COMPLETING SENTENCE

Rule 1: Too……….to
Incomplete sentence G adjective / adverb Gi c~‡e© too _vK‡j Incomplete sentence Gi †k‡l to + GKwU A_©en
verb ewm‡q sentence wU complete Ki‡Z nq|
Structure: sub + verb + too + adj /adv + to + verb
Example: He is too weak to walk.
I am too ill to play football.

Rule 2: so………..that
Incomplete sentence G so Gi ci adj / adv _vK‡j Zvi ci that + subject + cannot/could not + GKwU A_©en
verb e‡m|
Example: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
The girl was so poor that she could not buy a book.

Rule 3: so that (hv‡Z)

Incomplete sentence G so that _vK‡j Zvi ci cÖ_g sub + may/ might / could + verb e‡m|
Example: He works hard so that he can shine in life.
They played well so that they could win the game.

Rule 4: In order that (hv‡Z)

Example: He went to market in order that he could buy a book.
I work hard in order that I can shine in life.

Rule 5: Provided / provided that / Providing that (hw`)

Incomplete sentence G Provided / provided that / Providing that _vK‡j GKwU A_©en sentence ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
Example: He will help me provided I help him.
I shall go to school providing that it does not rain.

Rule 6: Lest ( cv‡Q fq nq ‡h / Zvbvn‡j)

Lest GKwU negative word. lest Gi ci cÖ_g subject + should / might + m½wZc~Y© verb e‡m|
Example: Walk fast lest you might miss the train.
Read attentively lest you might fail in the exam.

Rule 7: Unless (hw`bv)

Unless hy³ Incomplete sentence ‡K complete Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU A_c~Y© sentence ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
Example: Unless you work hard, you can not shine in life.
Wait here unless I phone you.

Rule 8: Till / Until (hZ¶b bv ch©š—)

Till / Until hy³ incomplete sentence ‡K complete Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi mv‡_ GKwU c~©Yv½ sentence ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| till /
until Gi c‡ii Ask positive nq|
Example: Wait here till I come back.
I will be playing football until you come.

Rule 9: As long as ( hZ¶Y / ZZ¶b)

As long as hy³ Incomplete sentence ‡K complete Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi mv‡_ GKwU m½wZc~Y© sentence ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
Example: Wait here as long as he comes.
Work attentively as long as you can.
Rule 10: Though / Although (hw`I)
Though / Although hy³ Incomplete sentence ‡K complete Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU A_©mn sentence ‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example: Although I ran fast, I could not catch the bus.
Though he is poor, he is honest.

Rule 11: Since / As

Since / as hy³ Incomplete sentence ‡K complete Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU A_©en sentence emv‡Z n‡e|
Example: Since I am ill I cannot work.
As he was weak, he could not run fast.

Rule 12: In spite of / despite (m‡Z¡I)

In spite of / despite hy³ Incomplete sentence ‡K complete Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi mv‡_ GKwU wecixZ A_©en sentence
‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example: In spite of his illness, he can walk fast.
Despite his poverty, he is happy.

Rule 13: Instead of / In lieu of (cwie‡Z©)

Instead of / In lieu of Øviv GKwUi cwie‡Z© Ab¨wUi cQ›` / †e‡Q †bIqv‡K eySvq|
Example: He took milk instead of water.
They ate meat in lieu of fish.

Rule 14: Because of / on account of / Owing of / Due to (R‡b¨ ev Kvi‡Y)

Example: On account of his poverty he could not go to school.
We like the boy because of his honesty.

Rule 15: Had better (eis fvj / ZeyI fvj)

Had better Gi ci g~j verb Gi present form e‡m| had better Gi ci infinite to e‡mbv|
Example: I had better go there.
He had better read attentively.

Rule 16: As if / As though (‡hb)

As if / as though Gi 1g Ask present indefinite tense n‡j c‡iiwU Past indefinite tense nq| 1g Ask past tense
n‡j c‡iiwU past perfect tense nq|
Example: He takes as if he knew the matter.
He ran as though he had known the place.

Rule 17: Let alone (ejvB evûj&¨ / fvev hvq bv / wPš—v Kiv hvq bv)
Let alone mvavibZ negative A_© cÖKvk Kivi R‡b¨ e¨envi nq|
Example: He can not walk let alone run fast.
They do not invite me let alone my friends.

Rule 18: Would rather / Sooner……..than (eis / ZeyI)

Would rather / would sooner hy³ sentence G than e‡m|
Example: I would rather die than beg.
He would rather eat meat than fish.

Rule 19: No sooner had…….than, Scarcely had……..when, hardly had………when

No sooner had, Scarcely had, hardly had Gi ci g~j verb Gi ci Past participle e‡m I when / than Gi ci
g~j verb Gi Past indefinite tense nq|
Example: No sooner had he reached the station than the train arrived.
Rule 20: Without + Gerund
Without + Gerund Gi cieZx© sentence negative nq|
Example: Without reading more, you can not shine in life.
Without walking fast, you can not catch the bus.

Rule 21: By + Gerund

By + Gerund Gi cieZx© sentence positive nq|
Example: By reading attentively, You can pass in the examination.
By walking fast, you can catch the bus.

Rule 22: Would that / I wish

Mfxi B”Qv, AvKv•Lv cÖKvk Ki‡Z Would that / I wish e‡m| Gi Rb¨ subjunctive past tense nq|
Example: I wish I were a bird.
Would that he could go out.

Rule 23: Would you mind

Would you mind cÖavbZ f`ª fv‡e Aby‡iva Rvbv‡Z ev webxZ fv‡e ej‡Z e¨envi nq| would you mind Gi ci g~j verb
Gi mv‡_ ing nq|
Example: Would you mind Opening the window?
Would you mind taking a cup of tea?

Rule 24: Relative pronoun

Who e‡m e¨w³i Rb¨, which e‡m e¯‘yi Rb¨, when e‡m mg‡qi Rb¨, where e‡m ¯’v‡bi Rb¨, whom Kv‡K / Kvnv‡K,
whose Kvnvi / Kvi A‡_© e¨envi nq|
Example: I helped the boy who was very poor.
This is the pen which is mine.

Rule 25: If + present + future (shall / will)

If hy³ clause wU present indefinite tense n‡j principal clause wU future indefinite tense nq|
Example: If you help me, I will help you.
If he plays well, he will win the game.

Rule 26: If + Past tense + past conditional

If hy³ clause wU past indefinite n‡j principal clause wUi past conditional (Sub + would / might + could)
verb present form nq|
Example: If you helped me, I would help you.
If he played well, he would win the game.

Rule 27: If + past perfect tense + perfect conditional

If hy³ clause wU past perfect tense n‡j principal clause wUi perfect conditional sub + would have / should
have / might have + verb + past participle nq|
Example: If you had helped me, I would have helped you.
If he had played well, he would have won the game.

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Lecture Prepared by- M. ALIF AL ASIF (Dept. of IR, BUP)
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