Fossilised river bed ripples can be used to work out the direction of ancient river flows

From: kutchsciencefoundation@hotmail.com

Recent interest of geologists to investigate the origin of life and human origin in Kutch: After long
discussions (see below attached mail contents) and with a joint expeditions with experience retired
palaeontologists, some geologist are convinced to do further research in this matter that KUTCH is not only a
JURASSIC time land but also existed well before in the pre Jurassic time as well. As well as Human origin
can be traced back to 4-5 million years back in Kutch.

Dr Sringarpure, a retired palaeontologist when visited Kutch in 2007 and joined me to expedition in Khatrod
Hill range. He also desired to visit Hominid foot print area and Fossilised River areas in Gangeshwar dome
region. BUT time was not permitting and dark is not worth attempting as day light is essential for such study
expeditions. During his last visit to Kutch he expressed his desire for further investigation in this matter
again.

Rivers of Kutch: - We believe that ancient rivers of Kutch are what we see them to days. But in reality it is not
the Fact. Those rivers are formed later when main land of Kutch was come out of the waters of the sea. But
there are some older rivers of the main land of the KUTCH which are fossilised after the main land of the
KUTCH has gone down the water of sea.

The direction of fossilised river bed ripples can be used to work out the direction of ancient
river flows. Dating can be done through stratigraphy and analysis of zircon fission tracks.
Seismic sensing allows probing of the crust. Direct measurement of the amount of folding
tells us whether compression alone can explain the uplift of the Hills of the Gangeshwar dome
area.

River was flowing from north to south to wards the Arabic sea from the North plains of Khatrod Hill range to
the south – when there was no KHATROD hill formation (pre Jurassic) and was sea water south of the
Khatrod region in the PRE JURASSIC times. (This geological time study for KUTCH has not been done
before as it was believed that Kutch did not exist before pre Jurassic times as Cambrian fossils are not
abundant in Kutch) Else, why the fossilised river flow was indicative of river flow to south is found layers
below JURASSIC marine fossils?

Upper layers are holding clues of Jurassic sea fossils and also Decomposed LAND wood fossils, suggesting
that after a Jurassic period again Land of Kutch Has gone down to sea water and what we sea today is the
Latest land of dome came out of the sea after Jurassic time. (MANY wood fossils have been collected and
Plenty are in abundance in hills of Kharod)

Chronological process of Prints on mud of that river bank are also fossilised:

During the water flow (present fossilised River of Gangeshwar) river bank of river side was Muddy and prints
on the Mud are preserved in mud, dried and hardened. Dried river bed ripples are also dried and hardened.
Later Covered with dust and sand and river area has gone down the sea water with tectonic activity. Further
sedimentary layers are deposited.

With the further tectonic activity Land came out of the sea waters and formed the new hill range. As
weathering effect superficial younger soft layers have been washed away and old hardened fossilised layers
become bare to visible.

As further weathering effects parts of exposed layer which are pressed hard with pressure of creature walks,
Had compact granules and more harder than the rest of the part, And well preserved AGAINST these weather
effects and soft feeling dust layers – softly packed fossilised feeling of such prints are washed earlier to
expose clear views of exposed prints of creature’s foot prints. And many a times we sea a honeycomb
appearance and weathering effect of fossilised layers.
Hominid Foot prints found in older layers may have been formed later in the geological process but the
study of Photomicrographs and infrared photography is required so that to eliminate that there were
no signs of carving or artificial markings in or around the prints. A study of microscopic count of sand
grains is also required so indicating that the material within the prints had been impacted, and created
as the result of a force pressing down on the firmament while it was soft.
These facts show that the prints were made by the natural result of pressure from the human foot, and
in no way could have been duplicated by carving nor only the phenomena of honeycomb appearance as
the study of Photomicrographs and infrared photography can differentiate the compact sand particles
under the pressure points which are not in honeycomb pattern appearance.
Many geologists and palaeontologists do visit with curiosity of the specimen and the subject but have no
background of study of Photomicrographs and infrared photography and its geological/paleontological
applications so do not have any clue or chance to study those subjects in that angle of research.
Unfortunately lack of recourses and facility for such a research.

Other fossil layers: Land has become a vegetative land and trees and forest has grown in the area. Land has
gone down to sea water again and as a result we get sea water animal fossils of different young age time.

Phase Two Fossils: Burroughs Conjecture

The most cogent explanation of anomalous fossil footprints is perhaps offered by Dr.
William Greely Burroughs, of Berea College in Kentucky. Dr. Burroughs conjecture is that a
depression in fossil-bearing rock may, long after the original fossils have been formed, be
filled with a sediment that in its turn may also become the medium in which the impression
of a footprint or the body of a creature is fossilized. When this second period of fossilization
is complete the newly formed rock may be indistinguishable from the older formation, and
the new fossils may appear to have formed at the same time as those which are much older.
Thus, several fossilization processes may wind up looking like a footprint made at the same
time. This is undoubtedly the case in many instances, but the theory is lacking in several
respects. Firstly, fossilized human footprints have been found deep within rocks that show
no evidence of discontinuous formation, not just at the junction of sedimentary layers.
Secondly, out of place fossils are often inconsistent not only with the ages of associated
fossils but also with the rock strata and the age conventionally ascribed to them.

HUMAN BONE FOSSILS and differentiation from rest of animal kingdom bone fossils: - We have sample fossil
of part of the of Human Ulna bone. But that’s not sufficient to claim the Human evolution in Kutch. We need to
make sufficient research for the differentiations of fossilised bones of hominid and animals (Apes). We need
to search more and particularly for skull or face bones, to come to conclusion of Hominid evolution in Kutch.

Dear EDITORIALS, Friends of the Science, History, palaeontology and Geology,

ISOTOPIC FINGERPRINTS OF MICROBIAL RESPIRATION IN ARAGONITE FROM

MODERN STROMATOLITES

Stromatolites have green bacteria which creates oxygen by photosynthesis like process with
help of the sunlight. and developed before more than 2bn years ago. later they were fossilised
and fossils of such stromatolites are actual ancestors of such microbial bacteria in
stromatolites.

According to the Geologist Martin van Kranendonk there are only two such places of stromatolite fossils
in the world, PERTH 1600km from north Autralia and Bahamian. But None have visited/and
researched of KUTCH stromatolites fossils and live stromatolites of bay of kutch so MOST of are
unaware of the place.
Proofs of the Evolution of life on the Earth (cradle of life on the EARTH) was ALSO in the KUTCH as in
Australia. As Kutch and Australia were joined in Gondwanaland of Pangaea super continent.

kuringai national park Australia is preserved by world heritage site and also
locations are kept secrete to preserve the location of the cradle of life.

More Information of Stromatolites @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite

'The Strombolites' was inspired by a visit to a lake south of Perth, one of two places in Australia where
'strombolites' can be seen. These are a kind of 'living' rock which date back to the dawn of life on Earth

Though geologist all over the world do visit to research in Kutch but Geological study has not been given
such a priority in KUTCH. Kutch do have fossilised strombolites in Gangeshwar dome area. when it was
under shalow sea water it has LIVING fossils at that time but later with the uplift of the area from the sea bed.
those fossils are plenty on the gangeshwar hill area.

Though Australians and Americans geologist has dome more to study similar fossils in PERTH of
AUSTRALIA. none of geologist has given the time to the strombolites foosils of Gangeshwar dome of
KUTCH. similarly Bay of Kutch is full of misteries. Diving in bay of kutch reveals a beutiful coral seabed and
planty of Living STROMATOLITES which are original organisms of the time of the evolution of life on
the Earth. picture of the BAY of kutch and Perth Australlia are attached along with gangeshwar dome
strombolites fossils in KUTCH

Which proves the KUTCH land formation is since the LIFE evolved on the Earth and well beyond the time we think. and need more
study of the fossil records. Documentary film for this subject is available for reference study in the Geological Library of KUTCH
SCIENCE FOUNDATION Geological section.

Geology Department, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, sumner@geology.ucdavis.edu and ANDRES, Miriam S.,
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149

In honor of Prof. Ginsburg and the numerous insightful conversations we have had with him, we present new results on processes
causing lithification in modern Bahamian stromatolites. As Ginsburg has argued for longer than we have been scientists,
understanding how modern stromatolites or “strombolites” form and lithify is critical to properly interpreting the origins of ancient
stromatolites. Microbial roles in stromatolite lithification can be traced in carbonates because microbial communities produce carbon
isotopic shifts when they cycle local DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon). Thus, the isotopic composition of carbonates can record
ancient microbial CO2 cycling, providing insights into the processes of stromatolite growth and microbial influences on carbonate
chemistry.

In shallow subtidal modern stromatolites from Highborne Cay, Bahamas, authigenic aragonite preserves a carbon isotopic record of
heterotrophic microbial influences on DIC; authigenic aragonite is >1 per mil depleted in 13C relative to aragonite that precipitated in
equilibrium with local seawater. Even though cyanobacteria raise pH during peak photosynthesis, more aragonite precipitates when
and where respiration influences local DIC. These results are consistent with 1) sulfate reduction promoting carbonate precipitation
and 2) calcium release during decay of exopolymeric substances as previously reported. Thus, heterotrophs play a more important
role than phototrophs in Bahamian stromatolite lithification on a local scale. However, organic matter produced by cyanobacteria
supports the heterotrophic community. Thus, the absence of an autotrophic isotopic signature in the rock record cannot imply the
absence of photosynthetic activity.

Heterotrophic signatures may also be difficult to observe in ancient stromatolites. With continued lithification, the 1-2‰ δ13C shifts will
be diluted by carbonate precipitation during early diagenesis and burial. Thus, microbial isotopic signatures in shallow subtidal
stromatolites are only likely to be identified in exceptional circumstances. Identifying ancient microbial signatures will require careful
sampling to separate carbonate components with different isotopic signatures and carbonates that precipitated on the spatial scales
influenced by microbial communities.

If you are just waiting to hear for the Hominid Fossils found in the KUTCH, your wish will be
completed very soon in near future! Teams are working to get the perfect evidence proofs and soon
reach to conclusion to clear the confusions.

Do not be surprised if you get good views of unexpected HOMINID fossil find in the KUTCH of
GUJARAT INDIA. Though most of the geologist sticks to the Darwinian beliefs, But that’s not the
complete truth and that’s the reality that Darwinian theory is not the complete science of creation of
the GOD.
Many of the geologist are in favour of the New Study Supporting the Idea That Primates and Dinosaurs
Coexisted. And many geologists do stay away from those Geologist but must not afraid of these but
dare to read their finding facts too.

GEOLOGIST opposing those viws must read the BOOK about the hominid evolution, the canals
studied of many living primates, 'Review of Forbidden Archaeology: The Hidden History of the Human
Race.'

Books and Documentry Filming evedenses are avilable for reference ONLY at out Science library
geology sections.

MANY GEOLOGISTS LAUGHed when first news of fossils of GIANTS CROCODILION published
very first time just after the KUTCH EARTHQUAKE in 2001. But now atleast FOUR crocodillion
fossil specimens are discoverd from Kutch sediments. Though many have not visited those
museum places to see them may be lack of information to them.

But here is details of those 1) in PANDHROW Mine GEOLOGY MUSEUM at PANDROW - KUTCH
@ http://wikimapia.org/#lat=23.6896473&lon=68.7201691&z=14&l=0&m=a&v=2&search=Panandhro

2) Bharatiya SANSKRITI DARSHAN Museum of BHUJ - SPECIMAN PICTURES MAP AND

LOACTION @
http://wikimapia.org/#lat=23.241982&lon=69.6648324&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2&show=/884307/Bharatiy
a-Sankriti-Darsan-Museum

3) specimen is under process of retrieving and the

4) the very first and the BIGGEST OF ALL is been destroyed due to lack to understand the preserving
the precious fossil treasere.

Geo ARCHEOLOGICAL LIBRARY LISTING of KUTCH SCIENCE FOUNDATION DIGITAL

LIBRARY

15) 100s of Books of Archaeological library WITH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHEOLOGY ,

Forbidden archaeology including Civilisation and DHOLAVIRA video library, INCA, MAYA,
EGYPT, INDUS etc.

16) 100s of Books of Geological Science Library including fossils and DINO fossils complete sets of
Photographic libraries INCLUDING Forbidden Geology, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOLOGY. including
video library INCLUDING Forbidden Geology video.

Many doubts were raised when ETV and Bombay SAMACHAR broadcasted the following news, with
doubt that the PURVA - Aadi MANAV ancestor was not existing at that time but now the skeleton
evidence came out that the ancestor missing link was there at that time before (about 22 to 5.5 million years
ago) between 11 and 16 million years ago.

The partial skeleton of this 13-million-year-old 'missing link' was found by palaeontologists working at
a dig site near Barcelona in Spain.

That time matches with the Rameshwarm bridge and RAMAVATAR and Koteshwar - RAVANa
History (Tretauga), means Formation of MONKEY and Apes army formation by DEVAs. that
will rule out all the doubts raised for the PURVA - Aadi MANAV.

New Study Supports Idea That Primates, Dinosaurs Coexisted !!!!

Sientists have acquired new data supporting the idea that the last ancestor shared by all living primates
walked with the dinosaurs more than 80 million years ago. The results came from a new technique used
to reconstruct the course of animal evolution.

Previously, opposing scientific camps estimated that the animal that gave rise to the primates lived as
recently as 55 million years ago and as long ago as 90 million years. The newly proposed date is closer
to the older end of the range.
That's significant because the older estimate, which was derived from studies based on molecular
genetics, identifies the earliest primates as contemporaries of the dinosaurs. The younger date, which
was based on fossil records, represents a period after the dinosaurs had already become extinct. 'Our
results agree broadly with a molecular estimate [and] contradict widely accepted palaeontological
estimates,' Simon Tavaré of the University of Southern California and his colleagues reported in the
journal Nature. Their finding sprang from a scientific collaboration that straddled the fields of biology
and mathematics and spanned research centers from California to the Swiss Alps. Working with
colleagues from Harvard University, the University of Washington, Chicago's Field Museum, and
institutions in England and Switzerland, Tavaré used a novel mathematical approach to help answer a
major piece of the evolutionary puzzle. Past Views The search for the first primate—that is, the last
animal to have been an ancestor of all members of the primate family tree—has long intrigued
scientists and others interested in humanity's evolutionary origins. From the oldest known fossil
remains of primates, paleontologists have determined that some ancient members of our evolutionary
family lived and died at least as far back as 55 million years ago. Fossils alone, however, cannot disclose
precisely when members of the last common ancestral species began to segregate into distinct
populations that eventually gave rise to the modern array of some 200 primate species. That's because
the fossil record is incomplete. Paleontologists can't tell how close any particular specimen was to the
progenitor of the primates. So, to approach the problem from another angle, scientists in the field of
molecular genetics have compared subtle differences in the DNA of living primates.

Geneticists can tell how recently two species diverged from a common ancestor from information etched in
the organisms' genes: The fewer differences researchers find between two genetic codes, the more recently the
species parted evolutionary company.

Using this method, geneticists have concluded that about 90 million years have elapsed since all living
primates shared their last common ancestor.

Based on such studies, evolutionary biologists such as Pennsylvania State University's Blair Hedges believe
that early primates lived alongside the great reptiles. '[Primates and other] major groups of mammals evolved
for tens of millions of years before the dinosaurs became extinct,' Hedges said. That mass extinction occurred
about 65 million years ago. Fleshing out the Fossil Record

To reconcile the genetics-based date with the comparatively young estimates of palaeontologists, Tavares and
his colleagues fashioned an evolutionary tree of the primates as it's known from fossils.
Not wanting to depend entirely on what palaeontologists have turned up, the researchers then fleshed out the
rudimentary tree with educated guesswork. They used mathematical equations to predict how many species of
primates are not represented in the fossil record, and to predict when and for how long those species may have
lived.

The resulting model—based loosely on hard evidence but expanded to take into account species that lived and
died out but remain unknown to science—suggests that the earliest primate lived about 81.5 million years ago,
long before the age of the oldest fossils uncovered by palaeontologists.

'Naturally,' said Hedges, 'I am pleased with this result because it shows agreement with our molecular-clock
studies.' Tavares’s team suggested that the earliest primates might have been small, nocturnal creatures that
inhabited tropical forests. But, assuming they did exist that long ago, numerous forms could have evolved
prior to the fateful cataclysm that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
That event, presumably caused by a giant impact from outer space, didn't wipe out all primates living at the
time, but probably spared relatively few of them, Tavares theorized. Those primates that survived would have
subsequently evolved into myriad species.

'Of course, this is all speculation,' Tavares acknowledged. 'We have not found any fossils in that bin yet.'
In fact, scientists may never know how these proposed lost kin of ours looked—or be certain they existed at
all—unless palaeontologists someday recover fossilized remains.

By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA .

President:' Kutch Science Foundation'.
Founder :' Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch '.
Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India & KUTCH science
foundation and ALSO JOIN US.