Problem 13.

208 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Mach number and airfoil geometry

1 FU
RU
Find: Lift and Drag coefficients
FL
RL
Solution:

The given or available data is: R = 286.9 J/kg.K

k = 1.4
p1 = 95 kPa
M1 = 2
= 12 o

= 10 o

Equations and Computations:

Following the analysis of Example 13.14

the force component perpendicular to the major axis, per area, is

F V/sc = 1/2{(p FL + p RL) - (p FU + p RU)} (1)

and the force component parallel to the major axis, per area, is

F H/sc = 1/2tan(/2){(p FU + p FL) - (p RU + p RL)} (2)

using the notation of the figure above.

(s and c are the span and chord)

The lift force per area is

F L/sc = (F Vcos() - F Hsin())/sc (3)

The drag force per area is

F D/sc = (F Vsin() + F Hcos())/sc (4)

The lift coefficient is C L = F L/(1/2V 2A ) (5)

But it can be shown that

V 2 = pkM 2 (6)

Hence, combining Eqs. 3, 4, 5 and 6

C L = (F V/sc cos() - F H/sc sin())/(1/2pkM 2) (7)

Similarly, for the drag coefficient

C D = (F V/sc sin() + F H/sc cos())/(1/2pkM 2) (8)

For surface FL (oblique shock):

We need to find M 1n

The deflection angle is =  + /2

= 17 o

From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49

(using built-in function Theta (M , ,k ))

(13.49)

For = 17.0 o

= 48.2 o

(Use Goal Seek to vary  so that  = 17o)

From M 1 and  M 1n = 1.49

From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d

(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))

(13.48d)

p2 = 230.6 kPa

p FL = p2

p FL = 230.6 kPa

To find M 2 we need M 2n. From M 1n, and Eq. 13.48a

(using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k ))

(13.48a)

M 2n = 0.704
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from
from M 2n,  and , and Eq. 13.47b

M 2n = M 2sin( - ) (13.47b)

Hence M2 = 1.36

For p 02 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

(13.7a)

p 02 = 693 kPa

For surface RL (isentropic expansion wave):

Treating as a new problem

Here: M 1 is the Mach number after the shock

and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave
p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock
and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave

M 1 = M 2 (shock)

M1 = 1.36

p 01 = p 02 (shock)

p 01 = 693 kPa

For isentropic flow p 0 = constant

p 02 = p 01

p 02 = 693 kPa

For the deflection = 

= 10.0 o

We use Eq. 13.55

(13.55)

and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

1 = 7.8 o

Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 + 

2 = 17.8 o

From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

For 2 = 17.8 o

M2 = 1.70

(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 17.8o)

Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)

p2 = 141 kPa

p RL = p2

p RL = 141 kPa

For surface FU (isentropic expansion wave):

M1 = 2.0

For isentropic flow p 0 = constant

p 02 = p 01

For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

p 01 = 743
p 02 = 743 kPa

For the deflection =  - /2

= 7.0 o

We use Eq. 13.55

and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

1 = 26.4 o

Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 + 

2 = 33.4 o

From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k))

For 2 = 33.4 o

M2 = 2.27

(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 33.4o)

Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)

p2 = 62.8 kPa

p FU = p2

p FU = 62.8 kPa

For surface RU (isentropic expansion wave):

Treat as a new problem.

Flow is isentropic so we could analyse from region FU to RU

but instead analyse from region 1 to region RU.

M1 = 2.0

For isentropic flow p 0 = constant

p 02 = p 01

p 01 = 743 kPa
p 02 = 743 kPa

TOTAL deflection =  + /2

= 17.0 o

We use Eq. 13.55

and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

1 = 26.4 o

Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 + 

2 = 43.4 o

From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k))

For 2 = 43.4 o

M2 = 2.69

(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 43.4o)

Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)

p2 = 32.4 kPa

p RU = p2

p RU = 32.4 kPa

The four pressures are:

p FL = 230.6 kPa
p RL = 140.5 kPa
p FU = 62.8 kPa
p RU = 32.4 kPa

From Eq 1 F V/sc = 138 kPa

From Eq 2 F H/sc = 5.3 kPa

From Eq 7 CL = 0.503

From Eq 8 CD = 0.127