Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40495498?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Indiana University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy of Music Education
Review.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
A HISTORICALVIEW OF WOMEN IN
MUSIC EDUCATION CAREERS
SONDRAWIELANDHOWE
Wayzata,Minnesota
howex009@umn.edu
Throughout Americanhistory
womenhavetaughtmusicin theirhomesand
butwomen'sexperiences
communities, aremissingfromthehistorical
narrative.
Womenhave taughtsingingin nursery and
schools,churches, public schools.
© Philosophy
ofMusicEducationReview,17,no. 2 (Fall 2009)
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 163
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
164 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 165
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
166 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
tainlythetraditionalaccountofthehistoryofmusiceducationdoes notrecog-
nize musicin thehomeand community, teachingthatenablesthepublicschool
musicprograms to succeed.
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 167
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
168 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 169
ofbeingliving
contradictions
is tobe condemned ourlivesand
toreinvent
ourwork fromonemoment tothenext.23
Weareliving thatisundergoing
ina world andaccelerated
extensive change.
Ourtimesarechanging as timeneverchangedbefore.Schoolsmustmeet
dailyandchangeofthought
newsituations mustgoaheadtoshowtheway.
In thechangeofthought among leadersin education, a
musicis finding
definite
place.25
Glennwantedmusiceducatorstoencouragecreativeart,teachstudents to listen
to tastefulmusic,and trainstudents to makeprofitable use oftheirleisuretime.
"Helpingto equip the individualso thathe willsupplementhis hoursof labor
witha richrecreational lifeis the taskthatthe workersin generaleducation
wouldassignto musiceducationists today.This is theirchallenge."26
Pittsstudiedat theChicagoConservatory ofMusic,Northwestern University,
and Columbia Teachers College. She taughtin Louisiana,Texas,and New Jer-
sey,and wason thefaculty ofColumbiaTeachersCollegeand FloridaStateUni-
versity.She wasan MENC president (1942-1944) and on theBoardofDirectors
oftheMetropolitan Opera Guild. She wrotenumerousarticlesencouraging pa-
trioticsongs,emphasizing theimportance ofnew and
technologies, urging edu-
catorstoexpandthecurriculum to be morerelevanttothechangingworld.27
In the 1940sPittswrotethatthemostimportant changeseffecting thought
and practicein musiceducationwere"expansion,multiplicity, stepped-up tern-
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
170 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 171
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
172 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 173
TEXTBOOK PUBLISHING
Textbookpublishinghas been an important aspectofwomen'smusiceduca-
tioncareers.Manywomen,whosupervised publicschoolmusicprograms, taught
teachertraining courses,andstayedinvolvedinnationalorganizations,stillfound
timein theirbusylivestopublishtextbooks.43In thenineteenthcentury thethree
major textbookserieswere the NationalMusic Course editedbyLuther Whiting
Mason,theNormalMusicCourseeditedbyJohnW. Tuftsand Hosea Holt,and
theNaturalMusicCourseeditedbyFrederick RipleyandThomasTapper.These
textbooks wereeditedbymale musicteachers who werebasicallyself-taughtmu-
sicians.Womenwereinvisibleon thetitlepages,buttheywereofteninvolvedin
editingand translating behindthescenes.Theyalso publishedhymns, booksof
and
songs, teaching manuals.
MaryStanleyShindler(Mrs. Dana Shindler),a Cincinnatiwoman,trans-
latedHohmann'sPraktischer LehrgangintoEnglishand thisbecame the basis
forMason's National Music Course. Shindleris mainlyknownforherpopular
songbookspublishedby OliverDitson in Boston:The Northern Harp, Sacred
and Moral Songs(1841), The SouthernHarp,Sacredand Moral Songs(1841),
The Song Book forPrimaryand AdvancedSchools (1858), and The Western
Harp:A CollectionofSundayMusic (1860). AdeliaL. Loughlintranslated texts
fromFrenchand GermanforMason's revisionof the NationalMusic Course
in 1886.44Emma Thomas,supervisor of music in the Detroitpublic schools,
publishedSongsforChildren(AmericanBook, 1897) and Mrs. F. S. Brewster
publishedSong StoriesforChildrento accompanyThomas'book.45 Translating
and publishinghymnsand songswasacceptablebecause theworkwas done in
the"private sphere"ofthehome.
threedecadesofthetwentieth
In thefirst centurytherewas a largedemand
formusictextbooks as publicschoolsexpanded,so womenhadnewopportunities
to edittextbook series.EleanorSmith(1858-1942) was thefirst senioreditorof
a musictextbook series.She publishedtheModern Music Series(SilverBurdett,
1901-1905)and The EleanorSmithMusic Course(AmericanBook Company,
1908-1911).Smithemphasizedthe importanceof selectingqualitymusicfor
childreninsteadofexercises.
toreadmusicthrough
.... theycanbe taught beautiful
theuseofsimple,
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
174 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 175
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
176 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 177
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
178 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 179
NOTES
•JaneRoland Martin,ComingofAge in Academe:Rekindling Women'sHopes and
the
Reforming Academy(New Yorkand London: Routledge, 2000), 145.
2SondraWielandHowe,LutherWhiting MusicEducator(War-
Mason: International
ren.ML: HarmonieParkPress.1997).
3CharlesW. Lahey,"JuliaCrane,"ThePotsdamTradition: A History and a Challenge
1966), 123-50; and "AboutCrane,"www.potsdam
(New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts,
.edu,accessedSeptember13,2006.
4See JuliaEttieCrane, Music Teachers'Manual (Potsdam:Courierand Freeman
Print,1892),3rdedition.
5Lahey, ThePotsdamTradition,131-33.
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
180 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
6Ibid.,141-43.
7SondraWielandHowe,"Germanand AmericanInfluenceson theDevelopmentof
the Kindergarten and Kindergarten Music in Meiji Era Japan/'Asia-Pacific Journal for
ArtsEducation3, no. 2 (November2005): 83-106. Foradditionalinformation on kinder-
gartens,see BarbaraBeatty, PreschoolEducationin America:The CultureofYoungChil-
drenfromtheColonialEra tothePresent(New Haven:Yale University Press,1995).
8Howe, "American Women and Music Education beforethe Civil War,"Research
Poster,MENC NationalConference,Milwaukee,Wisconsin,2008.
9JaneRoland Martin,The Schoolhome:RehinkingSchoolsforChangingFamilies
(Cambridge,MA.: HarvardUniversity Press,1992), 6. Martin,buildingon the workof
Maria Montessori, elaboratesher idea thatschoolsshouldfeellikea home withan em-
Dhasison care,concern,and connection.
10SaraM. Evans,"Womenand Modernity: 1890-1920,"BornforLiberty: A History of
WomeninAmerica(New York:The FreePress,1989), 145-73.
nFora description of the foundingof MENC, see PhillipM. Hash, "PhilipCady
Haydenand theFormationofMusic EducatorsNationalConference," Contributions to
Music Education31, no. 1 (2004): 49-68; and JohnW. Moinar,"The Establishment of
theMusic Supervisors NationalConference,1907-1910,"Journal ofResearchin Music
Education3, no. 1 (Spring1955):40-50.
12EugeneM. Stoddard,"FrancesElliottClark:Her Lifeand Contributions to Music
Education," Ph.D. diss.,BrighamYoungUniversity, 1968.
13Frances ElliottClark,"FiftyYearsof Music Educationin America:1901-1910,"
MusicEducatorsJournal 36,no. 4 (April-May 1950): 23-24.
14Ibid.
15See"MENC Foundersof 1907:The ArizonaStateUniversity MENC History Proj-
ect,"www.public.asu.edu/-aajth/history, accessedJuly9, 2009.
16Ibid.
17DebraGordonHedden,GeorgeN. Heller,JereT. Humphreys, and ValerieA. Slat-
tery,"Alice A
CareyInskeep(1875-1942): Pioneering Iowa Music Educator and MENC
FoundingMember,"Journal ofResearchin Music Education55, no. 2 (Summer2007):
129-47.
18Howe,"Leadershipin MENC: The FemaleTradition," BulletinoftheCouncilfor
Researchin MusicEducation no. 141 (Summer1999):60-61.
19Howe, "Elsie Shawe,Music Supervisor in St. Paul, Minnesota(1898-1933),"Jour-
nal ofResearchin MusicEducation32, no. 4 (Winter2004): 328-42.
20Frances Boardman,"St. Pauls FirstLady of Music,"St. Paul PioneerPress(Janu-
ary7, 1963): 10,citedin Linda FayeParker,"Womenin Music in St. Paul from1898 to
1957,"Ph.D. diss.,University ofMinnesota,1982,42-43.
21Howe, "Women'sParticipation in theNEA Department ofMusic Education,1884-
1925,"Journal ofHistoricalResearchin MusicEducation26, no. 2 (April2005): 130-43.
22Howe, "LeadershipinMENC." WomenMENC presidents areFrancesElliottClark,
HenriettaG. Baker,ElizabethCasterton, Mabelle Glenn,Lilla Belle Pitts,MargueriteV.
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 181
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
182 PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC EDUCATION REVIEW,17:2
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
SONDRA WIELAND HOWE 183
This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:52:49 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions