Memory

Information Processing Model

 Memory

A framework used by cognitive

psychologists to explain and describe
mental processes. The model likens the
thinking process to how a computer works
 Memory

Sensory Memory
 Memory

The shortest-term element of memory. It is

the ability to retain impressions of sensory
information after the original stimuli have
ended. Lasts 3-4 seconds
 Memory

Iconic Memory
 Memory

Visual aspect of sensory memory

 Memory

Echoic Memory
 Memory

Auditory aspect of sensory memory

 Memory

Working Memory
 Memory

Short term memory that is stored while it is

held in attention
 Memory

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
 Memory

A component of working memory

responsible for handling visual and spatial
information
 Memory

Phonological Loop
 Memory

A component of working memory that is

responsible for handling auditory and verbal
information, including language and music
 Memory

Central Executive
 Memory

Functions as a supervisory system that

controls information flow from and to its
hypothesized subordinate or "slave"
systems that are known as the phonological
loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the
episodic buffer
 Memory

Episodic Buffer
 Memory

Acts as a 'backup' store which

communicates with both long term memory
and the components of working memory
 Memory

Dual Coding Hypothesis

 Memory

States that it is easier to remember words

associated with images rather than either
alone
 Memory

Operation Span
 Memory

The maximum number of words than can be

recalled following a simple mathematical
verification and the reading of word
 Memory

Explicit Memory
 Memory

Consists of memories that require conscious

recall
 Memory

Semantic Memory
 Memory

General world knowledge that we have

accumulated throughout our lives
 Memory

Episodic Memory
 Memory

Memory of autobiographical events

 Memory

Implicit Memory
 Memory

Memory that does not require conscious

recall
 Memory

Procedural Memory
 Memory

Aids the performance of particular types of

tasks without conscious awareness of these
previous experiences
 Memory

Priming
 Memory

The implicit memory effect in which

exposure to a stimulus influences response
to a later stimulus
 Memory

Negative Priming
 Memory

Prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably

influences the response to the same
stimulus
 Memory

Positive Priming
 Memory

Prior exposure to a stimulus favorably

influences the response to the same
stimulus
 Memory

Autobiographical Memory
 Memory

A memory system consisting of episodes

recollected from an individual's life, based
on a combination of episodic and semantic
memory
 Memory

Encoding
 Memory

The process of receiving information and

preparing it for storage
 Memory

Effortful Encoding
 Memory

Encoding that requires attention and

conscious effort
 Memory

Automatic Encoding
 Memory

Encoding that does not require attention and

conscious effort
 Memory

Rote Rehearsal
 Memory

Saying something to oneself over and over

again
 Memory

Chunking
 Memory

A process by which individual pieces of

information are bound together into a
meaningful whole
 Memory

Mnemonic Devices
 Memory

A technique that aids in memory recall

 Memory

Pegword System
 Memory

Associates numbers with items that rhyme

with or resemble the number
 Memory

Method of loci
 Memory

Associates each item in a list with a location

along a route through a building that has
already been memorized
 Memory

Self-Reference Effect
 Memory

The tendency for individuals to best recall

information that they can relate to their own
experiences
 Memory

Spacing Eeffect
 Memory

The phenomenon of retaining larger

amounts of information when the amount of
time between sessions of relearning is
increases
 Memory

Retrieval
 Memory

The process of demonstrating that

information has been retained in memory;
includes recall, recognition, and relearning
 Memory

Context Effect
 Memory

A retrieval cue by which memory is aided

when a person is in the location where
encoding took place
 Memory

State-Dependent Mmemory
 Memory

A retrieval cue by which memory is aided

when a person is in the same state of
emotion or intoxication as when the
encoding took place
 Memory

Free Recall
 Memory

The retrieval of memory without the help of

cues
 Memory

Cued Recall
 Memory

The retrieval of memory with the help of

cues
 Memory

Serial-Position Effect
 Memory

The tendency to better remember items

presented at the beginning or end of a list
 Memory

Primacy Effect
 Memory

Results in a subject recalling primary

information presented better than
information presented later on
 Memory

Recency Effect
 Memory

Results in a subject recalling information

presented later on better than primary
information
 Memory

Source Monitoring Error

 Memory

A memory error by which a person

remembers the details of an event but
confuses the context by which the details
were gained
 Memory

Source Amnesia
 Memory

The inability to remember where, when or

how previously learned information has
been acquired, while retaining the factual
knowledge
 Memory

Flashbulb Memories
 Memory

A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid

'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances
in which a piece of surprising and
consequential (or emotionally arousing)
news was heard
 Memory

Long-Term Potentiation
 Memory

The strengthening of neural connections due

to rehearsal or relearning
 Memory

Decay
 Memory

The fading of memory due to the passing of

time
 Memory

Retroactive Interference
 Memory

Difficulty recalling old information because of

newly learned information
 Memory

Proactive Interference
 Memory

Difficulty recalling new information because

of already existing information
 Memory

Retrograde Amnesia
 Memory

The loss of previously formed memories

 Memory

Anterograde Amnesia
 Memory

The inability to form new memories

 Memory

Semantic Networks
 Memory

Organization of information in the brain by

linking concepts with similar characteristics
and meaning
 Memory

Spreading Activation
 Memory

The unconscious activation of closely linked

nodes of a semantic network