Electrometer

It is called an electroscope to electrometer equipped with a scale.

Electrometers, like electroscopes, have fallen into disuse due to the
development of precision electronic instruments.
One of the models electrometer consists of a metal box in which it is introduced,
well insulated by an insulating cap, a rod supporting a very thin layer of gold,
aluminum or a needle, supported in this case so that it can rotate freely on a
graduated scale.

In establishing a potential difference between the box and the rod with
the layer of gold (or aluminum needle), it is attracted to the vessel wall. The
intensity of the deviation can be used to measure the potential difference
between them.
External Links

Electrometer Definition: Name given to various devices that measure

electrical quantities, in particular, apparatus for measuring electrostatic potential
difference or electric charges. (No STATIC VOLTMETER). "Encyclical. (Types)

• Absolute Electrometer Lord Kelvin: The potentials V and V ', the difference
being measured, are applied to plates A and B two parallel horizontal. Disk A
smaller, is surrounded by a guard ring or guard ring which, being the same
potential as A, suppresses the difference in the edges. The difference V - V 'is
derived from Σ to the distance that must put the disc B for the spring of the
spring reaches a known voltage ED F:
 AMMETER

Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the intensity of current is

flowing through an electrical circuit. A microammeter is calibrated in millionths of
an amp and a milliammeter in thousandths of an ampere.

If we speak in basic terms, the meter is a simple galvanometer

(instrument for detecting small amounts of current) with a parallel resistance,
called shunt. Having a range of shunt resistors, we can have an ammeter with
several measuring ranges or intervals. Ammeters have a very small internal
resistance, below 1 ohm, in order that their presence does not decrease the line
current when connected to an electrical circuit.

The apparatus described for the original design, as at present use

ammeters an analog / digital converter for measuring the voltage drop across a
resistor through which current flows to be measured. The reading of the
converter is read by a microprocessor that performs calculations to present a
numerical display the value of electric current
 Utilization
To make the measure is necessary that the intensity of the current flow
through the meter, so it must be tested in series, to be traversed by this current.
The ammeter should have an internal resistance as small as possible in order to
avoid significant voltage drop. To do this, in the case of instruments based on
the electromagnetic effects of electric current, are equipped with coils of heavy
wire and few turns.

In some cases, to allow far higher intensities than those that could
withstand the delicate windings and mechanical parts of the apparatus without
damage, it gives them a very small value resistor placed in parallel with the
winding, so that only passes through it a fraction of the mainstream. In this
additional resistor is called a shunt.
 Galvanometer

Instrument used to detect and measure electric current. This is an analog

electromechanical transducer that produces a rotational deformation in a needle
or pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil. This term has
expanded to include the use of the device in recording equipment, positioning
and servomechanisms.

Instrument used to detect and measure electric current. This is an analog

electromechanical transducer that produces a rotational deformation in a needle
or pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil. This term has
been expanded to include the device uses the same recording equipment,
positioning and servo.
 Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter, Ohmmeter, or Ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring

electrical resistance.

The design of an ohmmeter consists of a small battery to apply a low

voltage to measure resistance, then by a galvanometer measuring the current
flowing through the resistance.

The scale of the galvanometer is calibrated directly in ohms, as under

Ohm's law, as the fixed battery voltage, current intensity through the
galvanometer only going to depend on the value of the resistance under
measurement, ie , greater resistance to low current, and vice versa.

There are also other types of ohmmeters more accurate and

sophisticated, where the battery has been replaced by a circuit that generates a
constant current I, which is circulated through the resistance R under test. Then,
through other circuit measures the voltage V at the ends of the resistance.
According to Ohm's law the value of R is given by:

For high precision measurements indicated above provision is not

appropriate, because the meter reading is the sum of the resistance of the
measurement leads and the resistance under test.

To avoid this, a precision ohmmeter has four terminals, called Kelvin

contacts. Two terminals are the constant current from the meter to the
resistance, while the other two allow measurement of voltage directly between
terminals of the same, so that the voltage drop in conductors applying the
constant current to resistance under test does not affect the measurement
accuracy.
 Voltmeter

A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference

between two points in an electrical circuit.

Digital Voltmeters
Give a numerical indication of the tension, usually in an LCD display. They often
have additional features such as memory, detection of peak value, true RMS
(RMS), autoranging and other features.

The measurement techniques used analog-digital conversion

(usually using a dual-slope integrator) to obtain the numerical value displayed
on a digital LCD screen.
The first digital voltmeter was invented and produced by Andrew Kay of
Non-Linear Systems "(and later founder of Kaypro) in 1954.

Utilization

To make the measurement of potential difference the voltmeter must be

placed in parallel, ie shunt on the points between those who try to take
measurements. This leads to the voltmeter must have an internal resistance as
high as possible, so that does not produce a significant consumption, which
would lead to an erroneous measure of stress. Therefore, in the case of
instruments based on the electromagnetic effects of electric current shall be
equipped with very fine wire coils with many turns, so that a low intensity of
current through the device is achieved when necessary for displacement of the
pointer.
Today there are digital devices which function as the voltmeter display
features fairly high isolation circuits using complex isolation.
 Wattmeter

The wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument for measuring electric

power or the rate of electricity supply because of an electrical circuit. The device
consists of a pair of fixed coils, called "current coils," and a moving coil called
"potential coil.

The fixed coils are connected in series with the circuit, while mobile is
connected in parallel. Moreover, in the moving coil analog wattmeter has a
needle that moves over a scale to indicate the power measured. A current in the
fixed coils generates an electromagnetic field whose power is proportional to
the current and is in phase with it. The voice coil has generally a large resistor
connected in series to reduce the current flowing through it.

The result of this provision is that in a DC circuit, the deflection of the

needle is proportional to the current and voltage, according to the equation W =
VA or P = EI. In an AC circuit the deflection is proportional to the instantaneous
means of voltage and current, measured as the real power and possibly
(depending on the characteristics of charge) to show a different reading to that
obtained by simply multiplying the readings dropped by a voltmeter and a
separate ammeter on the same circuit.

The two circuits of a meter are prone to be damaged by excessive

current. Both ammeters and voltmeters are vulnerable to overheating: in case of
an overload, the needles may be out of scale, but in a wattmeter circuit current,
potential or both may overheat without the needle reaches the end of the scale.
This is because their position depends on the power factor, voltage and current.
Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will give a low reading on the meter, even
though both of their circuits are loaded to the brink of safety limit. Therefore, a
power meter is classified not only in watts, but also in volts and amps.
 Multimeter

A multimeter, sometimes referred to as multimeter, tester or multitester,

is a measurement tool that offers the possibility of measuring different electrical
parameters and quantities in the same device. The most common functions are
the voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter. Is often used by staff throughout the
range of electronics and electricity.

As measured with the digital multimeter

Measuring stress

To measure a voltage, terminals will place on the pegs, and you only
have to put two points between the points of reading we want to measure. If we
want to measure voltage all, post the black terminal on any mass (a black wire
molex or chassis of the computer) and the other terminal at the point to be
measured. If we want to measure voltage differences between two points, we
have no more than putting a terminal in each location.

Measuring resistance

The procedure for measuring resistance is quite similar to measure

voltages. Just put the wheel in the position of ohms and an appropriate scale to
the size of the resistance that we measured. If you do not know how many
ohms is the resistance to be measured, we will start with placing the wheel on
the largest scale, and we will reduce the scale until we find the most accurate
gives no get out of range.
Measuring intensities

The process for measuring intensities is more complicated, because

instead of measured in parallel, measured in series with the circuit in question.
Therefore, to measure currents will open the circuit, ie, disconnect any cables to
insert the tester in the middle, with the aim of the current flowing inside the
tester. Precisely because of this, we have commented before that a tester with
the terminals placed to measure intensity is almost zero internal resistance, not
to cause changes in the circuit we want to measure.

To measure intensity, open the circuit at any point, and properly

configure the tester (red terminal plug amps more capacity, 10A in the case of
the tester in the example, the common terminal COM black jack).

Once we open circuit and the tester properly configured, proceed to close
the circuit for it using the tester, ie each terminal will place the tester in each of
the two open ends of the circuit we have. This closes the circuit and the current
flow through the interior of the meter for reading.
 OSCILLOSCOPE

An oscilloscope is an electronic measuring instrument for the graphic

representation of electrical signals that may vary over time. It is widely used in
electronic signal, often with a spectrum analyzer.

Presents the values of the electrical signals in the form of coordinates on

a screen, where normally the X axis (horizontal) represents time and the Y axis
(vertical) represents tensions. The image so obtained is called oscillogram.
They often include another entry, called "Z axis" or "Wehnelt cylinder that
controls the brightness of the beam, allowing stress or off certain segments of
the trace.

Oscilloscopes, classified according to their internal functioning, can be

both analog and digital, with the result shown identical in either case, in theory.

Utilization
In an oscilloscope, there are basically two types of controls that are used
as controllers that adjust the input signal and allow, therefore, measured on the
screen and so you can see the shape of the signal measured by the
oscilloscope, this is called technical as you can say that the oscilloscope used
to observe the signal measured.

To measure it can be compared to the Cartesian plane.

The first control regulates the X-axis (horizontally) and observed fractions
of time (seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, etc.., According to the resolution
of the device). The second regulates the Y axis (vertical) controlling the input
voltage (in volts, millivolts, microvolts, etc., Depending on the resolution of the
device).
 These regulations determine the value of the scale grid that divides the
screen, allowing each square represents how much of it to, therefore, know the
value of the signal to measure both voltage and frequency.

Compound sentences examples

1-. The little girl agreed that they should eat more pizza, but her friend
disagreed.

2-. Jenny hid under the bed, while Lenny hid in the cabinet.

3-. Sam went shopping, so Shelby played tennis.

4-. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak French.

5-. Meg brought the food, so Kate set the table.

6-. I went hiking, but my friend went jogging.

7-. My dog likes to eat grass, even though she's not allowed.

8-. My family is very caring, even though they may get on my nerves
sometimes.

9-. The dog like to play fetch, while the cat likes to roll in the grass.

10-. I got an A on my test, even though I did not have a lot of time to study.

Compound verbs examples

1-. act up

"The babysitter had a difficult time. The children acted up all evening."

2-. act like

"What's wrong with Bob? He's acting like an idiot."

3-. add up

"His theory seems, at first, to be plausible, but the facts in his research don't
add up.

4-. add up to

"The bills add up to $734.96. That's more than I expected!"

5-. ask out

"Nancy has a new boy friend. Joe asked her out last night."
6-. back down

"Tom was going to call the police when I told him I'd wrecked his car, but he
backed down when I said I'd pay for the damages."

7-. beg off

"At first Lili said she would be at the party. Later she begged off."

8-. bone up on

"If you're going to travel to Peru, you'd better bone up on your Spanish."

9-. bring / take back

"Yes, you can borrow my pen, don't forget to bring it back to me when you're
finished."

10-. get along (with)