NOTA KULIAH

SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BOLA SEPAK

KOKURIKULUM UKM
SEMESTER 1

OLEH
ZAKARIA YUSOF

2008

1
A short history of football (soccer)

Sketch of an early university match

INTRODUCTION

The International Football Association Board (IFAB) may possess a proud reputation
as having preserved the foundations of the game as it enters a third century, but there
are still a few things about the way football was once played that might raise a few
eyebrows...

1. During the very first international football match between Scotland and England in
1872, players not only wore “knickerbockers” or long pants but bobble hats or caps
too. The head dresses were a normal part of the footballing attire at the time and lasted
well into the 20th century.

2. Balls were not exactly round when the first club and country matches took
place. A pig’s bladder was blown up like a balloon, tied at the ends and placed
inside a leather case, affording it an egg shape. The discovery of Indian rubber
in the 1860s gave the ball greater roundness.

3. While it is true footballs of yesteryear gained weight in wet conditions, they

were in fact lighter than today’s ball. In 1889, the spherical object used had to be
between 12-15 ounces (340 – 425 grams) but this increased to 14-16 ounces
(397 -454 grams) in 1937.

A painting of one of the

first international
matches

2
4. In the FA rules of 1863, there was no mention of a crossbar. As in rugby today,
a goal could be scored at any height as long as the ball went between the sticks
or posts. A tape was used to close the goal during the first internationals before a
crossbar replaced it in 1875.

5. Mob football, a descendant of the modern game, stormed into England around
the 12th Century and caught on to such an extent it was banned by Royal decree
by many kings and queens. It was a violent game in which “murder and
manslaughter” were allegedly the only barriers to transporting the ball to village
ends. King Henry VIII, however, is believed to have been a keen player.

6. Contrary to some beliefs, football was very much an upper class sport in
England during its infancy. The rules of the game were largely drafted by
students belonging to public schools and universities. The working class adopted
the sport during the late 19th Century.

7. The first meeting of the Football Association on 26 October 1863 in London did
not end in total agreement among the 12 attendees. One club walked out,
refusing to accept the non-inclusion of hacking (kicking below the knee) among
the original rules.

8. Early football tactics resembled those of today’s rugby. Teams were top-heavy
with forwards and because of the offside law, which prevented advanced players
touching the ball, attacking often meant players grouping or scrimmaging
together around the ball to move it towards goal.

A deflated leather ball used during matches played in the 19th Century

9. Penalties or referees found no place in the original rules of the game. Gentlemen
would never intentionally foul, it was assumed. In fact debating techniques were
almost as important as ball skills in those days as players could appeal against
decisions first to captains and then to umpires before referees, named so because
they had originally been referred to by umpires, found their place on the pitch in
1891.

3
10. It was only in the 20th Century that the penalty spot was introduced. In the
decade before penalties, originally called the kick of death, could be taken
anywhere along a line 12-yards from goal.

11. The word soccer does not come from the United States but was a term used by
public school and university students, most notably at Oxford, in the 19th
Century to shorten the new game “Association Football”. The predilection to
shorten words with “er” extended to Rugby too, known as rugger.

12. Many of football’s terms and expressions are of military origin: defence, back
line, offside, winger, forward, attack, etc.

13. The FA’s 1863 rules of the game permitted the use of handling. Although a
player could not handle the ball if it was on the ground, he was able to catch it in
the air and make a mark to gain a “free” kick, which opposing players were not
allowed to charge down.

14. There were no David Beckhams or Roberto Carlos’ before 1927 as goals could
not be scored from direct free kicks.

15. Goalkeepers, in their own half, could handle the ball both inside and outside the
penalty area before 1912.

16. London’s Kensington High Street traffic lights are the inspiration for the red and
yellow cards used in today’s game. English referee and then FIFA’s Head of
Refereeing Ken Aston was driving through central London thinking of ways to
better illustrate a caution or sending off when the change of green to yellow to
red of the lights gave him the idea.

Early Shinpads were manufactured from those used for cricket

17. Before 1913 when a corner was taken, instead of deciding on an inswinger,
outswinger or taking a short one, there was nothing to stop a player dribbling the
ball by himself. The rules were changed after several players teed themselves up
before scoring.

4
18. Not surprisingly with hacking only a thing of the recent past, shin pads or guards
were first permitted in the rules as early as 1874. They first appeared as a cut
down version of the cricket pad.

19. The first act of a goalkeeper on a Saturday morning was not always to throw
open the doors of his wardrobe before selecting his mood colour that day. Back
in 1909, he was given a choice of royal blue, white or scarlet. If a goalkeeper
became his country’s number 1 in 1921, he wore yellow.

20. Referees attempted to catch up with play around the turn of the century decked
in black trousers, blazer and bow tie!

5
 FIFA WORLD CUP
Number of Score
Final
Which Year Host City Teams 2nd Place at Note
Winner- Score
Participating Half
Champion
1. 1930 Uruguay Montevideo 13 Uruguay Argentina 4:2 1:2
2. 1934 Italy Rome 16 Italy Czechoslovakia 1:1 0:0 2:1*
3. 1938 France Paris 15 Italy Hungary 4:2 3:1
Rio de
4. 1950 Brazil
Janeiro
13 Uruguay Brazil 2:1 0:0

5. 1954 Switzerland Bern 16 Germany Hungary 3:2 2:2

6. 1958 Sweden Stockholm 16 Brazil Sweden 5:2 2:1
7. 1962 Chile Santiago 16 Brazil Czechoslovakia 3:1 1:1
8. 1966 England London 16 England Germany 2:2 1:1 4:2*
9. 1970 Mexico Mexico City 16 Brazil Italy 4:1 1:1
10. 1974 Germany Munchen 16 Germany Netherlands 2:1 2:1
Buenos
11. 1978 Argentina
Aires
16 Argentina Netherlands 1:1 1:1 3:1*

12. 1982 Spain Madrid 24 Italy Germany 3:1 0:0

13. 1986 Mexico** Azteca 24 Argentina Germany 3:2 1:0
14. 1990 Italy** Rome 24 Germany Argentina 1:0 0:0
15. 1994 USA Los Angeles 24 Brazil Italy 0:0 0:0 3:2*
16. 1998 France** Paris 32 France Brazil 3:0 2:0

17. 2002 Korea/Japan Yokohama 32 Brazil Germany 2:0 0:0

18. 2006 Germany** Munchen 36 Italy France 2:1 1:1

*denotes extra time and/or penalty kicks required

**denotes host for a second time

Questions 1
1. Which country has won the World Cup the most times?
2. Which countries have played in the Final the most times?
3. Which countries have hosted the World Cup more than once?
4. How many final games have ever been tied after regulation time and required overtime
and/or penalty kicks?
5. There has been only one final game in which neither team could score, including
overtime. What year and what teams?
6. Only once in World Cup History has a team which was behind at half-time came back
in the second half to win the game. Which team and what year?

6
7. Both teams usually score in the Final. Only twice did a losing team go scoreless and
lose in regulation time. Which teams and what years?

Question 2
1. According to Law 4 ( the Players' Equipment),
a. shinguards are forbidden
b. shinguards are optional
c. shinguards are compulsory

2. A player who is required to leave the field of play to correct his equipment
a. must return within two minutes
b. can not re-enter the field without the referee's permission
c. can not play for the rest of the half

3. A player who is required to leave the field of play because of an infringement of this
Law and who enters (or re-enters) the field of play without the referee's permission
a. is shown the yellow card
b. is shown the red card
c. is suspended for one game

4. The Referee
a. stops the match immediately if anyone appears to be injured
b. stops the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensures that he is
removed from the field of play
c. stop the match if the spectators and coaches yell about injuries

5. The Referee
a. allows play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player, in his opinion, is only
slightly injured.
b. allows play to continue for ten seconds after an injury.
c. allows play to continue until blood is visible.

6. If team officials do not conduct themselves in a responsible manner, the referee may, at
his discretion
a. award a free kick to the opposing team
b. expel them from the field of play and its immediate surrounds
c. suspend them for a maximum of two games.

7. If a referee has not seen an incident, he

a. seeks advice from the coaches
b. seeks advice from the assistant referee
c. stops the game and interrogates the players.