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II) Theory:
Sound waves:
A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of
energy traveling through a medium (such as air, water, or any other liquid or
solid matter) as it propagates away from the
source of the sound. The source is some
object that causes a vibration, such as a
ringing telephone, or a person's vocal chords.
The vibration disturbs the particles in the
surrounding medium; those particles disturb
those next to them, and so on. The pattern of
the disturbance creates outward movement in
a wave pattern, like waves of seawater on the ocean. The wave carries the
sound energy through the medium, usually in all directions and less
intensely as it moves farther from the source.
Ultrasonic waves:
Ultrasounds are sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible
limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from 'normal' (audible)
sound in its physical properties, only in that humans cannot hear it. This
limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000
hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasounds devices operate with frequencies
from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz. They are generated by inducing
vibrations in a quartz crystal with an applied alternating electric field.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to
detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is
often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and
structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially,
ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical
processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for
locating prey and obstacles. Scientists are also studying ultrasound
using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.
Velocity of sound
In general, velocity of waves depends only on the properties of the medium
through which the disturbance travel.
The speed of sound in any medium is dependent upon the coefficient of
stiffness (modulus of bulk elasticity for gas mediums). Density and/or
compressibility alone do not determine the speed of sound.
𝐾
The velocity of sound is given by: 𝑣 = √𝜌
Standing waves
Nodes are the points along the standing wave where the wave has the
minimum amplitude. They are the points of no displacement from the rest
position (standstill). They are caused by destructive interference of the two
waves.
Antinodes are the points along the standing wave where the wave has the
maximum amplitude. They are the points of maximum displacement from
the rest position. They are caused by constructive interference of the two
waves.
𝜆
The distance between two antinodes or two nodes is 𝑥 = 2
Experiment:
When a monochromatic sodium light of wavelength 𝛌Na incident on this
medium, ultra sound and sound waves start moving in the liquid along the
length of the glass vessel, their wave gets reflected back from the opposite
side of the glass vessel and a standing wave pattern is formed.
Many fringes will be formed. The intense of fringes are those of maximum
amplitude, and the less intense are those of minimum amplitude. The
maximum amplitude is obtained when the path difference of the wave front
equals to an integer number of sodium wavelength.
The trough (node) and the crest (antinode) of the standing wave act like
transparent and opaque regions for the incident light. The incident light
passes through the trough region and is blocked by the crest region of the
standing wave. In between the trough and the crest the light passes through
with varying intensities.
𝜆
The spacing of the interference fringes is 𝑑 = 2
Knowing the equation 2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝝀 and substituting d by its value in it we
𝑛𝜆
will get 𝜆′ =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
By measuring the diffraction angle 𝜃 we can determine the wavelength of
the ultrasound using the last equation
Hence, we can determine the velocity of the ultrasound in liquid using the
equation 𝑣 = 𝑓 × 𝜆′
IV) Procedure:
1. We take a rectangular plate glass vessel, which is filled with the liquid
under study. The glass vessel is illuminated by a monochromatic light
perpendicular to its length.
2. A telescope is adjusted to catch the distant image very clearly.
3. The spectrometer is now placed in front of a sodium vapor lamp, the
slit is illuminated and the collimator is adjusted to set the clear slit
image.
4. The liquid in the glass is connected to sound wave source. The
frequency of the sine wave transmitter is adjusted viewing through the
telescope until the slit images split to give number of fine lines and
the frequency f of the input sine wave is noted.
5. The central slit image first order spectral line on left (𝜃1L) and the first
order spectral line on the right (𝜃1R) are identified in the observed
spectrum.
6. We calculate the angular separation for the first order spectral line;
wave length and the velocity of the ultrasonic wave are also
calculated.
7. We repeat the precedent steps for the two liquids (calculating
wavelength and velocity of ultrasonic source) with the same
frequency.
For ethanol:
Right fringe is at: 𝜃𝑅 = 0.57°
Left fringe is at : 𝜃𝐿 = 0.25°
2𝜃1 = 𝜃1𝑅 − 𝜃1𝐿 = 0.57 − 0.25 = 0.32° ∴ 𝜃1 = 0.16°.
𝜆 5893×10−10
𝜆′ = = = 2.11 × 10−4 𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 sin(0.16)
VI) Conclusion:
Compare the velocity of sound in water and in ethanol and then conclude the
relation between the speed and the density.
Velocity of sound in distilled water is 608 m/s which is less than that in
ethanol which is equal to 949.5 m/s.
Experimentally, we did not take into consideration the bulk modulus K.
Density of water is greater than that of ethanol and the velocity of sound in
water as we said before is less than that in ethanol. Therefore, the velocity is
inversely proportional to the density of the medium. In other words as
density of the medium increases, the velocity of sound in it decreases.
However, theoretically, we take into consideration the bulk modulus.
As a result, we can notice that as bulk modulus of a medium increases,
velocity of sound in that medium increases. Hence, this tells us that as
density increases, velocity increases.