“
miiCnevda, rom es iyo, ubralod, reputaciis gadarCenis
mcdeloba, radgan policielbs aSkarad ar undodaT mS­
vidobian demonstrantebze Tavdasxma pirvelsave dRes da
cdilobdnen, moesinjaT Cveni ganwyoba, viyavT Tu ara mzad,
rom winaaRmdegoba gagvewia. ase rom, meore dRes Sedar­
ebiT gamocdil aqtivistTa mcire jgufma gadawyvita, rom
aucilebeli iyo, Cven mier gaTavisuflebuli teritoria
295
rac SeiZleba mSvidad, diplomatiuri gziT, TandaTan gagve­
farToebina; amitom wina dRes dadgmuli karvis gverdiT
kidev erTi patara karavi gavSaleT. „banaki TandaTanobiT
izrdeba da nel-nela awveba arsebul sazRvrebs“ _ swored
es midgoma avirCieT zukotis parkis SemTxvevaSic da is sak­
maod warmatebuli gamodga. aq ki im aqtivistebs, romlebic
karavs Slidnen, TviTmarqvia Suamavlis megobrebma alya Se­
moartyes da ganacxades, rom es iyo borotad gamoyeneba im
ndobisa, Suamavals policiis maRalCinosanma wina dRes rom
gamoucxada. aqtivistma, romelsac „generalur asambleaze“
xalxis ganwyobis kvleva evaleboda, „cocxali mikrofoni“
gamoiyena, raTa erToblivad moeTxovaT CvenTvis, karavi
dagveSala, erTma qalma policias gamouZaxa (romelsac,
rogorc gairkva, karavi naklebad ainteresebda) Cvens dasa­
patimreblad; saidanRac gamoCnda kaci, romelmac ganacxa­
da: „me omis veterani var da am karavs nafleTebad vaqcev!“
man mxolod maSin Sewyvita gzis gakvleva im aqtivistebs So­
ris, romlebic karavs gadaefarnen (isini am droisTvis ukve
cdilobdnen, pasiuri winaaRmdegobis gawevis mizniT xel­
Cakidebulni damdgariyvnen), roca gairkva, rom is safrTx­
es uqmnida karavSi myof patara bavSvs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom banakis usafrTxoebis razmma sabolood moaxerxa,
daZabuli situacia gaeneitralebina, karavi mainc aiRes da
amis mere karvis gaSla aravis ucdia. Semdgomi Zalisxmeva,
daemkvidrebinaT principi, rom mSvidobian „okupantebs“,
sul mcire, Zalis gamoyenebiTa da dapatimrebiT ar unda
damuqrebodnen, fasilitaciis gundis mier uaryofil iqna
(zog SemTxvevaSi maT winaaRmdegobac ki gauwies Semdegi
motiviT: isini, vinc ise moqmedebda, rom policiis mxri­
dan banakze Tavdasxmis provocirebas iwvevda da safrTxes
uqmnida bavSvebs, Tavad iyvnen moZaladeebi!). rogorc ki
qalaqis mmarTvelobam da policiam SeniSnes, rom banakSi
erTianoba dairRva (da isini, vinc ufro metad emxroboda
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas, gariyulni aRmoCndnen),
mixvdnen, rom iniciativa isev maT xelT iyo da uamravi ax­
ali SezRudvis daweseba gadawyvites: es exeboda magidebs,
296
romlebzedac sakvebs vawyobdiT, RamiT darCenas da a.S.,
sanam iqamde ar mividnen, rom ramdenime kviraSi qalaqis me­
riis win arsebuli „saokupacio“ banaki mTlianad aiRes.
am istoriis detalurad moyola namdvilad Rirs, radgan
is kargad gamoxatavs Semdeg garemoebas: Cven samarTlebriv
reJimze ki ar vsaubrobT, aramed politikuri Zalebis ba­
lansze, sadac TiToeuli mxare SeiZleba, arsebiTad, im­
provizacias mimarTavdes, raTa am TamaSis arss Caswvdes da
daadginos, Tu ra sargebeli SeiZleba naxos man konkretul
SemTxvevaSi. kanonze apelireba (romelic iSviaTad Tu aris
mkafiod Camoyalibebuli) erT-erTi iyo im uamravi saSu­
alebidan, romelTa gamoyenebac orive mxares SeeZlo; iseve,
rogorc xalxisadmi mimarTva (mediis meSveobiT Tu uSua­
lod), Zalis gamoyenebis muqara (xelketebi, xelborkile­
bi, qimiuri iaraRi _ policiis SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, blokadebi _
okupantebis mxridan), sxvadasxva saxis politikuri mokav­
Sireebisa da Tavad sindisis moxmobac ki.
policiis strategia Tavidanve gamokveTilad politi­
kuri iyo da, savaraudod, zemodan wamosul instruqciebs
efuZneboda: maT miznad daisaxes, minimumamde daeyvanaT
banakisagan miyenebuli ziani da iqauroba rac SeiZle­
ba swrafad gaewmindaT xalxisgan (rogorc mogvianebiT
gairkva, faruli agentebic Semogzavnes banakSi, romleb­
sac daavales, „okupantebi“ daerwmunebinaT, rom maT ufro
metad agresiuli taqtika unda gamoeyenebinaT, magali­
Tad, metalis mZime safosto yuTebiT mowyobili bloka­
da, radgan icodnen, rom teqsasSi cota xniT adre miiRes
kanoni, romlis saSualebiTac gacilebiT ufro advili iyo
mZime danaSaulSi bralis dadeba nebismieri pirisaTvis, ro­
melic am taqtikas gamoiyenebda). erT strategiul daTmo­
baze wasvla (erTi karvis datovebaze nebarTvis micema) da
Semdeg misi, rogorc „solis“, gamoyeneba maTi mxridan Ses­
aniSnavi taqtika iyo, radgan xelisuflebas amiT SesaZle­
bloba mieca, „okupaciis“ SigniT Seeqmna kadri, romelic,
arsebiTad, mzad iyo, emoqmeda, rogorc policiis Zalau­
297
flebis danamats, policiis Tavdasxmis safrTxe („policia
Cvenze Setevas ganaxorcielebs!“) „eTargmna“ moralur val­
debulebad („Cven piroba davdeT!“) da, amgvarad, saboloo
jamSi, an advilad ekontrolebinaT, an saerTod daeSalaT
„okupacia“. arasodes ar unda davuSvaT, rom vinmem Zalado­
bis muqara moralur sferos miakuTvnos. fizikur Zalas­
Tan dapirispirebis erTaderTi saSualeba moraluri Zalaa,
xolo moraluri Zala, pirvel rigSi, solidarobas unda
efuZnebodes. rogorc ki aqciis monawile zogierT adamians
gauCndeba gancda, rom ufro meti moraluri pasuxismge­
bloba akisria im Zalis winaSe, romelic maTze TavdasxmiT
imuqreba, vidre nebismieri sxva aqtivistis winaSe, TamaSi,
faqtobrivad, damTavrebulia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom umjobesi iqneboda, yvela „oku­

pacia“ da quCis aqcia gangvexila, rogorc omi. mesmis, es
SeiZleba gadaWarbebulad JRerdes, magram dakvirvebam da
gamocdilebam, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi damigrovda,
mimiyvana daskvnamde, rom imis aRsawerad, rac xdeba, ufro
Sesaferi gza ar arsebobs. xazs vusvam: es araviTar SemTx­
vevaSi ar aris Zaladobisaken mowodeba. yovelTvis sjobs,
araferi davuSavoT sxva adamianebs, Tuki SeiZleba, amas Tavi
avaridoT; Tanamedrove SeerTebul StatebSi adamiani iSvi­
aTad Tu aRmoCndeba iseT mdgomareobaSi, sadac Zaladoba
erTaderTi arCevania.* Tumca nebismier konfliqts ori mxa­
re aqvs da nebismieri quCis aqciis erT-erTi mxare aucile­
blad mzad aris omisTvis: SeiaraRebulia, zurgs umagrebs
SWAT razmebi, vertmfrenebi da javSnosani manqanebi, rac
imTaviTve cxadyofs, rom is momzadebulia sakuTari poli­

* erTxel kvebekSi daveswari aqtivistTa Sexvedras „mrgval magidasTan“, romel­

ic Zaladobrivi da araZaladobrivi meTodebis ganxilvas mieZRvna. erTi eqs­
tremistuli Sexedulebebis aqtivisti saubarSi Caeria da aseTi SekiTxva dasva:
„ratom migvaCnia, rom mSvidobiani qmedeba yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre Zalado­
brivi, Tuki arCevanis SesaZlebloba arsebobs?“ me vupasuxe: „imitom rom, nam­
dvilad Znelia, roca iZulebuli xar, mTeli cxovreba fexebis gareSe raRa­
cis miRwevas cdilobde“. es ki TiTqmis gardauvali Sedegi iqneba, Tuki saqmeSi
bombebi CaerTveba.

298
tikuri miznebis misaRwevad Zalis gamoyenebisaTvis. zoga­
dad, es Zala gamoyenebuli iqneba Tu ara, is ar wyvets, vinc
demonstracias nebarTvis gareSe marTavs. rasakvirvelia,
Tuki demonstrantebi manqanebs dalewaven an rames cecxls
waukideben, sruli pasuxusmgeblobiT SegviZlia, vTqvaT,
rom policia xalxs kedelTan miayenebs da xelborkilebs
daadebs. magram xSirad nebismier SemTxvevaSi ase xdeba.
SeiZleba movlenebi sxvagvarad warimarTos; magaliTad, im
demonstraciaze, sadac, policielebis varaudiT, SeiZle­
ba demonstrantebis mxridan moulodnelad marTlac if­
eTqos Zaladobam, ase ar xdeba; da piriqiTaa, roca fiqro­
ben, rom naklebad savaraudoa, demonstrantebma, saerTod,
raime saxis winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeZlon. es damokideb­
ulia uamrav gaTvlaze, romlebic gulisxmobs savaraudo
reaqciebs demonstrantebis, sazogadoebis, mediisa da mniS­
vnelovani institutebis mxridan. mudmivad imarTeba mo­
laparakebebi (da xelaxali molaparakebebi), romlebzedac
ganixileba wesebi, Tu ra valdebulebebi akisriaT erTmane­
Tis winaSe „okupantebsa“ da policias.
zukotis parkis ramdenime SemTxveva albaT TvalsaCino
magaliTi iqneboda:
• erTi Jurnalistis mier mowodebuli cnobis Tanax­
mad, romelmac Occupy Wall Street-is sawyis periodSi poli­
ciasa da qalaqis mesveurebTan uamravi interviu Cawera,
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema maTTvis, vinc
quCaSi policielebs brZanebebs aZlevda, iyo gai foksis
niRbiani hakerebis jguf Anonymous-is wevrebis yofna zu­
kotis parkSi. misi TqmiT, umetesobas marTlac eSinoda,
rom Tuki banakze Setevas ganaxorcielebdnen da demon­
strantebs gayridnen, Anonymous maT sabanko da sakredito
baraTis angariSebze SeaRwevda. metwilad swored am SiSma
ganapiroba, rom maT miiRes gadawyvetileba, banakze Sete­
visagan Tavi SeekavebinaT.
• niu-iorkis meris, blumbergis pirvelma mcdelobam,
2011 wlis 14 oqtombers „okupantebi“ liberTi parkidan (es
saxeli parks sul cota xniT adre daarqves) gamoeZevebina,
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samarcxvino marcxi ganicada. mas Semdeg, rac man ganacxada
Tavisi gegmis Sesaxeb, gaeTavisuflebinaT teritoria „da­
sufTavebis“ mizniT, erTdroulad moxda aqtivistebis mo­
bilizacia yvela savaraudo frontze: aTasobiT aqtivisti
gamocxadda, romlebic mzad iyvnen, daecvaT banaki mSvi­
dobiani samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT; amave dros
samarTlebrivma jgufebma moamzades sasamarTlo akrZalvi­
Ti normebi; moiwvies mediis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic, sa­
varaudod, met-naklebad TanagvigrZnobdnen, profesiulma
kavSirebma da sxva momxreebma moaxdines politikuri moka­
vSireebis mobilizacia qalaqis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi.
sabolood, merma ukan daixia. ara marto erTma calkeulma,
aramed erToblivad uamravma sxvadasxva midgomam aiZula
is, ase moqceuliyo.
• 2012 wlis 12 noembers, Ramis pirvel saaTze ganx­
orcielebuli reidi, romlis Sedegadac, bolos da bo­
los, „okupacia“ Zalis gamoyenebiT mainc daSales, rogorc
Cans, emyareboda politikur gadawyvetilebas mTeli qvey­
nis masStabiT da is daigegma, rogorc moulodneli, said­
umlo Seteva uzarmazari Zalis gamoyenebiT, media ki am
teritoriaze saerTod ar dauSves. esec, ubralod, kanonis
ugulebelyofa iyo. Ramis 2 saaTisTvis „okupantTa“ samar­
Tlebriv jgufs ukve hqonda sasamarTlos ganCineba teri­
toriis wmendis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, sanam yvela iuridiuli
sakiTxi ar gairkveoda; blumbergma ar gaiTvaliswina sa­
samarTlos ganCineba, vidre iseTi mosamarTle ar moZebna,
romelic misTvis misaReb dadgenilebas gamoitanda. swored
drois am monakveTSi, roca reidi formalurad kanonsawi­
naaRmdego iyo, liberTi parkis biblioTeka aiRes da mTli­
anad gaanadgures.

am magaliTebiT aSkara xdeba, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs poli­

tikur ZalTa imgvar balansTan, romelsac kanonTan TiTqmis
araferi aqvs saerTo. Tuki policias aqvs amis SesaZleblo­
ba, is molaparakebebs awarmoebs im Zalis muqariT, romelic
araviTar kanonebsa da normebs ar eqvemdebareba, rogorc es
300
ostinSi moxda. Tuki ara aqvs amis SesaZlebloba, rogorc,
magaliTad, niu-iorkis SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, yvelas­
Tvis naTelyofs, rom mzadaa ukanono dapatimrebebisTvis.
Anonymous-Tan dakavSirebiT zemoT moyvanili magaliTi kar­
gad gviCvenebs, rom Zalwirebi SesaZloa, umeteswilad war­
mosaxvaSic arsebobdes (hakerebs sinamdvileSi imdeni xom
ar SeuZliaT, rasac filmebSi vuyurebT), magram politi­
kuri TamaSebi, ZiriTadad, blefisa da fandebis fsiqolo­
giuri omia; amave dros, es aris moraluri konfliqtic. da
rogorc bolo magaliTSic kargad Cans, lokaluri gamar­
jvebebi SeiZleba efemeruli aRmoCndes, Tuki ver SevZlebT
amave saxis Zalebis mobilizebas qveynis da saerTaSoriso
masStabiTac ki.
moZraobis SigniT debatebi TiTqmis arasdros imarTeba
imis Taobaze, unda mivmarToT Tu ara Zaladobas, aramed
imaze, Tu mSvidobiani qmedebis ra formebi gamoviyenoT (re­
ligiuri niSniT Seqmnil TemebSi am debatebs moixsenieben,
rogorc gansxvavebebs gandiseul/martin luTer kingi­
seul araZaladobriv tradiciebsa da deniel beriganis,
anu ­Plowshares Eight-is („saxnisTa rviani“) tendenciebs Soris
(Plowshares Eight aris moZraoba birTvuli iaraRis winaaRm-
deg, romelic antisaomar aqtiur qmedebebs uWers mxars. jgu-
fis wevrebi xSirad awyoben simbolur saprotesto RonisZie-
bebs, romelTa drosac azianeben saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi ar-
sebul iaraRs. saxelwodeba isaia winaswarmetyvelis sityve-
bidan modis, rom mova dro da xalxi maxvilebs saxnisebad
gadaadnobs. moZraobas 1980 wels safuZveli Cauyara deniel
beriganma, Tavis ZmasTan, filipTan da kidev eqvs adamianTan
(rviani) erTad. red.). maTgan pirveli uaryofs qonebis, sa­
kuTrebis dazianebas, meore ki miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifo
an korporaciis qonebis garkveuli kategoriis dazianeba
legitimurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tuki mis mizans kidev
ufro didi zianis Tavidan acileba warmoadgens). minda,
SemogTavazoT ramdenime principi, romlebzec ufro metad
unda davfiqrdeT, rodesac taqtikaze vmsjelobT.
pirvel rigSi, arsebobs ramdenime principi, romlebic
301
ufro farTo masStabiT unda ganvixiloT: unda ganvsaz­
RvroT, ra sazogadoebrivi RonisZiebebi Segviwyobs xels,
SevqmnaT WeSmaritad demokratiuli sazogadoeba, aseve,
kargad unda davfiqrdeT, ra saxis taqtika mogvcems saSua­
lebas, SevinarCunoT moZraobis demokratiuli xasiaTi. am
kuTxiT sakiTxs iSviaTad svamen, magram es aucilebelia.
erT-erTi sazogadoebrivi moZraoba, romelic am sakiTxs
sakmaod araorazrovnad ganixilavda, iyo 2006 wlis sax­
alxo amboxeba oaqsakaSi, meqsikaSi, sadac mividnen daskv­
namde, rom rogorc SeiaraRebuli amboxeba, aseve wminda
gandiseuli araZaladobrioba, aucileblad unda eyrdno­
bodes qarizmatul liderebsa da samxedro tipis disci­
plinas; es ki sabolood Zirs gamouTxris nebismier WeS­
marit, monawileobis principze damyarebul demokratias.
amis sapirispirod, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom memarjvene
politikuri moZraobebi, rogoricaa „Cais smis moZrao­
ba“ (romelsac araferi hqonda sawinaaRmdego ierarqiuli
mmarTvelobisa), skrupulozuri yuradRebiT ekidebodnen,
rom aSkara SeiaraRebul amboxebas kanonierebis dacvisTvis
safrTxe ar Seeqmna.
meore aris praqtikuli sakiTxi. Sua zona namdvil
amboxe­basa da gandiseul ritualizebul araZaladobriobas
Soris, amave dros, aris maqsimaluri SemoqmedebiTobisa da
improvizaciis asparezi; es ki mTlianad Cvens upiratesobas
warmoadgens. SemoqmedebiToba quCebSi CvenTvis udidesi
taqtikuri plusia. swored amitomaa, rom jambazebi, spira­
luri cekvebis ritualebi da baleriniskabiani bumbulis
mtversawmendebiT SeiaraRebuli qalebi aseTi efeqturi iyo
„msoflio samarTlianobis moZraobis“ dros. policia (aq
isev da isev vgulisxmobT policias, rogorc instituts,
da ara calkeul policiels) did gamWriaxobas ver iCens. es
gansakuTrebiT cxadi xdeba, roca uamravi policieli, dam­
cav samosSi gamowyobili da specialuri iaraRiT aRWur­
vili, rigebad mwkrivdeba. aseT pirobebSi policiasTan
urTierTobis yvelaze efeqturi meTodia, mudmivad akeTo
is, ris winaaRmdeg reagirebaSic maT wvrTna ar gauvliaT.
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es gaxlavT safasuri im samxedro disciplinisa, romelic
sxvamxriv wesier adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, mSvidobian
demonstrantebs xelketebiT daesxan Tavs; imisaTvis, rom
SeZlo, akeTo is, rasac geubnebian, Tanaxma unda iyo, mxo­
lod is akeTo, rasac geubnebian. isini, vinc pasuxismgebe­
lia amboxis CamxSobi policiis specdanayofebis wvrTnaze,
rogorc Cans, darwmunebulni arian erT rameSi: imisaTvis,
rom policielebi fsiqologiurad mzad iyvnen, monawileo­
ba miiRon aqtivistebze ZalmomreobaSi, aucilebelia maTi
gawvrTna ara imgvar taqtikaze reagirebisaTvis, rogorsac,
savaraudod, isini waawydebian, aramed ukiduresi Zala­
dobis formebze reagirebisaTvis, rogorsac aqtivistebi
sinamdvileSi arasodes mimarTaven. magaliTad, sietlis
ambebis Semdeg mTel amerikaSi mogzaurobdnen policiis
trenerTa jgufebi, romlebic policielebs im qalaqebi­
sa, sadac savaWro samitebi unda gamarTuliyo, miTiTebebs
aZlevdnen, Tu rogor gamklavebodnen aqtivistebs, romle­
bic isrodnen molotovis koqteilebs, fekaliebs, mJaviTa
da amiakiT savse eleqtronaTurebs, SurduliT tyorcnid­
nen burTulsakisrebs, an SeiaraRebulni iyvnen SardiTa da
qloriT savse wylis TofebiT. sinamdvileSi arc erT aqtiv­
ists arc sietlSi da arc romelime Semdgomi samitis dros
msgavsi araferi Caudenia. magram, rogorc Cans, maRalCi­
nosnebi miiCnevdnen: ufro mniSvnelovani iyo policielebis
darwmuneba imaSi, rom aqtivistebi, moraluri Tvalsaz­
risiT, bondianas borotmoqmedebs utoldebodnen, vidre im
taqtikisaTvis momzadeba, romlis pirispirac maT sinamd­
vileSi dadgoma mouwevdaT. aman bevri policieli sruliad
daabnia da isini iZulebulni iyvnen, sistematurad dakav­
Sirebodnen TavianT zemdgomebs brZanebebis misaRebad. im
wlebis ganmavlobaSi araerTxel gavmxdarvar mowme, rogor
daaRwies Tavi dapatimrebas alyaSemortymulma aqtivistTa
jgufebma, radgan isargebles policielTa dabneulobiT,
romlebic maRal velosipedebze Semomsxdari jambazebisa
da Teatraluri dasebis pirispir aRmoCndnen. iyo SemTx­
vevebi, rodesac vnaxe, rom policielebi, romlebic mizan­
303
mimarTuli cema-tyepiT erekebodnen aqtivistebs, uecrad
robotebiviT adgilze gaqvavdnen, roca uecrad yvela
demonstranti erTdroulad dasxda asfaltze.
mesame: kargi iqneba, Tu Zalauflebis politikur
sakiTxs da ZalTa im balanss, romelic me aRvwere, er­
TianobaSi ganvixilavT, rac dagvexmareba imis gaazrebaSi,
rogor SevqmnaT garemo, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba amgvari
SemoqmedebiTi araZaladobrivi (mSvidobiani) qmedeba. al­
baT mravlismetyveli magaliTi iqneba kidev erTi amba­
vi, romelic axlaxan meqsikaSi moxda: esaa 1994 wlis za­
patistebis amboxi CiapasSi. aq saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ase
iyo: rogorc ki adgilobrivi mosaxleoba politikuri mo­
bilizebis raime formas mimarTavda, mis organizatorebs
apatimrebdnen, awamebdnen an xocavdnen. 1994 wlis ianvarSi
amboxebam, romelSic, ZiriTadad, adgilobrivi mosaxleo­
ba monawileobda, mTeli administraciuli centri moic­
va, Semdeg ki gadaizarda TormetdRian SeiaraRebul kon­
fliqtSi meqsikis armiis winaaRmdeg; es iyo omi, romelic
zaviT damTavrda, ris Semdegac meamboxeebma uRran tyeSi
damales TavianTi iaraRi da wamoiwyes avtonomiuri, TviTm­
marTveli Temebis Camoyalibeba; mas Semdeg isini meqsikis
saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi elitis winaaRmdeg uSualo
moqmedebis taqtikiT ibrZvian. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
maT swored im doziT gamoiyenes aSkara Zaladoba, ramdenic
esaWiroebodaT, rom mdgomareoba ise gaemyarebinaT, Zalis
gamoyeneba aRarasodes dasWirvebodaT. garda imisa, rom
Zaladobas uamravi TvalSisacemi nakli aqvs, is mosawyeni
da advilad prognozirebadia. holivudis filmebi da gar­
Tobis analogiuri formebi cdiloben, Cven sapirispiroSi
dagvarwmunon, magram, faqtobrivad, simarTle esaa. istori­
ulad, is sulelebis taqtikad iTvleboda. Zaladoba, arse­
biTad, aqtiuri sibriyvis formaa, yurebze xelebis afareba
da gonivrul gansjaze uaris Tqma. swored amitom, roca
saxelmwifos legitimuroba raime formiT eWvqveS dgeba,
is upiratesobas yovelTvis Zaladobas aniWebs. magram ro­
gorc ki Zalwirebis mimarTuleba da simZlavre imgvarad
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Seicvleba, rom realur konfliqts, ubralod, Zaladobis
saxe aRar eqneba, gamarjvebis saswori Cvenken gadmoixreba.
Tanamedrove amerikaSi araZaladobrivi politikuri
qmedebebisaTvis gacilebiT meti sivrcea, vidre 1990-iani
wlebis CiapasSi, magram is 1960-iani wlebidan gamudmebiT
viwrovdeba. rodesac kolumbiis universitetis prezident­
ma 1968 wels universitetis kampusSi studentebis mier da­
kavebuli Senobebis dasabruneblad policia moiwvia, maSin
es miCneul iqna gaugonar darRvevad dauwereli kanonisa,
romlis Tanaxmadac, universiteti sakuTari studentebis
winaaRmdeg samxedro tipis Zalas ar unda iyenebdes. ro­
gorc zemoT aRvniSne, roca 2009 wels studentebis mcire
jgufma scada New School-isa da niu-iorkis universitetis
„okupireba“, maT TiTqmis myisierad daupirispirda polici­
is uamravi antiteroristuli specrazmi maRalteqnologi­
uri iaraRiTa da aRWurvilobiT. kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
is aris, rom amas mediis mxridan araviTari xmamaRali pro­
testi ar mohyolia. faqtobrivad, nacionalur medias es
ambebi, saerTod, arc ki uxsenebia. rogorc Cans, isini yu­
radRebis Rirsadac ar CaTvales. uzarmazari samxedro Za­
lis gamoyeneba mSvidobiani studentebis winaaRmdeg maTive
universitetSi im droisTvis sruliad normalur movlenad
iqna miCneuli.
maSasadame, mTavari politikuri sakiTxi ase unda gan­
isazRvros: rogor gavxadoT kvlav xelmisawvdomi es
sfero. am mxriv „okupaciis“ leqsika Zalian mniSvnelovania.
Zalian bevri adamiani winaaRmdegi iyo terminisa „okupacia“
misi aSkarad samxedro warmomavlobis gamo. marTalia, ev­
ropaSi sruliad misaRebia es sityva, rodesac vsaubrobT
skvoterebis mier sacxovrebeli korpusis binebSi dasaxle­
baze an muSebis mier qarxnis dakavebaze, magram amerikaSi
ufro metad miCveulni varT iseT gamoTqmebs, rogoricaa:
meore msoflio omis dros „okupirebuli safrangeTi“, md.
iordanes dasavleT sanapiros „okupirebuli teritoriebi“
an aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier „baRdadis okupacia“.
magram Cven arc erTi es magaliTi ar gamogvadgeba. sinamd­
305
vileSi okupacia swored is aris, rasac Cven vakeTebT. analo­
gia samxedro sferodan sruliad Sesaferisia. Cven vitacebT
teritorias da sxvadasxva Zalis (moraluri, fsiqologiuri
Tu fizikuri) gamoyenebiT vicavT mas. mTavari is gaxlavT,
rom, rogorc ki Cven am sivrces gavaTavisuflebT, maSinve
vaqcevT mas siyvarulisa da zrunvis adgilad. da marTlac,
swored siyvarulisa da zrunvis Zalaa Cveni upirvelesi
iaraRi: amas amtkicebs is faqtic, rom wamyvan mediasaSuale­
bebs sakmaod xangrZlivi kampania dasWirdaT, raTa demokra­
tiuli Tanamegobrobisa da mSierTa gamokvebis es suraTi
seqsualuri Zaladobisa da agresiis imijiT CaenacvlebinaT,
raTa SeZlebodaT gamarTleba policiis koordinirebuli
Tavdasxmebisa, romelTa Sedegadac, sabolood, „okupantebi“
dakavebuli teritoriidan gamoaZeves.

axla ki taqtikis sakiTxebidan strategiis sakiTxebze

gadavideT. rasakvirvelia, rogorc dasawyisSive xazgasmiT
aRvniSne, maTi gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia. taqtikis sakiTxebi
yovelTvis moiazrebs strategiis sakiTxebsac.
magram, amave dros, es imasac gulisxmobs, rom SeuZle­
belia am Temebze dazustebiT msjeloba, radgan moZraobis
SigniT ar arsebobs sruli SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
warmoadgens strategiuli horizonti. Cvens gundSi yvela
juris adamianebi arian, dawyebuli liberalebiT, romleb­
sac demokratiuli partiis memarcxene mimarTulebiT way­
vana ainteresebT, raTa qveyana New Deal-is tipis kapital­
izmis msgavs realobaSi daabrunon (New Deal _ axali kursi _
prezident f. d. ruzveltis (1933-45) reformatoruli poli-
tika, ekonomikuri cvlilebebis sistema, romelic miznad
isaxavda didi depresiis daZlevas. red.), damTavrebuli an­
arqistebiT, romelTac, saboloo jamSi, saxelmwifosa da
kapitalizmis sruliad daSla surT. Tavad is faqti, rom
maT SeZles, erTad ase kargad emuSavaT, namdvili sao­
crebaa. garkveul etapze gadawyvetilebebis miReba albaT
­sakmaod rTuli iqneba.
rac taqtikis Sesaxeb vTqvi, cxadyofs, rom Occupy-s
306
m­ oZraoba, saboloo jamSi, emyareba imas, rasac revoluciur
TeoriaSi xSirad „orxelisuflebianobis“ (termini ekuTvnis
lenins. red.) strategias uwodeben: Cven vcdilobT, Sevqm­
naT gaTavisuflebuli teritoriebi arsebuli politikuri,
iuridiuli da ekonomikuri sistemis miRma, im principiT,
rom aRniSnuli sistema iseTi korufciulia, misi gamo­
sworeba warmoudgeneli xdeba. es aris sivrce, romelic,
ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, fumqcionirebs mTavrobis
aparatisgan damoukideblad da ar cnobs mis mtkicebas,
rom Zalis gamoyenebis legitimurobaze monopolias sax­
elmwifo flobs. magram Tanamedrove CrdiloeT amerikaSi
jer Sors varT im mdgomareobidan, roca SegveZleba, gaTa­
visuflebulad gamovacxadoT raionebi an teritoriebi, sa­
dac movaxerxebT Cveni problemebis gadaWras mxolod de­
mokratiuli saSualebebiT. maS, rogor SevZlebT, mivdioT
aRniSnul strategias iseTi formiT, romelic konkretul
sargebels moutans im tipis adamianebs, romlebmac Tavi­
anTi istoriebi gamoaqveynes vebgverdze „Cven varT 99%“.
nawilobriv, es aris aliansebis sakiTxic. erTia, Tqva,
rom ar iTanamSromleb Tavisi arsiT korumpirebul siste­
masTan, da sul sxvaa, roca ambob, rom urTierTobac ki ar
geqneba maTTan, vinc ase iqceva. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs,
SemovifargloT erTi cida utopiuri anklavebis SeqmniT,
romlebsac danarCeni adamianebis cxovrebaze araviTari
gavlena ar eqneba. Tumca, rogorc ki viwyebT urTierTobas
instituciurad Zlier mxardamWerebTan _ profkavSirebTan,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, politikuri partiebTan
an maTi filialebTan, anda Tundac cnobil adamianebTan
_ sakuTar Sida demokratiaSi komprometaciis safrTxe
Cndeba. is maSinve warmoiSva, rogorc ki zukotis parkSi
mxardaWeris gamosaxatavad iseTi adamianebi gamoCndnen,
rogoricaa rozana bari, jozef stiglici da maikl muri.
rasakvirvelia, maTi danaxva yvelas Zalian gauxarda, ma­
gram aSkara iyo, rom maTi monawileoba „saxalxo mikrofo­
nis“ saSualebiT diskusiebSi CarTviT ar Semoifarglebo­
da. sityviT gamosvla maTi stilia. Tavdapirvelad Zalian
307
Zneli iyo prevencia imisa, rom es oratoroba gadamdebi
ar gamxdariyo. es TiTqos umniSvnelo detalia, magram is
gvexmareba, problemebis arsSi gaverkveT. daZabuloba kidev
ufro gamwvavda, roca Cveni mxardaWera gadawyvites iseTma
liberalurma jgufebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, MoveOn.org
_ anazRaurebadi, gamocdili da mTel ganakveTze momuSave
TanamSromlebiT, „vertikaluri“ CvevebiTa da xSirad Tavisi
politikuri da sakanonmdeblo programebiT, romelTa Ses­
axeb saubari maT didad ar uyvarT. kidev erTxel vimeoreb,
mxardaWeraze uari ar unda vTqvaT, rodesac mas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs moZraobis gafarToebisa da koordinaciis
instrumentebis SeqmnisaTvis, magram uamrav sirTulesTa­
naa dakavSirebuli imis uzrunvelyofa, rom koordinirebis
am struqturebma horizontaluroba SeinarCunos. es gan­
sakuTrebiT exeba im keTili zraxvebiT aRsavse organiza­
torebs, romlebsac araferi smeniaT „horizontalurobis“
Sesaxeb da SeiZleba Sida demokratiis nebismieri delikatu­
ri sakiTxi axirebad miiCnion. fulic ki SeiZleba problemad
iqces. uolstritis „okupaciis“ sawyisi erTi-ori Tvis gan­
mavlobaSi daaxloebiT naxevari milioni dolaris Semowir­
uleba Semovida. am fuls imdeni kamaTi da problema mohyva,
rom Zalian bevr aqtivists surda, is rogorme saerTod Ta­
vidan moeSorebinaT: bevri gvTavazobda, rom es fuli mTli­
anad erT did gigantur proeqtze daxarjuliyo („aerostati
Occupy“?). sabolood, banakebis daSlis Semdeg, iZulebuli
gavxdiT, es Tanxa TiTqmis mTlianad gadagvexada eklesiebi­
sTvis, rom asobiT gamoZevebulisTvis droebiTi TavSesafa­
ri miecaT. is faqti, rom fulma aseTi koroziuli efeqti
moaxdina, imas ki ar gulisxmobs, rom msgavsi problemebi de­
mokratiuli procesebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia; Cemi azriT,
es ufro iman gamoiwvia, rom aqtivistebis adrindeli gamoc­
dileba fulTan da imgvar organizaciebTan urTierTobisa,
romelTa mamoZravebel Zalas fuli warmoadgens, dakavSire­
buli iyo sruliad gansxvavebul CvevebTan da valdebule­
bebTan. miuxedavad amisa, Sors var im azrisgan, rom fulis
samyarosaTvis sruliad Tavis arideba SesaZlebelia.
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 am problemaTa umetesobis gadaWra moxerxdeba (da sab­
olood asec moxdeba) erTgvari damcavi kedlebis (mentaluri
da organizaciuli) Seqmnis saSualebiT. ufro didi strate­
giuli sakiTxebi gacilebiT Znelad mosagvarebelia, magram
imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra mimarTulebebi unda avirCioT,
SeiZleba dagvexmaros ramdenime magaliTi im midgomebisa,
romelTa gamoyeneba bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sxva­
ganac scades da isini met-naklebad Sedegiani aRmoCnda.
modi, warmovidginoT, rom imgvarma moZraobam, rogori­
caa Occupy, marTlac miaRwia warmatebas da Seqmna Tavisuf­
ali teritoriebis mTeli qseli. es moaxerxa an im banakebis
xelaxla mowyobiT, romlebsac 2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sistematurad Slidnen Zalis gamoyenebiT (Tumca aSkaraa,
rom amJamindel situaciaSi mTavroba amas arasodes dauS­
vebs), an sruliad axali, gansxvavebuli sivrcis, magali­
Tad, sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Senobebis aTvisebiT.
orive SemTxvevaSi saboloo mizani iqneboda yvela qalaq­
sa da kvartalSi adgilobrivi „asambleebis“ Camoyalibeba,
aseve „okupirebuli“ sacxovrebeli saxlebis, „okupirebu­
li“ fabrika-qarxnebisa da „okupirebuli“ fermebis qselis
Seqmna, romelic SesaZloa, alternatiuli ekonomikuri da
politikuri sistemis safuZveli gamxdariyo. aseT SemTx­
vevaSi ra urTierToba unda hqonoda am gaTavisuflebuli
teritoriebis qselsa da alternatiul institutebs arse­
bul sakanonmdeblo da politikur sistemasTan?
arsebobs ramdenime potenciuri modeli. arc erTi ar
Seesabameba zustad imas, rac, savaraudod, amerikaSi Sei­
Zleba moxdes, magram isini gvaZleven garkveul mimarTule­
bas, Tu ra gziT SeiZleba am problemis mogvareba.
• qalaq sadris strategia: TavisTavad igulisxmeba
SekiTxva: raki sistematurad ecdebian am teritoriebis
likvidacias, rogor unda davicvaT isini? miuxedavad imi­
sa, rom uaxloes periodSi Tanamedrove aSS-Si es naklebad
mosalodnelia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, memarcxene jgufebis
mxridan), erayeli sadristebis msgavsi jgufebis gamoc­
dileba mainc bevrs gvaswavlis. sadristebi warmoadgens
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islamistur saxalxo moZraobas, romelsac mxars uWeren
mSromelTa masebi; man aSS-is samxedro okupaciis drosac
ki moaxerxa, erayis did da mcire qalaqebSi TviTmmarTv­
elobis zonebi Camoeyalibebina. sadristebma aseT Sede­
gebs imitom miaRwies, rom maT kargad esmodaT erTi ram:
orxelisuflebianobis nebismieri strategiis gasaRebi Sem­
degSi mdgomareobs _ daiwyo iseTi institutebis SeqmniT,
romelTa winaaRmdegic veravin iqneba (maT SemTxvevaSi es
iyo ufaso klinikebis qseli orsuli da meZuZuri dedebi­
saTvis) da Semdeg, maTi dacvis mizniT, TandaTanobiT gadax­
vide usafrTxoebis aparatisa da ufro didi socialuri
infrastruqturis mSeneblobaze. momdevno etapze ki unda
ecado, gamarTo molaparakebebi mkveTri da kargad daculi
sazRvrebis gavlebis Sesaxeb Sens kontrols daqvemdebare­
bul zonebsa da im teritoriebs Soris, romlebsac jer
kidev de-faqto mTavroba akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxouri samxedro okupaciis
fonze maT brwyinvale warmatebas miaRwies avtonomiuri in­
stitutebis Seqmnis sferoSi, sadristebis magaliTi (an hez­
bolasi _ libanSi, romelmac TiTqmis igive midgoma airCia)
cxadyofs imasac, rom orxelisuflebianobis nebismieri
modeli Zalian male moulodnelad garkveul SezRudvebs
awydeba. daviwyoT imiT, rom Tuki vinme CarTulia Seiara­
Rebul winaaRmdegobaSi (Tundac misi strategia, arsebi­
Tad, TavdacviTi iyos), mis mimdevrebsac, adre Tu gvian,
aucileblad mouwevT, raime saxis Zaladobas mimarTon _
Zaladobas sakuTari logika aqvs. aucilebelia samxedro
disciplina, romelic, rasakvirvelia, zRudavs nebismieri
saxis demokratiul eqsperiments da aqcents qarizmatul
liderebze akeTebs; nebismier amgvar moZraobas ki axasi­
aTebs tendencia, minimaluri winaaRmdegobis kursi air­
Cios da romelime konkretuli, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod erTgvarovani jgufis politikur xmad gadaiqces.
yvela es faqtori, iseve, rogorc sxva saxis dausrulebe­
li problemebi, romlebic am „Tavisufali teritoriebis“
marTvas mosdevs, sabolood, SeuZlebels xdis, oficialur
310
politikaSi CarTvis cdunebas gauZlo. bolos da bolos,
Tuki uars ar vityviT organizebul Zaladobaze, an Tavs
SevikavebT horizontaluri principebis gamoyenebisgan,
maSin raime konkretuli mizezic ar gveqneba, saxelmwifo
institutebis SemadgenlobaSi ar SevideT. saboloo jamSi,
amgvari midgomis TiTqmis yvela gamovlineba axlo aRmosav­
leTSi politikuri partiis SeqmniT dasrulda.
rasakvirvelia, me ar vambob, rom romelime zemo­aRwerili
SemTxveva Occupy-sTvis SeiZleba nimuSad gamodges, magram
es aris brwyinvale magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor daviwyoT;
nawilobriv imis gamo, rom Tavdapirveli strategia (qalTa
klinikebis Seqmna) marTlac sruliad genialuri iyo, magram
_ ZiriTadad, imitom, rom is gviCvenebs: swored is jgufebi,
romlebic uars ar acxadeben Tofebisa da bombebis gamo­
yenebaze, yvelaze advilad STainTqmebian saxelisuflebo
struqturebSi.
• san-andresis strategia: sruliad gansxvavebuli mid­
goma airCies zapatistebma 1994 wlis dekemberSi mowyobili
TormetdRiani amboxebis Semdgom periodSi. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, es amboxeba maleve dasrulda zaviT da, miuxe­
davad Tavdapirveli miznebisa, Sedegi ZiriTadad, Semdegi
hqonda: meamboxe Temebs saSualeba miecaT, sakuTari av­
tonomiuri institutebi SeeqmnaT da araZaladobrivi uSu­
alo moqmedebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi CarTuliyvnen
(zapatistebma male saxeli gaiTqves iseTi RonisZiebebis
organizebiT, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, aTasobiT Seui­
araRebeli adgilobrivi bavSviani qalis „SeWra“ meqsikuri
armiis banakebSi).
zapatistebma miiRes gadawyvetileba, meqsikis oficial­
ur politikur procesebSi ki ar CarTuliyvnen, aramed dae­
wyoT sruliad gansxvavebuli saxis mTliani politikuri
sistemis Seqmna. magram sakiTxavi is iyo, formalurad ro­
gori urTierToba unda daemyarebinaT xelisuflebis ar­
sebul struqturebTan. es problema gadaiWra samSvidobo
zavis Sesaxeb oficialur molaparakebebSi CarTvis gziT
(es molaparakebebi SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda, rogorc „san-
311
andresis SeTanxmebebi“), romlebmac adgilobriv doneze
axlad Seqmnili demokratiuli struqturebis komprome­
tirebis nacvlad, Seqmna maTi legitimaciis, ganviTarebisa
da gafarToebis safuZveli, radgan zapatistebis mxridan
molaparakebaze wargzavnili pirebi (romlebic SearCies
maTive Temebma da maTi, rogorc delegatebis, ukan gawveva
SesaZlebeli iyo) daJinebiT moiTxovdnen, rom molapara­
kebebis yvela etapis yoveli punqti yovlismomcveli de­
mokratiuli konsultaciebis, ganxilvisa da damtkicebis
sagani unda yofiliyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mo­
laparakebebis procesi Tavad iqca saukeTeso „damcav ked­
lad“. yvelam TiTqmis danamdvilebiT icoda, rom mTavroba
arakeTilsindisieri ganzraxviT awarmoebda am molaparake­
bebs da srulebiT ar apirebda zavis pirobebis Sesrulebas,
magram es TiTqos meorexarisxovani sakiTxi iyo.
sainteresoa, davfiqrdeT, rogori SeiZleboda yofil­
iyo paraleluri strategia Occupy Wall Street-isaTvis: es
iqneboda arsebul politikur struqturasTan urTierTo­
bis modeli, romelic, misi uSualo demokratiis princi­
pebze damyarebuli procesebis komprometirebis nacvlad,
faqtobrivad, xels Seuwyobda maT stimulirebasa da gan­
viTarebas. erTi yvelaze metad savaraudo midgoma SeiZle­
boda yofiliyo mcdeloba, konstituciaSi erTi an meti
Sesworebis Setanis propaganda gangvexorcielebina, rac
ukve SemogvTavazes garkveulma wreebma: magaliTad, poli­
tikuri kampaniebisTvis fulis gamoyofis, an iuridiuli
piris statusis gauqmeba. arsebobs analogiuri magaliTebi:
magaliTad, ekvadorSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis jgufeb­
ma, romlebmac mobilizaciis gziT SeZles, xelisufleba­
Si moeyvanaT zomierad memarcxene-centristi ekonomisti
rafael korea, amis safasurad daJinebiT moiTxoves, rom
maT axali konstituciis SeqmnaSi mTavari roli unda eTa­
maSaT. SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom msgavs SemTxvevaSi uamravi
problema warmoiqmneboda, gansakuTrebiT imis gamo, rom,
rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, muSaoba mogvixdeboda arseb­
uli konstituciuri struqturis farglebSi, konstitucia
312
ki, umeteswilad, imisTvisaa SemuSavebuli, rom uSualo de­
mokratias dabrkoleba Seuqmnas; magram, sxva Tu araferi,
amgvar procesSi gacilebiT advili iqneboda „damcavi
kedlebis“ Seqmna, vidre im pirobebSi, urTierToba rom
gvqonoda uSualod arCeul oficialur pirebTan.
• el-altos strategia: boliviis SemTxveva CemTvis
cnobili mcirericxovani magaliTebidan erT-erTia, roca
orxelisuflebianobis ori midgoma _ avtonomiuri insti­
tutebis gamoyeneba qveynis marTvaSi monawileobis miRebis
uflebis mosapoveblad da maTi SenarCuneba uSualo de­
mokratiis principebze dafuZnebuli alternativis saxiT
(romelic xelisuflebisagan sruliad gancalkevebiT dgas)
_ ase efeqturad Seerwya erTmaneTs. me mas „el-altos
strategias“ vuwodeb, dedaqalaqis maxloblad mdebare,
umetesad aborigenebiT dasaxlebuli qalaqis sapativce­
mulod, romelic cnobilia Tavisi uSualo demokratiis
tradiciebiTa da institutebiT (magaliTad, el-altos
saxalxo Sekrebebma xelSi aiRes marTvis sadaveebi da akon­
trolebdnen rogorc qalaqis wyalmomaragebis sistemas,
ise sxva komunalur dawesebulebebsac). amJamad el-altoSi
mdebareobs qveynis pirveli aborigeni prezidentis, fer­
merTa profkavSirebis yofili lideris, evo moralesis
rezidencia. igive sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, romlebsac
umniSvnelovanesi wvlili miuZRvis imaSi, rom moralesi xe­
lisuflebaSi movida (maT moawyves umetesad mSvidobiani
amboxebebis mTeli seria misi winamorbedebis winaaRmdeg da
arCevnebSi misi gamarjvebisaTvis eleqtoratis mobilizeba
moaxdines), daJinebiT moiTxoven, SeunarCundeT SesaZle­
bloba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kvlav moawyon amboxeba da
nebismier dros Camoagdon prezidenti. es logika savsebiT
martivia da is xSirad laitmotivad gasdevs Tavad morale­
sis partiis arCeviTi Tanamdebobis pirebis gamosvlebsac:
mTavroba ar aris da verc iqneba WeSmaritad demokrati­
uli instituti. mas aqvs sakuTari, ierarqiuli logika, ro­
melic saerTaSoriso kapitalisa da savaWro organizaciebis
moTxovnebidan momdinareobs, an Tavad biurokratiuli
313
aparatis bunebidan, romelsac zurgs umagrebs policiis
Zalebi. Sesabamisad, arCeviTi Tanamdebobis pirebi aucile­
blad aRmoCndebian uzarmazari wnexis qveS (yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, garkveul garemoebebSi mainc), romlis gavleniTac
isini iZulebulni iqnebian, swored imis sawinaaRmdegod
moiqcnen, risTvisac isini xalxma airCia. orxelisuflebi­
anobis institutebis SenarCuneba swored amis dadasturebaa
da is, SeiZleba iTqvas, moralesis msgavs politikosebs gac­
ilebiT umyarebs pozicias molaparakebebis dros, magali­
Tad, ucxour mTavrobebTan da korporaciebTan, an sakuTar
biurokratiul aparatTan, radgan sruliad gulwrfelad
SeuZlia, ganacxados, rom garkveul sakiTxebSi xel-fexi
Sekruli aqvs _ mas sxva gza ar darCenia, garda imisa, rom
pasuxi gasces Tavis amomrCevlebs.
zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom aSS-Si am poziciamde jer
bevri gviklia, magram kargia, gaviTvaliswinoT is, rogorc
erT-erTi samomavlo SesaZlebloba. vfiqrob, am magaliTi­
dan SeiZleboda, erTi ram gveswavla: gonivruli ar iqnebo­
da, gvefiqra saarCevno politikaSi cvlilebebis Setanazec
ki, vidre ar davnergavT princips, rom uSualo moqmedebis
aqtiuri formebi politikuri poziciis gamoxatvis legi­
timuri da misaRebi variantia.
• buenos-airesis strategia: kidev erTi midgoma ase­
Tia: saerTod ar viqonioT raime saxis urTierToba politi­
kur istebliSmentTan, aramed vcadoT, rom mas mTeli Tavisi
legitimuroba „SemovaZarcvoT“. amas SeiZleba „argentinis
modeli“, an „delegitimaciis midgoma“ vuwodoT da es, met-
naklebad, swored isaa, rac am wignis daweris droisTvis sa­
berZneTSi xdeboda. mniSvnelovania, xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT: es
modeli ar gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo aparatis saSualebiT
mdgomareobis gamosworebis imedi ar viqonioT; piriqiT, is
aris erTgvari gamowveva politikuri elitis warmomadgen­
lebis mimarT maTi relevanturobis demonstrirebis mizniT
da xSirad axerxebs kidec, gaaRviZos maTSi survili, radikal­
uri zomebi miiRon arsebuli situaciis gasaumjobeseblad,
ris gakeTebac Tavad maT azrad arasodes mouvidodaT.
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 arsebiTad, es strategia gulisxmobs horizontalur
principebze dafuZnebuli alternatiuli institutebis Se­
qmnas, romlebsac araferi aqvs saerTo xelisuflebasTan; es
strategia mTlianad politikur sistemas absoluturad ko­
rufciul, idiotur da xalxis cxovrebisaTvis sruliad um­
niSvnelo warmonaqmnad acxadebs, jambazebis Soud, romelic
gasarTob sanaxaobadac ki ver gamodgeba da cdilobs, poli­
tikosebi pariebis (yvelaze dabali kasta indoeTSi. mTargm.)
fenad warmoadginos. amitomac 2001 wels, argentinis eko­
nomikuri kolafsis Semdeg, saxalxo amboxebam, romelmac sul
raRac ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi sami sxvadasxva mTavroba
gaaZeva, SeimuSava alternatiuli institutebis Camoyali­
bebis strategia; es institutebi im principebs efuZneboda,
romlebsac Tavad meamboxeebi „horizontalurobis“ saxeliT
moixseniebdnen: saxalxo Sekrebebi, romlebsac unda emarTaT
qalaqis raionebi, aRdgenili qarxnebi da sxva dawesebule­
bebi (romelTa bosebmac miatoves isini), TviTorganizebuli
umuSevarTa asociaciebi (romlebic TiTqmis mudmiv uSualo
moqmedebaSi iyvnen CarTulni). zemoT CamoTvlil insti­
tutebs garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi alternatiuli
savaluto sistemac ki hqondaT.
politikuri elitis mimarT es damokidebuleba Sejame­
buli iyo cnobil sloganSi: “Que se vayan todos!”, romelic
daaxloebiT ase iTargmneba: „jandabamdis gza hqoniaT!“ ima­
sac amboben, rom 2002 wlis dasawyisisaTvis iqamde mivid­
nen, rom politikosebi (nebismieri politikuri partiidan)
restoranSic ki veRar Sediodnen yalbi ulvaSebis an Se­
niRbvis raime msgavsi saSualebebis gareSe, radgan, Tuki
icnobdnen, iq myofi gabrazebuli xalxi maT gars Semoer­
tymeboda an saWmels esroda. sabolood, xelisuflebaSi
movida socialur-demokratiuli mTavroba prezidentis
(nestor kirCneris) xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic manamde
rac SeiZleba zomieri reformebis mxardamWeri iyo, magram
is acnobierebda: aucileblad unda mieRo raime saxis radi­
kaluri zomebi, raTa xalxSi aRedgina rwmena, rom mTavroba
marTlac SeiZleba warmoadgendes legitimur instituts.
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man gadawyvita, argentinas sagareo valis sakmaod didi
nawili ar gadaexada (saubaria defoltze). amiT saTave
daudo Semdgom movlenebs, romlebmac TiTqmis gaanadgura
samarTalSefardebis uflebamosilebis mqone iseTi saerTa­
Soriso organizaciebi, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso savalu­
to fondi da, faqtobrivad, bolo mouRo mesame samyaros
valis kriziss. saboloo Sedegi iyo msoflios miliardo­
biT Raribi adamianisaTvis uzomod didi sargebeli, argen­
tinis ekonomikam ki, gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, mkveTri
naxtomi gaakeTa, magram es yvelaferi SeuZlebeli iqneboda,
argentinis politikuri elitis „uvnebelyofis“ kampania
rom ar ganxorcielebuliyo. ufro metic, zemoaRwerilma
strategiam ganapiroba is, rom, rodesac mTavrobam status-
kvo aRidgina, gadatrialebis sawyis periodSi Seqmnilma
bevrma TviTmmarTvelma institutma arseboba ganagrZo.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom amJamad realuri amboxeba
naklebad savaraudoa (marTlac, amboxeba yovelTvis nak­
lebad savaraudoa im momentamde, vidre is, faqtobrivad,
ar daiwyeba; magram albaT gonivruli iqneba, yovel Sem­
TxvevaSi, is mainc warmovidginoT, rodis SeiZleba mkve­
Trad gauaresdes ekonomikuri mdgomareoba), Cven albaT
vdgavarT zemoaRwerili variantebis erTgvari „samamulo
warmoebis“ kombinaciis pirispir, an esaa gansxvavebuli ram,
rac Zalian hgavs mas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, strategiebis am
CamonaTvalma SesaZloa, gviCvenos gza, vifiqroT samoma­
vlo SesaZleblobebze. is aseve dagvexmareba, gaverkveT
imaSi, rom aqamde Occupy Wall Street bolo variantis kurss
mihyveboda, anu delegitimaciis strategias. Tanamedrove
aSS-Si arsebuli politikuri ganwyobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
es albaT gardauvali iyo. bolos da bolos, ufro adrec
ki, vidre Cveni moZraoba daiwyeboda, Cven ukve TiTqmis am
poziciaze videqiT. amerikelTa absoluturi umravlesoba
ukve xedavda politikuri sistemis korumpirebulobas da
uvargisobas. faqtobrivad, is zafxuli, rodesac „okupa­
cia“ pirvelad daigegma, Cven saxelmwifo valis maqsimalur
zRvarTan dakavSirebiT uCveulod ucnauri, bavSvuri da
316
yovlad uazro politikuri speqtaklis mowmeni gavxdiT,
ris Sedegadac kongresis popularobis reitingi erTniSna
ciframde (9%-mde) daeca _ es yvelaze dabali maCvenebelia,
rac ki mas odesme hqonia.
maSin, roca amerikelTa umetesoba gamanadgurebeli eko­
nomikuri krizisis dros suls Rafavda, roca milionobiT
adamiani uimedo mdgomareobaSi iyo (radgan politikurma
sistemam, faqtobrivad, ganacxada, rom mas ar surda, an ar
SeeZlo, rame eRona amasTan dakavSirebiT), respublikeli
kongresmenebi imuqrebodnen, rom iZulebuls gaxdidnen
aSS-is mTavrobas, defolti gamoecxadebina da masobrivad
Seemcirebina socialuri momsaxurebis xarjebi; amgvarad,
TiTqos Tavidan aicilebda umeteswilad warmosaxvaSi arse­
bul valis kriziss, romelic, uares SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime
wlis Semdeg aiZulebda aSS-is mTavrobas, gamoecxadebina
defolti yvela doneze. prezidentma obamam, Tavis mxriv,
gadawyvita, rom SedarebiT gonivruli saqcieli iqneboda
(da, amgvarad, rogorc mis mrCevlebs uyvarT Tqma, is aR­
moCndeboda „erTaderTi WkuasakiTxavi adamiani sxvebs So­
ris“), Tuki is (imis nacvlad, rom gamoeaSkaravebina, Tu ra
mcdar ekonomikur varaudebs efuZneboda mTeli es poli­
tikuri debatebi), moamzadebda SedarebiT zomier, „kompro­
misul“ versias zustad imave programisa _ im principiT,
romlis Tanaxmadac, giJis gamoaSkaravebis saukeTeso gza
aris Tavis moCveneba, TiTqos misi bodvis naxevari, faq­
tobrivad, simarTles Seesabameba. am konteqstSi marTlac
erTaderTi gonivruli saqcieli iqneboda yuradRebis
gamaxvileba swored imaze, rom mTel am debatebs araviTari
azri ar hqonda da politikurma sistemam mxolod imas mi­
aRwia, rom sakuTari Tavis delegitimacias Seuwyo xeli.
swored amitom moaxerxa aTasi juris anarqistebis, hipebis,
kolejis umuSevari studentebis, velurebiviT xeze msx­
domebisa da mSvidobiani aqtivistebis jgufma ase uceb Ta­
vis damkvidreba, rogorc, pirvel rigSi, amerikelma „Wkua­
sakiTxavma“ adamianebma, radgan opozicia, rogorc aseTi,
ar arsebobda. dgeba cxovrebaSi momenti, rodesac radi­
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kaluri poziciis moniSvna erTaderTi swori arCevania.
rogorc aRvniSne, ar minda, grZelvadiani strategiebis
Sesaxeb raime saxis konkretuli rCevebi, winadadebebi Camo­
vayalibo, magram vfiqrob, unda gvaxsovdes erTi ram: ameri­
kuli politika iqca TamaSad im moTamaSeebs Soris, romle­
bic didi xania, aRar miiCneven, rom politika SeiZleba iyos
rame sxva, garda koleqtiuri iluziisa da im realobisa,
romelic, faqtobrivad, xelisuflebis mier aris Seqmnili.
xolo „xelisufleba“ rogorc, Cveulebriv, sabolood aR­
moCndeba xolme, organizebuli Zaladobis gamomxatveli
evfemizmia. swored amitom uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom,
radac ar unda dagvijdes, ganvagrZoT imgvari sivrceebis
Seqmna, sadac SegveZleba moqmedeba WeSmaritad gonivrul,
safuZvlian, logikur argumentebze dayrdnobiT, da, amave
dros, kompromisze wasvlac, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Cven
amiT gamovaaSkaravebT sruliad ugunuri, sastiki, uxeSi
Zalis aparats, romelic imaleba politikosTa gancxade­
bebis miRma, roca isini amtkiceben, rom SeuZliaT „Seqmnan
realoba“ arafrisagan. es albaT aucileblad gulisxmobs
am ugunur, sastik, uxeS ZalasTan dapirispirebas ara raime
saxis „gonivruli“ kompromisis formiT, aramed moqnili,
jansaRad moazrovne sawinaaRmdego Zalis saxiT, romelic
SeimuSavebs radikalur alternativas da Tanac gamudme­
biT, yovelgvari bundovani terminebis gareSe, Seaxsenebs
yvelas, Tu ras efuZneba es xelisufleba sinamdvileSi.

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 mexuTe

jados moxsna

2011 wlis Semodgomaze ukve mivxvdiT, rom Cven global­

uri revoluciis centrSi viyaviT. movlenebi warmoudgene­
li siswrafiT viTardeboda mRelvarebis im talRasTan er­
Tad, romelic tunisSi agorda, mTeli msoflio moicva da
yvela qveyanas daemuqra. Tvals vadevnebdiT solidarobis
gamomxatvel demonstraciebs CineTSi da TiTqmis yovel­
dRiurad axali „okupaciebis“ warmoSobas iseT adgilebSi,
rogoricaa nigeria da pakistani. roca warsuls Tvals ga­
davavlebT, rasakvirvelia, davinaxavT, rom SeuZlebeli
iyo, yvelaferi aseTi tempiT gagrZelebuliyo. TiTqos
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis yvela struqturam, romle­
bic Seqmnili iyo swored amgvari masobrivi winaaRmdegobis
Tavidan asacileblad (da romlebic 2008 wlis ekonomikuri
katastrofis Semdeg dausruleblad acxobdnen axal-axal
kvlevebs da qmnidnen naSromebs imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad mo­
salodneli iyo mSieri xalxis amboxebebi da globaluri
mRelvareba), sabolood, Tavi dairwmuna imaSi (Tumca bo­
lomde ar sjeroda amis), rom sinamdvileSi mniSvnelovani
araferi moxdeboda. bolos es mainc moxda. axla ki, roca
faqtis winaSe dadgnen, maT gancvifrebisagan piri daaRes,
TiTqos marTla ver ijerebdnen, rom es simarTle iyo.
da mainc, rodesac yovelive amas gardauvali represiebis
talRa mohyva, bevri Cvengani uceb daibna. Cven velodiT,
rom bolos xelketebi amoqmeddeboda. gagvaoca Cveni lib­
erali mokavSireebis reaqciam. xazs vusvam, amerika sakuTar
Tavs aRiqvams ara im erad, romelic erTi romelime eTni­
kuri warmomavlobis mixedviT erTiandeba, aramed xalxad,
romelsac Tavisufleba aerTianebs; liberalebi swored is
xalxi iyo, romelic, Cveulebriv, sakuTar Tavs sxvadasxva
saxis Tavisuflebis Tavgamodebul damcvelad warmogvid­
genda. amis nacvlad, maT TiTqos kidevac uxarodaT, rom

319
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs „kozirad“ iyenebdnen, romle­
bic mxolod maSin unda daicva, Tuki es strategiulad
momgebiania. es faqti sakmaod mware gakveTili aRmoCnda
iseTi anarqistebisTvisac ki, rogoric me var, da romlebic
liberaluri istebliSmentisagan sxvas arc arafers elian.
Tumca Sedegi miT umetes samwuxaro iyo imis gamo, rom Za­
lian bevrma, vinc gasaWirSi miatoves, Zaladoba sakuTar
Tavze gamoscada. eseni iyvnen axalgazrda qalebi da kacebi,
romlebic jer ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebis eiforiaSi
CaiTries, axla ki isini Tavs veRar aRwevdnen mkafio mogone­
bebs _ ver iviwyebdnen, rogor angrevdnen biblioTekebs sa­
patrulo policielebi da siciliT yridnen nagvis dasawvav
RumelSi maT mier siyvaruliT Segrovebul wignebs; rogor
scemdnen xelketebiT da xelborkilebs adebdnen maT uZvir­
fases megobrebs (da am dros wamyvani mediis warmomadgen­
lebi morCilad ambobdnen uars, banakis mijna gadaela­xaT),
maT ki araferi SeeZloT Tavisianebis dasaxmareblad; rogor
asxurebdnen saxeSi Mace-s (gamaRizianebeli, crem­ lmdeni
moqmedebis sprei), ris gamoc maT mTeli cxovreba respira­
toruli problemebi eqnebodaT; rogor uwevdaT sirbili
TavSesafris moZebnad maTTvis, visi qonebac, rac ar unda
mcire yofiliyo is, policiis agentebma gaanadgures _ am
yvelaferma ki zedapirze gamoitana yovelgvari SesaZlo
daZabuloba da mtruli damokidebuleba, rac CaxSuli an ig­
norirebuli iyo wina kvirebis ganmavlobaSi, roca banakebis
organizebam da dacvam aSkarad saerTo mizniT ase dagva­
kavSira. daaxloebiT erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi niu-iorkis
„generaluri asamblea“ da warmomadgenelTa sabWo TiTqmis
sruliad ufunqcio darCa. zogierT Sexvedraze lamis xel­
CarTuli brZola gaimarTa... isterikuli wivil-kivili...
SeZaxilebi rasizmis Sesaxeb... dausrulebeli gaurkvevloba
taqtikis, organizebisa da fulis erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTu­
li krizisebis gamo... da braldebebi yvelasa da yvelafris
mimarT, policiis jaSuSobidan dawyebuli, narcisistuli
pirovnuli aSlilobiT damTavrebuli. aseT momentebSi
Cemnairi profesionali optimistic ki grZnobs cdunebas,
320
cinikuri iyos. magram periodulad (sxvaTa Soris, saocari
regularulobiT) maxsendeboda, rom ramdeni ram miviRe
ise, TiTqos es asec unda yofiliyo.
banakebis daSlidan ramdenime Tve iqneboda gasuli,
rom morigi, Cveulebriv, gamaRizianebuli Sekrebis Sem­
deg, romelic koridorSi Catarda, Sevxvdi erT seriozul,
wvermoSvebul kacs; albaT ocdaTxuTmeti wlisa iqneboda,
konservatiulad ecva. man miTxra: „iciT, ukve mniSvneloba
aRarc aqvs, sapirvelmaiso aqciebi Sedgeba Tu ara saer­
Tod _ imis Tqma minda, rom, rogorc yvela danarCens, mec
imedi maqvs, rom isini Sedgeba; magram Tuki es ase ar mox­
deba, Tuki Cven veRarasodes SevZlebT kvlav „okupirebas“,
yvelaferi dResac rom damTavrdes, vfiqrob, Tqven, biWe­
bo, isedac ukve yvelaferi SecvaleT. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
CemTvis. Cemi azriT, Cven momswreni gavxdiT, rogor iwyeba
amerikuli kulturis transformacia“.
„marTla? da, Tqveni azriT, ramden adamians Seexo is?“
„saqme isaa, rom nebismiers, visac Seexo, ukve aRar Seu­
Zlia, iazrovnos ise, rogorc winaT. es Cems samsaxurSi
SevniSne. SeiZleba bevri viwuwunoT mitingebis gamo, magram,
aba, scadeT da isev daubrundiT realur samyaros, roca
pirvelad gamoscadeT, ras niSnavs demokratiul Sexvedraze
yofna; midixarT isev samsaxurSi da uecrad fiqrob, moica!
es xom, saerTod, saocaria. esaubrebi Sens megobrebs, Sens
das, Sens mSoblebs da gulSi ambob: netav, aris cxovrebaSi
kidev rame iseTi, razec mifiqria, rom es erTaderTi swori
gza iyo? da rac sruli sisulele gvegoneboda, ise rom
ar viRebdeT mas, TiTqos yvelaferi asec unda yofiliyo?
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT. magram aseT SekiTxvebs bevri adami­
ani usvams sakuTar Tavs“.
gavifiqre: iqneb swored esaa revolucia? roca aseTi
ram xdeba? anu, Tuki aseTi ram marTla xdeba...

Zalian sadavo sakiTxia: ra aris revolucia?

gvegona, rom vicodiT. revoluciebi iyo Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdeba romelime saxis saxalxo Zalebis mier da
321
miznad isaxavda politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri
sistemis xasiaTis gardaqmnas im qveyanaSi, sadac revolucia
xdeboda; Cveulebriv, es samarTliani sazogadoebis didi
xnis auxdeneli ocneba iyo. dResdReobiT Cven vcxovrobT
epoqaSi, roca amboxebulTa jarebi SeiZleba marTlac Sei­
Wran romelime qalaqSi, an masobrivi ajanyebis gziT Camo­
agdon diqtatori, magram am yvelafers naklebad Tu eqneba
igive Sedegi, rac adre. roca Zireuli socialuri gardaqmna
marTlac xorcieldeba (rogorc, magaliTad, feminizmis aR­
mavlobis SemTxvevaSi), is, savaraudod, sruliad gansxvave­
bul formas iRebs. saqme is ki ar aris, rom revoluciuri
ocnebebi aRaravis aqvs; ubralod, Tanamedrove revolucio­
nerebi iSviaTad fiqroben, rom moaxerxeben maT xorcSesx­
mas im saSualebebiT, romlebsac SeiZleba bastiliis aRebis
Sesatyvisi Tanamedrove versia SeiZleba ewodos.
aseT momentebSi, zogadad, Rirs, davubrundeT isto­
rias, romelic yvelam viciT, da vikiTxoT: iyo ki revoluc­
iebi odesme is, rac Cven gvegona? Cemi azriT, am kiTxvas
yvelaze STambeWdavi pasuxi gasca msoflios udidesma is­
torikosma imanuel valerstainma. is amtkicebs, rom aTas­
wleulis daaxloebiT bolo meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi revo­
luciebi, upirveles yovlisa, emsaxureboda politikuri
azris gajansaRebas mTeli planetis masStabiT.
valerstaini aRniSnavs, rom jer kidev safrangeTis
revoluciis droisTvis ukve arsebobda erTiani msoflio
bazari da sul ufro mzardi erTiani politikuri siste­
mac, romelSic warmmarTvel rols asrulebda uzarmazari
koloniuri imperiebi. amis gamo bastiliis aRebas parizSi
SesaZloa, iseTive mniSvnelovani gavlena moexdina daniazec,
an Tundac egvipteze, rogoric Tavad safrangeTze (zog
SemTxvevaSi _ SeiZleba ufro metic ki). aqedan gamomdinare,
is saubrobs „1789 wlis msoflio revoluciaze“, romelsac
mohyva „1848 wlis msoflio revolucia“. am xanebSi revo­
luciam TiTqmis erTsa da imave dros ifeTqa ormocdaaT
qveyanaSi, vlaxeTiT dawyebuli, braziliiT damTavrebuli.
revolucionerebma verc erT SemTxvevaSi ver moaxerxes, Za­
322
laufleba xelSi CaegdoT, magram SemdgomSi, safrangeTis
revoluciis magaliTze Seqmnili institutebi (rogoricaa
sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sistema) TiTqmis yvel­
gan Seiqmna da amoqmedda. 1917 wlis ruseTis revoluciac
msoflio revolucia iyo, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, iseTive
zegavlena iqonia aSS-is „axal kurssa“ da evropis ganviTare­
buli socialuri sistemis mqone saxelmwifoebze, rogoric
sabWoTa komunizmze. revoluciaTa am seriebSi ukanaskneli
gaxldaT 1968 wlis msoflio revolucia, romelic, 1848
wlis revoluciis msgavsad, gavrcelda TiTqmis yvelgan _
CineTidan meqsikamde, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba versad Se­
Zlo, magram, miuxedavad amisa, yvelaferi Secvala. es iyo
revolucia saxelmwifo biurokratiuli aparatis winaaR­
mdeg da erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli pirovnuli da poli­
tikuri TavisuflebisaTvis, romlis albaT yvelaze ufro
sicocxlisunariani memkvidreoba Tanamedrove feminizmia.
amgvarad, revoluciebi planetaruli masStabis movle­
naa. ufro metic. isini, zogadad, politikis raobis Sesaxeb
arsebul mosazrebebs Zireulad gardaqmnian xolme. revo­
luciis kvaldakval is ideebi, romlebic eqstremistulad
da fanatikurad iTvleboda, swrafad gadaiqca debatebi­
saTvis misaReb da aqtualur Temebad. safrangeTis revo­
luciamde is azri, rom cvlilebebi kargia, rom mTavrobis
politika aris saTanado saSualeba maTi ganxorcielebi­
saTvis, rom mTavroba Tavis uflebamosilebas iRebs im
subieqtisgan, romelsac „xalxi“ ewodeba, imgvar Sexedule­
bebad iTvleboda, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, SeSlilisgan
an demagogisgan Tu moismenda kaci, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
erTi muWa Tavisuflad moazrovne inteleqtualebisagan,
romlebic mTel Tavisufal dros kafeebSi gamarTul de­
batebze xarjaven. erTi Taobis Semdeg ki saqme ise wavida,
yvelaze ufro konservator Tanamdebobis pirebs, mRvdlebs
da skolis direqtorebsac ki, sul mcire, carieli sity­
viT mainc unda daeWiraT mxari am ideebisaTvis. cota xanSi
ki dRevandel mdgomareobamdec mivediT: roca saWiroa,
dawvrilebiT axsna yvela termini (rogorc me axlaxan gava­
323
keTe), rom maT arsebobas yuradReba mainc miaqcion. isini
iqca Cveulebriv movlenad, jansaRi azris gamoxatulebad,
politikuri diskusiebis safuZvlad.
1968 wlamde msoflios revoluciebis umetesobam mrava­
li sferos gaumjobesebis, srulyofis TvalsazrisiT mar­
Tlac bevri ram gaakeTa: arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis
gafarToeba, sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sistemis
SemoReba, ganviTarebuli socialuri sistemis mqone sax­
elmwifos Camoyalibeba. 1968 wlis msoflio revolucias
sxvadasxva adgilas gamoxatvis konkretuli forma eZleoda
_ magaliTad, CineTSi, kulturuli revoluciis mowyobisken
maos mowodebis mxardamWeri axalgazrda kadrebisa da stu­
dentebis mier; berklisa da niu-iorkSi, sadac misTvis dam­
axasiaTebeli iyo aliansebi studentebisa, axalgazrdebisa,
romlebic iZulebulni gaxdnen, swavla mietovebinaT, da im
adamianebisa, romlebic kulturuli stereotipebis winaaR­
mdeg ilaSqrebdnen; parizSi, sadac erTiandebodnen studen­
tebi da muSebi. yvela maTganis Tavdapirveli suliskveTe­
ba, wina revoluciebisagan gansxvavebiT, erTi da igive iyo:
amboxi biurokratiuli aparatis, arsebuli normebisadmi
brma morCilebis an nebismieri iseTi ramis winaaRmdeg, rac
adamianis warmosaxvis unars zRudavs. es iyo ara mxolod
politikuri an ekonomikuri sferos, aramed, zogadad, ada­
mianis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis revoluciuri gardaqmnis
proeqti. amis gamo, umetes SemTxvevaSi amboxebulebs arc
ki ucdiaT saxelmwifo aparatis xelSi Cagdeba; isini Tavad
am aparats miiCnevdnen problemad.
dResdReobiT modurad iTvleba, miiCnion, rom 1960-iani
wlebis bolos dawyebulma sazogadoebrivma moZraobam sa­
marcxvino marcxi ganicada. am mosazrebas SeiZleba garkveu­
li safuZveli moeZebnos. rasakvirvelia, politikur sfer­
oSi mimdinare cvlilebebi marTlac saerTo politikuri
ganwyobis gajansaRebas ukavSirdeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gulisxmobda iseTi idealebis prioritetizacias, rogori­
caa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, warmosaxvis unari, biurokra­
tiuli aparatis siZulvili da mTavrobis rolSi eWvis Seta­
324
na. nebismieri saxis am farTomasStabiani cvlilebis uSualo
beneficiarebi politikuri memarjveneebi iyvnen. rac mTa­
varia, 1960-iani wlebis moZraobebma Seqmna Tavisufali baz­
ris Teoriis masobrivi aRorZinebis SesaZlebloba, im Teor­
iisa, romelic XIX saukunis Semdeg TiTqmis aravis gaxsenebia.
sulac ar gaxlavT ubralo damTxveva, rom igive Taoba,
romelmac oc wlamde asakSi CineTis kulturuli revolucia
moawyo, ormoci wlis asakSi ukve kapitalizmis damkvidrebis
iniciatorad mogvevlina. 1980-iani wlebidan „Tavisufle­
bam“ „bazris“ mniSvneloba SeiZina, xolo „bazari“ aRiqmeba,
rogorc kapitalizmis identuri cneba, Tumca paradoqsia,
magram iseT adgilebSic ki, rogoric, magaliTad, CineTia,
sadac aTaswleulebis manZilze sakmaod daxvewili bazrebi
arsebobda, iSviaTad Tu moiZebneboda iseTi ram, romelic
SeiZleba aRwero, rogorc kapitalizmi.
paradoqsebs bolo ara aqvs. maSin, roca axali Tavisuf­
ali bazris ideologiam sakuTari arsi gansazRvra, pirvel
rigSi, rogorc biurokratiuli aparatis uaryofa, faqto­
brivad, swored man ganapiroba pirveli imgvari administraci­
uli sistemis Seqmna, romelic planetis masStabiT moqmedebs
sazogadoebrivi da kerZo biurokratiuli aparatebis calkeul
Sreebad usasrulo dayofis gziT: saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia, savaW­
ro organizaciebi, finansuri institutebi, transnacional­
uri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. es swored
is sistemaa, romelmac Tavisufali bazris Teoria mogvaxvia
Tavs, rogorc sayovelTaod miRebuli, da SesaZlebeli gaxa­
da msoflios finansuri Zarcva amerikuli iaraRis fxizeli
meTvalyureobiTa da mxardaWeriT. mxolod am fonze xdeba
gasagebi, rom globaluri revoluciuri moZraobis aRdge­
nis pirveli mcdelobebi, kerZod, „msoflio samarTlianobis
moZraoba“, romelmac piks 1998-2003 wlebSi miaRwia, faqto­
brivad, iyo amboxeba swored am planetaruli biurokratiuli
aparatis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg.
Tumca, rodesac warsuls Tvals gadavavleb, vfiqrob,
rom mogvianebiT istorikosebi daaskvnian: 1960-iani wlebis
325
revoluciis memkvidreoba ufro idumali da Znelad Ses­
acnobi iyo, vidre Cven axla warmogvidgenia, da kapital­
isturi bazrebis, maTi sxvadasxva saxis planetaruli
mmarTvelebisa da samarTalSefardebis uflebamosilebis
mqone organizaciaTa triumfi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis (1991 w.) Semdeg TiTqos epoqaluri da maradiuli
unda yofiliyo, arsebiTad, gacilebiT zedapiruli da nak­
lebad myari aRmoCnda.
moviyvan amis aSkara magaliTs. xSirad gvesmis, rom 1960-
iani wlebis bolos da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (mTeli
aTwleulis manZilze) omis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebma, sab­
oloo jamSi, marcxi ganicada, radgan maT ver SeZles, dae­
CqarebinaT aSS-is jarebis gamoyvana indoCineTidan. magram
mogvianebiT aSS-is sagareo politikas warmmarTvelebi im­
denad SeaSfoTa iman, rom win saxalxo mRelvareba gadae­
RobaT (ufro metic, mRelvareba Tavad SeiaraRebul Za­
lebs Soris, romelic 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis,
faqtobrivad, calkeul nawilebad daiSala), rom TiTqmis
ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi isini uars acxadebdnen aSS-is
jarebis CarTvaze romelime did saxmeleTo konfliqtSi.
cnobili „vietnamis sindromis“ srulad daZlevas 9/11 das­
Wirda, Tavdasxma, romlis drosac aSS-is miwaze aTasobiT
samoqalaqo piri daiRupa _ da maSinac ki maT, vinc omebs
gegmavda, lamis maniakaluri sijiute gamoiCines, rom am
omebs saprotesto gamosvlebis zewolisaTvis gaeZlo da
gagrZelebuliyo. propaganda uwyvetad mimdinareobda, me­
diamokavSireebi windaxedulad iqna SerCeuli, eqspertebma
zustad gamoiTvales, Tu ramdeni elvaSesakraviani toma­
ra iqneboda saWiro gvamebis gadasatanad (anu ra raode­
nobis daRupuli iqneboda sakmarisi aSS-is mxridan maso­
brivi opoziciis warmoSobisaTvis), da saomar moqmedebaTa
warmarTvis wesebi didi sifrTxiliT SemuSavda, rom am
ricxvisTvis ar gadaeWarbebinaT.
saqmes is arTulebda, rom raki zemoxsenebuli wesebiT
omis warmoebas Zalauneburad mohyveboda „Tanmdevi zara­
li“ aTasobiT daRupuli da dasaxiCrebuli qalis, bavSvisa
326
da moxucis saxiT, rac gardauvali iqneboda, raTa aSS-is
jariskacebis daRupvisa da daSavebis ricxvi SeemcirebinaT;
es ki niSnavda, rom eraysa da avRaneTSi dampyrobeli Za­
lebis mimarT siZulvili imdenad gamZafrdeboda, aSS samx­
edro obieqtebis xelSi Cagdebas verafriT SeZlebda. ga­
sakviria, rom maT, vinc oms gegmavda, savaraudod, kargad
icodnen amis Sesaxeb. magram amas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen.
maTi azriT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovani iyo moqmedi opozi­
ciisTvis xelis SeSla Sin, vidre, raoden ar unda gagikvir­
deT, omis mogeba. amerikis jarebi eraySi sabolood TiTqos
ebi hofmanis aCrdilma daamarcxa (ebot hovard („ebi“) hof-
mani (1936-1989) _ amerikeli memarcxene politikuri da so-
cialuri aqtivisti, axalgazrdobis saerTaSoriso partiis
erT-erTi damfuZnebeli. red.).
aSkaraa, rom 1960-iani wlebis omis sawinaaRmdego moZ­
raobebi, romlebic dRemde, 2012 wlamde, xel-fexs ukravs
maT, vinc aSS-is samxedro moqmedebebs gegmavs, veraviTar
SemTxvevaSi ver CaiTvleba warumateblad. magram Cndeba
sakmaod damaintrigebeli SekiTxva: ra moxdeba, Tuki am
warumateblobis SegrZnebis gaCena, im azris Canergva xalx­
isTvis, rom sistemis winaaRmdeg politikuri qmedeba sru­
liad uSedegoa, xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofTaTvis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes miznad iqceva?
es azri pirvelad momivida TavSi 2002 wels, vaSington­
Si, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis sawinaaRmdego aqciebSi
monawileobis dros. vinaidan es aqciebi 9/11-is Semdeg Za­
lian male moewyo, SedarebiT cotani viyaviT da Cvens Sekre­
bebs Sedegi didad ar mohyolia, policielebis ricxvi ki
uzarmazari iyo. amitom ar gvegona, rom Sexvedrebis CaSlas
SevZlebdiT. bevri Cvengani cotaTi daTrgunulic ki iyo.
mxolod ramdenime dRis Semdeg, roca erT adamians vesau­
bre, romlis megobrebic am Sexvedrebs eswrebodnen, gavige,
rom Turme marTlac SevZeliT maTi CaSla: policiam iseTi
mkacri usafrTxoebis zomebi miiRo da gadado Sexvedrebis
naxevarze meti, rom maTi umetesoba internetis saSuale­
biT, realuri drois (online) reJimSi Catarda. sxva sityvebiT
327
rom vTqvaT, xelisuflebisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovani
iyo, demonstrantebi warumateblobis SegrZnebiT daSlil­
iyvnen, vidre is, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis Sex­
vedrebi Catarebuliyo. Tu am yvelafers davukvirdebiT,
mivxvdebiT, rom demonstrantebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvn­
eloba eniWebaT.
iqneb es moqmedebebi _ romlebic sazogadoebrivi moZ­
raobebisTvis winswrebas isaxavs miznad, anu omebisa da
savaWro samitebis imgvarad dagegmva, rom moqmed opozi­
cias dabrkoleba Seeqmnas; an damokidebuleba, roca opozi­
ciisTvis xelis SeSla ufro prioritetulad miiCneva, vi­
dre TviT omisa Tu samitis warmateba _ realurad, ufro
zogadi principis gamoxatulebaa? iqneb isini, vinc amJamad
sistemas marTavs (romelTagan umetesobam 1960-iani wlebis
mRelvareba uSualod ganicada, roca uaRresad mgrZnobi­
are axalgazrdebi iyvnen), Sepyrobilni arian SiSiT, Segneb­
ulad an gaucnobiereblad (veWvob, rom ufro Segnebulad),
rom revoluciuri sazogadoebrivi moZraoba kidev erTxel
kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs gabatonebul „jansaR azrs“?
amiT Zalian bevri ram aixsneba. msoflios umetes nawilSi
ukanaskneli ocdaaTi weliwadi cnobilia, rogorc neolib­
eralizmis xana _ xana, romelSic aRdga da dominirebs didi
xnis win miviwyebuli, XIX saukunis droindeli msoflmxedv­
eloba, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavisufali bazrebi da adamianis
Tavisufleba, zogadad, saboloo jamSi, erTi da igive cnebaa.
neoliberalizms yovelTvis angrevda erTi umTavresi para­
doqsi. neoliberalebi acxadeben, rom ekonomikis moTxovne­
bi yvela sxva danarCenze ufro mniSvnelovania. Tavad poli­
tika ki aris „ekonomikis zrdisTvis“ Sesabamisi pirobebis
Seqmnis saSualeba, romelic bazars SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
saswauli moaxdinos. yvela sxva ocneba da imedi, usafrTxoe­
basa da Tanasworobas rom gulisxmobs, msxverplad unda
Seewiros ekonomikuri produqtiulobis upirveles mizans.
magram sinamdvileSi globaluri ekonomikuri maCvenebeli
bolo ocdaaTi wlis manZilze gadaWriT SeiZleba Sefasdes,
rogorc yovlad uRimRamo da saSualo. garda ramdenime
328
STambeWdavi gamonaklisisa (gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
CineTi, romelic xazgasmiT ugulebelyofda neoliberaliz­
mis dauwerel kanonTa umetesobas), zrdis tempi gacilebiT
neli iyo, vidre 1950-iani, 1960-iani da TviT 1970-iani wlebis
Zvelmoduri, mTavrobis mier marTuli, ganviTarebuli so­
cialuri sistemis mqone saxelmwifos Camoyalibebaze ori­
entirebuli kapitalizmis periodSi.1 maSasadame, jer kidev
2008 wlis kolafsamde, Tavad misive standartebiTac ki, am
proeqtma kolosaluri marcxi ganicada.
meore mxriv, Tuki msoflio liderebs sityvaze ar davi­
WerT da amis nacvlad neoliberalizms politikur proeq­
tad aRviqvamT, is uecrad mimzidveli da qmedobaunariani
mogveCveneba. politikosebma, korporaciebis aRmasrule­
belma direqtorebma, vaWrobis sferos biurokratiuli
aparatis warmomadgenlebma da yvela im adamianma, romlebic
regularulad ikribebian iseT samitebze, rogoric davosi
da didi oceulia, miutevebeli Secdoma dauSves, roca Se­
qmnes msoflio kapitalisturi ekonomika, romelic, faqto­
brivad, ver akmayofilebs msoflios mosaxleobis umeteso­
bis moTxovnebs (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imedis micemaze, bed­
nierebis miniWebaze, usafrTxoebis garantiaze an miznebis
dasaxvaze). samagierod, uzarmazar warmatebas miaRwies _
daarwmunes msoflio, rom kapitalizmi (da ara, ubralod,
kapitalizmi, aramed swored is finansizirebuli, naxevrad
feodaluri kapitalizmi, romelic dRes Cven gvergo wilad)
aris erTaderTi sicocxlisunariani ekonomikuri sistema.
Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, es gamaognebeli miRwevaa.
rogor moaxerxes amis gakeTeba? is damokidebuleba
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis mimarT, roca mmarTveli Zala
yovelTvis cdilobs, daaswros maT, aSkarad, am yvelafris
nawilia; ar arsebobs garemoeba, romlis drosac alterna­
tiva (an nebismieri adamianisagan alternativis SemoTavaze­
ba) SeiZleba aRiaron. amiT aixsneba warmoudgenlad didZa­
li fulis Cadeba sxvadasxva saxis „usafrTxoebis sistemeb­
Si“: faqtia, rom aSS, romelsac, praqtikulad, seriozuli
metoqe arc ki hyavs, gacilebiT ufro met Tanxebs xarjavs
329
SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da saidumlo dazvervaze axla, vidre
civi omis periodSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT kerZo pirebis
usafrTxoebis saagentoebis, sadazvervo saagentoebis, gas­
amxedroebuli policiis, dacvisa da daqiravebuli jaris
gamaognebel dafinansebaze. garda amisa, arsebobs propa­
gandis organoebi, maT Soris policiis mexotbe masobrivi
mediaindustriac, romelic 1960-ian wlebamde arc ki arse­
bobda. es sistemebi, ZiriTadad, pirdapir ki ar esxmian Tavs
disidentebs, aramed didi wvlili SeaqvT SiSis, Sovinistu­
ri konformizmis, daucvelobisa da sasowarkveTis atmos­
feros gamefebaSi, romlis wyalobiTac fiqric ki samyaros
Secvlaze unayofo, amao fantaziad gveCveneba. garda amisa,
es usafrTxoebis sistemebi uaRresad Zvirad Rirebulia.
zogierTi ekonomistis SefasebiT, amerikis mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT meoTxedi romelime tipis „dacvis samsaxur­
Si“ muSaobs _ icavs vinmes qonebas, zedamxedvelobas uwevs
raime samuSaos, an kidev sxva gziT uzrunvelyofs Tavisi
Tanamemamuleebis „formaSi yofnas“.2 ekonomikuri Tvalsaz­
risiT, mTeli es disciplinaruli aparati mZime tvirTia.
faqtobrivad, ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ekonomikur
inovaciaTa umetesoba politikurad ufro gamarTlebu­
lia, vidre ekonomikurad. arasaimedo kontraqtebis mixed­
viT gauqmeba samsaxurisa, romelsac „sagarantio vada“ aqvs,
ufro efeqtiani samuSao Zalis Seqmnis saSualeba sulac
ar aris, magram saocar Sedegs iZleva profkavSirebis
ganadgurebisa da muSaTa klasis sxvadasxva formiT de­
politizaciis saqmeSi. igive SegviZlia, vTqvaT samuSao saa­
Tebis dausrulebel zrdazec. politikuri aqtivobisTvis
bevri dro aRaravis darCeba, Tuki xalxi iZulebuli gaxde­
ba, kviraSi samoci saaTi imuSaos. rodesac arsebobs arCev­
ani or variants Soris, romelTagan pirveli kapitalizms
erTaderT ekonomikur sistemad warmogviCens, xolo meore
kapitalizms ufro metad sicocxlisunarian ekonomikur
sistemad aqcevs, xSirad gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom neo­
liberalizmi yovelTvis pirvels amjobinebs. am yvelafris
erToblivi Sedegi ki gaxlavT sastiki da daundobeli kam­
330
pania adamianis warmosaxvis winaaRmdeg. ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT: es iyo kampania SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis, keTil­
Sobiluri miswrafebebis, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis da yove­
live imis winaaRmdeg, rasac ukanasknelma didma msoflio
revoluciam gasaqani misca, magram Semdeg maT mkacrad ga­
nesazRvra saarsebo areali momxmareblur ideologiaSi, an,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi _ internetis virtualur realobaSi.
yvela sxva danarCen sferoSi isini sastikad ikrZaleboda.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs ocnebebis Cakvla da sasowarkveTilebis
meqanizmis amoqmedeba, rac alternatiuli momavlis nebi­
smieri warmodgenis gasasresad iyo Seqmnili. garda amisa,
zemoT aRniSnulma Zalebma, faqtobrivad, mTeli Zalisxmeva
moaxmares politikur kalaTSi burTis Cagdebas, ris Sede­
gadac Cven ucnaur mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndiT _ vxedavT,
rogor gvengreva Tvalwin kapitalisturi sistema swored
maSin, roca, bolos da bolos, yvelam daaskvna, rom sxva
sistemis arseboba SeuZlebelia.

albaT sxva arc arafris molodini SeiZleboda gvqono­

da im samyaroSi, sadac, rogorc meore TavSi aRvniSne, aSka­
ra politikuri wyalgamyofis orive mxares mdgarma mmarT­
velma Zalebma marTlac daijeres, rom ar arsebobda sxva
realoba imis miRma, ris Seqmnac maTi ZalauflebiT SeiZle­
boda. „buStebis ekonomika“ erT-erTi Sedegi gaxlavT imave
politikuri programisa, romelmac meqrTameoba ara marto
Cveni politikuri sistemis mTavar mamoZravebel princi­
pad, aramed masSi momuSave adamianebisaTvis Tavad realo­
bis WeSmarit principadac ki aqcia. am strategiam TiTqos
yvelaferi STanTqa.
magram es niSnavs, rom, gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanax­
mad, nebismier revolucias dRes xelisuflebaSi myofTaT­
vis gamanadgurebeli Sedegi eqneba. Cvenma mmarTvelma Za­
lebma sasworze dades yvelaferi, oRond adamianis warmo­
saxvis amgvari amofrqveva warmoudgeneli yofiliyo. Tu
maT es brZola waages, Sedegebi damRupveli iqneba (maTTvis).

331
 Cveulebriv, rodesac sayovelTaod miRebul Sexedule­
bas _ rom amJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri sistema
erTaderTi SesaZlo sistemaa _ kiTxvis niSnis qveS vayenebT,
pirveli reaqcia, romelsac, savaraudod, gadavawydebiT,
iqneba detaluri proeqtis moTxovna, Tu rogor imuSavebs
alternatiuli sistema, ra struqtura eqneba, misi finans­
uri instrumentebis xasiaTis, energomomaragebisa da kanal­
izaciis sistemis teqnikuri momsaxurebis CaTvliT. Semdegi
sakiTxi albaT iqneba detaluri programis moTxovna imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor amoqmeddeba es axali sistema. isto­
riuli TvalsazrisiT, aseTi damokidebuleba, sasaciloa.
rodis ganxorcielebula raime saxis socialuri cvlileba
vinmes proeqtis Sesabamisad? ise xom araa, TiTqos mavan
meocnebeTa patara jgufma renesansis droindel floren­
ciaSi moifiqra raRac, romelsac „kapitalizmi“ uwoda, de­
talurad gaTvala, Tu rogor imuSavebdnen odesme safon­
do birJa, qarxnebi da Semdeg am xedvis realobaSi ganxor­
cielebis programa SeimuSava. faqtobrivad, es idea imdenad
absurdulia, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs vkiTxoT, saerTod,
rogor mogvivida azrad, warmogvedgina, rom cvlilebebis
ganxorcieleba swored ase iwyeba.

veWvob, rom yovelive es sinamdvileSi ganmanaTleblebis

ideebidan modis, romlebic, amerikis garda, faqtobrivad,
didi xania, yvelgan miiviwyes. XVIII saukuneSi gavrcelebuli
iyo mosazreba, rom saxelmwifoebi udidesi kanonmdeblebis
(likurges, solonis da a.S.) mier dafuZnda, romlebmac Sei­
muSaves maTTvis tradiciebi da institutebi yovelgvari
winapirobis gareSe, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc RmerTma Se­
qmna samyaro, da Semdeg gverdze gadgnen (kvlav RmerTis
msgavsad), raTa mTel am meqanizms, arsebiTad, TavisiT
emuSava. Sesabamisad, „kanonis suliskveTeba“ TandaTanobiT
gansazRvravda saxelmwifos xasiaTs. es ucnauri fanta­
zia iyo, magram aSS-is konstituciis avtorebs sjerodaT,
rom didi saxelmwifoebi swored ase daarsda da marTalac
scades praqtikaSi amis danergva. swored amitom SeerTe­
332
buli Statebi, „kanonebis da ara adamianebis saxelmwifo“,
albaT erTaderTia dedamiwaze, romelTan mimarTebiTac
SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom zemoaRwerili suraTi simarTles,
savaraudod, nebismieri kuTxiT Seesabameba. magram TviT
SeerTebul StatebSic ki, rogorc davinaxeT, es mxolod
mcire nawilia imisa, rac moxda. xolo Semdgomma mcd­
elobebma axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebisa da zemoT
aRwerili politikuri an ekonomikuri sistemebis damkvi­
drebisa (aSS-is udidesi konkurenti XX saukuneSi, ssrk,
meore udidesi saxelmwifo dedamiwaze, romelic, arsebi­
Tad, akronimi iyo, am konteqstSi magaliTis saxiT yvelaze
ufro xSirad ­mohyavT) didad ver gaamarTla.
es yvelaferi sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom utopiuri
xedva cudia. an Tundac proeqtebi. maT sakuTari adgili
unda mivuCinoT. Teoretikosma maikl albertma detaluri
gegma SeimuSava imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba vmarToT Taname­
drove ekonomika demokratiul safuZvelze, fulis gareSe,
Tanamonawileobis principiT. vfiqrob, es mniSvnelovani
miRwevaa _ ara imitom, rom, Cemi azriT, odesme SesaZlebeli
iqneba zustad am modelis xorcSesxma swored ise, rogorc
amas is aRwers, aramed imitom, rom Tavad es faqti SeuZleb­
els xdis, vTqvaT, rom aseTi ram warmoudgenelia. Tumca
aseTi modelebi mxolod eqsperimentebad Tu SeiZleba miv­
iCnioT. Cven saTanadod ver aRviqvamT problemebs, romle­
bic maSin warmoiqmneba, roca marTla vcdilobT, Tavisu­
fali sazogadoebis Seneba daviwyoT. is, rac axla SesaZloa
yvelaze mwvave problemad gvesaxebodes, SeiZleba sulac ar
aRmoCndes problema; sxva sakiTxi ki, romelic arc ki gagvx­
senebia, SesaZloa, saSinlad rTuli aRmoCndes. arsebobs
uamravi X-faqtori. maT Soris yvelaze metad TvalsaCinoa
teqnologiebi. swored amitomaa aseTi absurduli, renesan­
sis droindel italiaSi warmovidginoT aqtivistebi, rom­
lebic safondo birJisa da qarxnebis axleburi modelebis
ideebiT gamodian _ is, rac ganxorcielda, uamrav iseT te­
qnologiaze iyo dafuZnebuli, romlebsac isini verasodes
gansazRvravdnen; magram es teqnologiebi, nawilobriv, mx­
333
olod imitom warmoiSva, rom sazogadoebam daiwyo winsvla
garkveuli mimarTulebiT. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas, magali­
Tad, is, Tu ratom Seiqmna anarqistuli sazogadoebis aseTi
saintereso modelebi samecniero fantastikis JanrSi (ur­
sula k. le guini, starhouki, kim stenli robinsoni). mxat­
vrul literaturaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SegiZlia dauSva
teqnologiuri aspeqti, rogorc varaudi.

CemdaTavad, naklebad mainteresebs, ra saxis ekonomikuri

sistema unda gvqondes Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi; ufro me­
tad im saSualebebis SeqmniT var dainteresebuli, romelTa
daxmarebiTac adamianebi Tavad SeZleben gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas demokratiuli gziT. swored amitom davuTme wignis
umetesi nawili am Temaze saubars. swored gadawyvetilebis
miRebis amgvar axal formebSi monawileobis gamocdileba
ubiZgebs adamians, axleburad Sexedos samyaros.
rogori SeiZleba iyos sinamdvileSi jansaRi azri revo­
luciis Sesaxeb? ar vici, magram SemiZlia, vimsjelo sayov­
elTaod miRebul nebismier Sexedulebaze, romlebic namd­
vilad unda gaxdes msjelobis sagani, Tuki vapirebT, raime
saxis sicocxlisunariani Tavisufali sazogadoeba SevqmnaT.
am sferosTan dakavSirebuli erTi sakiTxis _ fulisa da
valis bunebis _ zogierTi aspeqti wina wignSi gamovikvlie.
ideac ki wamovayene, valis iubile misi sayovelTao anulire­
biT aRniSnuliyo, raTa ganmemarta, rom fuli sinamdvileSi
mxolod adamianis mier Seqmnili produqtia, esaa mTeli wye­
ba dapirebebisa, romelTa gadaxedvac, maTi bunebidan gamom­
dinare, yovelTvis SesaZlebelia. qvemoT ki danarCen oTx
sayovelTaod miRebul Sexedulebas ganvixilav:

samuSao 1: produqtivistuli garigeba

mravali mavne mosazreba, romlebic zians ayenebs C­veni

politikuri SesaZleblobebis aRqmas, samuSaos bunebas
­ukavSirdeba.
maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia azri, rom muSaoba
334
namdvi­lad kargia; rom adamianebi, romlebic ar eqvemde­
barebian SromiT disciplinas, arsebiTad, pativiscemas ar
imsaxureben da uzneoni arian; rom nebismieri ekonomikuri
krizisisa Tu problemis mogvareba yovelTvis SeiZle­
ba ufro meti da gulmodgine muSaobiT. es erT-erTia im
mosazrebaTagan, romlebic mniSvnelovan politikur dis­
kusiebze, savaraudod, yvelam unda miiRos, rogorc msj­
elobis safuZveli. magram, rogorc ki am varauds CauRrma­
vdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom is absurdia. upirveles yovlisa, es
moraluri poziciaa da ara ekonomikuri. uamravi samuSao
arsebobs, romlebic sruldeba, magram maT gareSe SeiZleba
Cven, yvelani, ukeTesad vyofiliyaviT; aseve, zemoT Tqmuli
sulac ar niSnavs, rom isini, vinc samuSaoze bolomde „iw­
vis“, aucileblad ukeTesi adamianebi arian. sinamdvileSi,
vfiqrob, rom msoflios mdgomareobis nebismieri obieq­
turi Sefaseba migviyvanda daskvnamde: realurad, ara meti,
aramed naklebi muSaobaa saWiro. da es WeSmaritebaa im Sem­
TxvevaSic ki, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ekologiur
problemebs _ anu im faqts, rom globaluri muSaobis meqa­
nizmis dRevandeli tempis wyalobiT Zalian male planeta
sicocxlisTvis gamousadegari gaxdeba.
Znelia, am mosazrebis sisworeSi eWvi SevitanoT.
vfiqrob, nawilobriv, amis mizezi muSaTa moZraobebis isto­
riaSi unda veZioT. XX saukunis erT-erTi didi paradoqsia,
rom politikurad mobilizebuli muSaTa klasi mcireodeni
politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebasac ki yovelTvis im bi­
urokrati kadrebis xelmZRvanelobiT axerxebda, romle­
bic mxolod amgvari produqtivistuli paTosis erTgulni
iyvnen _ paTosisa, romelsac namdvili muSebis umravlesoba
arasodes iziarebda.* amas SeiZleba „produqtivistuli ga­
rigebac“ ewodos _ Tu TqvenTvis misaRebia Zveli puritan­

* rogorc erTma indoelma anarqistma aRniSna, gandidan dawyebuli, hitleriT

damTavrebuli, yvelas gamonaTqvamebSi SeiZleba vipovoT azri, rom muSaoba wmi­
daTawmidaa (holy), magram roca namdvili mSromelebi wminda dRes, anu dResas­
wauls (holy-day) axseneben, isini swored im dRes gulisxmoben, roca muSaoba ar
uxdebaT.

335
uli ideali, rom Sroma TavisTavad warmoadgens sikeTesa
da saTnoebas, maSin Tqven momxmarebelTa samoTxiT dajil­
dovdebiT. saukunis dasawyisSi swored es warmoadgenda
mTavar gansxvavebas socialistur da anarqistul gaer­
Tianebebs Soris, ris gamoc pirvelni yovelTvis iTxovdnen
ufro maRal xelfasebs, xolo meoreni _ samuSao saaTebis
Semcirebas (cnobilia, rom rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis da­
kanoneba anarqistuli gaerTianebebis damsaxurebaa). so­
cialistebisTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda maTi mtris, burJua­
ziis mier SemoTavazebuli momxmarebelTa samoTxe; Tumca
sawarmoo (produqtivistuli) sistemis marTva maT Tavad
undodaT; anarqistebs ki, maTgan gansxvavebiT, surdaT dro,
da am droSi iseTi faseulobebiT cxovreba, rogoric kapi­
talistebs arc ki daesizmrebodaT. da mainc, vin amzadebda
revoluciebs? swored anarqisti amomrCevlebi, romlebmac
uari Tqves produqtivistul garigebaze; faqtobrivad,
isini awyobdnen amboxebebs: espaneTSi, ruseTSi, CineTSi da
TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac revolucia namdvilad moxda. Tum­
ca isini yovelTvis eqceodnen socialisti biurokratebis
mmarTvelobis qveS, romlebisTvisac misaRebi iyo ocneba
momxmarebluri utopiis Sesaxeb, Tumca mis uzrunvelyofas
isini albaT verasodes SeZlebdnen. paradoqsulia faqti,
rom ZiriTadi socialuri sargebeli, romelsac sabWoTa
kavSiri da msgavsi reJimebi uzrunvelyofda _ ufro meti
dro (radgan SromiTi disciplina sruliad gansxvavebuli
ram gaxda: faqtobrivad, adamians samuSaodan veravin gaaTa­
visuflebda; yvelas SeeZlo, samuSao saaTebis mxolod nax­
evari emuSava da amis gamo pasuxs aravin mosTxovda) _ gax­
ldaT swored is, rasac Tavad isini ver acnobierebdnen; mas
„samsaxurSi gamoucxadeblobis problema“ SeiZleba ewodos.
is win eRobeboda momavals, romelSic fexsacmelebi da say­
ofacxovrebo eleqtrosaqoneli „dayrili“ iqneboda (ris
ganxorcielebac, realurad, SeuZlebelia). magram am Sem­
TxvevaSi TviT profkavSirebic Tavs valdebulad miiCneven,
SeiTvison burJuaziuli terminebi (romelTa Tanaxmadac
produqtiuloba da Sromis disciplina absolutur faseu­
336
lobebs warmoadgens) da aRiaron, rom mSeneblobaze aqeT-
iqiT bodialis Tavisufleba brZoliT mopovebuli ufleba
ki araa, aramed _ realuri problema. cxadia, bevrad ukeTe­
si iqneboda, ubralod, dReSi oTxi saaTi gvemuSava, vidre
oTx saaTSi gasakeTebeli saqme rva saaTSi gagvekeTebina,
magram, ra Tqma unda, sul arafers isev es sjobs.

samuSao 2: ra aris Sroma?

SromiTi disciplinis morCileba (zedamxedvelobis, kon­

trolis qveS yofna, TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca sakuTari
biznesi gaqvs, miznisken iswrafvi da sakuTar Tavs bevr ra­
meze uars eubnebi) aravis aqcevs ukeTes adamianad; piriqiT,
xSirad uaresadac ki gadaaqcevs mas. sakuTar Tavze amis
gamocda ubedurebaa, rac zogjer SeiZleba saWiro iyos.
Tumca mxolod maSin SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva, Tu ra aris,
realurad, keTilSobiluri SromaSi, Tuki uarvyofT mo­
sazrebas, rom amgvari Sroma TavisTavad keTilSobiluria.
am kiTxvaze pasuxi ki naTelia. Sroma maSinaa keTilSobilu­
ri, Tu is daxmarebas uwevs sxvebs. produqtivizmze uaris
Tqmam unda gaaadvilos imis xelaxla gaazreba, Tu ras war­
moadgens Sromis buneba, radganac, sxva mravalTan erTad, es
gulisxmobs, rom teqnologiuri ganviTareba axla naklebad
iqneba mimarTuli meti samomxmareblo produqciis Seqmnisa
da kidev ufro disciplinirebuli Sromisken, piriqiT, is
ganapirobebs Sromis am formebis srulad aRmofxvras.
xolo romeli formebic darCeba, iqneba Sromis is saxe­
obebi, romelTa Sesrulebasac mxolod adamianebi SeZle­
ben: zrunvisa da daxmarebis formebi, romlebic, rogorc
aRvniSne, im krizisis centrs warmoadgens, romelmac Oc-
cupy Wall Street-is dawyeba gamoiwvia. ra moxdeba, Tu Sro­
mis Tavdapirvel formad ganvixilavT ara sawarmoo xazs,
puris yanas, rkinis samsxmelos, an Tundac patara ofiss,
aramed, amis nacvlad, daviwyebT dedidan, maswavleblidan
an momvlelidan? SesaZloa, iZulebuli gavxdeT, mivideT
daskvnamde, rom adamianis cxovrebis realur saqmianobas
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warmoadgens ara wvlilis Setana iseT rameSi, rasac „eko­
nomikas“ uwodeben (cneba, romelic samasi wlis win arc ki
arsebobda), mTavaria is garemoeba, rom Cven yvelani varT,
da yovelTvis viyaviT, erToblivi Semoqmedebis proeqtebi.
am etapze yvelaze mwvave saWiroebas produqtiulobis
Zravebis tempis Seneleba warmoadgens. SesaZloa, Cemi naTq­
vami ucnauradac mogeCvenoT (yvelanair krizisze Cvens spon­
tanur reaqcias warmoadgens is, rom vivaraudebT: problema
gadaiWreba, Tu yvela ufro mets imuSavebs, magram, ra Tqma
unda, sinamdvileSi swored Tavad amgvari reaqciaa prob­
lema), magram Tu msoflios saerTo mdgomareobas gaiTval­
iswinebT, maSin zemoaRniSnuli daskvnac naTeli gaxdeba. Cven
ori marTlac gadauWreli problemis winaSe vdgavarT. erTi
mxriv, mowmeni varT globaluri davalianebis krizisebis
dausrulebeli wyebisa, romlebic 1970-iani wlebis Semdeg
mxolod ufro da ufro gaizarda, gamwvavda da iqamde mivi­
da, rom saxelmwifo, municipaluri, korporaciuli, piradi
valis mTeli simZime aSkarad gausaZlisi gaxda. meore mxriv,
gvaqvs ekologiuri krizisi, klimatis cvlilebis swrafi
procesi, rac mTel planetas gvalvebiT, wyaldidobebiT,
qaosiT, SimSilobiTa da omebiT emuqreba. SeiZleba es ori
ram erTmaneTTan ver daakavSiroT; magram, saboloo jamSi,
orive erTi da igivea. bolos da bolos, vali sxva araferia,
Tu ara samomavlod produqtiulobis, mwarmoeblurobis
dapireba. imis Tqma, rom globaluri vali sul ufro iz­
rdeba, niSnavs, ganacxado, rom adamianebi, rogorc erTiani
koleqtivi, erTmaneTs hpirdebian, ufro didi moculobiT
awarmoon saqoneli da meti momsaxureba gaswion momavalSi.
magram valis amJamindeli doneebic ki aSkarad aramdgra­
dia. swored esaa, rac planetas mudmivad mzardi tempiT
anadgurebs. isinic ki, vinc sistemis saTaveSi dgas, iZuleb­
ulni arian, daaskvnan, rom zogierTi saxis masobrivi valis
anulireba („iubiles“ aRniSvna garkveuli formiT) gardauva­
lia. namdvili politikuri brZola mimdinareobs imis gamo,
Tu ra formiT moxdeba es. gana cxadi ar aris, rom orive
problema erTdroulad unda movagvaroT? ratom ar gan­
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vixilavT valis gauqmebas farTo, mTeli planetis masStabiT
(ramdenadac SesaZlebelia es praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT),
rasac mohyveba samuSao saaTebis masobrivi Semcireba, magal­
iTad, oTxsaaTiani samuSao dRe an garantirebuli xuTTviani
Svebuleba? aman SesaZloa, ara marto planeta gadaarCinos,
aramed (radgan gamoTavisuflebuli saaTebis ganmavlobaSi
yvela tyuilubralod, usaqmod ar ijdeba) ZiriTadi war­
modgenebic ki Segvacvlevinos imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori Sei­
Zleba iyos sinamdvileSi Sroma, romelic faseulobas qmnis.
Occupy-s mizans moTxovnebis wamoyeneba namdvilad ar
warmoadgenda, magram CemTvis rom maTi formulireba daev­
alebinaT, swored ase Camovayalibebdi. bolos da bolos, es
iqneboda Seteva gabatonebul ideologiasa da mis yvelaze
Zlier mxareebze. valisa da Sromis eTika, moraluri prin­
cipebi yvelaze mZlavr ideologiur iaraRs warmoadgens im
adamianebis xelSi, romlebic amJamindel sistemas marTaven.
swored amitom ebRauWebian isini am principebs, maSinac ki,
roca, faqtobrivad, yvelafers anadgureben. amitomac Seu­
wyobda es xels saukeTeso revoluciuri moTxovnis Camoya­
libebas.

samuSao 3: biurokratiuli aparati

ZiriTadi memarcxene partiebis erTi marTlac damRupve­

li marcxi gamoiwvia iman, rom maT ver moaxerxes, biurokra­
tiuli aparati seriozulad gaekritikebinaT. vfiqrob,
es yvelaze kargad ganmartavs, Tu ratom ver SeZles me­
marcxeneebma (TiTqmis yvelgan), 2008 wels kapitalizmis
katastrofuli marcxi TavianTi interesebis sasargeblod
gamoeyenebinaT. evropis im partiebidan, romlebmac sayov­
elTao saxalxo ukmayofilebiT isargebles, TiTqmis yvela
memarjvene iyo. es iman ganapiroba, rom zomierma social-
demokratma memarcxeneebma didi xania, miiRes rogorc ba­
zari, ise biurokratiuli aparati; xolo memarjveneebma
(gansakuTrebiT ki ukiduresma memarjveneebma) ara mxolod
iolad Tqves uari, brmad erwmunaT, rom bazris meSveobiT
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problemebis mogvareba SesaZlebelia, aramed biurokratiac
gaakritikes. es gauazrebeli, Zvelmoduri da bevri kuTxiT
Seusabamo kritikaa. magram mainc kritikaa. ZiriTadma memar­
cxene partiebma 1960-ian wlebSi hipebsa da komunebze uaris
TqmiT Tavadve moiWres gza yovelgvari kritikisken.
Tumca biurokratia Cveni cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi
iseTi saxiT aRwevs, rogoriTac adre arasodes Segvxve­
dria. ucnauria, magram mas, SeiZleba iTqvas, verc vxedavT
da arc SegviZlia masze saubari. nawilobriv, imitom, rom
biurokratias aRviqvamT, rogorc, ubralod, mTavrobis
iersaxes, da ugulebelvyofT xSirad gacilebiT farTo
da mZlavr kerZo biurokratias, an, rac kidev ufro mniS­
vnelovania, imas, Tu rogor gadaxlarTulia erTmaneTSi
sajaro da kerZo (korporaciuli, finansuri da saganmana­
Tlebloc ki) biurokratiuli aparatebi da maTi erTmane­
Tisgan garCeva SeuZlebelia.
erTxel sadRac amovikiTxe, rom saSualo amerikeli
cxovrebis manZilze daaxloebiT naxevar weliwads SuqniS­
nis feris cvlilebis molodinSi atarebs. ar vici, vinmem
odesme Tu gamoiTvala, ra dros xarjavs igi formebis
SevsebaSi (meeWveba, vinmes es gaekeTebina), magram ara mgonia,
arsebiTad, naklebi dro gamosuliyo. absoluturad darw­
munebuli var, rom mTeli istoriis manZilze arc erT Tao­
bas ar exarjeboda amdeni dro dokumentaciis warmoebaze.
saxelisuflebo aparati cdilobs, iseTi formebi Seqmnas,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT datanjavs adamians, magram nebis­
mierma, vinc did dros atarebs internetSi, kargad icis, rom
dokumentebze muSaoba sinamdvileSi sxva araferia, Tu ara
fulis gacema da miReba. asea sistemis saTavidan moyole­
buli (uzarmazari administraciuli sistema, romelic im­
isTvis arsebobs, rom daareguliros globaluri vaWroba
„Tavisufali bazris“ saxeliT), yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
yvelaze siRrmiseul detalebamde, sadac teqnologiebma,
romlebic Tavdapirvelad Sromis SemsubuqebisTvis iyo
gamiznuli, Cven, yvelani, moyvarul buRaltrebad, iuridi­
uli sferos moxeleebad da turistul agentebad gvaqcia.
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 da ratomRac, 1960-iani wlebisagan gansxvavebiT, roca
problema gacilebiT naklebi iyo, dokumentebis es uprece­
dento kaskadi politikur sakiTxad aRar ganixileba. kidev
erTxel vimeoreb: samyaro Cven garSemo kvlav xiluli unda
gavxadoT; gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca apolitikur xalxs
instinqturad gauCnda eWvi memarcxeenebze, rom isini, sa­
varaudod, biurokratizaciis zrdas uwyoben xels. piriq­
iT. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia ukve arsebulze ufro meti bi­
urokratizacia. nebismieri revoluciuri gardaqmna (Tuki
is mTlianad saxelmwifos ar aRmofxvris), TiTqmis udavod,
gacilebiT naklebi biurokratiis momaswavebelia.

samuSao 4: komunizmis aRdgena

aq yvelaze rTuli amocanis winaSe vdgavarT, magram raki

aqamde movediT, ratom ar gavriskoT?
1980-ian wlebSi marTlac raRac ucnauri movlenebi dai­
wyo. es albaT kapitalizmis istoriaSi pirvelad iyo, roca
kapitalistebma sakuTar Tavs „kapitalistebi“ uwodes. misi
arsebobis wina ori saukunis manZilze es sityva, ZiriTa­
dad, Seuracxmyofel terminad iTvleboda. kargad maxsovs,
The New York Times-ma (romelic maSin namdvil ideologiur
mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenda imis popularizaciisa,
rasac SemdgomSi sayovelTaod miRebuli neoliberaluri
Sexedulebebi ewoda) rogor uCvena magaliTi sxvebs da misi
furclebi aWrelda sagazeTo saTaurebiT, romlebic niSnis
mogebiT amcnobdnen mkiTxvels, Tu rogor gaxda iZulebu­
li zogierTi komunisturi reJimi, socialisturi partia,
kooperaciuli sawarmo Tu sxva viTomda memarcxene insti­
tuti (da sruliad mizanSewoniladac), „kapitalizmis“ esa
Tu is elementi mieRo. saTaurebi mibmuli iyo gacveTil
lozungze, romelsac dausruleblad imeorebdnen: „komu­
nizmma, ubralod, ar gaamarTla!“, magram isini aseve asax­
avda ideologiuri poziciis mkveTr cvlilebas, romlis
pionerebic iseTi memarjvene fanatikosebi iyvnen, rogori­
caa ain rendi; swored am xanebSi „kapitalizmma“ da „so­
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cializmma“, arsebiTad, adgilebi gacvales. kapitalizmi
erT dros „Wyetela“ realoba gaxldaT, xolo socializmi
_ ganuxorcielebeli ideali; amjerad isini piriqiT xasiaT­
deboda. yvelaferi kidev ufro ukidures formas iRebda
„komunizmis“ SemTxvevaSi, romelic yovelTvis gamoiyenebo­
da bundovani utopiuri momavlis aRsawerad (im reJimebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, romlebic sakuTar Tavs „komunisturs“
uwodebdnen), romlis ganxorcielebac SesaZlebeli iqnebo­
da mxolod saxelmwifos gamofitvis Semdeg. ra Tqma unda,
is cotaTi waagavda „socialistur“ sistemas, romelic im
dros arsebobda. 1989 wlis Semdeg „komunizmis“ mniSvn­
eloba Seicvala da komunizmi gaxda „is, ra organizaciuli
sistemac gabatonda „komunistur“ reJimSi.“ amas ki, Tavis
mxriv, mohyva marTlac Taviseburi ritorikuli cvlileba,
romlis mixedviTac amgvar reJimebs (romlebic erT dros
Camowerili hyavdaT, rogorc „umowyalod“ kvalificiur­
ni jarebisa da saidumlo policiis SenaxvaSi, magram Sesa­
bralisad uunaroni samomxmareblo produqciis warmoe­
baSi) ganixilavdnen, rogorc imdenad utopiur sistemas,
romelSic sruliad ignorirebuli iyo adamianis bunebis
ZiriTadi realoba (rogorc ekonomikam gamoavlina), rom
isini, ubralod, saerTod „ar amarTlebdnen“ da sinamd­
vileSi maTi arsebobac SeuZlebeli iyo _ marTlac SesaniS­
navi daskvnaa, roca, vTqvaT, saubaria ssrk-ze, romelic sa­
mocdaaTi wlis manZilze akontrolebda dedamiwis udides
nawils; romelmac daamarcxa hitleri da kosmosSi jer
pirveli Tanamgzavri, Semdeg ki pirveli adamiani gauSva.
TiTqos sabWoTa kavSiris kraxis magaliTi imas amtkicebs,
rom mas pirveli adgili arc arasodes eWira!
gaocebas iwvevs termin „komunizmis“ ideologiuri
TvalsazrisiT gamoyeneba xalxSi. amaze aravin saubrobs.
kargad maxsovs, rodesac ymawvilobaSi restornis samza­
reuloebsa da msgavs adgilebSi vmuSaobdi, sakmarisi iyo,
vinmes wamoeyenebina samsaxurSi romelime sferos ufro
efeqturad an ufro gonivrulad organizebis idea, mas ma­
Sinve ase upasuxebdnen: „es xom demokratia ar aris“, an: „es
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xom komunizmi ar aris“. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, bosebis
gadasaxedidan, es ori sityva urTierTmonacvle gaxda. ko­
munizmi niSnavda samuSao adgilis (ofisis, fabrikis, qarx­
nis, restornis da a.S.) demokratiulobas da swored amis
gamo mas arasasurvelad miiCnevdnen. es iyo 1970-ian da
1980-ian wlebSi. mosazreba, rom komunizmi (an demokratia)
qmedobaunariani ar iyo (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom
misi xorcSesxma, arsebiTad, SeuZlebeli iyo), realurad,
damkvidrda. mimdinare aTwleulisaTvis Cven iqamde mi­
vediT, rom piradad gavxdi mowme, Tu rogor iyeneben am
termins saSualo fenis londonelebi (is adamianebi, rom­
lebic sakuTar Tavs gamokveTil memarcxeneebad miiCneven)
TviT sakuTar SvilebTan urTierTobis drosac ki. magali­
Tad, erT-erTma maTganma sakuTari qaliSvilis SemoTava­
zebas ZaRlis gaseirnebis ganrigis ufro demokratiulad
gadanawilebis Sesaxeb ase upasuxa: „ara, eg xom komunizmi
iqneboda da yvelam viciT, rom komunizmi ar amarTlebs“.
paradoqsi is aris, rom Tuki termin „komunizmis“ ufro
realistur ganmartebas gavixsenebT, swored rom sapirisp­
iro mtkicdeba. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ganvacxadoT, rom
axla vimyofebiT absoluturad sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi
imisa, rasac ase asxamdnen xotbas 1980-ian wlebSi. kapital­
izmi, aTasi sxvadasxva gziT da aTas sxvadasxva adgilas,
iZulebuli gaxda, isev komunizmisTvis miemarTa, radgan is
erTaderTia, rac amarTlebs.
es argumenti adrec ramdenjerme wamovayene da is sakmaod
martivia _ aRar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos „komunizmi“
ar cnobdes kerZo sakuTrebas da davubrundeT mis Tavda­
pirvel definicias: „TiToeulisgan _ misi SesaZleblo­
bebis mixedviT da TiToeuls _ misi saWiroebis mixedviT“.*
Tuki romelime socialur sistemas, romelic efuZneba da

* am formiT es definicia werilobiTi saxiT pirvelad Camoayaliba lui blanma

1840 wels, magram misi ufro adrindeli versia ekuTvnis frang komunist mwer­
als, morelis (misi 1755 wels dawerili nawarmoebi „bunebis kodeqsi“). yovel
SemTxvevaSi, is popularuli iyo radikalur wreebSi iqamde, sanam karl marqsi
gamoiyenebda mas Tavis naSromSi „goTas programis kritika“.

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m­ oqmedebs amgvar principze, SegviZlia, vuwodoT „komuniz­
mi“, Cveni yvela Zireuli warmodgena socialuri realo­
bis Sesaxeb sruliad Seicvleba. aSkara gaxdeba, rom komu­
nizmi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi yvelaze ufro „gazavebuli“
forma) yvela saxis mSvidobiani, megobruli socialuri
urTierTobis safuZvels warmoadgens, radgan nebismieri
saxis sazogadoebrivi komunikacia yovelTvis gulisxmobs
komunizmis garkveul sabaziso dones, imis gagebas, rom,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, saWiroeba metismetad didia (magaliTad,
daxrCobis saSiSroebis winaSe myofi adamianis gadarCena),
Tu Txovna sakmaod umniSvneloa (magaliTad, ganaTeba, gzis
Cveneba) _ swored komunistur standartebs viyenebT. Cven,
yvelani, komunistebi varT im adamianebis mimarT, romle­
bic yvelaze metad gviyvars, romlebsac yvelaze metad ven­
dobiT; Tumca komunisturad aravin iqceva yvelas mimarT
yvelanair pirobebSi, albaT arc moqceula da arc moiqceva
ase. rac mTavaria, samuSao komunistur safuZvelze unda
iqnes organizebuli, radgan TanamSromlobis praqtikul
situaciaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca moTxovna aucile­
beli da gadaudebelia, problemis gadaWris erTaderT gzas
imis dadgena warmoadgens, Tu vis aqvs unari, misces meore
adamians is, rac am ukanasknels sWirdeba. Tu ori adamiani
cdilobs, SeakeTos mili, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, isini fond
„memkvidreobisTvis“ (Heritage Foundation) muSaoben Tu Gold-
man Sachs-isTvis (msoflios erT-erTi msxvili komerciuli
banki, finansuri konglomerati, romlis saTao ofisi mde-
bareobs niu-iorkSi, qvemo manhetenze. red.); Tu erTi ambobs:
„momawode qanCi“, meore albaT ar etyvis: „mere me ras mivi­
Reb amis sanacvlod?“ amitom azri ara aqvs raRac ideal­
uri momavali „komunizmis“ warmodgenas da imaze davas, Ses­
aZlebeli iqneba Tu ara misi arseboba. yvela sazogadoeba
safuZvelSive komunisturia, xolo kapitalizmi umjobesia,
ganvixiloT, rogorc komunizmis organizebis cudi gza (is
cudia, garda sxva mravali mizezisa, imitomac, rom stim­
uls aZlevs komunizmis ukiduresad avtoritarul formas
samuSao adgilebis doneze. erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri
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sakiTxi aseTia: rogor SeiZleba komunizmis ukeT organi­
zeba, rac ufro metad demokratiuli formis Camoyalibe­
bas Seuwyobs xels? an kidev ufro ukeTesi iqneba, Tu iseT
formas gamovnaxavT, romelic mTlianad gaauqmebs amJamad
arsebul „samuSao adgilebis“ instituts).
sakiTxis am saxiT gadmocema SeiZleba gasakviradac
mogveCvenos, magram is namdvilad jansaRi azris Sesabamisi
da gasagebia, Tanac komunizmis cnebas moaSorebs uamrav wa­
nazards, romlebic mas gauCnda orive mxaris wyalobiT _
vinc misi saxeliT laparakobda, da vinc mas lanZRavda. es
niSnavs, rom veRarasodes iarsebebs „komunisturi“ siste­
ma, rogorc aseTi, ramdenadac yvelaferi isedac komunis­
turi principebis mixedviT aris organizebuli. es imasac
gulisxmobs, rom, yvelaze mniSvnelovani gagebiT, Cven ukve
vcxovrobT komunizmSi.

mkiTxvels albaT ukve Seeqmna warmodgena im saerTo

mimarTulebaze, romelic mxedvelobaSi maqvs. Cven ukve
didi xania, praqtikaSi vaxorcielebT komunizms. Cven an­
arqistebi varT, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, viqceviT, rogorc
anarqistebi, yovelTvis, roca vaRwevT urTierTgagebas
fizikuri muqarisa da Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe. sakiTxi
ise ki ar dgas, rom avaSenoT sruliad axali sazogadoeba
yovelgvari safuZvlis gareSe. is unda aSendes imaze, rasac
Cven ukve vakeTebT _ vafarToebT Tavisuflebis zonebs,
vidre Tavisufleba organizebis upirvelesi principi ar
gaxdeba. simarTle giTxraT, did problemad ar miviCnev te­
qnikur sakiTxebs, magaliTad, rogor unda davaarsoT mra­
vali samrewvelo obieqti, Tumca gamudmebiT gvarwmuneben,
rom problema mxolod esaa. msoflioSi Zalian bevri ram
aris deficituri. magram erTi ram, risic sruliad Seuz­
Rudavi maragi gvaqvs, esaa gonieri, SemoqmedebiTi adami­
anebi, romlebsac SeswevT Zala, aseTi sakiTxebi moagva­
ron. problema warmosaxvis unaris nakleboba ar gaxlavT.
problemaa valisa da Zaladobis sulisSemxuTavi sistemebi,
romlebic imis uzrunvelsayofad Seiqmna, rom warmosaxvis
345
Zala aravin arasodes gamoiyenos _ an, yovel SemTxveva­
Si, ar gamoiyenon arafris Sesaqmnelad, garda warmoebuli
finansuri instrumentebisa, iaraRis axali sistemebisa, an
formebis Sesavsebi kompiuteruli platformebisa. ra Tqma
unda, swored yovelive aman miiyvana amdeni adamiani zuko­
tis parkis msgavs adgilebSi.
isic ki, rac jer kidev yvelaze ufro rTul ideolo­
giur barierebad gveCveneba, praqtikaSi advilad SeiZleba
gadailaxos. 1990-ian wlebSi xSirad vstumrobdi inter­
netforumebs, romlebic im droisTvis savse iyo ucnauri
adamianebiT, sakuTar Tavs „anarqokapitalistebs“ rom uwo­
debdnen (isini, rogorc Cans, mxolod internetSi arse­
bobdnen; dRemde darwmunebuli ar var, rom odesme aseT
xalxs cxovrebaSi Sevxvedrivar). maTi umetesoba gamudme­
biT lanZRavda memarcxene anarqistebs, rogorc Zalado­
bis momxreebs: „rogor SeiZleba mxars uWerde Tavisufal
sazogadoebas da Tan ewinaaRmdegebode daqiravebul Sro­
mas? Tuki me minda daviqirao vinme pomidvris sakrefad,
rogor apirebT, amaSi xeli SemiSaloT, Tu Zalas ar gamoi­
yenebT?“ logikuria, rom daqiravebuli Sromis sistemis
gauqmebis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba warmatebiT dag­
virgvindes mxolod suk-is (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komite­
ti) raRac axali variantis daxmarebiT. aseT argumentebs
xSirad moismenT.* magram, rac mTavaria, verasodes gaigebT,
rom vinmem Tqvas: „Tuki minda, vinmem damiqiraos pomidvris
sakrefad, rogor apirebT, amaSi xeli SemiSaloT, Tu Zalas
ar gamoiyenebT?“ etyoba, yvelas warmoudgenia, rom momaval
sazogadoebaSi, sadac saxelmwifo ar iarsebebs, yvela damq­
iravebeli fenis warmomadgeneli iqneba. aravin fiqrobs,
rom SeiZleba is Tavad iyos pomidvris mkrefavi. magram ma­
Sin, maTi azriT, saidan unda movidnen es pomidvris mkre­
favebi? aq SegviZlia, erTi patara warmosaxviTi, saazrovno
eqsperimenti CavataroT: modi, mas „gayofili kunZulis

* isini xSirad SegxvdebaT meTiu kontinetis statiaSi, romlis citatac mesame

Tavis dasawyisSi moviyvane.

346
igavi“ vuwodoT. gvyavs idealistTa ori jgufi, romelTa­
gan TiToeuli kunZulis naxevars flobs. isini Tanxmdebian,
imgvarad gaavlon sazRvari, rom kunZulis TiToeul mxares
daaxloebiT Tanabari resursebi aRmoCndes. erTi jgufi
iwyebs ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnas, romelSic zogierT
wevrs aqvs sakuTreba, zogs ki saerTod araferi gaaCnia; am
ukanasknelT ara aqvT araviTari socialuri garantia: isini
SimSiliT daixocebian, Tuki raime saxis samuSao ar moZe­
bnes, im pirobebiT, romlebsac maT mdidari damqiraveblebi
SesTavazeben. meore jgufi qmnis sistemas, sadac yvelas
garantirebuli aqvs, sul mcire, ZiriTadi saarsebo saSu­
alebebi mainc, da aq miesalmebian yvela axalmosuls. ra
safuZveli SeiZleba hqondeT kunZulis anarqo-kapitalis­
tur mxares mcxovreb Ramis darajebs, meddebs da boqsitis
memaRaroeebs, rom isev iq darCnen? kapitalistebs mSrom­
eli Zala sul ramdenime kviraSi SemoeclebaT. Sesabamisad,
isini iZulebulni gaxdebian, Tavad uyaraulon TavianT mi­
webs, Tavad dacalon Ramis qoTnebi, TviTon marTon saku­
Tari buldozerebi da avtogreiderebi _ ase iqneba, Tuki
mdidrebi TavianT muSebs swrafad ar SesTavazeben sauke­
Teso garigebas, romelic am ukanasknelT iseT pirobebs
Seuqmnis, TiTqos isinic, bolos da bolos, socialistur
utopiaSi cxovrobdnen.
swored am da uamravi sxva mizezis gamo, darwmunebuli
var, rom nebismieri praqtikuli mcdeloba, Seiqmnas saba­
zro ekonomika, misi mxardamWeri jarebis, policiisa da sa­
patimroebis gareSe, male dasruldeba imiT, rac sruliad
gansxvavebuli iqneba kapitalizmisagan. faqtobrivad, darw­
munebuli var, rom Zalian swrafad is sul cotaTi Tu ems­
gavseba bazars dRevandeli gagebiT. rasakvirvelia, SeiZle­
ba vcdebode. SeiZleba vinmem mosinjos kidec, da Sedegebi
sruliad gansxvavebuli iyos imisgan, rac me warmomidgenia.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, dae, vcdebode! me, ZiriTadad, im piro­
bebis Seqmna mainteresebs, romlebic xels Segviwyobs, es
yvelaferi gavarkvioT.

347
 namdvilad ver vityvi, rogori iqneba Tavisufali
sazogadoeba. da mainc, raki vTqvi, rom is, rac Cven dRes
namdvilad gvWirdeba, aris politikuri miswrafebebis ne­
baze miSveba, albaT SemiZlia, davasrulo imis aRweriT, ris
naxvasac piradad visurvebdi.
visurvebdi, menaxa raRac imis msgavsi, rac konsensusis
principis ukan dgas _ romelSic radikaluri, araTanazomi­
erad gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema erTianobis safuZv­
els warmoadgens _ konsensusisa, romelic mTlianad sazoga­
doebriv cxovrebaze ganzogaddeba. ras niSnavs yvelaferi
es sinamdvileSi?
pirvel rigSi, ara mgonia, xalxma mTeli dReebi mitinge­
bze gaataros. umetesoba dameTanxmeba, rom aseTi perspeq­
tiva bevr Cvengans iseve gaagiJebs, rogorc es arsebuli
sistemis dros xdeba. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs gzebi, Sex­
vedrebi saxaliso gavxadoT. rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSnav­
di, mTavari forma ki ar gaxlavT, aramed suliskveTeba.
swored amitom yovelTvis xazs vusvamdi, rom organizebis
anarqistul formad SeiZleba CaiTvalos yvelaferi, rac ar
gulisxmobs Zalovani biurokratiuli struqturis CarT­
vas. xSirad kiTxuloben, Tu rogor SeZlebs uSualo de­
mokratia, gazardos masStabebi adgilobrivi Sexvedrebidan
mTeli qalaqis, regionis Tu qveynis donemde. rasakvirve­
lia, maT adrindeli forma ar eqnebaT. magram uamravi sx­
vadasxva SesaZlebloba arsebobs. zogierTi varianti, rom­
lebic warsulSi scades, dRes Cven ar gamogvadgeba;* gamud­
mebiT igoneben axal meTodologiur formebs. yvelaze meti
eqsperimenti Catarebula im delegatebTan mimarTebiT,

* ramdenime maTgani dRes aRarc arsebobs. antikur aTenSi, erT-erTi gza imis
uzrunvelsayofad, rom samsaxurebrivad TavianT TanasworTa Soris instituci­
uri ZalauflebisaTvis ar mieRwiaT iseT moxeleebs, romelTa samuSao adgilebis
rotaciac (midgoma, romelic gulisxmobs erTi organizaciis, erTi samsaxuris far-
glebSi TanamSromlis erTi samuSaodan, erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze gadayvanas
gamocdilebis miRebis, motivaciis gazrdisa da mravalferovnebis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT. red.) ar SeiZleboda, iyo garantireba imisa, rom isini Tanabaruflebianni
ar yofiliyvnen: sajaro mosamsaxureTa umetesoba, TviT policielebic ki, monebi
iyvnen. Tumca Zalian bevr SesaZleblobas jer kidev ar vicnobT.

348
romelTa ukan gamowvevac SesaZlebelia, magram, Cemi az­
riT, gacilebiT meti jer kidev Seuswavleli potenciali
arsebobs imgvar latariis sistemebSi (Tu maT aRvadgenT),
romelTa Sesaxebac mesame TavSi visaubre _ esaa raRac, rac
nafici msajulis saqmianobas waagavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom
savaldebulo ar aris da mas aqvs meqanizmebi, romelTa sa­
SualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba akviatebuli ideebiT Sepy­
robilTa, fsiqopaTebisa da dedamiwis Rrus Teoriis mim­
devarTa gacxrilva, Tumca yvela msurvels eZleva Tanabari
Sansi, mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
CaerTos. albaT iarsebebs meqanizmebi, romlebic romelime
meTodis borotad gamoyenebis aRkveTas uzrunvelyofs. ma­
gram romeli borotad gamoyeneba SeiZleba iyos imaze ua­
resi, vidre SerCevis is modeli, romelsac Cven dResdReo­
biT mivmarTavT.
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, is, ris naxvasac namdvilad
visurvebdi, aris sicocxlis usafrTxoebis garantiis
garkveuli forma, romelic saSualebas miscemda xalxs,
imgvari faseulobebi SeenarCunebina, romelTa dacvasac
saWirod CaTvlida _ individualurad Tu sxvebTan erTad.
Cemi dakvirvebiT, swored es gaxlavT is mizezi, romlis
gamoc adamianebs fulis Sovna undaT _ raTa saSualeba
mieceT, raRac sxva eZion, raRac, rasac isini keTilSo­
bilur, amaRlebul, mSvenier, mTavar, an, ubralod, karg
miznad miiCneven. ra SeiZleba eZion maT Tavisufal sazoga­
doebaSi? savaraudod, bevri ram, rasac dRes mxolod Tu
warmovidgenT, Tumca SeiZleba es CvenTvis ukve nacnobi
faseulobebic iyos, rogoricaa, magaliTad, xelovneba, su­
liereba, sporti, dekoratiuli mebaReoba, videoTamaSebi,
samecniero kvlevebi, an inteleqtualuri Tu hedonisturi
siamovneba _ aTasgvari kombinaciis mofiqreba SeiZleba.
albaT sakmaod rTuli amocana iqneba, Tu rogor ga­
davanawiloT resursebi im miznebze, romelTa Sefardeba
sruliad warmoudgenelia, anu faseulobaTa im saxeebze,
romelTa erTmaneTTan misadageba, ubralod, SeuZlebe­
lia. amas ki, Tavis mxriv, kidev erT SekiTxvamde mivyavarT,
349
romelsac zogjer misvamen: ras niSnavs, saerTod, „Tanas­
woroba“?
amgvari SekiTxvebi xSirad momismenia. Cveulebriv, Za­
lian mdidari adamianebisgan. „maS, risken mouwodebT? sru­
li Tanasworobisaken? es SesaZlebelia? Tqven marTla gin­
daT, icxovroT iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac yvela erTnairi
iqneba?“ kvlav igulisxmeba, rom nebismieri aseTi proeqti
saqmeSi aucileblad suk-is CarTvas moiazrebs. esaa 1%-is
sazrunavi. pasuxi ki aseTia: „minda vicxovro iseT samyaro­
Si, sadac aseTi kiTxvis dasmac ki sisulele iqneboda“.
axla, igavis nacvlad, istoriul magaliTs moviyvan. am
ramdenime wlis win arqeologebma aRmoaCines raRac, ramac
kacobriobis istoriis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela mosazreba
Tavdayira daayena. rogorc mesopotamiis, aseve indoeTis
urbanuli civilizaciebi pirveli aTasi wlis manZilze
ganuxrelad egalitaruli iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, es uryevi
WeSmaritebaa. absoluturad ar arsebobs socialuri
uTanasworobis araviTari mtkicebuleba: arc sasaxleebis
nangrevebi, arc mdidruli samarxebi; mxolod monumenturi
nagebobebi, romlebic imgvarad iyo agebuli, rom yvelas
Tanasworad SeZleboda maTi moxmareba (magaliTad, gigan­
turi sazogadoebrivi abanoebi). xSirad urbanul dasaxle­
bebSi yvela saxli zustad erTi da imave zomisa iyo. grCeba
STabeWdileba, rom problemas swored es akviatebuli erT­
gvarovneba warmoadgenda. rogorc Cems megobars, brwyin­
vale arqeologs, devid uengrous uyvars Tqma, urbanuli
civilizaciis dabadeba uSualod mohyva imas, rac, SesaZloa,
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani inovacia iyo _ masobrivi warmoe­
bis warmoSoba, roca pirvelad istoriaSi SesaZlebeli gax­
da, aTasobiT zustad erTi da imave zomis SesafuTi masalis
Seqmna zeTis an marcvleulisTvis, romelTagan TiToeuls
erTnairi beWedi ertya. cxadia, yvelam maSinve gaacnobiera
amis mniSvneloba da Tavzari daeca. bolos da bolos, mx­
olod maSin, Tuki Tundac erTxel mainc gqonia aseTi erT­
nairad dafasoebuli produqti, SeZleb, rom Seadaro, erT
adamians zustad ramdeniT meti aqvs is meoreze. rogorc
350
dRes ukve kargad viciT, swored Tanasworobis uzrunve­
lyofis aseTi meTodebi xdis SesaZlebels uTanasworobas.
pirveli qalaqebis mcxovreblebma SeZles, aTaswleulobiT
SeeCerebinaT is, rac gardauvali iyo. es gautexeli, mtkice
nebis saocari dasturia, magram sabolood mainc moxda is,
rac unda momxdariyo da mas Semdeg Cven am memkvidreobas­
Tan urTierToba gviwevs.
naklebad savaraudoa, odesme eqvsi aTasi wlis winande­
li inovaciis dabruneba SevZloT; an, saerTod, ra azri aqvs
amis gakeTebas? didi, usaxuri nagebobebi, iseve, rogorc
erTnairi produqtebi, yovelTvis iarsebebs. gadasaWreli
is sakiTxi ki araa, rogor gavanadguroT aseTi rameebi, ar­
amed, rogor mivaniWoT maT sruliad sawinaaRmdego daniS­
nuleba. es niSnavs, CavayenoT isini im samyaros samsaxurSi,
sadac Tavisufleba yovlad warmoudgeneli miznebisken
swrafvis saSualeba xdeba. Cveni amJamindeli momxmareblu­
ri sazogadoeba amtkicebs, rom swored esaa misi umTavresi
ideali, magram sinamdvileSi saqme gvaqvs farisevlobasa da
simulaciasTan.
xSirad aRniSnaven, rom Tanasworoba adamianma SeiZle­
ba Seicnos ori gziT: an unda Tqvas, rom ori ram zus­
tad erTi da igivea (yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovanwilad
erTnairi mainc); an Tqvas: isini imdenad gansxvavebulia,
rom maTi Sedarebac ki, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. swored am
ukanaskneli logikis Tanaxmad, SegviZlia, ase vimsjeloT:
raki Cven, yvelani, unikaluri individebi varT, SeuZlebe­
lia, iTqvas, rom romelime Cvengani, arsebiTad, sxvaze uke­
Tesia; iseve, rogorc SeuZlebeli iqneboda, gveTqva, rom
arseboben mTavari da meorexarisxovani fifqebi. Tuki vinme
apirebs, egalitaruli politika amgvar xedvaze daafuZnos,
logika aseTi unda iyos: raki ar arsebobs aseTi unikaluri
individebis daxarisxebis safuZveli maTi Rirsebebisa da
naklovanebebis Sesabamisad, maSasadame, yvela maTgani Tana­
bari raodenobiT imsaxurebs yovelive imas, risi gazomvac
SeiZleba: Tanabar Semosavals, Tanabari raodenobis fuls,
an simdidris Tanabar wils.
351
 Tumca, Tu davukvirdebiT, es yvelaferi sakmaod ucnau­
ria. vTanxmdebiT imaze, rom Cven, yvelani, gansxvavebulni
varT, magram erTnairi survilebi gvaqvs. ra moxdeba, sakiTxs
sapirispiro mxridan rom SevxedoT? sasaciloa, magram kap­
italizmis Tanamedrove feodalizebuli varianti, romlis
drosac fuli da Zalaufleba, faqtobrivad, erTi da igive
ram gaxda, amas gacilebiT gviadvilebs. im 1%-ma, romelic
samyaros marTavs, orives Zieba paTologiur TamaSad aqcia,
romelSic fuli da Zalaufleba Tavad mizania, magram dan­
arCenebma, Cven, visac gvaqvs fuli, gvaqvs Semosavali da ar
gvaqvs vali, miznad davisaxeT Zalauflebis mopoveba, raTa
veZioT sul sxva ram, ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre fulia.
rasakvirvelia, Cven, yvelas, gvinda uzrunvelvyoT Cveni
sayvareli adamianebis usafrTxoeba da daculoba. Cven,
yvelas, gvinda vcxovrobdeT jansaR da mSvenier garemoSi.
magram garda amisa, kidev risi miRwevac gvinda, albaT ze­
moT aRwerilisgan uzomod gansxvavdeba _ ra moxdeboda,
rom Tavisufleba iyos SesaZlebloba imisa, vwyvetdeT, Tu
ris keTeba gvsurs, visTan erTad gvsurs misi keTeba da
ra saxis valdebulebebis aReba gvsurs maT winaSe am pro­
cesSi? aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanasworoba iqneboda, ubralod,
Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa im resursebze,
romlebic saWiroa am faseulobaTa usasrulod mraval­
ferovani formebis Ziebisas. aseT SemTxvevaSi demokratia,
ubralod, iqneboda Cveni unari, erTad SevkrebiliyaviT,
rogorc gonieri, gamWriaxi adamianebi, da gadagveWra war­
moqmnili saerTo problemebi (radgan problemebi yovelT­
vis iqneba); am unaris WeSmaritad realizebac mxolod maSin
iqneba SesaZlebeli, roca iZulebis biurokratiul apar­
ats, romelic dRes arsebul xelisuflebis struqturebs
aduRabebs, Zala gamoecleba, an TandaTanobiT gaqreba.

es yvelaferi SeiZleba jer kidev Zalian Soreul moma­

vlad gveCvenebodes. amJamad planeta TiTqos ufro metad
aris mzad uprecedento katastrofebis seriisTvis, vidre
farTomasStabiani moraluri da politikuri transforma­
352
ciisTvis, romelic gzas gaukafavs aseT samyaros. magram
Tuki gvinda, gvqondes Sansi, Tavidan aviciloT amgvari
katastrofebi, azrovnebis Cveul wess unda SevelioT. ro­
gorc 2011 wlis movlenebma cxadyo, revoluciebis xana jer
dasrulebuli namdvilad ar aris. SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxva
ar nebdeba da jiutad acxadebs uars sikvdilze. da rogorc
ki sakmao raodenobis adamianebi erTsa da imave dros gaTa­
visufldebian im borkilebisgan, romlebic maT koleqtiur
warmosaxvas daades, Cveni stereotipuli Sexedulebebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris politikuri saSualebebiT SesaZlebeli
da ra _ ara, erTi xelis dakvriT gacamtverdeba.

353
 vuZRvni mamas

madlierebis grZnobiT

minda, madloba gadavuxado yvelas am moZraobidan,

vinc maswavla yvelaferi, rac vici.

devid greberis avtorobiT gamovida aseve

„vali: pirveli 5 000 weliwadi“

avtoris Sesaxeb

devid greberi aswavlis anTropologias goldsmiTsSi,

londonis universitetSi. is gaxlavT avtori ramdenime
wignisa; maT Sorisaa „vali: pirveli 5 000 weliwadi“; wers
iseTi gamocemebisTvis, rogoricaa Harper’s, The Nation da
sxva Jurnal-gazeTebi.
 NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Charles Pierce, “Why Bosses Always Win if the Game Is Always

Rigged,” Esquire.com, October 18, 2012.
CHAPTER 1: THE BEGINNING IS NEAR

1. The information has appeared all over the Internet but it originally
appeared in Christopher Helman, “What the Top U.S. Companies Pay in
Taxes,” Forbes, April 2, 2010.
2. Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%,” Vanity Fair,
May 2011.
CHAPTER 2: WHY DID IT WORK?

1. Ginia Bellafante, “Gunning for Wall Street, With Faulty Aim,”

The New York Times, September 23, 2011.
2. China Study Group, “Message from Chinese Activists and Aca-
demics in Support of Occupy Wall Street,” chinastudygroup.net, October
2, 2011.
3. Amanda Fairbanks, “Seeking Arrangement: College Students
Seeking ‘Sugar Daddies’ to Pay Off Loan Debt,” huffingtonpost.com,
July 29, 2011. While we don’t have figures for the United States, a recent
British survey revealed that a staggering 52 percent of female undergrad-
uates had engaged in some sort of sex work to help fund their education,
with just under a third having resorted to outright prostitution.
4. David Graeber, “Occupy Wall Street Rediscovers the Radical
Imagination,” The Guardian, September 25, 2011.
5. “Tea Party supporters are likely to be older, white and male. Forty
percent are age 55 and over, compared with 32 percent of all poll re-
spondents; just 22 percent are under the age of 35, 79 percent are white,
and 61 percent are men. Many are also Christian fundamentalists, with
44 percent identifying themselves as ‘born-again,’ compared with 33
percent of all respondents.” Heidi Przybyla, “Tea Party Advocates Who
Scorn Socialism Want a Government Job,” Bloomberg, March 26, 2010,
citing a poll by Selzer & Company taken in March 2010.
355
 6. Malcolm Harris, “Bad Education,” n+1 magazine, April 25, 2001.
7. The debate was kicked off by a post on August 19 on the Freako-
nomics blog: Justin Wolfers, “Forgive Student Loan Debt? Worst Idea
Ever,” www.freakonomics.com.
8. Some excellent case histories can be found in Anya Kamentz,
Generation Debt: Why Now Is a Terrible Time to Be Young (New York:
Riverhead Books, 2006). Interestingly, this phenomenon was also very
much in the news right around the time the occupation began, for in-
stance in an article in The New York Times: “College Graduation Rates
Are Stagnant Even as Enrollment Rises, a Study Finds” (Tamar Lewin,
September 27, 2011, p. A15). A sample paragraph: “The numbers are
stark: In Texas, for example, of every 100 students who enrolled in a
public college, 79 started at a community college, and only 2 of them
earned a two-year degree on time; even after four years, only 7 of them
graduated. Of the 21 of those 100 who enrolled at a four-year college,
5 graduated on time; after eight years, only 13 had earned a degree.”
According to a Pew study, about two-thirds of dropouts reported they
did so because of the impossibility of both financing their education and
helping support a family. (Pew Research Center, “Is College Worth It?”
May 16, 2011)
9. A dramatic case is Stockton, California, which declared bank-
ruptcy in early 2012. The city announced it intended to find the revenue
to pay its creditors through massively increasing “code enforcement”:
essentially, through parking tickets, and fines for unkempt lawns or not
removing graffiti quickly enough; such penalties will inevitably fall dis-
proportionally on the working poor. See “Stockton Largest U.S. City Go-
ing Bankrupt,” Daily News, June 26, 2012.
10. “Parsing the Data and Ideology of the We Are 99% Tumblr,”
http://rortybomb.wordpress.com/2011/10/09/parsing-the-data-and-ide-
ology-of-the-we-are-99-tumblr/.
11. See, for example, http://lhote.blogspot.com/2011/10/solidarity-
first-then-fear-for-this.html, http://attempter.wordpress.com/2011/10/12/
underlying-ideology-of-the-99/, and the accompanying comment section.
12. Linda Lowen, “Women Union Members: The Changing Face of
Union Membership,” womensissues.about.com, updated December 17,
2008.
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 13. Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power,
and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994).
14. Michael Hudson Super Imperialism: The Economic Strategy of
American Empire (London: Pluto, 2006), p. 288.
15. Pam Martens, “Financial Giants Put New York City Cops on
Their Payroll,” October 10, 2011, Counterpunch. Technically during
those hours they are working as private security, but they do so in their
uniforms, with guns and badges and full power of arrest.
16. Andrew Ross Sorkin, “On Wall Street, a Protest Matures,” New
York Times, Dealbook, October 3, 2011.
17. Ron Suskind, “Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W.
Bush,” New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004.
18. George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Basic Books,
1981), and Pat Robertson quote both cited in Melinda Cooper, “The Un-
born Born Again: Neo-Imperialism, the Evangelical Right and the Cul-
ture of Life,” Postmodern Culture, 17 (1), Fall 2006; Robertson 1992:153.
19. Rebecca Solnit, “Why the Media Loves the Violence of Pro-
testors and Not of Banks,” Tomdispatch.com, February 21, 2012. The
KTVU story can be found at: http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/emails-
exchanged-between-oakland-opd-reveal-tensio/nGMkF/. On the issue of
sexual assault, inflated figures appeared, but these were based largely on
tabulating all reports of sexual assault that occurred anywhere near oc-
cupations, whether or not those accused had ever set foot in the camps.
20. Those interested might consult Norman Finkelstein’s recent What
Gandhi Says: About Nonviolence, Resistance and Courage (New York:
OR Books, 2012), which contains numerous quotes making clear Gandhi
felt the worst crime was passivity. He also, most famously, wrote that in
the face of manifest injustice “if the only choice is between violence and
cowardice, I would recommend violence.”
CHAPTER 3: “THE MOB BEGIN TO THINK AND TO REASON”:
THE COVERT HISTORY OF DEMOCRACY

1. Matthew Continetti, “Anarchy in the U.S.A.: The Roots of Ameri-

can Disorder,” Weekly Standard, November 28, 2011.
2. John Adams, The Works of John Adams (Boston: Little, Brown,
1854), Volume 6, p. 481.
357
 3. R. C. Winthrop, The Life and Letters of John Winthrop (Boston:
Little, Brown, 1869).
4. James Madison, “Federalist #10,” in The Federalist Papers, p.
103. Note that while Madison calls this “pure democracy,” and Adams,
“simple democracy,” rule by popular assembly is the only form of gov-
ernment to which they are willing to give the name.
5. Federalist Papers, No. 10, p. 119.
6. For a good description of how parliamentary elections worked un-
der Henry VII, see P. R. Cavill, The English Parliaments of Henry VII,
1485-1504 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 117-31. Gener-
ally the electorate was a local council of worthies; in London, for in-
stance, such a group might consist of 150 out of 3,000 local inhabitants.
7. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government
(Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 38. In ancient
Greece, for instance, democracies tended to choose holders of executive
positions by lot, from among a pool of volunteers, while election was
considered the oligarchic approach.
8. See John Markoff, “Where and When Was Democracy Invented?,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History 41, no.4 (1991): 663–65.
9. Gouverneur Morris to [John] Penn, May 20, 1774, in Jared Sparks,
The Life of Gouverneur Morris: With Selections from His Correspon-
dence and Miscellaneous Papers: Detailing Events in the American Rev-
olution, the French Revolution, and in the Political History of the United
States (Boston: Grey & Bowen, 1830), p. 25.
10. Both quoted from Morris in E. James Ferguson, The Power of the
Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776-1790 (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1961), p. 68.
11. Adams, The Works, Volume 6, pp. 8-9.
12. Madison, Federalist Papers, No. 10, pp. 54-55.
13. Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, Athens on Trial (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1994), p. 183.
14. Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations, vol. 1
(Philadelphia: J. Conrad, 1805), pp. 292-93.
15. Francis Dupuis-Déri, “History of the Word ‘Democracy’ in Can-
ada and Québec: A Political Analysis of Rhetorical Strategies,” World
Political Science Review, 6, no. 1 (2010): 3-4.
358
 16. John Markoff, “Where and When Was Democracy Invented?,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History, no. 41 (1999): 673.
17. As reconstructed by Marcus Rediker in Villains of All Nations:
Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004).
18. Ibid., p. 53.
19. Colin Calloway, New Worlds for All (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1997). (cf. Axtell 1985)
20. Cotton Mather, Things for a Distress’d People to Think Upon
(Boston, 1696).
21. Ron Sakolsky and James Koehnline, Gone to Croatan: Origins of
North American Dropout Culture (Oakland: AK Press, 1993).
22. Mediker, Many-Headed Hydra (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001).
23. Angus Graham, The Inner Chapters (Indianapolis: Hackett Pub-
lishing Co., 2001).
24. James Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist
History of Upland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press,
2010).
25. Many of the historical reasons for my thinking on this are out-
lined in Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn: Melville House, 2011),
particularly chaps. 10–12.
26. Quoted in Francesca Polletta, Freedom Is an Endless Meeting:
Democracy in American Social Movements (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2004), p. 39.
27. I am offering only a very brief summary of what happened be-
cause I have written about it at greater length elsewhere. See, for in-
stance, Direct Action: An Ethnography (Oakland: AK Press, 2009), pp.
228-37.
28. As Aristotle puts it: “Here the very constitution of the soul has
shown us the way; in it one part naturally rules, and the other is subject,
and the virtue of the ruler we maintain to be different from that of the
subject; the one being the virtue of the rational, and the other of the ir-
rational part. Now, it is obvious that the same principle applies generally,
and therefore almost all things rule and are ruled according to nature.
But the kind of rule differs; the freeman rules over the slave after another
manner from that in which the male rules over the female, or the man
over the child; although the parts of the soul are present in any of them,
359
they are present in different degrees. For the slave has no deliberative
faculty at all; the woman has, but it is without authority, and the child
has, but it is immature.” Politics 1.30. I’m grateful to Thomas Gibson for
pointing out how odd this view of human nature is compared to almost
any other agrarian society.
29. I owe this reflection to a brilliant essay by the French political
philosopher Bernard Manin.
30. Deborah K. Heikes, Rationality and Feminist Philosophy (Lon-
don: Continuum, 2010), p. 146.
31. Samuel Blixen and Carlos Fazio, “Interview with Marcos About
Neoliberalism, the National State and Democracy,” Struggle archive,
Autumn 1995, http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/inter_marcos_aut95.
html.
32. The evidence has recently been surveyed in a working paper by
economist Peter Leeson, who concluded that “while the state of develop-
ment remains low, on nearly all of 18 key indicators that allow pre- and
post-stateless welfare comparisons, Somalis are better off under anarchy
than they were under government.” See Leeson, “Better Off Stateless:
Somalia Before and After Government Collapse,” Journal of Compara-
tive Economics, vol. 35, no. 4, 2007. You can find the full essay at www.
peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf.
33. Rebecca Solnit, for instance, has written a brilliant book, A Para-
dise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster
(New York, Viking Books, 2009), about what actually happens in natural
disasters: people almost invariably invent forms of spontaneous coopera-
tion and, often, democratic decision making that dramatically contrasts
with the way they are used to behaving in their ordinary lives.
CHAPTER 5: BREAKING THE SPELL

1. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (London: Oxford

University Press, 2007).
2. Arjun Jayadev and Samuel Bowles, “Guard Labor,” Journal of
Development Economics 79 (2006): 328–48. Some of the figures here
could easily be contested - the authors include in the count not just mem-
bers of the security forces but the “reserve army” of unemployed and
prisoners, the logic being that insofar as they contribute to the economy
360
at all, it’s by driving down wages and through other “disciplinary func-
tions.” Still, even if you eliminate the contestable categories the numbers
are striking, and even more, the fact that the numbers vary dramatically
between countries: with Greece, the United States, United Kingdom, and
Spain having roughly 20-24 percent of workers doing some sort of guard
labor, and Scandinavian countries a mere 1 in 10. The key factor seems
to be social inequality: the more wealth is in the hands of the 1 percent,
the larger a percentage of the 99 percent they will employ in one way or
another to protect it.

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