Introduction

Earthquake Engineering
(New branch of Structural Engineering)

Earthquakes do not kill people, but the buildings do.

1
 New Challenges

New Challenges
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Earthquakes are the largest potential source of casualties and

damage due to natural disaster.
 Every year, approximately, 5000 to 10,000 people die during
earthquakes worldwide.
 Worst earthquakes in recent history
 1976 Tangshan-China (M 8.0, over 2,50,000+ dead)
 2004 Tsunami (M 9.1, 2,27,897 dead)
 2005 Kashmir-Pakistan (M 7.6, over 85,000 dead)
 2008 China (M 7.9 , 87,587 dead)
 2010 Haiti (M 7.0, 92,000 dead)
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 2011 Japan (M 9.0, 20,896 dead)

 Sep 2017-Mexico earthquake (M 8.2, 333 dead)
 Not only the casualties but the economic costs
 1994 Northridge-Los Angeles (M 6.7, total loss $15bn to
$40bn
 1995 Kobe-Japan (M 6.9, loss $90bn to $150bn 2
 New Challenges

New Challenges (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

How to deal with new challenges

 Improve understanding of earthquake.
 Improve earthquake monitoring stations.
 Site station requirements are different for seismologists
and earthquake engineer
 Improve knowledge of earthquake effects.
 Improve the seismic design of structures.
 Developing new codes.
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

3
 New Challenges

New Challenges (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 After the 1855 Ansei earthquake in Tokyo, people punished

catfish in order to prevent future earthquakes.
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

4
 New Challenges

Global Urbanization
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Exponential growth in world population and urbanization

 How much world’s population urbanized?
 In 1800, only 2%
 In 1950, 30%,
 In 2000, 47%.
 In 2008 , 50%
 In 2030, 60% is expected
 No of Mega cities
 Casualties and economic losses
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

5
 Tectonic Plates and Faults

Earth as Living Body

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Earth’s interior structure

 Outermost boundaries
 Lithosphere (rigid/stiff)
 Asthenosphere (soft)
 Asthenosphere movement move
the lithospheric plates.
 Earth’s surface is divided into a
number of lithospheric slabs
called Tectonic Plates (in 1960s).
 52 important tectonic plates
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 14 major tectonic plates

• Seven most important plates
 2005 Kashmir earthquake resulted
as a subduction of Indian plate
beneath the Euroasian plate (Convergent boundaries).
6
 Tectonic Plates and Faults

Tectonic Plates (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Plate Boundaries
 Convergent boundaries,
 Divergent boundaries,
 Transform boundaries.
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

7
 Tectonic Plates and Faults

Tectonic Plates (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

Major tectonic plates (Courtesy of USGS)

8
 2005-Kashmir Earthquake

2005-Kashmir Earthquake
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Pak-India sub-continent continues to push northward

 Stresses developed on faults along Himalaya arc
 Converging at a rate of 15 mm per year (GPS data)
 Subduction of Indian plate beneath the Euroasian plate
(Convergent boundaries).
 M 7.6, Epicenter: 34.493°N, 73.629E and 90 km NNE of
Islamabad death tool 80,000 plus
 Area is prone to earthquake.
 Massive earthquake occurred in the past
 Large known historical earthquake (in 1554/1555).
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 Recent calculations
 Earthquake(s) with magnitude > M 8
• Not just possible but necessary to relieve stresses.

9
 2005-Kashmir Earthquake

2005-Kashmir Earthquake (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

Known historical earthquakes in the valley of Kashmir

10
 2005-Kashmir Earthquake

2005-Kashmir Earthquake (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

Rupture zones (pink areas) for the historically known

earthquakes in the Himalaya.
11
 2005-Kashmir Earthquake

2005-Kashmir Earthquake (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

Destruction caused by the 1935 Quetta earthquake. (a)

Bruce Street before earthquake, (b) Bruce Street after
earthquake. (Courtesy of The Geological Society of London)

12
 Seismic Waves

Seismic Waves
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Rupture of a fault results in release of strain energy

 Types of Seismic waves
 Body waves: Travel through the body of earth
 P-wave
• Longitudinal or compressional waves like sound,
• Can travel through solids, liquids and even gases.
• Faster and Typical speed: Vp = 6 km/s (vary from
soil to hard rock).
• Provides an advance warning as it travels faster
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

than the normally more destructive S-waves,

• Less destructive than S waves because of their low
amplitude,
• P waves are felt first and the effect is similar to a
seismic boom.

13
 Seismic Waves

Seismic Waves (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 S-wave:
• Shear or transverse wave,
• Particles transmitting at right angles to the line of
travel.
• Typical speed: Vs = 4 km/s
• Larger amplitude,
• Exist only in solids or highly viscously material
(cannot propagate through liquid)
• Amplitude is significantly reduced in liquefied soil
• Two types of S-wave, SH and SV,
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

• In SH waves, particles vibrate in the horizontal

plane and lateral shaking (Horizontal peak ground
acceleration),
• Transmit more energy.

14
 Seismic Waves

Seismic Waves (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 P- and S-wave velocities increase with depth

 Time interval between P- and S-wave arriving is normally
in the order of seconds to around a few minute(s).

 Surface waves:
 Long-period waves with large amplitude at the surface
of the earth.
 Travels along paths parallel to the surface of the Earth.
 L (Love) wave,
 R (Rayleigh) wave.
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

15
 Tectonic Plates and Faults

Seismic Waves (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

Seismogram record made at Harvard Seismograph Station of

the wave generated by 1983-Southern Alaska earthquake.
(Courtesy of American Scientist)

16
 Tectonic Plates and Faults

Seismic Waves (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

The transmission path of body wave and surface wave from an

earthquake source (O) to station/site.

17
 Tectonic Plates and Faults

Magnitude and Intensity of an Earthquake

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

Magnitude (Quanitative measure): :

 Richter scale (Common one)
ML = logA - logAo
where ML is local magnitude,
A is the maximum trace amplitude in 0.001 mm recorded on a
standard Wood-Anderson seismograph at a site 100 km from
the epicenter,
logAo is a standard value (calibration factor) for instruments
located at epicentral distances up to 1000 km.
Intensity (Qualitative measure):
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

The strength, of an earthquake at a specific location

 Ground-motion intensity
 Peak-ground acceleration
 Peak ground velocity
 Peak ground displacement
 Observational intensity.
18
 Instruments

Instruments
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Accelerographs: Record the time-dependent variation of

acceleration.
 Analogs: triggers when threshold acceleration level
reaches
 Digital (more advanced): operate continuously
• Record three perpendicular components of motion
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

19
 Instruments

Instruments (Cont’d)
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Time variation of ground acceleration.

 Strong motion accelerograph
 Does not record continuously
 Triggered by the first waves of earthquake
 Continual recording: wasteful exercise
 Basic element (Transducer): SDOF mass-spring-
damper system
• Records frequency as low as 30-50 Hz.
 Most of the records are of small motion and few up to
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

0.2g or 0.3g.
 Accelerations recorded at similar distance may vary.

20
 Defining Terms

Defining Terms
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Attenuation: The rate at which earthquake ground motion

decreases with distance.
 Body waves: Vibrational waves transmitted through the
body of the Earth. faster P-waves and relatively slower S-
waves.
 Epicenter: The projection on the surface of the Earth
directly above the hypocenter
 Fault: A zone of the Earth’s crust within which the two
sides/rocks/plates moved relatively (may or may not be
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

apparent on the ground surface).

 Strike–slip fault: Slippage is primarily horizontal.
 Dip–slip fault: Slippage/movement is primarily vertical.

21
 Defining Terms

Defining Terms (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Hypocenter: The location of initial radiation of seismic

waves.
 Intensity: The strength, of an earthquake at a specific
location.
 Magnitude: A unique measure of an individual
earthquake’s release of strain energy, measured on a variety
of scales.
 Peak ground acceleration (PGA): The maximum
amplitude of recorded acceleration.
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 Radiation damping: A reduction in wave amplitude due

to geometric spreading of waves.

22
 Defining Terms

Defining Terms (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Response spectrum: A plot of maximum amplitudes

(acceleration, velocity, or displacement) of an SDF system.
 Soil liquefaction: A phenomenon that triggered in a soil
when its shear strength becomes lower than the shear stress
required to maintain static equilibrium. Saturated soil
deposits lose their strength and behave/flow like plastic
material and results result in large vertical displacement.
Strike: The intersection of a fault and the surface of the
Earth, usually measured from the north (e.g., the fault strike
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

is N 60° W).
 Subduction: The plunging of a tectonic plate (e.g., the
Indian plate) beneath another (e.g., Euroasian plate) down
into the mantle, due to convergent motion. (In case of 2005
Kashmir earthquake).
23
 Earthquake Effects

Effects of Earthquakes
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Direct effects
 Strong ground shaking under the structure
• Elastic and inelastic deformation.
• Total collapse.
 A fault rupture crossing structure or an infrastructure
network
• Causes large differential settlement.
• A fault crossing a flexible structure (e.g. flexible
pavements and railway track).
• A fault crossing stiffer structure (concrete viaduct)
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

24
 Earthquake Effects

Effects of Earthquakes (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Direct effects (Cont’d)

 Geotechnical deformations
• Settlements in soil deposits
• Soil liquefaction:
o Large vertical displacement.
 Earthquake induced Landslide
• Soil slopes lose their stability
 Indirect effects:
 Business disruption
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 ??

25
 Earthquake Effects

Earthquake Prediction
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 No solid scientific ground.

 However, some unusual physical phenomena are
observed
 Rapid tilting of the ground,
 More frequent smaller earthquakes,
 Dramatic changes of water levels in wells,
 Radon or hydrogen gas emissions from the Earth,
 Changes in seismic wave velocities,
 Large scale changes in soil temperature,
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 Changes in electromagnetic fields,

 Ion concentration of the ionosphere,
 Peculiar animal behavior (several days before a
destructive earthquake)
 Animals can sense low frequency electromagnetic
signals.
26
 Earthquake Effects

Earthquake Prediction (Cont’d)

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Foreshocks may also be precursors of earthquakes.

 Statistical analysis (e.g. Seismic gap of previous
earthquakes based on the elastic rebound theory)
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

27
 Structural Dynamics: Overview

Overview
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Dynamic Problems in civil engineering

 Watch videos
 Statics and Dynamics;
 Dynamic Loading;
 Difference between Dynamic Load and Live Load;
 Newton’s second law;
 Nature/type of exciting force(s).
 Aerodynamic forces;
 Wind and rain combined;
 Seismic load;
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 Parametric excitation,
 Other external forces like nuclear blast, sonic boom,
impact of missile-like objects and dynamic pressure due
to waves.

28
 Structural Dynamics: Overview

Overview (Cont’d)
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Fundamental Physical Concepts in Structural Dynamics:

 Frequency and Period;
 Amplitude of vibration;
 Resonance;
 Damping ratio and Logarithmic decrement;
 Resisting forces (Inertial, Stiffness and Damping),
 Mode Shapes;
 Undamped and Damped Analysis;
 Free Vibration and Forced Vibration;
 Single Degree of Freedom and Multi-degree of Freedom;
Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk

 Discrete System and Continuous System.

29
 Structural Dynamics: Overview

Dynamic Problems in
Structural Engineering

30
Dynamic Problems in Structural Engineering
Collapse of Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 1940

31
 Dynamic Problems in Structural Engineering

Dynamic effects due to wind on structures

Tornado Touch Down in LaSalle, Ontario, August 24, 2016

32
 Dynamic Problems in Structural Engineering

Dynamic effects due to wind on structures (Cont’d)

Rain-wind-induced vibration of bridge stay cables

33
Dynamic Problems in Structural Engineering

Millennium Bridge, London, UK (Wobbly Bridge)

34
Swing bridge in Soviet Russia: The Volgogra Bridge

35
 Structural Dynamics: Overview

Nature of exciting forces

36
Source of Origin

Rotating machinery

37
Source of Origin (Cont’d)

Wind loads

- Wind induce aerodynamic forces on structures

wind velocity
- aerodynamic forces depends on
wind profile along structural height

structural characteristics

Design mean wind profile wind turbulence

wind speed

Input data for dynamic

analysis due to wind

38
Wind loads (Cont’d)
Open exposure

- Estimation of design mean wind speed Standard height

Max. daily time-averaged mean wind speed

NBCC 2005

39
Source of Origin (Cont’d)

Earthquake loads

40
40
Earthquake Loads (Cont’d)
- assessed by measurement of ground motion time history

Strong motion accelerograph

Recorded ground motion during EQ

41
41
Earthquake Loads (Cont’d)

42
42
Nature of Variation with Time

- Periodic load

Rotating propeller at stern of a ship

Unbalanced rotating machine in a building

-Nonperiodic load

Bomb blast pressure on a building Earthquake on a water tank

43
Mathematical modelling

Examples

A single-storey dwelling subjected to air blast loading

44