Question1

Domino Theory is a theory of accident causation and control, developed by H.W. Heinrich, that
purports that all accidents, whether in a residence or a workplace environment, are the result of
a chain of events .The fall of the first domino leads to the fall of the second, followd by the third,
etc. Then there is a chain reaction causing harm.

Use a Domino Theory to“pulling out a domino” . Managers to think about and identify
underlying causal factors that could contribute to accidents. Its promise of allowing the
interruption of the accident sequence by acting on underlying causal factors to helps to convince
people to adopt the corrective actions suggested by the accident investigation.

My job needs to drive engineering vehicles to different locations, including housing estates and
near woods, and use various tools to install and maintain transformer stations to provide stable
pressure supply to customers.

For example of Heinrich’s Domino Theory that may happen in my work place is as follows:

Traffic accident : Injuries caused by car crashes and traffic accidents.

Ancestry social Environment Habitual use of mobile phones while
driving.
Fault of Person Not focusing on road conditions.
Hazard or Unsafe Act Use your mobile phone while driving.
Accident Cause traffic accidents and casualties.
Injury Casualties and car damage.
Solution: Regulate workers not to use mobile phones or hands-free devices when
driving.
2

Head injury accident : High-altitude objects and head collision accidents

Ancestry social Environment Habitually work without a helmet.
Fault of Person Work without a helmet and fail to pay
attention to the safety of the working
environment.
Hazard or Unsafe Act Without a helmet.
Accident Hit the head by a falling object or hit
other objects.
Injury Workers may be injured or killed.
Solution : Require workers to wear safety helmets when working, and arrange for their
supervisors to conduct inspections on the site.
3

Fire accident : Workers smoking on construction site caused fire.

Ancestry social Environment Long-term smoking habit.
Fault of Person A gas leak occurred on the site, but the
workers did not notice.
Hazard or Unsafe Act Workers throw away unfinished cigarette
 butts everywhere.
Accident Smoking at the gas leak and causing an
explosion.
Injury Fire or explosion caused casualties
Solution : Workers are forbidden to smoke around the construction site, and fire-
prohibition warning signs are placed.
4

High altitude work accident : Accidents caused by working at height without using
appropriate tools or platforms.
Ancestry social Environment Workers do not use safety equipment for
convenience and speed
Fault of Person Workers do not use safety belts and install
work platforms
Hazard or Unsafe Act Workers working at height without using
safety equipment
Accident Lead to the human body
Injury Cause casualties
Solution :
It is stipulated that suitable working platforms and safety belts must be used for high-
altitude work, and the supervisor will arrange follow-up and handling
5

Gas leak accident : Gas leaks cause public safety hazards

Ancestry social Environment Workers did not follow the guidelines
Fault of Person No gas leak detection tool used to detect
Hazard or Unsafe Act Failure to comply with safety leak
detection regulations
Accident Gas leaks cause
Injury Cause casualties and fire.
Solution : Strengthen workers' awareness of work safety and conduct more inspections.

Questin2)
 The idea behind this hierarchy is that the control methods at the top of graphic are
potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this
hierarchy normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the
risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced.

A Chemical usage in indoor area which may pose chronic illness in long term usage.

A)The Hierarchy of Controls:

1. Insufficient indoor ventilation makes it difficult to dissipate harmful substances emitted

by chemicals.

2. Insufficient number of personal protective equipment.

3. Workers will not use tools and personal protective equipment, and are unskilled in the
work procedures.

4. Workers safety guidelines for the company are considered insufficient.

5. Workers have insufficient awareness of the dangers of Chemical.

Cause Analysis:
1. Elimination – Remove the chemical or change to other chemical substances or reset
process.

2. Substitution – Usage other alternatives to replace chemical.

3. Engineering Control - Installation exhaust system to improve the air quality.

4. Administrative controls – Organize a training class to teach workers how to use

chemicals and safety equipment.

5. Personal protective equipment – Provide Protect the worker with personal Protective
Equipment (ETC. Protective sult, Protective gloves, Protective mask)

B)The Hierarchy of Controls:

1 Install a legal aerial work platform, approved by a qualified person.

2 Provide workers with qualified safety belts and independent lifelines.

3 Workers should follow the safety rules for working at height

Cause Analysis :

1. Elimination – Workers can remove the gas pipes from high altitude and then perform
maintenance on the ground.

2. Substitution –Since working at heights has certain risks, experienced workers should be
arranged to replace new workers for working at heights.

3. Engineering Control - Construst, modify or dismantle the scaffold, and after the scaffold
is inspented by a qualified person, FORM 5 can be issued before the scaffold can br used
. Professionals can only work after verifying and issuing a qualified aerial platform safety
certificate .

4. The company provides safety training courses to make new workers aware of safety.
Tips are posted on high-altitude workbenches and workplaces to remind new workers to
follow instructions .

5. The company should provide suitable equipment for new workers, including
(independent lifeline, anti-sui buckle, full-body sling, safety helmet).

Question3)
Assess the risk of “General workers working in Confined Space”

Probability:Definition
Category level Description
Highly likely 5 Occurs frequently and has the opportunity to recur
Likely 4 Occur repeatedly
Seldom 3 Happen occasionally
Unlikely 2 Low chance of happening
Highly unlikely 1 Basically it is unlikely to happen, but the possibility of occurrence is
not ruled out

Severity:Definition
Category level Description
Catastrophic 5 A large number of casualties and property losses occurred in an area
Extremely 4 Cause worker casualties or permanent disability
serious
Major 3 Workers suffered serious injuries or long-term occupational diseases
slight 2 Minor injuries
Extremely slight 1 It can be handled with only ordinary emergency medicine

Probability Highly Unlikely Seldom Likely Highly likely

unlikely
Severity level 1 2 3 4 5
Extremely 1 1 2 3 4 5
slight
slight 2 2 4 6 8 10

Major 3 3 6 9 12 15

Extremely 4 4 8 12 16 20
serious
Catastrophic 5 5 10 15 20 25
Risk Level Score Description and Actions
Low 1–3 It is a low-risk area within this range.This is an acceptable range.
Include the following:
• Inadequate lighting caused workers to knock down.
• Mild repair of slippery and slippery floors.
• Discomfort caused by unknown gas.
• Due to the hot weather, higher working temperatures in confined
spaces can cause minor heat stroke.
• Collision damage caused by narrow working environment.
Medium 4 – 10 It belongs to the medium risk area in this range.This is a range that needs
regular review
Including the following:
• As the liquid level in the confined space increases, people at work
are drowned or workers are deprived of oxygen.
• Inhalation of dust can cause respiratory diseases.
• Workers enter the confined space alone without qualified guards
outside.
• Inhalation of unknown gas without performing space inspection
before work can cause dizziness or death.
• When working in a confined space, toxic gas suddenly volatilized..
High 11 – Within this range is the highest risk area.This is an unacceptable range.
25 Including the following:
• In the case of insufficient ventilation, many workers did not bring
breathing devices into confined spaces to work, and many people
died due to lack of oxygen.
• There is flammable gas in the confined space, and workers burn
and weld in the confined space, causing an explosion.
• Entering an underground confined space under heavy rain, the
liquid level suddenly expanded and drowned.
• When an accident occurred in a confined space, emergency
rescuers outside did not use appropriate tools to rescue or notify
the supervisor, resulting in many deaths.
• Before entering the confined space, four-in-one gas detection was
not used to check the gas composition of the confined space.
Workers were poisoned or lacked oxygen and died after entering.
HAZARD DESCRIPTION ORIGINAL RISK CURRENT RISK Risk Monitoring

Risk Hazard Location Cause(s) of Consequences (Maximum Severit Probabilit Risk Risk Existing Risk Control Measures
ID Description Probable Losses) y (S) y (P) Rating Ranking Implemented
Hazard
(R = S
Descrip Individual Severity x P) Date Reviewed Next Review Date Remark
tion of
Impact
Areas
1 Hazards of Confined The working Confin Extremely slight 1 3 3 LOW 1) Try to replace manual 20/9/202 27/9/202 Need to
manual environment in a handling operations with 0 0 constantly
Space ed
handling confined space is mechanical equipment. supervise
operations generally narrow Space 2) Provide workers with proper workers' working
and requires a lot physical handling training. conditions
of manual 3) Increase workers' rest times.
operation, which
is easy to strain
and strain

2 Mechanica Confined Damaged by Confin slight 2 3 6 Medium 1) The dangerous parts of the 20/9/202 27/9/202 Check the
l hazard dangerous parts machine should be equipped 0 0 operating
Space ed
such as belts, with appropriate safety condition of
shafts and gears Space guards. rotating tools
when touching 2) Machines not in use should
various be cut off and locked
equipment
3 The harm Confined Make employees Confin Major 3 3 9 Medium 1) If you fail to use low-noise 20/9/202 27/9/202 Use the detection
of noise hearing impaired machinery, you should 0 0 tool to check．
Space ed
and deaf. arrange your working hours
Space to reduce the noise dose.
2) Ensure workers use proper
ear protection.

4 The harm Confined Electric shock. Confin Extremely serious 5 4 20 High 1) Try to reduce the voltage or 20/9/202 27/9/202 Check the safety
of use a battery. 0 0 status of power
Space ed
electricity 2) Electrical connection to tools
Space "ground wire".
3) Set up leakage circuit
breaker.
5 Risk of Confined Workers cleaning Confin Catastrophic 5 5 25 High 1) Workers should wear life 20/9/202 27/9/202 Always pay
drowning large water tanks ed jackets and be equipped with 0 0 attention to
Space
or working in appropriate rescue water level
large water Space equipment. changes and pay
pipelines are in 2) Before starting work, make attention to the
danger of sure that the water delivery valve normally
drowning. valve is locked. closed
QUESTION 4)
legal requirements of occupational safety related to lifting operations:

ommonly used in construction sites and other industrial operations

Transportation and lifting operations. In recent years, there have been many serious accidents
involving the use of truck-mounted cranes.
Occurs during operation. The common causes of these accidents are: no safety procedures have
been developed for lifting operations.
Operating system, poor maintenance, improper crane operation and lack of stability.

This guideline provides practical guidelines for the Soviet Union on how to use truck-mounted
cranes safely and correctly.
Assist the responsible person to prevent accidents when using truck-mounted cranes and use
them in industrial operations
When truck cranes are used, comply with the "Factory and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance"
(Chapter 59) and the "Factory and Industrial
Business Operations (Lifting Appliances and Lifting Gear) Regulations.

Responsibilities and qualifications of related parties

owner:
1. For truck-mounted cranes to carry out lifting operations, the owner shall comply with
the "Factory and Industrial Operations (CraneThe General Responsibilities and Code of
Practice of the “Factory and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance”.
2. The owner should ensure that all lifting personnel understand that it is necessary to use
truck-mounted cranes for lifting in the workplace.Safe working system designed for
transportation operations. The relevant lifting personnel should also be provided with
information about the safety.The information, guidance and training required by the
working system and adequate supervision.
3. In order to clearly define the responsibility for safety among the responsible persons,
appendices 1 and 2 respectively list the total.Examples of roles and responsibilities
between contractors, lifting sub-contractors and actual crane owners. Total the
contractor should take safety measures including Appendix 1. Lifting sub-contractors
and physical cranes the owner should take safety measures including Appendix II.
Appointed officer:
1. The owner shall appoint a qualified person as the lifting supervisor in writing to directly
supervise the entire lifting Shipped work.
2. Lifting supervisors should have received proper training and sufficient experience in
supervising lifting operations to perform the duties competently. His responsibility is to
ensure that the lifting plan is fully implemented and at the same time responsible Issue
a lifting permit.
Crane operator:
1. Have reached the age of 18 and hold a certificate issued by the Construction
Industry Training Authority before January 1, 2008 or a valid certificate issued by the
 Construction Industry Council or other person specified by the Commissioner for Labour
("Work Plants and Industrial Undertakings (Lifting Appliances and Lifting Gear)
Regulations, section 15A(1))
2. Fully understand the duties of a slinger, and be familiar with the hand numbers shown in
Table 1 in the Code of Practice, so that Safely execute the instructions of the appointed
officer/lift supervisor/slinger/signaler.
3. Has received sufficient training on the type of cranes he operates, and has Sufficient
knowledge of safety equipment.

Signaller:
1. Over 18 years old.
2. Fully understand the hand numbers shown in Table 1 in the Code of Practice, and be
able to clearly and accurately convey Instructions for requesting work.
3. Make yourself easy for crane operators to see.
4. Fully understand the radio communication signals between the persons concerned.

Site preparation before lifting operation:

(a) The ground selected as the lifting area should be solid and flat.
(b) The lifting area should be suitable for carrying out the lifting operation.
(c) Lifting devices, equipment and accessories should be suitable for carrying out the lifting
operation.
(d) Adequate safety protection measures should be taken to deal with nearby dangers.
(e) All lifting areas should be enclosed with fences/obstacles and display appropriate warnings
notice.
(f)Should be operators, signallers, slingers and other assistance in lifting operations
Personnel provide the required personal protective equipment, such as safety with chin strap
helmets, safety shoes, reflective vests and communication equipment.
(g)A valid lifting permit should be obtained before carrying out lifting operations.

Inspection before crane lifting:

1)At least one qualified person must conduct a comprehensive inspection of the crane every
week check. also attention should be paid to all installations, fixings and structural parts.

2)When performing the above visual inspection, it is recommended to use the "check sheet".
Should refer to construction Safety Reminder No. 001/16 "Truck Crane
"Checklist before use" and its updated version (if any). When eligible Guidelines for Safe Use of
Truck-mounted Cranes 21 the person who cannot find the defective place during the weekly
inspection must obtain the person submits an inspection certificate in an approved format
stating that the crane is in a safe operation status.

Provide a safe passage:

1)A safe passage and emergency escape route must be provided in the lifting area and
maintained its good condition, including the operating position and the deck of the truck, as well
as for inspection, additional channels for maintenance and repair of truck cranes.
2)It must be ensured that the rotating or moving parts of the truck crane are in contact with the
guardrail, fence or keep an unobstructed passage no less than 600 mm wide between the
fixtures. Such as in some places such a passage cannot be maintained, then when the truck
crane is anyone should be prevented from entering the place when using it.
About the removal of site materials:
Because the debris were mainly loose and heavy materials including bricks;earth;damaged
pipe;other rubbish.So we need a safe way to lift materials.
1)Bind or fix the load firmly to prevent the load from slipping or shift.
2)Suspend the load firmly by appropriate methods ︐ to avoid imbalance danger of falling or
collision.
3)Keep away from dangerous locations︐ Use appropriate guide rope (tail rope) to control
The swing and rotation of the load.
4)When lifting loose materials "Use bucket or container " to prevent materials from falling.
5)For slender materials, two single slings can be used with double slings knot method (left) " or
double-bundle basket knot method (right) in addition, the ends of the load should be made of
steel wire or tighten the material with sufficient strength .