Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies

&
School of Law
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Quality Institute
(Recognized by Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi)

Unit 3

Difference between the Standard Deviation of two samples from two

population- F- test
F distribution are used for testing the difference of variances of two populations where are
sample is chosen from each population.

s 12
F=
s 22

Where S1 and S2 are t1he variances of the two samples, one from each population.

σ 12
Ho: =1
σ 22

Example : Independent random samples were selected from two normally distributed
populations, n1= 13 from population 1 and n2= 11 from population 2. The mean and variances
calculated from these samples are shown here:

Sample 1 Sample 2
N1= 13 N2 = 11
Mean = 138.04 Mean = 132.7
S 12=15.80 S 22=18.77

Test the Null hypothesis Ho: σ 12 =σ 22against the alternative hypothesis H 1:σ 12 <σ 22 at a level
of significance α =0.05

Solution : Null Hypothesis : Ho: σ 12 =σ 22

Alternate Hypothesis : H 1:σ 12 <σ 22

Level of significance α =0.05

F with 10 and 12 degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator respectively

F = Large variance/ Smaller variance = S2/S1 = 1.188

 Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies
&
School of Law
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Quality Institute
(Recognized by Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi)

Unit 4

Report Writing

Meaning of Report

A research report is a written document that communicates the methods and

findings of a research study/project to others

The research report is the final stage of research which encompasses scientific and
professional communication of research procedure, analysis, findings and so forth.
It relates to all and any kind of research to be submitted and presented to the
concerned stakeholders. It is an indispensable task of every research work. It
requires certain skills, rules, and format suited for proper delivery in an orderly and
scientific manner. An effective report deserves uniformity, consistency and
regularity.

Purpose of Research report

 To provide the judgment tool for the judgment of quality and talent of
researcher within and outside the academia.
 To pertain the credibility of the research
 To develop standards, consolidate arguments and identify the knowledge
gaps.
 To provide the required vital information for management decision making
 To present the findings with or without the recommendations
 To evaluate the performance of various departments or units
 To present ones candidature for professional advancements
 To inform about what and how activities are happening which may or may
be according to plan.
 Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies
&
School of Law
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Quality Institute
(Recognized by Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi)

 To manage i.e to plan, organize, control. The manager needs information

from a report which is a source of evidence and guidance.
 To transmit information from one person to another or from one managerial
level to another. It is used as a mechanism of keeping both sides informed
about each other
 To provide interpretation and explanation of information. As a result,
readers can easily understands it
 To recommend natural actions or solutions to the problem
 To communicate with external stakeholders. In addition to internal use,
reports also communicate information to external stakeholders like
shareholders, creditors, suppliers, government officials.

Qualities of a Good report

A good report must possess the under mentioned qualities so as to meet the stated
objectives

 Properly defined objectives of the report

 Present accurate and proper information
 Present the contents to the required extent
 Neutral and based on actual facts
 Clarity of specific rules suitable to the specific type of report regarding the
structure, content, and style of the report
 Drafted maintaining simple and familiar language
 Attractive to the audience
 Include proper heading, signature of the reporter and the date of drafting
 Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies
&
School of Law
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Quality Institute
(Recognized by Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi)

Precautions for writing research reports

A good research report is one which communicates to the readers efficiently and
effectively. The researcher should consider the following so as to generate a good
report:

 Never write in haste

 Keep the language and method of presentation suited to the level of
intelligence and knowledge of the stakeholders
 Not too long or too short. It should be long enough to cover the subject but
short enough to maintain interest.
 Should not be dull. Pictures, graphs, and tables make it attractive and
provide ready availability of the findings
 Should have a proper layout in accordance with the objective of the study
 Should be free from grammatical mistakes
 Should be presented in proper order with all composite parts
 Should be original and not plagiarized
 Must contribute to the solution of a problem or existing literature
 Must clearly state the limitations and future scope of the study.