Name :Danyal Ahmad

Id : 13838
Program : BSSE
Course Code: 102007049
Course Title: Data Communication and Networks
Mid – Term Online Examination(Summer 2020)
Instructor: Engr. Ghassan Husnain
Total Marks: 30
Time Allowed: 4 Hours
Note: Attempt all Questions

Q1) Answer the following short questions briefly. Each question carries equal marks. (14)
1) What are the differences between Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?
2) A signal with 500 mill watts power passes through 10 devices, each with an average noise of 5
microwatts. What is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?
3) Which signal has a wider bandwidth, a sine wave with a frequency of 10 Hz or a sine wave with
a frequency of 20 Hz?
4) Distinguish between a low pass channel and a band pass channel.
5) What is the Bit-Rate for a signal in which 1 bit lasts 0.001 seconds?
6) Briefly explain different metrics to measure the Performance of the Network?
7) Briefly explain one responsibility of Hub, Switches, Bridge, Routers, Gateway and Repeaters?
ANSWER(1):
1) What are the differences between Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?

Ans 1: The difference between frame relay and ATM lies in the speed of transmission,
efficiency, accurate delivery of the packets, etcetera. The frame relay provides 1.544 Mbps or
44.736 Mbps. On the other hand, ATM provides 51 Mbps or 155 Mbps.

2) A signal with 500 mill watts power passes through 10 devices, each with an average noise of
5 microwatts. What is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?

Ans 2:
Given:
Signal power for 10 devices = 500 mill watts

= 500000 microwatts
(since 1 mill watt= 1000 microwatts)
Noise = 5 microwatts
Signal noise for 10 devices= 5*10 = 50 microwatts
SNR= signal power/ signal noise
= 500000/50

=10000 (or) 10
4
SNRdb= 10 log10[SNR]
=10 log10[10000]
4
= 10 log10[10 ]
= 10*4
=40

3)Which signal has a wider bandwidth, a sine wave with a frequency of 10 Hz or a sine wave with a
frequency of 20 Hz?

Answer(3):

Theoretically, a perfect sine wave has zero bandwidth regardless of its frequency. Bandwidth is a
measure of a signal’s deviation from a perfect sine wave and ability to carry information. A perfect sine
wave contains no information at all since it never changes.

4) Distinguish between a low pass channel and a band pass channel.

Answer(4):

Low-pass refers to a channel with a bandwidth that starts from zero while a bandpass is a channel
with a bandwidth that does not start from zero. Low-pass is used in base-band and bandpass is used in
broadband.
Low-pass has one threshold frequency. Band-pass has two threshold frequencies.
Low pass channel which start from 0 frequency mean low frequency.
A low-pass channel has bandwidth with frequency between 0 and infinity where band-pass channel
has bandwidth with frequency between f1 and f2 .

5) What is the Bit-Rate for a signal in which 1 bit lasts 0.001 seconds?

Ans 5:
Bit rate = 1/ 0.001 = 1000 bits/second = 1Kbps

6) Briefly explain different metrics to measure the Performance of the Network?

Ans 6:

When you’re evaluating your network performance, there are several different metrics that you can
analyse. Network performance can be affected by a number of different factors Listed Below:

1.Bandwidth usage
Bandwidth is the maximum data transmission rate possible on a network.
2. Throughput
Throughput measures your network’s actual data transmission rate, which can vary wildly through
different areas of your network.

3. Latency

Latency is the delay that happens between a node or device

requesting data and when that data is finished being delivered.

4. Packet loss
Packet loss examines how many data packets are dropped during data transmissions on your network.

5. Re transmission

When packets are lost, the network needs to retransmit it to

complete a data request.

6. Availability
Network availability, also know as uptime, simply measures whether or not the network is currently
operational.

7. Connectivity

Connectivity refers to whether or not the connections between the nodes on your network are
working properly.

7)Briefly explain one responsibility of Hub, Switches, Bridge, Routers, Gateway and Repeaters?
Ans 7:
Hub: A hub is basically a multi port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different
stations.
 Switch: A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and
forward good packets selectively to correct port only.
Bridge: A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the
functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is
also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol.
Routers: Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs
together and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions
on routing the data packets. Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
Gateway: A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that may
work upon different networking models. They basically work as the messenger agents that take data
from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Repeater: A repeater operates at the
physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too
weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same
network.

Q2) Sec a) A non-periodic composite signal contains frequencies from 10 to 30 KHz. The peak
amplitude is 10 V for the lowest and the highest signals and is 30 V for the 20-KHz signal. Assuming
that the amplitudes change gradually from the minimum to the maximum, draw the frequency
spectrum. (2)

Answer 2a:

Q2) Sec b)
A signal
travels
from
point A to
point B.
At point A, the signal power is 200 W. At point B, the power is 190 W. What is the attenuation in
decibels? (2)

Answer 2(b):

In the given case attenuation in dB =

10 log 100/90=10 (log(10)−log(9)) = 0.46dB ≈ 0.5dB

Q2) Sec c) What is the channel capacity for a tele-printer channel with a 600-Hz bandwidth and a
signal-to-noise ratio of 7 dB, where the noise is white thermal noise.

Answer 2(c):

Using Shannon's equation: C = B log2 (1 + SNR)

We have W = 600 Hz (SNR)dB = 7

Therefore, SNR = 10
0.7

C = 600 log2 (1 + 10
0.7) = 600 log2 (6.011) = 1552.56 bps

Q3) Sec a) Briefly explain the main responsibilities of each layer of TCP/IP Protocol Suite?
Answer 3(a):
TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications
that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the
destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed to make networks reliable,
with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network.

IP Protocol:
The IP protocol and its associated routing protocols are possibly the most significant of the entire
TCP/IP suite. IP is responsible for the following:

•IP addressing– The IP addressing conventions are part of the IP protocol. Designing an IPv4
Addressing Scheme introduces IPv4 addressing and Pv6 Addressing Overview introduces IPv6
addressing.
 •Host-to-host communications – IP determines the path a packet must take, based on the
receiving system's IP address.

•Packet formatting– IP assembles packets into units that are known as data grams. Data grams are
fully described Layer: Where Packets Are Prepared for Delivery .

•Fragmentation– If a packet is too large for transmission over the network media, IP on the
sending system breaks the packet into smaller fragments. IP on the receiving system then
reconstructs the fragments into the original packet.

TCP Protocol
TCP enables applications to communicate with each other as though they were connected by a
physical circuit. TCP sends data in a form that appears to be transmitted in a character-by-character
fashion, rather than as discrete packets. This transmission consists of the following:

•Starting point, which opens the connection

•Entire transmission in byte order

•Ending point, which closes the connection.

TCP attaches a header onto the transmitted data. This header contains many parameters that help
processes on the sending system connect to peer processes on the receiving system.

TCP confirms that a packet has reached its destination by establishing an end-to-end connection
between sending and receiving hosts. TCP is therefore considered a “reliable, connection-oriented”
protocol.

Q3) Sec b) Briefly explain the two main approaches to transmit digital signal with the help of diagram
(if any)?

Answer(b):
A digital signal is a signal that is being used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values; at any
given time it can only take on, at most, one of a finite number of values. This contrasts with an analog
signal, which represents continuous values; at any given time it represents a real number within a
continuous range of values.

In digital electronics, a digital signal is a pulse train (a pulse amplitude modulated signal), i.e. a
sequence of fixed-width square wave electrical pulses or light pulses, each occupying one of a discrete
number of levels of amplitude. A special case is a logic signal or a binary signal, which varies between
 a low and a high
signal level.

Q3) Sec c) For

figure below, computer A sends a message to computer D via LAN 1, router R1, and LAN 2. Assume
that the communication is between a process running at computer A with port address i and a process
running at computer D with port address j. Show the contents of the Packets and Frames at the
network, data link and transport layer for each hop interface.
Answer 3(c):

T
HE END