Aisc13 PDF

GT STRUDL ®
Steel Design Code User Manual
AISC13
Computer Aided Structural Engineering Center

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0355
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GTSTRUDL User's Manual Revision History
Revision Date
No. Released Description
U 4/2009 First Edition release of this document describing steel design
AISC13 code.
V 8/2010 Notices page has been updated for Version 31. No new
features have been added. Minor modifications and
typographical error corrections have been made.
AISC13 iii Rev V

Rev V iv AISC13
NOTICES
GTSTRUDL® User Reference Manual, AISC13, Steel Design Codes, Revision V is

applicable to Version 31 of GTSTRUDL released August 2010 and subsequent versions.
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AISC13 v Rev V
Rev V vi AISC13
Table of Contents
Section Page
NOTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Commercial Software Rights Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 GTSTRUDL Steel Design AISC13 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 - 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 - 1
1.2 AISC13 Steel Design Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 - 1
1.3 AISC13 Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 1
1.4 ANSI/AISC N690-06 Steel Design Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . 1.4 - 1
1.5 GTSTRUDL Analysis and the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 - 1
2 Properties used by AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1
3 Parameters Used by AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1
4 Provisions of AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1
4.1 General Nomenclature for AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 - 1
4.2 AISC13 Provisions for I shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 - 1
4.3 AISC13 Provisions for Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 - 1
4.4 AISC13 Provisions for Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 - 1
4.5 AISC13 Provisions for Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 - 1
4.6 AISC13 Provisions for Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 - 1
4.7 AISC13 Provisions for Square and Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . 4.7 - 1
AISC13 vii Rev V

Table of Contents (continue)
Section Page
4.8 AISC13 Provisions for Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 - 1
4.9 AISC13 Provisions for Solid Round Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 - 1
4.10 AISC13 Provisions for Solid Rectangular and Square Bars . . . 4.10 - 1
4.11 ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 - 1
Appendix A: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1
Appendix B: Use of GTTABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B - 1

Appendix C: GTSTRUDL Tables of Steel Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 1
Rev V viii AISC13

List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 - 2

Figure 2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2
Figure 3-1 Local Axis Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14
Figure 3-2 SIDESWAY Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 20
Figure 3-3 Unbraced length of the compression flange for the
TOP and BOTTOM flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 22
Figure 4.2-1 Compressive Bending Strength for I Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 - 20
Figure 4.3-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 - 20
Figure 4.4-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Single Angles . . . . . . . . . 4.4 - 17
Figure 4.5-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 - 18
Figure 4.5-2 Nominal moment strength Mn vs laterally unbraced
length Lb for the flange of tee in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 - 22
length Lb for the stem of tee in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 - 27
Figure 4.6-1 v and u distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 - 13
Figure 4.6-2 Compressive Bending Strength for Double Angles . . . . . . . . 4.6 - 24
length Lb for the flange of double angle in compression . . . . 4.6 - 28
length Lb for the stem of double angle in compression . . . . . . 4.6 - 33
Figure 4.7-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Square and
Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 - 23
Figure 4.8-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 - 15
Figure 4.9-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Solid Round Bars . . . . . . . 4.9 - 8
Figure 4.10-1 Compressive Bending Strength for Solid Rectangular
and Square Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 - 11
AISC13 ix Rev V
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1.3-1 AISC13 Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 2

Table 1.3-2 GTSTRUDL AISC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 15
Table 1.3-3 GTSTRUDL Profile Tables for the Design based
on the AISC13 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 17
Table 1.3-4 ASTM Steel Grades and Associated Values of Fy and Fu
Based on the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 18
Table 1.3-5 ASTM Steel Grades and Associated Values of Fy and Fu
Based on the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 20
Table 1.4-1 AISC13 Code Parameters for ANSI/AISC N690-06 . . . . . . . . 1.4 - 2
Table 4.2-1 The Compactness Provision COMPACT for AISC13 Code . 4.2 - 18
Table 4.4-2 $w Values for Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 - 23
Table 4.6.1 The Compactness Provision COMPACT for AISC13 Code . 4.6 - 22
Rev V x AISC13
GT STRUDL GTSTRUDL Steel Design AISC13 Code
1 GTSTRUDL Steel Design AISC13 Code
1.1 Introduction
The purpose of this volume is to discuss in detail the parameters and properties for
the GTSTRUDL steel design AISC13 code. This volume is only applicable to the steel
design AISC13 code.
AISC13 1.1 - 1 Rev U

GTSTRUDL Steel Design AISC13 Code GT STRUDL
Rev U 1.1 - 2 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Steel Design Code
AISC13 Code
American Institute of Steel Construction
AISC Thirteenth Edition
1.2 AISC13 Steel Design Code
The AISC13 code of GTSTRUDL may be used to select or check any of the
following shapes:
Design for bi-axial bending and axial forces:

I shapes Channels
Single Angles Tees
Double Angles Round Bars
Square Bars Rectangular Bars
Design for bi-axial bending, axial, and torsional forces:

Round HSS (Pipes)
Rectangular and Square HSS (Structural Tubes)
The term I shapes is used to mean rolled or welded I and H beams and columns,
universal beams and columns, joists, universal bearing piles, W, S, M, and HP profiles with
doubly symmetric cross-sections.
The code is primarily based on the AISC Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth
Edition, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings adopted March 9, 2005. The
Specification is contained in the Thirteenth Edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual
(102). The AISC13 code utilizes the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) techniques
of the AISC Specification and also the safety factor Ω has been implemented for the
Allowable Strength Design (ASD).
Second order elastic analysis using factored loads is recommended by the

GTSTRUDL AISC13 code. Second order effects may be considered by using GTSTRUDL
Nonlinear Analysis (Section 2.5 of Volume 3 of the User Reference Manual). GTSTRUDL
AISC13 code checks do not consider the force amplification technique discussed in Section
C2.1b of AISC, Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth Edition, for determination of Mr and
Pr (B1 and B2 factors) in lieu of a second order analysis. See Section 1.5 for more detail
explanation.
AISC13 1.2 - 1 Rev V

AISC13 Steel Design Code GT STRUDL
Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13
Rev V 1.2 - 2 AISC13

Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 (continued)

Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 (continued)

The following assumptions are made throughout the AISC13 code.
1. Open cross-sections (I shapes, channels, single angles, double angles, tees,

and bars) are normally not used in situations where significant torsional
moments must be resisted by the member. Torsional stresses are usually
small for open cross-sections when compared to axial and bending stresses,
and may be neglected. No checks are made for torsion in open cross-sections
(I shapes, channels, single angles, double angles, tees, and bars). The
designer is reminded to check the torsional stresses for open sections (I
shapes, channels, single angles, double angles, tees, and bars) whenever they
become significant.
2. Torsional stresses are checked for round HSS (pipes), rectangular and square
HSS (structural tubes) based on the Section H3.1 on Page 16.1-74 of the
AISC Thirteenth Edition. Combined torsion, shear, flexure, and axial forces
are also checked for round HSS (pipes), rectangular and square HSS
(structural tubes) based on the Section H3.2 on Page 16.1-75 of the AISC
Thirteenth Edition. Closed cross-sections (HSS) are frequently used in
situations where significant torsional moments must be resisted by the
members. Generally the normal and shear stresses due to warping in closed
cross-sections (HSS) are insignificant and the total torsional moment can be
assumed to be resisted by pure torsional shear stresses (Saint-Venant’s
torsion).
3. Web stiffeners are considered for web shear stress, but they are not designed.
4. Modified column slenderness for double angle members is considered
(Section E6 of the AISC Thirteenth Edition). Modified column slenderness
of the double angle member is computed based on the user specified or
designed numbers of the intermediate connectors.
5. Double angles contain an adequate number of intermediate connectors (stitch
plates) which make the two angles act as one, Tee-like section.
6. Code checks may be performed according to the American National

Standard, ANSI/AISC N690-06, Specification for Safety-Related Steel
Structures for Nuclear Facilities, adopted September 20,2006 (106).
GTSTRUDL design parameters for ANSI/AISC N690-06 code are described
in Section 1.4. Provisions applicable to the ANSI/AISC N690-06 code are
discussed in Section 4.11.

The sections of the AISC Thirteenth Edition Specifications (102) which are
considered by the GTSTRUDL AISC13 code are summarized below:
Code Section Title
Chapter D Design of members for tension

Section D1 Slenderness limitations
Section D2 Tensile strength
Chapter E Design of members for compression

Section E1 General provisions
Section E2 Slenderness limitations and effective length
Table B4.1 Limiting width-thickness ratios for compression
elements
Section E3 Compressive strength for flexural buckling of members
without slender elements
Section E4 Compressive strength for torsional and flexural-torsional
buckling of members without slender elements
Section E6 Built-up members
Section E7 Members with slender elements
Section E7.1 Slender unstiffened elements, Qs
Section E7.2 Slender stiffened elements, Qa
Chapter F Design of members for flexure

Section F1 General provisions
Section F2 Doubly symmetric compact I-shaped members and
channels bent about their major axis
Section F3 Doubly symmetric I-shaped members with compact
webs and noncompact or slender flanges bent about their
major axis
Section F4 Other I-shaped members with compact or noncompact
webs bent about their major axis

Code Section Title
Section F5 Doubly symmetric and singly symmetric I-shaped

members with slender webs bent about their major axis
Section F6 I-shaped members and channels bent about their minor
axis
Section F7 Square and rectangular HSS and box-shaped members
Section F8 Round HSS
Section F9 Tees and double angles loaded in the plane of symmetry
Section F10 Single Angles
Section F11 Rectangular bars and rounds
Chapter G Design of members for shear

Section G1 General provisions
Section G2 Members with unstiffened or stiffened webs
Section G4 Single angles
Section G5 Rectangular HSS and box members
Section G6 Round HSS
Section G7 Weak axis shear in singly and doubly symmetric shapes
Chapter H Design of members for combined forces and torsion

Section H1 Doubly and singly symmetric members subject to flexure
and axial force
Section H1.1 Doubly and singly symmetric members in flexure and
compression
Section H1.2 Doubly and singly symmetric members in flexure and
tension
Section H1.3 Doubly symmetric members in single axis flexure and
compression
Section H2 Unsymmetric and other members subject to flexure and
axial force

Code Section Title
Section H3 Members under torsion and combined torsion, flexure,

shear and/or axial force
Section H3.1 Torsional strength of round and rectangular HSS
Section H3.2 HSS subject to combined torsion, shear, flexure and
axial force
Tensile or compressive axial strengths, bi-axial bending, shear strengths, and

combined strengths are considered for all cross-sections described in Section 1.2.
Parameters allowing for the changes which occur in structural steel at high temperatures
have been included and may be invoked at the user's discretion.
The detailed explanation of the code parameters and cross-section properties are as
follows.
1. Section 1.3 Shows the parameters used by the AISC13 code. Table 1.3-1
contains the applicable parameter names, their default values,
and a brief description of the parameters.
2. Section 1.4 ANSI/AISC N690-06 steel design code parameters. This

section describes parameters required to perform code checks
according to the American National Standard, ANSI/AISC
N690-06, Specification for Safety-Related Steel Structures for
Nuclear Facilities, adopted September 20,2006 (106).
3. Section 2 Describes the cross-section properties used for each shape.
4. Section 3 Contains a detailed discussion of the parameters used by the

AISC13 code and which are presented in alphabetical order.
5. Section 4 Section 4.1 defines the general nomenclature used in

describing the AISC13 code. Section 4.2 through 4.11
contains the equations used in GTSTRUDL’s AISC13 to
determine the acceptability of a profile and are described in
detail for each individual cross-section.

GT STRUDL AISC13 Code Parameters
1.3 AISC13 Code Parameters
This section describes the parameters applicable to the AISC13 code. Table 1.3-1
contains parameter names, default values, and a short explanation of each parameter. A
knowledge of parameters gives the user greater flexibility during code check or design. The
default parameter values or user specified parameter values have a direct bearing on the
results produced by the AISC13 code check. More detailed explanations of the parameters
are described in the Section 3.

AISC13 Code Parameters GT STRUDL
Table 1.3-1
AISC13 Code Parameters
Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
CODE Required Identifies the code to be used for member checking or

member selection. Specify AISC13 for code name. Second
order elastic analysis using factored loads is recommended
by the GTSTRUDL AISC13 code. Second order effect may
be considered by using GTSTRUDL Nonlinear Analysis
(Section 2.5 of Volume 3 of the User Reference Manual).
See Sections 2 and 3 for a more detailed description of
parameters and cross-section properties.
Method LRFD Parameter to indicate what design method should be used.

Default value of LRFD indicates that the design method is
the Load and Resistance Factor Design. An alternative value
of ASD indicates that the design method is the Allowable
Strength Design (see Section B3 of the AISC Steel
construction Manual, 13th Edition (102) for discussion of
these two design methods).
TBLNAM W-AISC13 Identifies the table of profiles to be used during selection

(SELECT command). See Table 1.3-3 for a list of available
table names.
CODETOL 0.0 Percent variance from 1.0 for compliance with the provisions
of a code. The ratio of Actual/Allowable must be less than
or equal to [1.0 + CODETOL/100].
PF 1.0 Area reduction factor for holesout in members subject to

axial tension.
a 10000.0 The clear distance between transverse stiffeners. This

(inches) parameter is used to compute the a/h ratio which is used in
the computation of the limiting shear strength. The default
value indicates that the shear check does not consider
transverse stiffeners.

Table 1.3-1 (continued)
Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
SECTYPE Computed Indicates that the cross-section is a rolled or welded shape.

This parameter is used to compute the value of Fr. Fr is the
compressive residual stress in the flanges of rolled or welded
shapes.
ROLLED = rolled shape. Compressive residual stress is
equal to 10 ksi.
WELDED = welded shape. Compressive residual stress
is equal to 16.5 ksi.
Material Properties
STEELGRD A36 Identifies the grade of steel from which a member is made.
See Tables 1.3-4 and 1.3-5 for steel grades and their
properties.
Fy Computed Yield stress of member. Computed from parameter

‘STEELGRD’ if not given.
Fu Computed Minimum tensile strength of member. Computed from

parameter ‘STEELGRD’ if not given.
Fyf Fy Minimum yield stress of the flange. If not specified, it is

assumed equal to the parameter ‘Fy’. This parameter is used
to define a hybrid cross-section. See parameter ‘Fyw’ also.
Fyw Fy Minimum yield stress of the web. If not specified, it is

assumed equal to the parameter ‘Fy’. This parameter is used
to define a hybrid cross-section. See parameter ‘Fyf’ also.
RedFy 1.0 Reduction factor for parameter ‘Fy’. This factor times
parameter ‘Fy’ gives the Fy value used by the code. Used to
account for property changes at high temperatures.

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Material Properties (continued)
RedFu 1.0 Reduction factor for parameter ‘Fu’. Similar to parameter

‘RedFy’.
REDE 1.0 Reduction factor for E, the modulus of elasticity. Similar to

parameter RedFy.
Slenderness Ratio
SLENCOMP 200 Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for a

member subjected to axial compression. When no value is
specified for this parameter, a value of 200 is used for the
maximum slenderness ratio.
SLENTEN 300 Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (L/r) for a member

subjected to axial tension. When no value is specified for
this parameter, a value of 300 is used for the maximum
slenderness ratio.
K-Factors
COMPK* NO Parameter to request the computation of the effective length

factors KY and KZ (Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of
the User Reference Manual).
YES = compute KY and KZ factors.
KY = compute KY only.
KZ = compute KZ only.
NO = use default or specified values for KY and KZ.
*K-factor Leaning Columns Concept has not been implemented for the automatic K-factor Computation.

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
K-Factors (continued)
KY 1.0 Effective length factor for buckling about the local Y axis of
the profile. See Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of the
User Reference Manual for GTSTRUDL computation of
effective length factor, KY.
KZ 1.0 Effective length factor for buckling about the local Z axis of
the profile. See Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of the
User Reference Manual for GTSTRUDL computation of
effective length factor, KZ.
Print-K YES Parameter to print the computed K-factor values after the
default code check or select command output (TRACE 4
output). The default value of ‘YES’ for this parameter
indicates that the computed K-factor values should be
printed after the code check or select command output. The
column names attached to the start and end of the code
checked member is also printed. This printed information
allows the user to inspect the automatic detection of the
columns attached to the start and end of the designed
member. A value of ‘NO’ indicates that K-factor values and
the names of the attached columns to the start and end of the
designed member should not be printed.
SDSWAYY YES Indicates the presence or absence of sidesway about the

local Y axis. This parameter is used by GTSTRUDL when
effective length values are computed.
YES = sidesway permitted.
NO = sidesway prevented.
K-factor Leaning Columns Concept has not been implemented for the automatic K-factor Computation.

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
K-Factors (continued)
SDSWAYZ YES Indicates the presence or absence of sidesway about the local
Z axis. This parameter is used by GTSTRUDL when
effective length values are computed.
YES = sidesway permitted.
NO = sidesway prevented.
CantiMem NO Parameter to indicate that a member or a physical member

which is part of a cantilever truss should be considered as a
cantilever in the K-factor computation. True cantilever
members or physical members are detected automatically.
NO = member or physical member is not cantilever,
YES = member or physical member is cantilever.
GAY Computed G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAY is used in the
calculation of effective length factor KY (see parameters
COMPK, KY, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of the
User Reference Manual).
GAZ Computed G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAZ is used in the
calculation of effective length factor KZ (see parameters
COMPK, KZ, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of the
GBY Computed G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBY is used in the
calculation of effective length factor KY (see parameters
COMPK, KY, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of the
GBZ Computed G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBZ is used in the
calculation of effective length factor KZ (see parameters
COMPK, KZ, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A of the

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Buckling Length
LY Computed Unbraced length for buckling about the local Y axis of the
profile. The default is computed as the length of the mem-
ber.
LZ Computed Unbraced length for buckling about the local Z axis of the
profile. The default is computed as the length of the mem-
ber.
FRLY 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LY, allows unbraced length
to be specified as fractions of the total length. Used only
when LY is computed.
FRLZ 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LZ, similar to FRLY. Used
only when LZ is computed.
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
KX 1.0 Effective length factor for torsional buckling about the local
X axis of the profile. This parameter is used in flexural-
torsional buckling stress, Fe computations.
LX Computed Unbraced length for torsional buckling about the local X axis
of the profile. The default is computed as the length of the
member. This parameter is used in flexural-torsional
buckling stress, Fe computations.
FRLX 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LX, allows unbraced length
to be specified as fractions of the total length. Used only
when LX is computed.

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Bending Strength
CB 1.0 Coefficient used in computing allowable compressive

bending strength (AISC Thirteenth Edition, Section F1,
Equation F1-1). A conservative default value of 1.0 has
been assumed for parameter CB. An alternative value
‘COMPUTE’ initiates computation of parameter CB value
for all active loadings. Also, a real alternative value may be
specified for this parameter.
UNLCF Computed Unbraced length of the compression flange. The default is

computed as the length of the member. This parameter
makes no distinction between the unbraced length for the top
or bottom flange. See UNLCFTF or UNLCFBF.
FRUNLCF 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter UNLCF, allows unbraced

length to be specified as fractions of the total length. Used
only when UNLCF is computed.
UNLCFTF Computed Unbraced length of the compression flange for the top
flange. When no value is specified, UNLCF and FRUNLCF
are used for this parameter.
UNLCFBF Computed Unbraced length of the compression flange for the bottom
flange. When no value is specified, UNLCF and FRUNLCF
are used for this parameter.

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Single Angle Parameter
Cby 1.0 Coefficient used in computing elastic lateral-torsional

buckling moment, Mob, (AISC Thirteenth Edition, Section
F10.2(iii), Equation F10-5) for major axis bending (bending
about the principal Y axis). A conservative default value of
1.0 has been assumed for parameter Cby. An alternative
value ‘COMPUTE’ initiates computation of parameter Cby
value for all active loadings. Also, a real alternative value
may be specified for this parameter.
Double Angle Parameters
nConnect 0 Number of connectors between individual angles. The user

specified value is used during the code check. When the
SELECT MEMBER (design) is requested, the user specified
value is used unless more connectors are required. If the
designed number of connectors are larger than the user
specified value, the computed number of connectors are used
and printed after the SELECT MEMBER result. The
default value of zero indicates that the angles are connected
at the ends only. Following are additional options that you
can specify for this parameter:
0 = angles are connected at the ends of the member.
–1 = requesting the number of connectors to be computed

during code check.
–2 = bypass modified column slenderness equations.

This will bypass the check for the Section E6.1 of
the AISC Thirteenth Edition.

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Double Angle Parameters (continued)
ConnType WELDED Type of the intermediate connectors that are used for double
angle. Choices are: SNUG and WELDED.
SNUG = intermediate connectors that are snug-tight
bolted.
WELDED = intermediate connectors that are welded or
fully tensioned bolted. This is the default.
L Computed Actual member length is used to design a number of

connectors and to check connector spacing (Section E6.2 of
the AISC 13th Edition), and also used in the computation of
the modified column slenderness, (KL/r)m (Section E6.1 of
the AISC 13th Edition). This parameter is used to compute
the distance between connectors a = L(n+1), where ‘a’ is the
distance between connectors, ‘L’ is the physical member
length, and ‘n’ is the number of connectors. The default is
computed as the length of the member.
K 1.0 Effective length factor for an individual component (single

angle). This parameter is used to design a number of
connectors and to check the connector spacing (Section E6.2
of the AISC 13th Edition).
Rev U 1.3 - 10 AISC13

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Round HSS (Pipes) Parameters
LX Computed This parameter is to specify the distance between torsional

restraints. LX is used in the Section H3.1(a), Equation H3-
2a of AISC Thirteenth Edition (102). The default is
computed as the length of the member.
Lvy Computed Distance from maximum to zero Y-shear force. The default
is computed as the length of the member. An alternative
value may be specified in active units.
Lvz Computed Distance from maximum to zero Z-shear force. The default
is computed as the length of the member. An alternative
value may be specified in active units.
Force Limitation
FXMIN 0.5 (lb) Minimum axial force to be considered by the code; anything
less in magnitude is taken as zero.
FYMIN 0.5 (lb) Minimum Y-shear force to be considered by the code;

anything less in magnitude is taken as zero.
FZMIN 0.5 (lb) Minimum Z-shear force to be considered by the code;

MXMIN 20.0 (in-lb) Minimum torsional moment to be considered by the code;

AISC13 1.3 - 11 Rev U

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Force Limitation (continued)
MYMIN 20.0 (in-lb) Minimum Y-bending moment to be considered by the code;

MZMIN 20.0 (in-lb) Minimum Z-bending moment to be considered by the code;

Output Processing and System Parameters
SUMMARY NO Indicates if 'SUMMARY' information is to be saved for the

member. Choices are YES or NO; see Sections 2.9 and 7.2
of Volume 2A of the User Reference Manual for an expla-
nation.
PrintLim NO Parameter to request to print the section limiting values for

limit state and load and resistance factor codes. The default
output from CHECK or SELECT command prints the
section force values. A value of ‘YES’ for this parameter
indicates that the section limiting values should be printed
instead of default section forces.
TRACE 4.0 Flag indicating when checks of code provisions should be

output during design or code checking. See Section 7.2 of
Volume 2A of the User Reference Manual for an
explanation.
1 = never
2 = on failure
3 = all checks
4 = controlling Actual/Allowable values and section
forces.
Rev U 1.3 - 12 AISC13

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Output Processing and System Parameters (continued)
VALUES 1.0 Flag indicating if parameter or property values are to be

output when retrieved. See Section 7.2 of Volume 2A of the
User Reference Manual for the explanation.
1 = no output
2 = output parameters
3 = output properties
4 = output parameters and properties.
AISC13 1.3 - 13 Rev U

Rev U 1.3 - 14 AISC13

Table 1.3-2
GTSTRUDL AISC Codes*
Code Parameter
Name Table Application
AISC13 1.3-1 Checks compliance of I shapes, channels, single angles,

Volume tees, double angles, round HSS (pipes), rectangular and
AISC13 square HSS (structural tubes), solid round, square and
rectangular bars profiles to the 2005 AISC Thirteenth
Edition Specification (102).
LRFD3 LRFD3.1-1 Checks compliance of I shapes, channels, single angles,

Volume tees, double angles, round HSS (pipes), rectangular and
2 - LRFD3 square HSS (structural tubes), solid round, square and
rectangular bars, and plate girder profiles to the 1999
AISC LRFD, Thirteenth Edition, Specification (96).
ASD9-E ASD9-E.1-1 Checks compliance of I shape profiles to the 1989 AISC

Volume ASD Ninth Edition specification (72) with equations that
2 - ASD9-E have been modified to include the modulus of elasticity
(constant E).
LRFD2 LRFD2 Checks compliance of I shapes, pipes, structural tubing,

Volume 2A plate girders (subjected to bi-axial bending and axial
force), single and double angles (subjected to axial forces
only) shape profiles to the 1993 AISC LRFD, Second
Edition, Specification (81).
ASD9 ASD9 Checks compliance of I shapes, single angles, channels,

Volume 2A tees, double angles, solid round bars, pipes, solid squares
and rectangular bars, and structural tubing shape profiles
to the 1989 AISC ASD, Ninth Edition, Specification (72).
* For latest (up to date) version of this table, see Table 2.1-1a of Volume 2A.
AISC13 1.3 - 15 Rev U

GTSTRUDL AISC Codes*
Code Parameter
Name Table Application
78AISC 2.2.3.1 Checks compliance of I shapes, single angles, channels,

Volume 2B tees, solid round bars, pipes, solid squares and rectangular
bars, and structural tubing (use code name DBLANG for
double angle) shape profiles to the 1978 AISC Specifi-
cation (33), Eighth Edition, including 1980 updates.
69AISC 2.2.3.1 Checks compliance of I shapes, single angles, channels,

Volume 2B tees, solid round bars, pipes, solid squares and rectangular
bars, and structural tubing (use code name DBLANG for
double angle) shape profiles to the 1969 AISC Specifi-
cation (16), Seventh Edition, including supplements 1, 2,
and 3.
W78AISC 2.2.3.1 Similar to 78AISC code, except limited to checking I shape

Volume 2B profiles. This code is identical to the 78AISC code which
was available in older versions of GTSTRUDL (i.e.,
version V1M7 and older).
DBLANG 2.2.3.1 Checks compliance of double angle profiles to the 1969

Volume 2B AISC Specification (16), Seventh Edition, including
supplements 1, 2, and 3.
W69AISC 2.2.3.1 Similar to 69AISC code, except limited to checking I shape

Volume 2B profiles. This code is identical to the 69AISC code which
was available in older versions of GTSTRUDL (i.e.,
version V1M7 and older).
* For latest (up to date) version of this table, see Table 2.1-1a of Volume 2A.
Rev U 1.3 - 16 AISC13

Table 1.3-3
GTSTRUDL Profile Tables for the

Design Based on the AISC13 Code
Profile Shapes Reference
I shapes See Appendix C of Volume 2A for list of applicable table names

for I shapes, W, S, M, HP shapes, wide flange shapes, universal
beam shapes, universal column shapes, etc.
Channels See Appendix C of Volume 2A for a list of channel table names.
Single Angles See Appendix C of Volume 2A for list of single angle table
names.
Tees See Appendix C of Volume 2A for a list of tee table names.
Double Angles See Appendix C of Volume 2A for list of double angle table
names.
Round HSS See Appendix C of Volume 2A for list of round HSS (pipe,
circular hollow section) table names.
Rectangular HSS See Appendix C of Volume 2A for list of rectangular and square
HSS (structural tube, rectangular and square hollow section) table
names.
Solid Round Bars See Appendix C of Volume 2A for a list of solid round bar table
names.
Solid Square Bars See Appendix C of Volume 2A for a list of solid square bar table
names.
Solid Rectangular Bars See Appendix C of Volume 2A for a list of solid rectangular bar
table names.
AISC13 1.3 - 17 Rev U

Table 1.3-4
ASTM Steel Grades and Associated Values of Fy and Fu Based on the

2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition Specifications
Applicable Shapes: W, M, S, HP, L, 2L, C, MC, WT, MT, and ST
shapes from AISC Tables
Steel Grade Group Number Per ASTM A6

ASTM Fy, Minimum Yield Stress (ksi)
Designation Fu, Minimum Tensile Strength (ksi)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
36 36 36 36 36
A36
58 58 58 58 58
50 50
A529-G50 NA NA NA
65 65
55 55
A529-G55 NA NA NA
70 70
42 42 42 42 42
A572-G42
60 60 60 60 60
50 50 50 50 50
A572-G50
65 65 65 65 65
55 55 55 55 55
A572-G55
70 70 70 70 70
60 60 60
A572-G60 NA NA
75 75 75
65 65 65
A572-G65 NA NA
80 80 80
50 50 50 50 50
A913-G50
60 60 60 60 60
60 60 60 60 60
A913-G60
75 75 75 75 75
65 65 65 65 65
A913-G65
80 80 80 80 80
70 70 70 70 70
A913-G70
90 90 90 90 90
Rev U 1.3 - 18 AISC13


Applicable Shapes: W, M, S, HP, L, 2L, C, MC, WT, MT, and ST shapes
from AISC Tables
Steel Grade Group Number Per ASTM A6

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
50 50 50 50 50
A992
65 65 65 65 65
b a a
50 50 46 42 42
A242 b a a
70 70 67 63 63
50 50 50 50 50
A588
70 70 70 70 70
a Applicable to W shapes only.

b Applicable to W and HP shapes only.
NA Indicates that shapes in the corresponding group are not produced for that grade of
steel. GTSTRUDL assumes Fy and Fu to be zero in such cases and will not select
profiles for these combinations of group number and steel grade. Minimum yield
stresses (Fy) and minimum tensile strengths (Fu) were obtained from the summary of
ASTM specifications included in the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition specification.
AISC13 1.3 - 19 Rev U

Table 1.3-5

Applicable Shapes: Round HSS, Steel Pipe, and Rectangular HSS
Steel Grade Applicable Shape Series

Round HSS Steel Pipe Rectangular HSS
35
A53-GB NA NA
60
42 46
A500-GB NA
58 58
46 50
A500-GC NA
62 62
36 36
A501 NA
58 58
A618-GI
50 50
A618-GII NA
70 70
Thickness # 3/4
A618-GI
46 46
A618-GII NA
67 67
Thickness > 3/4
50 50
A618GIII NA
65 65
50
A242-G50 NA NA
70
50 50
A847 NA
70 70
NA Not applicable. See Table 1.3-4 for more explanation.
Rev U 1.3 - 20 AISC13

GT STRUDL ANSI/AISC N690-06 Steel Design Code Parameters
ANSI/AISC N690-06
Specification for Safety-Related
Steel Structures
for Nuclear Facilities
1.4 ANSI/AISC N690-06 Steel Design Code Parameters
The ANSI/AISC N690-06 specification is based on the AISC steel construction manual,
Thirteenth Edition specification with a few modifications. The GTSTRUDL steel design for this
code is based on the AISC13 code and the parameter ‘N690-06’ shown in the Table 1.4-1. The
following shapes are available for this code:
Design for bi-axial bending and axial forces:

I shapes Channels
Single Angles Tees
Double Angles Round Bars
Square Bars Rectangular Bars
Design for bi-axial bending, axial, and torsional forces:

Round HSS (Pipes)
Rectangular and Square HSS (Structural Tubes)
This code is primarily based on the American National Standard, ANSI/AISC N690-06,
Specification for Safety-Related Steel Structures for Nuclear Facilities, adopted September 20, 2006
(106) and the AISC Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth Edition, Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings, adopted March 9, 2005 (102). GTSTRUDL provisions applicable to ANSI/AISC N690-
06 code are described in the Section 4.11.
Minimum required parameters for design based on the ANSI/AISC N690-06 code are the
following two parameters. The first parameter is ‘CODE’ for which a value of ‘AISC13’ is required.
The second parameter is ‘N690-06’ and a value of ‘YES’ must be specified for this parameter.
Table 1.4-1 on the next page and Table 1.3-1 in Section 1.3 discuses the other applicable parameters.
Example:
PARAMETERS
CODE AISC13 ALL
N690-06 YES ALL

ANSI/AISC N690-06 Steel Design Code Parameters GT STRUDL
Table 1.4-1
AISC13 Code Parameters for
ANSI/AISC N690-06
Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
CODE Required Identifies the code to be used for member checking or member selec-
tion. Specify AISC13 for code name. Second order elastic analysis
using factored loads is required by the GTSTRUDL AISC13 code.
Second order effect may be considered by using GTSTRUDL
Nonlinear Analysis (Section 2.5 of Volume 3 of the User Reference
Manual). See Sections 2 and 3 for a more detailed description of
parameters and cross-section properties.
N690-06 NO Parameter to request a design based on the ANSI/AISC N690-06

specification. ANSI/AISC N690-06 is the specification for safety-
related steel structures for nuclear facilities. A value of ‘YES’
indicates that the AISC13 code check with ANSI/AISC N690-06
modification must be performed. The default value of ‘NO’ for this
parameter indicates that ANSI/AISC N690-06 modifications should
not be considered.
ImpForce NO Requesting the check for limiting width-thickness ratios for

compression elements designed for impactive or impulsive forces
from Table NB3.2 of ANSI/AISC N690-06 specification. A value
of ‘YES’ indicates that the limiting width-thickness values in Table
NB3.2 of the ANSI/AISC N690-06 specification must be checked.
The default value of ‘NO’ for this parameter indicates that Table
NB3.2 of ANSI/AISC N690-06 should not be checked.

GT STRUDL GTSTRUDL Analysis and the 2005 AISC 13th Edition Specification
1.5 GTSTRUDL Analysis and the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition

Specification
The 2005 AISC 13th Edition Steel Design LRFD and ASD Specification describes four
structural analysis methods for the calculation of member required strengths and stability
which are referred to as:
1. the Direct Analysis Method based on either nonlinear geometric (second-order)

elastic analysis or amplified linear (first-order) elastic analysis (the
approximate “B1/B2” procedure),
2. the Effective Length Method based on either nonlinear geometric (second-
order) elastic analysis or amplified linear (first-order) elastic analysis (the
approximate “B1/B2” procedure),
3. the First-Order Analysis Method based on linear (first-order) elastic analysis,
or
4. Inelastic Analysis based on linear (first-order) or nonlinear geometric (second-
order) inelastic analysis.
Even though the Direct Analysis Method and Second-Order Inelastic Analysis are
the most rational and rigorous of the methods, the use of the approximate methods are
permitted. However, the formulations of the approximate methods contain innumerable
details that are based upon assumptions associated with overly simplified structural models.
Consequently, said assumptions and details are only valid for structures whose geometric,
stiffness, load applications, and behavioral conditions are essentially the same as those of
the simplified models. Since such structures are far less common in modern practice, the
approximate methods are thus greatly limited in their applicability to modern steel frame
structures. Further, since such limitations are contrary to the goal of requiring more rigorous
methods of stability analysis of general steel frame structures, and since future editions of
the AISC code are expected to de-emphasize, if not eliminate, references to the use of the
approximate methods, the Amplified Linear (first-order) Elastic Analysis (i.e., the
approximate “B1/B2" procedure) is not implemented in GTSTRUDL.
Rather, GTSTRUDL may be used to perform structural analysis according to the:
1. The Direct Analysis Method (AISC Table 2-1, Section C2.2, & Appendix 7)
based on a rigorous nonlinear geometric (second-order) elastic analysis in
combination with reduced member stiffnesses, notional loads, and effective
length factors K = 1.0,

GTSTRUDL Analysis and the 2005 AISC 13th Edition Specification GT STRUDL
2. The Effective Length Method (AISC Table 2-1 & Sections C2.2 & C2.2a)
based on a rigorous nonlinear geometric elastic analysis in combination with
nominal member stiffnesses, notional loads, and appropriate effective length
factors,
3. The First-Order Analysis Method (AISC Sections C2.2 & C2.2b) based on
linear elastic analysis in combination with nominal member stiffnesses,
additional lateral loads, and effective length factors K = 1.0, and
4. The Inelastic Analysis Method (AISC Appendix 1.1.5) based on methods of

linear geometric (first-order) inelastic analysis while taking into account issues
of stability, second-order effects, and material yielding, or rigorous nonlinear
geometric inelastic analysis where equilibrium is satisfied on the deformed
geometry, and taking into account the change in stiffness due to yielding and
strain hardening of steel.
Rigorous nonlinear (second-order) elastic and inelastic analyses in GTSTRUDL

account for both the P-) and P-* effects, while inelastic analysis also includes the influence
of plastic hinge formation at member ends and which accounts for the spread of yielding
through the member's cross-section, residual stresses, and strain hardening. For detailed
explanations of nonlinear (second-order) elastic and inelastic analyses in GTSTRUDL, see
Section 2.5 in Volume 3 of the User Reference Manual.

GT STRUDL Properties Used by AISC13
2 Properties Used by AISC13
This section describes the profile properties used by the AISC13 code. Since each
shape has different properties that are required by the design code, the properties of each
shape are listed separately. The tables supplied with GTSTRUDL contain these properties
required for design in addition to the properties required for analysis. New tables created
by the user should include the same properties if the AISC13 code is to be used. The
orientation of the principal axes (Z and Y) for each shape is shown in Figure 2-1.
AISC13 2-1 Rev V

Properties Used by AISC13 GT STRUDL
Figure 2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13
Rev V 2-2 AISC13

Figure 2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 (Continued)
AISC13 2-3 Rev V

I shapes:
For W shapes and other doubly symmetric I beams, the following properties
are required:
AX = cross-sectional area
AY = Y axis shear area computed as the profile depth times the web
thickness
AZ = Z axis shear area computed as 2/3 of the total flange area
IX = torsional moment of inertia
IY = moment of inertia about the Y axis
IZ = moment of inertia about the Z axis
RY = radius of gyration about the Y axis
RZ = radius of gyration about the Z axis
SY = section modulus about the Y axis
SZ = section modulus about the Z axis
ZY = plastic section modulus about the Y axis
ZZ = plastic section modulus about the Z axis
FLTK = flange thickness
WBTK = web thickness
YD = profile depth
YC = positive Y direction distance from the Z axis to the extreme fiber
along the Y axis (half of the profile depth)
ZD = flange width
ZC = positive Z direction distance from the Y axis to the extreme fiber
along the Z axis (half of the flange width)
INTYD = clear depth of the web computed as the profile depth minus twice
the flange thickness
BF/2TF = b/t ratio of the flange computed as 1/2 the flange width divided by
H/TW = h/tw, assumed web depth for stability (h) divided by the web
thickness where h is the clear distance between flanges less the
fillet or corner radius for rolled shapes (see AISC Steel
Construction Manual, Thirteenth Edition, March 2005). When
h/tw is not specified for the cross-section in the GTSTRUDL or
USER tables, the value of INTYD divided by the WBTK is used.
INTYD is the clear distance between flanges and WBTK is the
thickness of the web
Rev V 2-4 AISC13

rts = effective raduis of gyration. If not specified, it is computed as
IY × CW
SZ
h0 = distance between flange centroids. If not specified, it is computed
as YD – FLTK
CW = warping constant. If not specified, it is computed as
ZD3(YD–FLTK)2(FLTK)/24.0
ND = nominal depth
WEIGHT = weight per unit length
GRPNUM = 1.0
SHAPE = a number that indicates the profile shape
= 1.0, W shapes
= 1.1, S shapes
= 1.2, HP shapes
= 1.3, M shapes
AISC13 2-5 Rev V

Channels:
For Channels, the following properties are required:
AY = Y axis shear area computed as the profile depth times the web
thickness
AZ = Z axis shear area computed as 2/3 of the total flange area
SY = negative direction section modulus about the Y axis (IY/(ZD–ZC))
SYS = positive direction section modulus about the Y axis (IY/ZC),
YD = profile depth
along the Y axis (half of the profile depth)
ZD = flange width
along the Z axis (from Y axis to the web extreme fiber)
INTYD = clear depth of the web computed as the profile depth minus twice
EY = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the Y axis
EZ = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the Z axis
ND = nominal depth
BF/2TF = b/t ratio of the flange computed as the total flange width divided
by the flange thickness
rts = effective raduis of gyration. If not specified, it is computed as
IY × CW
SZ
h0 = distance between flange centroids. If not specified, it is computed
as YD – FLTK
CW = warping constant. If not specified, it is computed
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 2.0, Standard Channels (C)
= 2.1, Miscellaneous Channels (MC)
Rev V 2-6 AISC13

Single Angles:
For Single Angles, the properties are in principal axes, the following proper-
ties are required:
AY = Y-shear area along the Y-principle axis. AY is taken as a value
that will produce the maximum transverse shear from the equation
FY/AY, where FY is the Y-shear force in the Y-principle axis
direction. In this case, AY is taken as the term (IZ×THICK/QZ),
where QZ is the first moment of the area above the Z-principle
axis about the Z-principle axis. See S.P. Timoshenko and J. M.
Gere, Mechanics of Materials, D. Von Nostrand, New York, 1972
AZ = Z-shear area along the Z-principle axis. AZ is taken as a value
that will produce the maximum transverse shear from the equation
FZ/AZ, where FZ is the Z-shear force in the Z-principle axis
direction. In this case, AZ is taken as the term (IY×THICK/QY),
where QY is the first moment of the area above the Y-principle
axis about the Y-principle axis. See S.P. Timoshenko and J.M.
Gere, Mechanics of Materials, D. Von Nostrand, New York, 1972
IY = moment of inertia about the principal Y axis
IZ = moment of inertia about the principal Z axis
RY = radius of gyration about the principal Y axis
RZ = radius of gyration about the principal Z axis
SY = positive direction section modulus about the principal Y axis
(IY/ZC)
SYS = negative direction section modulus about the principal Y axis
(IY/(ZD–ZC)), (note, if both legs are equal, LEG1 = LEG2, then
SY = SYS)
SZ = positive direction section modulus about the principal Z axis
(IZ/YC)
SZS = negative direction section modulus about the principal Z axis
(IZ/(YD–YC))
ZY = plastic section modulus about the principal Y axis
ZZ = plastic section modulus about the principal Z axis
THICK = thickness of the single angle
LEG1 = length of the longer leg
LEG2 = length of the shorter leg
YD = depth parallel to principal Y axis
AISC13 2-7 Rev V

= LEG2×cos (ALPHA)+THICK×sin (ALPHA)

YC = positive Y direction distance from the principal Z axis to the
extreme fiber along the principal Y axis
ZD = depth parallel to principal Z axis
= LEG1×cos (ALPHA) + LEG2×sin (ALPHA)
ZC = positive Z direction distance from the principal Y axis to the
extreme fiber along the principal Z axis
ALPHA = angle between the longer leg of the angle and the principal Z axis
EY = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the principal Y
axis
EZ = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the principal Z
axis
CW = warping constant. If not specified, it is computed as
((LEG1–THICK/2)3 + (LEG2–THICK/2)3)THICK3/36
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 3.0, single angles
Rev V 2-8 AISC13

Tees:
For Tees, the following properties are required:
AY = Y axis shear area computed as 2/3 of the profile depth times web
thickness
AZ = Z axis shear area computed as 2/3 of the total flange area,
SZ = negative direction section modulus about the Z axis
(IZ/(YD–YC))
SZS = positive direction section modulus about the Z axis (IZ/YC)
YD = profile depth
along the Y axis (from Z axis to top-of-flange)
ZD = flange width
along the Z axis (half of the flange width)
INTYD = clear depth of the web computed as the profile depth minus the
flange thickness
BF/2TF = b/t ratio of the flange computed as 1/2 the flange width divided by
ND = nominal depth
AISC13 2-9 Rev V


GRPNUM = 1.0
= 4.0, WT shapes
= 4.1, ST shapes
= 4.3, MT shapes
Rev V 2 - 10 AISC13
Double Angles:
For Double Angles, the following properties are required:
AX = cross section area

AY = Y-axis shear area computed as 2/3 of the profile depth times twice
the leg thickness
AZ = Z-axis shear area computed as 2/3 of the total flange area
SY = section modulus about Y axis
SZ = negative direction section modulus about Z axis (IZ/(YD–YC))
SZS = positive direction section modulus about Z axis (IZ/YC)
THICK = thickness of the flange (note: the thickness of both single angles
is assumed to be the same and uniform)
LEGl = length of the longer leg of each single angle which makes up the
double angle
LEG2 = length of the shorter leg of each single angle which makes up the
double angle
SPACING = spacing between the single angles. When each angle is in contact,
SPACING equals zero
YD = depth parallel to Y axis
along the Y axis
ZD = depth parallel to Z axis
along the Z axis
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 4.4, equal legs back-to-back double angles
= 4.5, long legs back-to-back double angles
= 4.6, short legs back-to-back double angles
AISC13 2 - 11 Rev V
Solid Round Bars:
For Solid Round Bars, the following properties are required:
AY = Y axis shear area computed as 3/4 of AX
AZ = Z axis shear area computed as 3/4 of AX
YD = depth parallel to Y axis (diameter of bar)
YC = distance to extreme fiber in positive Y direction (radius of bar)
ZD = depth parallel to Z axis (diameter of bar)
ZC = distance to extreme fiber in positive Z direction (radius of bar)
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 5.0, solid round bars
Rev V 2 - 12 AISC13
Round HSS (Pipes):
For Round HSS (Pipes), the following properties are required:
C = HSS torsional constant. If not specified, it is computed as
π×(OD – THICK)×(OD – THICK)×THICK/2
OD = outside diameter of the pipe
ID = inside diameter of the pipe
THICK = thickness of the pipe
YD = depth parallel to Y axis (OD)
YC = distance to extreme fiber in positive Y direction (OD/2.0)
ZD = depth parallel to Z axis (OD)
ZC = distance to extreme fiber in positive Z direction (OD/2.0)
ND = nominal depth
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 5.1, round HSS (pipes)
AISC13 2 - 13 Rev V
Square and Rectangular Bars:
For Square and Rectangular Bars. Both the Square and Rectangular Bars
require the following properties:
YD = depth parallel to Y axis
YC = distance to extreme fiber in positive Y direction (YD/2)
ZD = depth parallel to Z axis
ZC = distance to extreme fiber in positive Z direction (ZD/2)
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 6.0, square bars
= 6.1, rectangular bars
Rev V 2 - 14 AISC13
Square and Rectangular HSS (Structural Tubing):
For Square and Rectangular HSS (Structural Tubing), the following properties are
required:
AY = Y axis shear area computed as twice the web thickness times the
flat width of the web
AZ = Z axis shear area computed as twice the flange thickness times the
flat width of the flange
RY = radius of gyration about Y axis
RZ = radius of gyration about Z axis
SY = section modulus about Y axis
SZ = section modulus about Z axis
YD = profile depth
along the Y axis (YD/2)
ZD = profile width
along the Z axis (ZD/2)
C = HSS torsional constant. If not specified, it is computed as
2×(ZD – t)×(YD – t)×t – 4.5×(4.0 – π)×t×t×t
Where t = minimum of (FLTK , WBTK)
b/t = b/t ratio of the flange. If not specified, it is computed as
(ZD – 3.0×WBTK) / FLTK
h/t = h/t ratio of the web. If not specified, it is computed as
(YD – 3.0×FLTK) / WBTK
INTYD = flat width of the web (YD – 2×radius)
INTZD = flat width of the flange (ZD – 2×radius)
ND = nominal depth
AISC13 2 - 15 Rev V
GRPNUM = 1.0
= 6.2, structural tubing
It is assumed that the outside radius of the corners of a structural tube equals twice
the thickness of the tube:
radius = 2 × FLTK
Rev V 2 - 16 AISC13
GT STRUDL Parameters Used by AISC13
3 Parameters Used by AISC13
The parameters used by AISC13 code may be grouped into three general categories:
1. System parameters System parameters are used to monitor the SELECT

and CHECK command results
2. Control parameters Control parameters decide which provisions are to

be checked and specify comparison tolerances
3. Code parameters Code parameters are used to specify information

and coefficients directly referenced in the code
With the notable exception of CODETOL, parameters of the second group are
seldom used. A knowledge of the system and control parameters allows the user greater
flexibility when using the AISC13 code. The vast majority of parameters fall into the code
category and have a direct bearing on AISC13 code and the results it produces.
For the categories described above, the parameters used by AISC13 code are present-
ed below and are summarized in Table 3-1. The system and control parameters are discussed
first, followed by the code parameters.
AISC13 3-1 Rev U

Parameters Used by AISC13 GT STRUDL
Table 3-1
Parameters in AISC13
Parameter Default Alternate

Name Value Values
a 10000.0 (in.) Real value in active units

CantiMem NO YES
CB 1.0 COMPUTE, Real value
Cby 1.0 COMPUTE, Real value
CODE Required AISC13
CODETOL 0.0 Percent Tolerance
COMPK NO YES, KY, KZ
ConnType WELDED SNUG
FRLX 1.0 Fraction of member length
FRLY 1.0 Fraction of member length
FRLZ 1.0 Fraction of member length
FRUNLCF 1.0 Fraction of member length
Fu Computed Real value in active units
FXMIN 0.5 (lb) Real value in active units
Fy Computed Real value in active units
FYMIN 0.5 (lb) Real value in active units
FZMIN 0.5 (lb) Real value in active units
GAY Computed Real value
GAZ Computed Real value
GBY Computed Real value
GBZ Computed Real value
K 1.0 Real value
KX 1.0 Real value
KY 1.0 Real value
KZ 1.0 Real value
L Member Length Real value in active units
Lvy Member Length Real value in active units
Lvz Member Length Real value in active units
Rev U 3-2 AISC13

Table 3-1 (continued)
Parameters in AISC13
Parameter Default Alternate

Name Value Values
LX Member Length Real value in active units

LY Member Length Real value in active units
LZ Member Length Real value in active units
Method LRFD ASD
MXMIN 20.0 (in-lb) Real value in active units
MYMIN 20.0 (in-lb) Real value in active units
MZMIN 20.0 (in-lb) Real value in active units
nConnect 0 -1, -2
PF 1.0 Fraction of area
PRIDTA 1.0 2.0
Print-K YES NO
PrintLim NO YES
REDE 1.0 Reduction factor for E
RedFu 1.0 Reduction factor for Fu
RedFy 1.0 Reduction factor for Fy
SDSWAYY YES NO
SDSWAYZ YES NO
SECTYPE Computed ROLLED, WELDED
SLENCOMP 200.0 Real value
SLENTEN 300.0 Real value
STEELGRD A36 Tables 1-4 and 1-5
SUMMARY NO YES
TBLNAM WSHAPES9 Table 1-3
TRACE 4 1, 2, 3
UNLCF Member Length Real value in active units
UNLCFBF Member Length Real value in active units
UNLCFTF Member Length Real value in active units
VALUES 1 2, 3, 4
AISC13 3-3 Rev U

System Parameters
PrintLim / NO, YES
Parameter to request to print the section limiting values for limit state and
load and resistance factor design codes. This parameter is applicable to the steel
design CHECK and SELECT commands. The default output from CHECK or
SELECT command prints the section force values. A value of ‘YES’ for this
parameter indicates that the section limiting values should be printed instead of
default section forces.
SUMMARY / NO, YES
Unlike the TRACE and VALUES parameters, SUMMARY does not directly
produce output during a SELECT or CHECK command. Instead, SUMMARY
invokes a bookkeeping system which monitors and records provision and parameter
values used at each section and loading for which the member is to be designed or
checked. The two options for SUMMARY are NO or YES. With the default of NO,
the bookkeeping system is bypassed, and no data are stored. When YES is specified,
all provisions and parameters in the code "Summary Description" (Sections 2.9 and
2.10.5 of Volume 2A) are recorded. Information recorded during a SELECT or
CHECK can be output using the SUMMARIZE command of Section 2.9 of Volume
2A. By using SUMMARY, the user is able to selectively output the same data
available through TRACE and VALUES at any time after the data have been
recorded.
TRACE / 1, 2, 3, 4
The TRACE parameter is used to monitor the evaluation of code provisions

during a SELECT or CHECK command. The four options are:
1 - no provisions are output,

2 - outputs any provisions which fail,
3 - outputs all provisions that are considered, and
4 - outputs the largest value of actual/allowable ratio computed.
Whenever 2 or 3 is selected, a heading indicating the case for which the

provision is being evaluated is output before the provision values are listed. This
heading identifies the member, the profile and table being used, the code and its
internal units, the loading and section location being considered, and the forces
Rev U 3-4 AISC13

acting on the member for that section and loading. For each provision at that section
and loading, the allowable and actual values, and the actual/allowable ratio are
output. Figure 7.2-1 of Volume 2A illustrates the information output by a TRACE
value of 3. For a TRACE value of 2, only those provisions for which the actual
exceeded the allowable are output. The order in which provisions are output depends
on the code being used, and on the forces acting at the particular section and loading.
When no value is specified for the parameter TRACE, the default value of 4 is
assumed. The default output generated for the SELECT or the CHECK command
shows the member name, the code name, the profile name, the table name, the
loading condition and the section location where the largest actual/allowable value
occurs, the provision name corresponding to the largest actual/allowable value, the
largest value of actual/allowable ratio computed, and the internal member section
forces at the section with the largest actual/allowable ratio.
VALUES / 1, 2, 3, 4
VALUES allows for the inspection of the parameters and/or properties values
used while SELECTing or CHECKing a member. Each time a parameter or property
is retrieved for use by the code or selection procedure, its name and values are
output. The four options for VALUES are:
1 - no parameter or property values are output,

2 - outputs only parameter values,
3 - outputs only property values, and
4 - outputs both parameter and property values.
Unlike TRACE, no headings are output when the 2, 3, or 4 option of

VALUES is selected. Practical use of VALUES requires simultaneous use of the
TRACE 3 option. An example of VALUES 2 with TRACE 3 is shown in Figure 7.2-
2 of Volume 2A.
AISC13 3-5 Rev U

Control Parameters
CODETOL / 0.0, Percent tolerance
CODETOL allows the user to permit a reasonable tolerance in checks of the

code provisions. Checks of code provisions are made by comparing the ratio of
actual to allowable against an upper limit of 1.0. If the limit is exceeded, the
provision is failed. CODETOL specifies the percentage by which the ratio may
exceed the limit and still be acceptable. The general form of this comparison is
shown here:
With a CODETOL of 0.0, the default, an actual over allowable of 1.0001,

would be unacceptable and marked as a "fail". By specifying a value for CODET-
OL, the user is able to account for such cases when appropriate. A negative value for
CODETOL would bring the upper limit below 1.0.
FXMIN / 0.5 lb, Alternate value in active units
FXMIN specifies the smallest magnitude axial force to be considered by the

code. Thus any axial force whose absolute value is below the specified value for
FXMIN is treated as zero. This lower limit applies to both axial tension and
compression.
FYMIN / 0.5 lb, Alternate value in active units
FYMIN specifies the smallest magnitude shear force in the Y direction to be

considered. Any Y shear force whose absolute value is below the specified value of
FYMIN, is treated as zero.
FZMIN / 0.5 lb, Alternate value in active units
FZMIN specifies the smallest magnitude shear force in the Z direction to be

considered. Any Z shear force whose absolute value is less than the specified value
of FZMIN is treated as zero.
Rev U 3-6 AISC13

MXMIN / 20.0 in-lb, Alternate value in active units
MXMIN specifies the smallest magnitude X axis moment to be considered.

Torsional moments about the X axis are treated as zero, when their absolute value
is below MXMIN.
MYMIN / 20.0 in-lb, Alternate value in active units
MYMIN specifies the smallest magnitude Y axis moment to be considered.

Bending moments about the Y axis are treated as zero, when their absolute value is
below MYMIN.
MZMIN / 20.0 in-lb, Alternate value in active units
MZMIN specifies the smallest magnitude Z axis moment to be considered.

Bending moments about the Z axis are treated as zero, when their absolute value is
below MZMIN.
NOTE: Values given for FXMIN, FYMIN, FZMIN, MXMIN, MYMIN, and MZMIN
should always be greater than zero, so that checks of extremely small forces and
moments are not made. Forces and moments with magnitudes of 0.001 and less
may be present due to numerical limitations of the computer. In most structures,
forces of this magnitude are negligible when compared to the forces usually found
in a member. Default values for the minimums are appropriate for most
applications.
AISC13 3-7 Rev U

Code Parameters
a / 10000.0 in., Alternate value in active units
This parameter is used to specify the clear distance between transverse

stiffeners. This parameter is used to compute a/h ratio which is used in the
computation of the limiting shear stress. The default value of 10000.0 inches
indicates that the shear check does not consider transverse stiffeners. A user
specified value for the parameter 'a' causes the automatic computation of the a/h
ratio. The a/h ratio is computed based on the specified value for the parameter 'a'
divided by h. h is defined as the total depth minus twice the flange thickness. h
is assumed to be equal to the property INTYD, which is the clear distance between
the flanges (see Section 2).
CantiMem / NO, YES
This parameter indicates that a member or a physical member which is part

of a cantilever truss should be considered as a cantilever beam in the K-factor
computation. The special case when this parameter may be used is when a beam
that is connected to a column is part of a cantilever truss system and the program
is not able to detect that the beam should be considered as a cantilever beam in the
K-factor computation. Keep in mind that only true cantilever members or physical
members are detected automatically. A value of YES for this parameter indicates
that the member or physical member is a cantilever.
CB / 1.0, COMPUTE, Alternate value
Parameter CB is the AISC coefficient Cb which is defined as the lateral-

torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform moment diagrams when both
ends of the unsupported segment are braced. This coefficient increases the limiting
nominal compressive flexural strength when a moment gradient exists over the
unbraced length of the compression flange. The default value for parameter CB
conservatively has been assumed as 1.0 for all cases.
Rev U 3-8 AISC13

The alternative user specified value of COMPUTE indicates that the value
of parameter CB must be computed according to equation F1-1 of Section F1.2 of
the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition Specification (102) for all active loadings.
12.5Mmax
Cb = Rm ≤ 3.0 AISC Eq. F1-1
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC
where:
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced beam

segment about the Z axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
MA = absolute value of moment at the quarter point of the unbraced
beam segment about the Z axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
MB = absolute value of moment at the centerline of the unbraced beam
segment about the Z axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
MC = absolute value of moment at the three-quarter point of the
unbraced beam segment about the Z axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
Rm = cross-section mono-symmetry parameter
= 1.0
Note that at this time a value of 1.0 has been assumed for Rm for all doubly
and singly symmetric cross-sections. The channel cross-section is the only singly
symmetric cross-sections for which the parameter CB is applicable. Channels are
singly symmetric about the cross-sections Y axis. A value of 1.0 is assumed for
parameter CB when the member is a cantilever. When computing the default value
of Cb, the compression flange is assumed to be laterally supported (i.e., braced)
only at the member ends. In cases where the actual unbraced length is different
than the eccentric member length (start to end of the member), the user should
specify a value for parameter CB. A value of 1.0 is always conservative and may
be used in either of the preceding cases.
User also may specify an alternative value for parameter CB. Keep in mind
that the user specified alternate value is used for all active loads for the list of
members specified.
AISC13 3-9 Rev U

Cby / 1.0, COMPUTE, Alternate value
Parameter Cby is the AISC coefficient Cb which is defined as the lateral-

torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform moment diagrams when both
ends of the unsupported segment are braced. This parameter is applicable to equal-
leg single angle cross-sections only. This coefficient increases the limiting
nominal compressive flexural strength when a moment gradient exists over the
unbraced length of the member. Cby is used for equal-leg single angle cross-
sections under Y axis bending. The default value for parameter CB conservatively
has been assumed as 1.0 for all cases.
The alternative user specified value of COMPUTE indicates that the value
of parameter CB must be computed according to equation F1-1 of Section F1.2 of
the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition Specification (102) for all active loadings.
12.5Mmax
Cby = Rm ≤ 3.0 AISC Eq. F1-1
2.5Mmax + 3M A + 4 M B + 3MC
where:
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced beam

segment about the Y axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
MA = absolute value of moment at the quarter point of the unbraced
beam segment about the Y axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
MB = absolute value of moment at the centerline of the unbraced beam
segment about the Y axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
MC = absolute value of moment at the three-quarter point of the
unbraced beam segment about the Y axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
Rm = cross-section mono-symmetry parameter
= 1.0
Note that at this time a value of 1.0 has been assumed for Rm. Equal-leg
single angles are singly symmetric about the cross-section principal Z axis. A
value of 1.0 is assumed for parameter Cby when the cross-section is an unequal-leg
single angle or cantilever member. When computing the default value of Cby, the
member is assumed to be laterally supported (i.e., braced) only at the member ends.
In cases where the actual unbraced length is different than the eccentric member
length (start to end of the member), the user should specify a value for parameter
Cby. A value of 1.0 is always conservative and may be used in either of the
preceding cases.
Rev U 3 - 10 AISC13
The user also may specify an alternative value for parameter Cby. Keep in
mind that the user specified alternate value is used for all active loads for the list
of members specified.
CODE / Required
The CODE parameter indicates the code procedure which should be used for
designing or checking a member. A value of AISC13 must be specified for this
parameter to check code based on 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition. AISC13 design
or code check is based on the AISC "Steel Construction Manual”, “Specification
for Structural Steel Buildings", adopted March 2005 (102).
COMPK / NO, YES, KY, KZ
The COMPK parameter is used to specify how the values of the effective
length parameters KY and KZ are defined. The default value of NO indicates that
the values of KY and KZ are either specified by the user or taken as 1.0 by default.
The value of YES indicates that the values of KY and KZ are to be computed
by GTSTRUDL in the member selection and code check procedures (SELECT or
CHECK command). The K-factors computed by GTSTRUDL are based on the
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) guidelines. If the value of
COMPK is NO, the values of KY and KZ are taken as either specified by the user
or as 1.0 by default.
The value of KY or KZ for the parameter COMPK indicates that only the
specified effective length factor should be computed. Refer to Section 2.2 of
Volume 2A for more discussion of the effective length factor computation.
ConnType / WELDED, SNUG
Type of the intermediate connectors that are used for double angles. Choices
are: SNUG and WELDED.
SNUG = intermediate connectors that are snug-tight bolted (Section

E6.1(a)(i) of AISC 13th Edition).
WELDED = intermediate connectors that are welded or fully tensioned
bolted (Section E6.1(a)(ii) of AISC 13th Edition). This is the
default.
Note that the parameter 'ConnType' is applicable to double angles only.
AISC13 3 - 11 Rev U
FRLX / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRLX specifies the unbraced length for torsional buckling, LX, as a fraction
of the member's effective length. FRLX may be less than or greater than 1.0. This
option works only when LX is computed.
FRLY / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRLY specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Y axis, LY, as a
fraction of the member's effective length. FRLY may be less than or greater than
1.0. This option works only when LY is computed.
FRLZ / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRLZ specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Z axis, LZ, as a
fraction of the member's effective length. FRLZ may be less than or greater than
1.0. This option works only when LZ is computed.
FRUNLCF / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRUNLCF specifies the unbraced length of the compression flange, UNLCF,

as a fraction of the member's effective length. FRUNLCF may be less than or
greater than 1.0. This option works only when UNLCF is computed.
Fu / Computed, Alternate value in active units
The minimum tensile strength of a member may be specified via Fu. When
Fu is specified, the STEELGRD and profile GRPNUM are not considered, and the
value of Fu remains constant for the member.
Fy / Computed, Alternate value in active units
Fy may be used to specify the yield strength of a member, rather than having
it computed from STEELGRD and GRPNUM. When Fy is specified for a
member, its value remains constant irrespective of profile size under consideration.
The value of STEELGRD is not considered for such members, even if it was
specified.
Rev U 3 - 12 AISC13
GAY / Computed, Alternative value
GAY is the G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAY is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KY (see parameter COMPK and KY).
GAZ / Computed, Alternative value
GAZ is the G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAZ is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KZ (see parameter COMPK and KZ).
GBY / Computed, Alternative value
GBY is the G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBY is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KY (see parameter COMPK and KY).
GBZ / Computed, Alternative value
GBZ is the G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBZ is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KZ (see parameter COMPK and KZ).
K / 1.0, Alternate value
Effective length factor for an individual component of a double angle. This

parameter is used to design a number of connectors and to check the connector
spacing (Section E6.2 of the AISC 13th Edition). Note that the parameter ‘K’ is
applicable to double angles only.
KX / 1.0, Alternative value
KX is the effective length factor for torsional buckling. This parameter is

used in the computation of flexural-torsional buckling. A default value of 1.0 is
assumed. An alternate value may be specified by the user.
KY / 1.0, Alternative value, computed
KY is the effective length factor used for buckling about the local member
Y axis (Figure 3-1), and its value is determined according to the following
provisions:
AISC13 3 - 13 Rev U
Figure 3-1 Local Axis Buckling
Rev U 3 - 14 AISC13
(1) KY is taken either as 1.0 by default or as the alternative value specified by

the user, if the value of the COMPK parameter is equal to NO.
(2) KY is computed if the value of COMPK is equal to YES or KY. Refer to

Section 2.2 of Volume 2A for more discussion and an example of the
effective length factor computation.
KZ / 1.0, Alternative value, computed
KZ is the effective length factor used for buckling about the local member Z
axis (Figure 3-1), and its value is determined according to the following
provisions:
(1) KZ is taken either as 1.0 by default or as the alternative value specified by

the user, if the value of the COMPK parameter is equal to NO.
(2) KZ is computed if the value of COMPK is equal to YES or KZ. Refer to

Section 2.2 of Volume 2A for more discussion and an example of the
effective length factor computation.
L / Computed, Alternate value in active units
Actual physical member length is used to design a number of connectors and

to check connector spacing (Section E6.2 of the AISC 13th Edition), and also used
in the computation of the modified column slenderness, (KL/r)m (Section E6.1 of
the AISC 13th Edition). This parameter is used to compute the distance between
connectors a = L(n+1), where ‘a’ is the distance between connectors, ‘L’ is the
member length, and ‘n’ is the number of connectors. The default is computed as
the length of the member. Note that the parameter ‘L’ is applicable to double
angles only.
Lvy / Computed, Alternate value in active units
This parameter is used to specify the distance from maximum to zero shear
force in the Y axis (Section G6 of AISC 13th Edition). The default value is
computed as the length of the member. An alternative value may be specified in
active units. Note that the parameter ‘Lvy’ is applicable to round HSS (pipes)
only.
AISC13 3 - 15 Rev U
Lvz / Computed, Alternate value in active units
This parameter is used to specify the distance from maximum to zero shear
force in the Z axis (Section G6 of AISC 13th Edition). The default value is
computed as the length of the member. An alternative value may be specified in
active units. Note that the parameter ‘Lvz’ is applicable to round HSS (pipes)
only.
LX / Computed, Alternate value in active units
LX is the distance between torsional buckling restraints. This parameter is

used in the computation of flexural-torsional buckling. The default is computed
as the effective member length times the value of the FRLX parameter. See the
LY parameter, below, for a description of the effective length. An alternate value
in the active units may be specified by the user.
LY / Computed, Alternate value in active units
LY specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Y axis, as shown in
Figure 3-1. The default is computed as the effective member length times the
value of the FRLY parameter. The effective length of a member is the joint-to-
joint distance, unless eccentricities and/or end joint sizes are given. When
eccentricities are given, the eccentric start-to-end length of the member is used.
For end joint sizes, the end joint size at both ends is subtracted from the effective
length which would have been used. LY may be specified larger or smaller than
the member's effective length, and no comparisons are made between the two. See
Section 2.1.8 of Volume 1 for a discussion of member eccentricities and end joint
sizes.
LZ / Computed, Alternate value in active units
LZ specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Z axis, as shown in
Figure 3-1. The default is computed as the effective member length times the
value of the FRLZ parameter. See the LY parameter, above, for a description of
the effective length.
Rev U 3 - 16 AISC13
Method / LRFD, ASD
The GTSTRUDL AISC13 steel design code which is based on the AISC
2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Thirteenth Edition, provides two
methods of design.
(1) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD): The nominal strength is
multiplied by a resistance factor N, and the resulting design strength
is then required to equal or exceed the section forces in the member.
(2) Allowable Strength Design (ASD): The nominal strength is divided by
a safety factor S, and the resulting allowable strength is then required
to equal or exceed the section forces in the member.
The AISC 13th Specification gives provisions for determining the values of
the nominal strength according to the applicable limit states and lists the
corresponding values of the resistance factor N and the safety factor S.
Appropriate LRFD or ASD load combination should be used based on the
specified applicable building design code.
This parameter may be used to specify the design method that should be used
in AISC13 code. The default value of the LRFD indicates that the AISC13 design
method is the Load and Resistance Factor Design. An alternative value of ASD
indicates that the AISC13 design method is the Allowable Strength Design.
nConnect / 0, Alternate value
Number of connectors between individual angles. The user specified value

is used during code check. When the SELECT MEMBER (design) is requested,
the user specified value is used unless more connectors are required. If the
designed number of connectors are larger than the user specified value, the
computed number of connectors are used and printed after the SELECT MEMBER
result. The default value of zero indicates that the angles are connected at the ends
only. Following are additional options that you can specify for this parameter:
0 = angles are connected at the ends of the member.

–1 = requesting the number of connectors to be computed during code
check.
–2 = bypass modified column slenderness equations. This will bypass the
check for the Section E6.1 of the AISC Thirteenth Edition.
Note that the parameter 'nConnect' is applicable to double angles only.
AISC13 3 - 17 Rev U
PF / 1.0, Fraction of cross-sectional area
PF is used to compute the net area for members subject to axial tension. By
specifying a value for PF, the user is able to account for holes which make the net
area less than the full cross-sectional area.
Print-K / YES, NO
Parameter to print the computed K-factor values after the default code check
or select command output (TRACE 4 output). The default value of ‘YES’ for this
parameter indicates that the computed K-factor values should be printed after the
code check or select command output. The names of the columns attached to the
start and end of the code checked member are also printed. This printed
information allows the user to inspect the automatic detection of the columns
attached to the start and end of the designed member. A value of ‘NO’ indicates
that K-factor values and the names of the columns attached to the start and end of
the designed member should not be printed.
REDE / 1.0, Reduction factor for the constant E
The modulus of elasticity for a member is multiplied by this factor before use
in the design equations of the AISC13 code. The value of E specified in the
CONSTANTS command is not altered when used in analysis commands.
RedFu / 1.0, Reduction factor for Fu
RedFu allows a user to account for changes in the minimum tensile strength,
Fu, of a member, such as those which occur at high temperatures. RedFu is
multiplied by Fu to give the value used for minimum tensile strength.
RedFy / 1.0, Reduction factor for Fy
The parameter RedFy is a reduction factor for the yield strength, Fy, of a
member. This parameter is intended to reflect the change in yield strength which
occurs at higher temperatures. An alternate use for RedFy would be to introduce
an additional factor of safety into the design equations. The yield strength used in
the provision is equal to RedFy multiplied by Fy (RedFy × Fy).
Rev U 3 - 18 AISC13
SDSWAYY / YES, NO
SDSWAYY indicates the presence of sidesway about the Y axis of the

member. A value of YES indicates that sidesway is permitted; this is often referred
to as an unbraced frame. For braced frames, in which sidesway is prevented, a
value of NO should be specified. Figure 3-2 illustrates the direction of sway
relative to the column orientation.
SDSWAYZ / YES, NO
SDSWAYZ indicates the presence of sidesway about the Z axis of the

member. A value of YES indicates that sidesway is permitted; this is often referred
to as an unbraced frame. For braced frames, in which sidesway is prevented, a
value of NO should be specified. Figure 3-2 illustrates the direction of sway
relative to the column orientation.
SECTYPE / Computed, ROLLED, WELDED
This parameter defines the type of a cross-section specified in the structural

model. The value of ROLLED indicates that the members are hot rolled cross-
sections. A value of WELDED for the parameter SECTYPE indicates that the
members are welded or cold-formed cross-sections. The default value for
SECTYPE is assumed to be ROLLED and an alternative value of WELDED may
be specified by the user.
SLENCOMP / Computed, Alternate value
SLENCOMP is the maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for a

member subjected to the axial compression. The default is computed as a value of
200.0 for compression members. An alternate value may be specified by the user.
SLENTEN / Computed, Alternate value
SLENTEN is the maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for a

member subjected to the axial tension. The default is computed as a value of 300.0
for tension members. An alternate value maybe specified by the user.
AISC13 3 - 19 Rev U
Figure 3-2 SIDESWAY Conditions
Rev U 3 - 20 AISC13
STEELGRD / A36, Value from Tables 1-4 and 1-5
STEELGRD specifies the grade of steel from which a member is to be made.

Using the value of STEELGRD the yield strength (Fy) can be correctly
determined.
UNLCF / Computed, Alternate value in active units
UNLCF specifies the unbraced length of the compression flange, which is

used in computing the allowable bending stress of a member. The maximum
distance between points of adequate lateral support for the compression flange
should be used. The default is computed as the effective length of the member
times the value of the FRUNLCF parameter. Refer to the parameter LY for a
discussion of a member's effective length.
UNLCFBF / Computed, Alternate value in active units
UNLCFBF specifies the unbraced length of the compression flange for the
bottom flange, which is used in computing the allowable bending stress of a
member. Bottom flange is defined as the flange in the local negative Y axis
direction of a cross section as shown in Figure 3-3. UNLCFBF is used when
negative strong axis bending (negative MZ) is acting on the member which causes
compression on the bottom flange. The maximum distance between points of
adequate lateral support for the bottom compression flange should be used. When
an alternate value for this parameter has not been specified, the value for the
parameter UNLCF is used. See parameter UNLCF for the default treatment of the
parameter UNLCFBF.
UNLCFTF / Computed, Alternate value in active units
UNLCFTF specifies the unbraced length of the compression flange for the
top flange, which is used in computing the allowable bending stress of a member.
Top flange is defined as the flange in the local positive Y axis direction of a cross
section as shown in Figure 3-3. UNLCFTF is used when positive strong axis
bending (positive MZ) is acting on the member which causes compression on the
top flange. The maximum distance between points of adequate lateral support for
the top compression flange should be used. When an alternate value for this
parameter has not been specified, the value for the parameter UNLCF is used. See
parameter UNLCF for the default treatment of the parameter UNLCFTF.
AISC13 3 - 21 Rev U
Figure 3-3 Unbraced length of the compression flange for

the TOP and BOTTOM flange.
Rev U 3 - 22 AISC13
GT STRUDL Provisions of AISC13
4 Provisions of AISC13
This section presents the equations used in AISC13 to determine the acceptability of
a profile. The equations have been divided into provisions, where each provision represents
a comparison which may be output with the TRACE parameter and/or stored with the
SUMMARY parameter. Provision names, used in SUMMARY and TRACE output, are
given and are followed by the equations used in the particular provision. Each provision is
accompanied by a brief description of the check being made and the section of the AISC
Specification on which it is based. Conditions which decide if a provision is to be checked
or not are described before each provision. Symbols, parameters, and properties used in the
provisions have been described in the preceding sections.
A special provision “NOTUSE” is used to indicate that no profile is available for the
desired grade of steel (STEELGRD), which is large enough to carry the forces acting on the
member. Combinations of the parameter STEELGRD and the property GRPNUM showing
NA in Tables 1-4 and 1-5 will cause this provision to be used. When this condition occurs
no other provisions are checked for the member.
The remainder of this section is divided into ten (10) subsections. Since each shape
has a unique design procedure, they are presented in separate subsections, as shown below.
Shape Subsection
I shapes 4.2
Channels 4.3
Single Angles 4.4
Tees 4.5
Double Angles 4.6
Square and Rectangular HSS 4.7
(Structural Tube)
Round HSS (Pipes) 4.8
Solid Round Bars 4.9
Solid Rectangular Bars 4.10
ANSI/AISC N690-06 4.11
AISC13 4-1 Rev U

Provisions of AISC13 GT STRUDL
Rev U 4-2 AISC13

GT STRUDL General Nomenclature for AISC13
4.1 General Nomenclature for AISC13
This section defines the symbols used in describing the provisions of the AISC13
code. To minimize confusion, the notation of the AISC Specification is used whenever
possible. Symbols that are determined from parameters are identified in this section. When
appropriate, the units of a symbol are shown after its definition.
a = Clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in. (mm)

Ae = Effective net area, in.2 (mm2)
Af = AZ = Area of flange, shear area, in.2 (mm2)
Ag = AX = Gross area, in.2 (mm2)
Ay = AY = Area of web, shear area, in.2 (mm2)
Az = AZ = Area of flange, shear area, in.2 (mm2)
Aw = AY = Area of web, shear area, in.2 (mm2)
aw = Ratio of two times the web area in compression due to
application of major axis bending moment alone to the
area of the compression flange components
AX = Ag = Cross-sectional area, in.2 (mm2)
AY = Cross-sectional shear area in Y direction, in.2 (mm2)
AZ = Cross-sectional shear area in Z direction, in.2 (mm2)
b = Width of stiffened or unstiffened compression element, in.
(mm)
be = Effective width of stiffened compression element, in. (mm)
bf = ZD = Flange width, in. (mm)
bfc = ZD = Compression flange width, in. (mm)
b/t = b/t ratio for tee cross-section. Cross-section property for
tee shape
= BF/2TF = One half of the flange width to the flange thickness ratio
(see section property BF/2TF)
BF/2TF = b/t = Section properties (see Section 2)
bf/tf = Flange width to the flange thickness ratio for channel
cross-section
C = Torsional shear constant for round HSS (pipe), in.3 (mm3)
Cb = CB = Bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient (see
parameter ‘CB’)
Cby = Cby = Bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient about
the Y axis (see parameter ‘Cby’)
Cv = Ratio of critical web stress, according to linear buckling
theory, to the shear yield stress of web material

General Nomenclature for AISC13 GT STRUDL
Cw = CW = Warping constant, in.6 (mm6)

d = YD = Depth profile, in. (mm)
D = OD = Outside diameter of pipe, in. (mm)
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel (see parameter ‘REDE’,
(E = REDE×(the analysis constant E))), ksi (MPa)
f = Computed compressive stress in the stiffened element, ksi
(MPa)
Fcr = Critical stress, ksi (MPa)
Fcry = Critical stress about member Y axis, ksi (MPa)
Fcrz = Critical stress about member Z axis, ksi (MPa)
Fe = Flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress, ksi (MPa)
Fey = Elastic flexural buckling stress about the member Y axis,
ksi (MPa)
Fez = Elastic flexural buckling stress about the member Z axis,
ksi (MPa)
FL = Smaller of (Fyf – Fr) or Fyw, ksi (MPa)
FLTK = tf = Flange thickness, in. (mm)
Fu = Fu = Minimum tensile strength of the steel (see parameter ‘Fu’
and ‘RedFu’), ksi (MPa)
FX = Axial load (positive represents a tensile load, negative
represents a compressive load), kip (N)
FXMIN = Smallest magnitude axial force which will be considered
by the code, see parameter ‘FXMIN’, kip (N)
FY = Shear force in member Y direction, kip (N)
Fy = Fy = Yield strength of steel (see parameters ‘Fy’ and ‘RedFy’),
ksi (MPa)
Fyf = Fy = Specified minimum yield stress of the flange, ksi (MPa)
FYMIN = Smallest magnitude shear force in the member Y direction
which will be considered by the code (see parameter
‘FYMIN’), kip (N)
Fyw = Fy = Specified minimum yield stress of the web, ksi (MPa)
FZ = Shear force in member Z direction, kip (N)
FZMIN = Smallest magnitude shear force in the member Z direction
which will be considered by the code (see parameter
‘FZMIN’), kip (N)
G = Shear modulus of steel (see parameter ‘REDE’,
(G = REDE×(the analysis constant G))), ksi (MPa)
H = Flexural constant
h = Clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner
radius or the total depth minus twice the flange thickness,
in. (mm)

hc = Twice the distance from the centroid to the inside face of

the compression flange less the fillet or corner radius, in.
(mm)
h0 = Distance between the flange centroids, in. (mm)
h/tw = H/TW = Section properties (see Section 2)
h/tw = Width to thickness ratio for tee cross-sections
INTYD = Section properties (see Section 2), in. (mm)
INTZD = Section properties (see Section 2), in. (mm)
Ix = IX = J = Torsional constant, in.4 (mm4)
Iy = IY = Moment of inertia about the member Y axis, in.4 (mm4)
Iz = IZ = Moment of inertia about the member Z axis, in.4 (mm4)
J = IX = Torsional constant, in.4 (mm4)
KL/r = Kl/r = Controlling slenderness ratio
kc = Coefficient for slender unstiffened elements
kv = Shear buckling coefficient
Kx = KX = Effective length factor for torsional buckling
Ky = KY = Effective length factor about the member Y axis (see
parameter ‘KY’)
Kz = KZ = Effective length factor about the member Z axis (see
parameter ‘KZ’)
L = Torsional length of the member (parameter LX), in. (mm)
Lb = lb = Actual unbraced length of the compression flange to
prevent against twist or lateral displacement (see
parameter ‘UNLCF’ and ‘FRUNLCF’), in. (mm)
LEG1 = Length of the longer leg of single angle, in. (mm)
LEG2 = Length of the shorter leg of single angle, in. (mm)
Lr = Limiting laterally unbraced length for inelastic lateral-
torsional buckling, in. (mm)
L/r = Limiting slenderness ratio for tension member
l/r = Actual slenderness ratio for tension member
Lp = Limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic bending
capacity, uniform moment case (Cb = 1.0), in. (mm)
Lvy = Lvy = Distance from maximum to zero shear force in the Y
direction (parameter Lvy), in. (mm)
Lvz = Lvz = Distance from maximum to zero shear force in the Z
direction (parameter Lvz), in. (mm)
Lx = LX = Unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member
X axis, in. (mm)
Ly = LY = Actual unbraced length about the member Y axis (see
parameter ‘LY’ and ‘FRLY’), in. (mm)

Lz = LZ = Actual unbraced length about the member Z axis (see

parameters ‘LZ’ and ‘FRLZ’), in. (mm)
Mcy = Design flexural strength determined in accordance with Y
axis bending provisions, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mcz = Design flexural strength determined in accordance with Z
Me = Elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment, kip–in.
(N–mm)
Mny = Nominal flexural strength about member Y axis, kip–in.
(N–mm)
Mpy = Plastic bending moment about member Y axis, kip–in.
(N–mm)
Mpyc = Compression side plastic bending moment about member
Y axis, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mpyt = Tension side plastic bending moment about member Y
axis, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mpz = Plastic bending moment about member Z axis, kip–in.
(N–mm)
Mry = Limiting buckling moment about member Y axis, Mcry,
when 8= 8r and Cb = 1.0, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mryc = Compression side limiting buckling moment about
member Y axis, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mryt = Tension side limiting buckling moment about member Y
axis, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mrz = Limiting buckling moment about member Z axis, Mcrz,
when 8= 8r and Cb = 1.0, kip–in. (N–mm)
Mty = Design flexural strength determined in accordance with Y
Mtz = Design flexural strength determined in accordance with Z
Muy = MY = Required flexural strength about member Y axis, kip–in.
(N–mm)
Muz = MZ = Required flexural strength about member Z axis, kip–in.
(N–mm)
MXMIN = Smallest magnitude member X axis moment which will be
considered by the code (see parameter ‘MXMIN’), kip–in.
(N–mm)
MY = Actual moment about the member Y axis, kip–in. (N–mm)
MYMIN = Smallest magnitude member Y axis moment which will be
considered by the code (see parameter ‘MYMIN’), kip–in.
(N–mm)
MZ = Actual moment about the member Z axis, kip–in. (N–mm)

MZMIN = Smallest magnitude member Z axis moment which will be

considered by the code (see parameter ‘MZMIN’), kip–in.
(N–mm)
n = Number of connectors between ends of the member
OD = Outside diameter of pipe (see Section 2), in. (mm)
B = Constant pi; value of 3.1415927 is used here
PF = Factor to compute the net area for members subject to
axial tension
Pa = Required tensile strength using ASD load combination,
kips (N)
Pc = Available axial compressive strength, kips (N)
Pn = Nominal axial strength (tension or compression), kips (N)
Pr = Required tensile strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination, kips (N)
Pt = Design tensile strength, kips (N)
Pu = FX = Required axial strength (tension or compression), kips (N)
Py = Member yield strength, kips (N)
Q = Full reduction factor for slender compression elements
Qa = Ratio of effective profile to its actual area
Qs = Stress reduction factor for unstiffened compression
elements
Qsf = Stress reduction factor for slender compression flange for
tee cross-section
Qsm = Stress reduction factor for slender compression in the stem
of tees
Qsw = Stress reduction factor for slender compression in the web
r0 = Polar radius of gyration about the shear center, in. (mm)
ri = Minimum radius of gyration of individual component, in.
(mm)
rib = Radius of gyration of individual component relative to its
centroidal axis parallel to member axis of buckling, in.
(mm)
Rpc = Web plastification factor
Rpg = Bending strength reduction factor
rts = Effective radius of gyration used in the determination of Lr
for the lateral-torsional buckling limit state for major axis
bending of doubly symmetric compact I-shape member
and channels
ry = RY = Radius of gyration about the member Y axis, in. (N)
rz = RZ = Radius of gyration about the member Z axis, in. (N)
rt = Effective radius of gyration for lateral-torsional buckling

rT = RT = Section properties (see Section 2), in. (mm)

Sc = Single angle elastic section modulus to the tip in
compression relative to axis of bending, in.3 (mm3)
SECTYPE = Parameter to define type of cross-section (rolled or welded
(built-up))
SLENTEN = Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (L/r) for member
subjected to axial tension. Default value is 300
SLENCOMP = Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for
member subjected to axial compression. Default value is
200
Sy = SY = Section modulus about the member Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
Syeff = Effective section modulus about the minor axis (Y axis),
in.3 (mm3)
Sys = SYS = Positive direction section modulus about the Y axis, in.3
(mm3)
Syse = Effective positive direction section modulus about the Y
axis (web side), in.3 (mm3)
SZ = SZ = Section modulus about the member Z axis, in.3 (mm3)
Szeff = Effective section modulus about the major axis (Z axes),
in.3 (mm3)
Szc = SZ = Section modulus referred to compression flange, in.3
(mm3)
Szs = SZS = Negative direction section modulus about the Z axis, in.3
(mm3)
Szt = SZ = Section modulus referred to tension flange, in.3 (mm3)
t = Thickness of stiffened or unstiffened compression element,
thickness of a table member, in. (mm)
t = THICK = Thickness of the cross-section, in. (mm)
T = Distance between web toes of fillets at top and at bottom
of web, in. (mm)
Tc = Available torsional strength determined in accordance with
provision ‘H3-1’, kips–inch (N–mm)
tf = FLTK = Flange thickness, in. (mm)
tfc = FLTK = Compression flange thickness, in. (mm)
THICK = Thickness of the cross-section (see Section 2), in. (mm)
Tr = Required torsional strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination, kips–inch (N–mm)
tw = WBTK = Web thickness, in. (mm)
UNLCF = Lb, lb = Unbraced length of the compression flange to prevent twist
or lateral displacement (see parameters ‘UNLCF’ and
‘FRUNLCF’), in. (mm)

UNLCFBF = Unbraced length of the compression flange for the bottom

flange (see parameter ‘UNLCFBF’), in. (mm)
UNLCFTF = Unbraced length of the compression flange for the top
flange (see parameter ‘UNLCFTF’), in. (mm)
Vc = Available shear strength determined in accordance with Y
or Z axis shear provisions, kips (N)
Vcy = Available shear strength determined in accordance with Y
axis shear provisions, kips (N)
Vcz = Available shear strength determined in accordance with Z
axis shear provisions, kips (N)
Vny = Nominal shear strength about member Y axis, kips (N)
Vnz = Nominal shear strength about member Z axis, kips (N)
Vr = Resultant required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination (shear force in the member local Y and Z
axes), kips (N)
Vry = Required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination (shear force in the member local Y axis), kips
(N)
Vrz = Required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination (shear force in the member local Z axis), kips
(N)
Vur = Resultant shear force, kips (N)
Vuy = FY = Required shear strength about member Y axis, kips (N)
Vuz = FZ = Required shear strength about member Z axis, kips (N)
WBTK = tw = Web thickness, in. (mm)
y0 = EY = Distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the
member’s principal Y axis, in. (mm)
YD = d = Profile depth, in. (mm)
z0 = EZ = Distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the
member’s principal Z axis, in. (mm)
ZC = Positive member Z direction distance from the member Y
axis to the extreme fiber along the member Z axis, in.
(mm)
ZD = bf = Section properties (see Section 2), in. (mm)
Zy = ZY = Plastic section modulus about member Y axis (see Section
2), in.3 (mm3)
Zz = ZZ = Plastic section modulus about member Z axis (see Section
2), in.3 (mm3)
" = Separation ratio
$W = Special section property for unequal leg angles. Positive
for short leg in compression and negative for long leg in
compression

8 = Slenderness parameter
8p = Limiting slenderness parameter for compact element
8r = Limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact element
N = Resistance factor
Nb = Resistance factor for flexure based on the LRFD design
method
Nc = Resistance factor for compression based on the LRFD
design method
Nt = Resistance factor for tension based on the LRFD design
method
NI = Resistance factor for torsion
Nv = Resistance factor for shear based on the LRFD design
method
Sb = Resistance factor for flexure based on the ASD design
method
Sc = Resistance factor for compression based on the ASD
design method
St = Resistance factor for tension based on the ASD design
method
Sv = Resistance factor for shear based on the ASD design
method
g = Value of the parameter ‘CODETOL’ divided by 100

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for I shapes
4.2 AISC13 Provisions for I shapes
Axial Tension – I shapes
For I shapes subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are checked.
i.e., FX is positive and FX $ FXMIN
L/r (Slenderness limitations ratio, L/r, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
Actual l/r = Maximum ⎜
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Limiting L/r = SLENTEN ; Parameter, default value is 300
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member local Y axis, see

parameters ‘LY’ and ‘FRLY’, in. (mm)
Lz = actual unbraced length about the member local Z axis, see
parameters ‘LZ’ and ‘FRLZ’, in. (mm)
ry = radius of gyration about the member local Y axis, see Table
property ‘RY’, in. (mm)
rz = radius of gyration about the member local Z axis, see Table
property ‘RZ’, in. (mm)
SLENTEN = maximum permissible slenderness ratio (L/r) for member
subjected to axial tension. This is the parameter
‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for I shapes GTSTRUDL
D2-1 (Tensile strength for gross section, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,
Section D2, Equation D2-1)
Actual Pt = FX
Limiting (LRFD) NtPn = NtFyAg
Allowable (ASD) Pn/St = FyAg/St
Pn = FyAg AISC Eq. D2-1
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ t Pn Allowable Pn Ω t
Where:
Ag = gross cross-sectional area, in.2 (mm2)
= AX (Property from Table)
FX = actual axial section force. Positive value represents a tensile force,

kips (N)
Fy = minimum yield stress, see parameter ‘Fy’, ksi (MPa)
g = value of the parameter ‘CODETOL’ divided by 100
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

D2-2 (Tensile strength for net section, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,
Actual Pt = FX
Limiting (LRFD) NtPn = NtFuAe
Allowable (ASD) Pn/St = FuAe/St
Pn = FuAe AISC Eq. D2-2
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)
Ag = gross cross-section area, in.2 (mm2)
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength, see parameter ‘Fu’, ksi (MPa)
FX = actual axial tensile force. Positive value represents a tensile force,

kips (N)
PF = parameter to specify area reduction factor for holesout. Default

value is equal to 1.0
Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – I shapes
For I shapes subjected to axial compression, the following provisions are checked.
i.e., FX is negative and *FX* $ FXMIN
KL/r (Slenderness limitations and effective length ratio, Kl/r, AISC Thirteenth
Edition, Chapter E, Section E2)
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
Actual Kl/r = Maximum ⎜⎜ , z z ⎟⎟
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Limiting KL/r = SLENCOMP ; Parameter, default value is 200
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:
Ky = effective length factor about the member local Y axis,
see parameter ‘KY’
Kz = effective length factor about the member local Z axis,
see parameter ‘KZ’
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member local Y axis,
see parameters ‘LY’ and ‘FRLY’, in. (mm)
Lz = actual unbraced length about the member local Z axis,
see parameters ‘LZ’ and ‘FRLZ’, in. (mm)
ry = radius of gyration about the member local Y axis, see
Table property ‘RY’, in. (mm)
rz = radius of gyration about the member local Z axis, see
Table property ‘RZ’, in. (mm)
SLENCOMP = maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for
member subjected to axial compression. This is the
parameter ‘SLENCOMP’

b/t (b/t for flange in pure compression, unstiffened elements, AISC Thirteenth
Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
Actual b/t = bf / 2tf = BF/2TF (Property from Table)
Limiting b/t = 8rf
For rolled shapes:

8rf = 0.56 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 3
For welded (built-up) shapes:

8rf = 0.64 k c E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 4
Actual b t
If > 10
. , Then Qs is computed as provided in Section
Limiting b t E7.1(a) and (b) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Specification (102). A discussion of how Qs is
computed for axial compression is shown in
Provision ‘Qs’ at the end of this section.
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0
Where:
BF/2TF = b/t ratio of the flange (Property from Table)

E = modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa)
4
kc = and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
h tw
h/tw = H/TW (Property from Table)
H/TW = h/tw ratio of the web (Property from Table)
= if H/TW does not exist in the Table, INTYD/WBTK is used
See parameter SECTYPE to define rolled or welded (built-up) shapes.
Parameter SECTYPE = ROLLED, for rolled shapes

= WELDED, for welded (built-up) shapes

h/tw (h/tw for web in axial compression, stiffened elements supported along
two edges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
Actual h/tw = H/TW (Property from Table)
Limiting h/tw = 8rw
8rw = 149
. E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 10
Actual h t w
If > 10
. , Then Qa is computed as provided in Section
Limiting h t w E7.2(a) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Specification (102). A discussion of how Qa is
Provision ‘Qa’ at the end of this section.
Otherwise, Qa = 1.0
E7-1 (Compression check, design compressive strength for flexural buckling,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E7, Equation E7-1)
Actual Pu = *FX*
Limiting (LRFD) NcPn = NcFcrAg
Allowable (ASD) Pn/Sc = FcrAg/Sc
Pn = FcrAg AISC Eq. E7-1
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Limiting φc Pn Allowable Pn Ωc

Where:
Ag = gross cross-section area , in.2 (mm2)
Fcr = critical stress, ksi (MPa). See Provisions ‘E7-2’ and ‘E7-3’ for the
equations
FX = actual axial section force. Negative value represents a compressive

force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
E7-2 (Critical stress Fcr, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E7,
Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Q = QsQa See Provisions ‘Qs’ and ‘Qa’
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
Q = reduction factor for slender compression elements, see Provisions

‘Qs’ and ‘Qa’ for the equations
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress, shall be the smallest value calculated

using AISC Equations E3-4 and E4-4 (see Provisions ‘E3-4’ and ‘E4-
4’ for the equations)

Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Fcr = 0.877Fe AISC Eq. E7-3
Where:
Q = reduction factor for slender compression elements, see Provisions ‘Qs’
and ‘Qa’ for the equations
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress, shall be the smallest value calculate

Fy = minimum yield stress, see parameter ‘Fy’, ksi (Mpa)
E3-4 (Computation of elastic critical buckling stress Fe, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Section E3, Equation E3-4)
Fe = Minimum of (Fey, Fez)
π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:
For Ky, Ly, ry, Kz, Lz, and rz see Provision ‘KL/r’

E4-4 (Computation of Fe, flexural-torsional buckling stress for doubly

symmetric cross-sections, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section
E4(b), Equation E4-4)
⎡ π 2 EC ⎤ 1
Fe = ⎢ w
+ GJ ⎥ AISC Eq. E4-4
⎢⎣ ( K x L x ) 2 ⎥⎦ I z + I y
Where:
Cw = warping constant (Table property CW), in.6 (mm6)

= CW (Property from Table)
E = modulus of elasticity, ksi (MPa)
G = shear modulus, ksi (MPa)
J = torsional constant (Table property IX). Moment of inertia about the
member local X axis, in.4 (mm4)
= IX (Property from Table)
Iy = moment of inertia about the member local Y axis, in.4 (mm4)
= IY (Property from Table)
Iz = moment of inertia about the member local Z axis, in.4 (mm4)
= IZ (Property from Table)
Kx = effective length factor for torsional buckling (parameter KX)
Lx = unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member local X
axis (parameter LX), in. (mm)

Qs and Qa Computation – I shapes
The following provisions detail how the reduction factor for slender unstiffened
compression elements, Qs, and reduction factor for slender stiffened compression elements,
Qa, are computed for axial compressive strength.
Qs (Slender unstiffened elements, Qs, for axial compression, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Sections E7.1(a) and (b))
b/t = BF/2TF (Property from Table)
For rolled shapes:
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 103

. E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
When b t ≥ 103
. E Fy
0.69 E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
For welded (built-up) shapes:
Ek c Ek c
When 0.64 < b t ≤ 117
.
Fy Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1415
. − 0.65⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-8
⎝ t ⎠ Ek c
Rev U 4.2 - 10 AISC13

Ek c
When b t > 117
.
Fy
0.90 Ek c
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-9
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Where:

4
kc = and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
h tw

AISC13 4.2 - 11 Rev U

Qa (Slender stiffened elements, Qa, for axial compression, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Section E7.2(a))
b E
When ≥ 149
.
t f
E ⎡ 0.34 E⎤
be = 192
. t ⎢1 − ⎥≤b AISC Eq. E7-17
f ⎢⎣ (b t ) f ⎥⎦
When be $ b, Qa = 1.0
Otherwise:
Aeff
Qa = Ag AISC Eq. E7-16
AX − (b t − be t )t 2
=
AX
Where:
b/t = H/TW (Property from Table)
f = Fcr calculate based on Q = 1.0
Fcr = critical compression stress, ksi (MPa)

see Provisions ‘E7-2’ and ‘E7-3’
Rev U 4.2 - 12 AISC13

Compactness – I shapes
For I shapes subjected to strong or weak axis bending (Z or Y axis bending), the
following provisions are checked.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN or *MZ* $ MZMIN
b/t, Lp (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for compact section (flange local
buckling, FLB), check 8p (Lp), AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B,
Table B4.1)
Limiting b/t = 8pf = 0.38 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 1
Actual b t
If > 10
. , flange is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender
Limiting b t
Where:
Fy = minimum yield stress (see parameter ‘Fy’), ksi (MPa)
b/t, Lr (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for noncompact section (flange
local buckling, FLB), check 8r (Lr), for rolled I-shaped, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
Limiting b/t = 8rf
AISC13 4.2 - 13 Rev U

For rolled I-shape:
8rf = 10
For welded (built-up) I-shape:
8rf = 0.95 k c E FL AISC Table B4.1, Case 2
Actual b t
If > 10
. , flange is slender
Limiting b t
Where:
FL = 0.7Fy, ksi (MPa)
Fy = minimum yield stress (parameter ‘Fy’), ksi (MPa)
4
kc = and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
h tw
See parameter SECTYPE to define rolled or welded (built-up) shapes
Rev U 4.2 - 14 AISC13

h/tw, Lp (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/tw for
compact section (web local buckling, WLB), check 8p (Lp), AISC

Limiting h/tw = 8pw
8pw = 3.76 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 9
Actual h t w
if > 10
. , web is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender
Limiting h t w
Where:
h/tw, Lr (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/tw for
noncompact section (web local buckling, WLB), check 8r (Lr), AISC
Limiting h/tw = 8rw AISC Table B4.1
8rw = 5.70 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 9
Actual h t w
If > 10
. , profile is slender
Limiting h t w
Where:
AISC13 4.2 - 15 Rev U

Lb/LpLTB (Lateral-Torsional Buckling limiting length Lb v.s. Lp (LTB), AISC

Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F2.2, Equation F2-5)
Actual Lb = UNLCF (Parameter)
E
Limiting Lp = 176
. ry AISC Eq. F2-5
Fy
Actual Lb
If > 10
. , non compact or slender cross-section
Limiting L p
Lb/LrLTB (Lateral-Torsional Buckling limiting length Lb v.s. Lr (LTB), AISC

2
E Jc ⎛ 0.7 Fy Sz h0 ⎞
Limiting Lr = 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
0.7 Fy Sz h0 ⎝ E Jc ⎠
AISC Eq. F2-6
Actual Lb
If > 10
. , slender cross-section
Limiting Lr
Where:
rts = Property from Table and if not specified in the Table, computed as
I y Cw
rts2 = AISC Eq. F2-7
Sz
Cw = warping constant (Table property CW), in. (mm6)
6
Sz = elastic section modulus about the member local Z axis, in.3 (mm3)
Rev U 4.2 - 16 AISC13

= SZ (Property from Table)

c = 1.0
h0 = distance between the flange centroids, in. (mm). This is a property

from Table and if not specified in the Table, computed as
= YD – FLTK
AISC13 4.2 - 17 Rev U

COMPACT (Compactness, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Table B4.1)
The COMPACT provision is used to summarize the results of the preceding

provisions. A value for this provision indicates which of the compactness provisions failed,
if any. A zero (0.0) value indicates that all provisions passed. Non-zero values in Table 4.2-
1 indicate which provision failed. If more than one provision failed, COMPACT is equal
to the sum of their values.
COMPACT and the provisions it summarizes determine how limiting bending

strengths are computed. However, failure of one or more provisions does not make the
profile under consideration unsatisfactory.
Table 4.2-1
The Compactness Provision COMPACT for AISC13 Code
Value of Meaning of the profile

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
1 Failed flange b/t v.s. flange 8pf (FLB) check, 8 > 8pf.
See Provision ‘b/t, Lp’.
2 Failed flange b/t v.s. flange 8rf (FLB) check, 8 > 8rf.
See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’.
4 Failed web h/tw v.s. web 8pw (WLB) check, 8 > 8pw.
See Provision ‘h/tw, Lp’.
8 Failed web h/tw v.s. web 8rw (WLB) check, 8 > 8rw.
See Provision ‘h/tw, Lr’.
16 Failed unbraced length limitation, Lb v.s. Lp (LTB) check, Lb > Lp.
See Provision ‘Lb/LpLTB’.
32 Failed unbraced length limitation, Lb v.s. Lr (LTB) check, Lb > Lr.
See Provision ‘Lb/LrLTB’.
Rev U 4.2 - 18 AISC13

Y Axis Bending – I shapes
For I shapes subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following provisions are
checked. Figures 4.2-1(c) and (d) illustrate member Y axis bending strength.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
F6-1 Y (Limit state of yielding bent about the minor axis, compact sections,
plastic moment check, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section
F6.1, Equation F6-1)
This provision is checked for all sections.
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMny = NbMpy
Allowable (ASD) Mny/Sb = Mpy/Sb
Mpy = FyZy # 1.6FySy AISC Eq. F6-1
LRFD ASD
Actual M uy Actual M uy
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ b M ny Allowable M ny Ω b
Where:
Mpy = FyZy # 1.6FySy AISC Eq. F6-1
MY = actual moment about the member local Y axis (minor axis bending),
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD

Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.2 - 19 Rev U

Figure 4.2-1 Compressive Bending Strength for I shapes
Rev U 4.2 - 20 AISC13

F6-2 Y (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact sections,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F6.2, Equation F6-2)
When 8pf < 8f # 8rf :
Actual Muy = *MY*
⎡ ⎛ λf − λpf ⎞ ⎤
Mny =
⎢⎣
(
⎢ M py − M py − 0.7 Fy Sy ) ⎜
⎜ λ − λ ⎟⎥
⎟⎥ AISC Eq. F6-2
⎝ rf pf ⎠ ⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Mpy = FyZy # 1.6FySy
8f = b/t = BF/2TF (Property from Table)
8pf = 0.38 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 1
For rolled I shapes:
8rf = 10
For welded (built-up) I shapes:
AISC13 4.2 - 21 Rev U


= for more information, see Provision ‘b/t, Lr’
kc = 4 h tw and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
h/tw = clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius to the
web thickness
= H/TW (Property from Table)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

F6-3 Y (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender sections, AISC
When 8f > 8rf :
Actual Muy = *MY*
Mny = FcrSy AISC Eq. F6-3
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Rev U 4.2 - 22 AISC13

Where:
0.69 E
Fcr = 2
AISC Eq. F6-4
⎛ bf ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2t f ⎠
bf
8f = b/t =
2t f
= BF/2TF (Property from Table)
For rolled I shapes:
8rf = 10
For welded (built-up) I shapes:
= for more information, see Provision ‘b/t, Lr’
kc = 4 h tw and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
web thickness
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.2 - 23 Rev U

Z Axis Bending – I shapes
For I shapes subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions are checked.
Figure 4.2-1(a) and (b) illustrate member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
F2-1 Z (Limit state of yielding, compact sections, plastic moment check, AISC
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbMpz
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = Mpz/Sb
Mpz = FyZz AISC Eq. F2-1
LRFD ASD
Actual M uz Actual M uz
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ b M nz Allowable M nz Ω b
Where:
MZ = actual moment about the member local Z axis (major axis bending),
kip-in. (N-mm)
Zz = plastic section modulus about the member local Z axis, in.3 (mm3)
= ZZ (Property from Table)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 24 AISC13

F2-2 LTB (Limit state of Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB), compact sections,

When 8w # 8pw for the web
8f # 8pf for the flange
Lp < Lb # Lr and the section is compact
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞ ⎤
(
Mnz = Cb ⎢ M pz − M pz − 0.7 Fy S z ⎜⎜ )⎝ L − L
⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ M pz AISC Eq. F2-2
⎢⎣ r p ⎠⎥ ⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Cb = bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient, see parameter CB
= CB (Parameter)
kip-in. (N-mm)
Lb = UNLCF (Parameter)
Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Lr = see Provision ‘Lb/LrLTB’ for the equation
AISC13 4.2 - 25 Rev U

8f = b/t, see Provision ‘b/t, Lp’ for the flange

8w = h/tw, see Provision ‘h/tw, Lp’ for the web
8pf = see Provision ‘b/t, Lp’ for the flange
8pw = see Provision ‘h/tw, Lp’ for the web

Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Lb > Lr and the section is compact
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbFcrSz # NbMpz AISC Eq. F2-3
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = FcrSz/Sb # Mpz/Sb AISC Eq. F2-3
2
Cbπ 2 E J c ⎛ Lb ⎞
Fcr = 1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟⎟ AISC Eq. F2-4
⎛ Lb ⎞
2
Sz h0 ⎜⎝ rts ⎠
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rts ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Rev U 4.2 - 26 AISC13

Where:
= CB (Parameter)
kip-in. (N-mm)
I y Cw
Sz


c = 1.0

from Table and if not specified in the Table, computed as YD – FLTK
AISC13 4.2 - 27 Rev U


Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F3-1 FLB (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), compact web and
noncompact flanges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section
When 8w # 8pw for the web, compact web
8pf < 8f # 8rf for the flange, noncompact flanges
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎡ ⎛ λf − λpf ⎞ ⎤
⎢ (
Mnz = M pz − M pz − 0.7 Fy Sz
⎢⎣
) ⎜
⎜ λ − λ ⎟⎥
⎟⎥ AISC Eq. F3-1
⎝ rf pf ⎠ ⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Rev U 4.2 - 28 AISC13



8rf = see Provision ‘b/t, Lr’ for the flange
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F3-2 FLB (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), compact web and
slender flanges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F3.2,
Equation F3-2)
When 8w # 8pw for the web, compact web
8f > 8rf for the flange, slender flanges
Actual Muz = *MZ*
0.9 Ekc Sz
Mnz = AISC Eq. F3-2
λf2
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
AISC13 4.2 - 29 Rev U

Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
kc = 4 h tw and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
web thickness
8f = b/t, see Provision ‘b/t, Lr’ for the flange
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F4-1 Z (Limit state of yielding, compression flange yielding, noncompact web,

When 8pw < 8w # 8rw for the web, noncompact web
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbRpcMyc = NbRpcFySzc AISC Eq. F4-1
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = RpcMyc/Sb = RpcFySzc/Sb AISC Eq. F4-1
Rev U 4.2 - 30 AISC13

LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Rpc = web plastification factor. See Provisions ‘F4-9a’ and ‘F4-9b’ for the
equations
Myc = FySzc AISC Eq. F4-4
Szc = elastic section modulus about the member local Z axis, in.3 (mm3)
8w = h/tw, see Provision ‘h/tw, Lp’
8pw = see Provision ‘h/tw, Lp’
8rw = see Provision ‘h/tw, Lr’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F4-2 LTB (Limit state of Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB), noncompact web,


Lp < Lb # Lr
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞ ⎤
(
Mnz = Cb ⎢ R pc M yc − R pc M yc − FL S zc )⎜⎜⎝ L ⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ R pc M yc
⎢⎣ r − Lp ⎠ ⎥ ⎦
AISC Eq. F4-2
AISC13 4.2 - 31 Rev U

LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:

= CB (Parameter)
kip-in. (N-mm)
When Szt/Szc $ 0.7
FL = 0.7Fy, ksi (MPa) AISC Eq. F4-6a
When Szt/Szc < 0.7
FL = FySzt/Szc $ 0.5Fy, ksi (MPa) AISC Eq. F4-6b
Lp = limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding, see
Provision ‘F4-7’ for the equation
Lr = limiting unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional
buckling, see Provision ‘F4-8’ for the equation
equations
Szc = compression side elastic section modulus about the member local Z
axis, in.3 (mm3)
Szt = tension side elastic section modulus about the member local Z axis, in.3
(mm3)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 32 AISC13

F4-3 LTB (Limit state of Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB), noncompact web,


Lb > Lr
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbFcrSzc # NbRpcMyc AISC Eq. F4-3
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = FcrSzc/Sb # RpcMyc/Sb AISC Eq. F4-3
2
Cb π 2 E J ⎛ Lb ⎞
Fcr = 1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F4-5
⎛ Lb ⎞
2
S zc h0 ⎝ rt ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rt ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
= CB (Parameter)
kip-in. (N-mm)

AISC13 4.2 - 33 Rev U

rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral-torsional buckling, see Provision

‘F4-10’


= YD – FLTK

Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F4-7 (Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding, Lp,
E
Lp = 11
. rt AISC Eq. F4-7
Fy
Where:

‘F4-10’
Rev U 4.2 - 34 AISC13

F4-8 (Limiting unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-tosional
buckling, Lr, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F4.2,
Equation F4-8)
2
E J ⎛F S h ⎞
Lr = 195
. rt 1 + 1 + 6.76⎜ L zc 0 ⎟ AISC Eq. F4-8
FL S zc h0 ⎝ E J ⎠
Where:
When Szt/Szc $ 0.7
When Szt/Szc < 0.7

h0 = distance between the flange centroids, in. (mm). This is a property from
Table and if not specified in the Table, computed as YD – FLTK
axis, in.3 (mm3)
(mm3)

‘F4-10’
AISC13 4.2 - 35 Rev U

F4-9a (Web plastification factor, Rpc, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F,

Section F4.2, Equation F4-9a)
hc
When # 8pw
tw
Mp
Rpc = AISC Eq. F4-9a
M yc
Where:
hc
= HC/TW (Property from Table)
tw
= if HC or HC/TW does not exist in the Table, INTYD/WBTK is used
Mp = ZzFy # 1.6SzcFy
F4-9b (Web plastification factor, Rpc, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F,

Section F4.2, Equation F4-9b)
hc
When > 8pw
tw
⎡ Mp ⎛ Mp ⎞ ⎛ λ − λ ⎞⎤ M
Rpc = ⎢ −⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ w pw ⎟ ⎥ ≤ p AISC Eq. F4-9b
⎢⎣ M yc ⎜⎝ M yc ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ λrw − λpw ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ M yc
Rev U 4.2 - 36 AISC13

Where:
hc
tw
= if HC/TW does not exist in the Table, INTYD/WBTK is used
Mp = ZzFy # 1.6SzcFy
hc
8w =
tw
8pw = 3.76 E Fy
8rw = 5.70 E Fy
F4-10 (Effective radius of gyration for lateral-torsional buckling, rt, AISC

b fc
rt = ⎛h 1 h2 ⎞ AISC Eq. F4-10
12⎜ 0 + a w ⎟
⎝d 6 h0 d ⎠
AISC13 4.2 - 37 Rev U

Where:
hc tw
aw = AISC Eq. F4-11
bfc t fc
bfc = ZD, compression flange width, in. (mm)
d = YD, full nominal depth, in. (mm)
h = clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius for rolled
shapes, in. (mm)
h0 = distance between the flange centroids, in. (mm). This is a property from
Table and if not specified in the Table, computed as YD – FLTK
hc = twice the distance from the centroid to the inside face of the
compression flange less the fillet or corner radius, in. (mm). If not
specified, property INTYD has been used
tfc = FLTK, compression flange thickness, in. (mm)
tw = WBTK, web thickness, in. (mm)
F4-12FLB (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact web and
flanges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F4.3, Equation
F4-12)
8pf < 8f # 8rf for the flanges, noncompact flanges
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎡ ⎛ λf − λpf ⎞⎤
⎢⎣
(
Mnz = ⎢ Rpc M yc − Rpc M yc − FL Szc ⎜ ) ⎜ λ −λ
⎟⎥
⎟⎥
AISC Eq. F4-12
⎝ rf pf ⎠⎦
Rev U 4.2 - 38 AISC13

LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
equations
When Szt/Szc $ 0.7
When Szt/Szc < 0.7
axis, in.3 (mm3)
(mm3)

8rw = see Provision ‘h/tw, Lr’ for the web
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.2 - 39 Rev U

F4-13FLB (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact web and
slender flanges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F4.3,
Equation F4-13)
8f > 8rf for the flanges, slender flanges
Actual Muz = *MZ*
0.9 Ekc Szc

Mnz = AISC Eq. F4-13
λf2
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
kc = 4 h tw and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
web thickness
Rev U 4.2 - 40 AISC13


Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F5-1 Z (Limit state of yielding, compression flange yielding, slender web,

When 8w > 8rw for the web, slender web
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbRpgFySzc AISC Eq. F5-1
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = RpgFySzc/Sb AISC Eq. F5-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Rpg = bending strength reduction factor. See Provision ‘F5-6’ for the
equation
AISC13 4.2 - 41 Rev U

8w = h/tw, see Provision ‘h/tw, Lr’

Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F5-2 LTB (Limit state of Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB), slender web, AISC

Lb > Lp
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbRpgFcrSzc AISC Eq. F5-2
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = RpgFcrSzc/Sb AISC Eq. F5-2
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MZ = actual moment about the member local Z axis (major axis

bending), kip-in. (N-mm)
Fcr = critical stress, ksi (MPa), see Provisions ‘F5-3’ and ‘F5-4’ for the
equations

equation
Rev U 4.2 - 42 AISC13


Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F5-3 ( Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) critical stress, Fcr, slender web, AISC

Lp < Lb # Lr
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞ ⎤
(
Fcr = Cb ⎢ Fy − 0.3Fy )⎜⎜⎝ L− L
⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ Fy AISC Eq. F5-3
⎢⎣ r p ⎠⎥ ⎦
Where:
AISC13 4.2 - 43 Rev U

F5-4 (Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) critical stress, Fcr, slender web, AISC

Lb > Lr
Cb π 2 E
Fcr = 2
≤ Fy AISC Eq. F5-4
⎛ Lb ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rt ⎠
Where:
= CB (Parameter)

‘F4-10’
F5-5 (Limiting unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-tosional
buckling, Lr, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F5.2, Equation
F5-5)
E
Lr = πrt AISC Eq. F5-5
0.7 Fy
Rev U 4.2 - 44 AISC13

Where:
‘F4-10’
F5-6 (Bending strength reduction factor, Rpg, AISC Thirteenth Edition,

Chapter F, Section F5.2, Equation F5-6)
aw ⎛h ⎞
Rpg = 1 − ⎜ c − 5.7 E ⎟ ≤ 10
. AISC Eq. F5-6
1200 + 300a w ⎜t Fy ⎟⎠
⎝ w
Where:
hc tw
aw = ≤ 10.0 AISC Eq. F4-11
bfc t fc
hc
tw
= if HC/TW does not exist in the Table, INTYD/WBTK is used
F5-7 FLB (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender web and
noncompact flanges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section
8f > 8pf for the flanges, noncompact flanges
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbRpgFcrSzc AISC Eq. F5-7
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = RpgFcrSzc/Sb AISC Eq. F5-7
AISC13 4.2 - 45 Rev U

LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Fcr = critical stress, ksi (MPa), see Provisions ‘F5-8’ and ‘F5-9’ for the
equations
equation
8w = h/tw, see Provision ‘h/tw, Lr’ for the web

Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 46 AISC13

F5-8 (Flange Local Buckling (FLB) critical stress, Fcr, slender web and
noncompact flanges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F5.3,
Equation F5-8)

8pf < 8f # 8rf for the flanges, noncompact flanges
⎡ ⎛ λf − λpf ⎞ ⎤
Fcr = ⎢ Fy − 0.3Fy ⎜
⎢⎣
( )⎜ λ − λ
⎟⎥
⎟
AISC Eq. F5-8
⎝ rf pf ⎠ ⎥⎦
Where:
F5-9 (Flange Local Buckling (FLB) critical stress, Fcr, slender web and flanges,

8f > 8rf for the flanges, slender flanges
0.9 Ek c
Fcr = 2 AISC Eq. F5-9
⎛ bf ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2t f ⎠
Where:
bf = flange width, in. (mm)
kc = 4 h t w and 0.35 # kc # 0.76
tf = flange thickness, in. (mm)

AISC13 4.2 - 47 Rev U

Shear Strength – I shapes
The following provisions are checked when a shear force in Y direction is present.
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN
G2-1&2 Y (Shear in Y direction for rolled I-shaped, AISC Thirteenth Edition,

Chapter G, Section G2.1(a), Equations G2-1 and G2-2)
For rolled I-shaped cross-section with h t w ≤ 2.24 E Fy

and no value have been specified for parameter ‘a’ (a $10000.0 in.)
Actual Vuy = *FY*
Limiting (LRFD) NvVny = Nv0.6FyAwCv AISC Eq. G2-1
Allowable (ASD) Vny/Sv = 0.6FyAwCv/Sv AISC Eq. G2-1
Cv = 1.0 AISC Eq. G2-2
LRFD ASD
Actual Vuy Actual Vuy
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ vVny Allowable Vny Ω v
Where:
Aw = area of the web, in.2 (mm2)
= dtw = YD×WBTK (Property from Table)
FY = actual shear force in member local Y axis direction, kips (N)
web thickness
Nv = 1.0 for LRFD
Sv = 1.5 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 48 AISC13

G2-1&3 Y (Shear in Y direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G, Section

G2.1(b)(i), Equations G2-1 and G2-3)
When h t w ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
d = total depth, in. (mm)
= YD (Property from Table)
h/tw = clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius to the web
thickness
tw = WBTK (Property from Table)
5
kv = 5+
(a h) 2
2
⎡ 260 ⎤
kv = 5 when a/h > 3.0 or a/h > ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ (h t w ) ⎥⎦
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in. (mm)
AISC13 4.2 - 49 Rev U

= parameter ‘a’
h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less the fillet or
corner radii, in. (mm)
= (h/tw)tw
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD

G2.1(b)(ii), Equations G2-1 and G2-4)
When 1.10 kv E Fy < h tw ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
h tw
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
For Aw, E, Fy, h, tw, and kv see Provision ‘G2-1&3 Y’.
Rev U 4.2 - 50 AISC13


G2.1(b)(iii), Equations G2-1 and G2-5)
When h t w > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(h t w ) 2 Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD

Sv = 1.67 for ASD
The following provision is checked when a shear force in Z direction is present.
i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN
AISC13 4.2 - 51 Rev U

G2-1&3 Z (Shear in Z direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G, Sections

G7 and G2.1(b)(i), Equations G2-1 and G2-3)
When b f t f ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NvVnz = Nv0.6FyAfCv AISC Eq. G2-1
Allowable (ASD) Vnz/Sv = 0.6FyAfCv/Sv AISC Eq. G2-1
LRFD ASD
Actual Vuz Actual Vuz
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ vVnz Allowable Vnz Ω v
Where:
Af = area of the flanges, in.2 (mm2)
= 2bftf = 2×ZD×FLTK (Property from Table)
= ZD (Property from Table)
FZ = actual shear force in member local Z axis direction, kips (N)
= FLTK (Property from Table)
kv = 1.2 AISC Section G7
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 52 AISC13


G7 and G2.1(b)(ii), Equations G2-1 and G2-4)
When 1.10 kv E Fy < bf t f ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
bf t f
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
For Af, E, Fy, bf, tf, and kv see Provision ‘G2-1&3 Z’.
AISC13 4.2 - 53 Rev U


G7 and G2.1(b)(iii), Equations G2-1 and G2-5)
When b f t f > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(b )
2
f tf Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 54 AISC13

Combined Axial Tension and Bending
Axial Tension and Bending Moments – I shapes
The following provisions are considered when axial tension force and flexure about
one or both axes of symmetry are present.
H1-1a T (Symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H1.2, Equation H1-1a)
Pr
When ≥ 0.2
Pt
Pr 8 ⎛ M rz M ry ⎞
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pt 9 ⎜⎝ M cz M cy ⎟⎠
For design according to LRFD

Pu
Cb is increased by 1 + for axial tension that acts concurrently with flexure
Pey
For design according to ASD

15
. Pa
Pey
Where:
Pr = required axial tensile strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations,
kips (N)
= FX
Pt = design axial tensile strength determined in accordance with Provision
‘D2-1’ or ‘D2-2’, kips (N)
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
Pn = nominal axial tensile strength, kips (N)
AISC13 4.2 - 55 Rev U

Mrz = required flexural strength using LRFD or ASD load combination

(bending moment about the member local Z axis), kip-in. (N–mm)
= MZ
Mcz = design flexural strength determined in accordance with Z axis bending
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Mnz = nominal flexural strength about the member local Z axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mry = required flexural strength using LRFD or ASD load combination
(bending moment about the member local Y axis), kip-in. (N–mm)
= MY
Mcy = design flexural strength determined in accordance with Y axis bending
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Mny = nominal flexural strength about the member local Y axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
Pu = required tensile strength using LRFD load combinations, kips (N)
= FX
Pa = required tensile strength using ASD load combinations, kips (N)
= FX
π 2 EI y
Pey =
L2b
Nt = resistance factor for tension
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD based on gross area check
St = 1.67 for ASD based on gross area check
Nt = 0.75 for LRFD based on net area check
St = 2.0 for ASD based on net area check
Nb = resistance factor for flexure
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 56 AISC13

H1-1b T (Symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H1.2, Equation H1-1b)
Pr
When < 0.2
Pt
Pr ⎛ M rz M ry ⎞
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pt ⎜⎝ M cz M cy ⎟⎠

Pu
Pey

. Pa
15
Pey
For Pr, Pt, Mrz, Mcz, Mry, Mcy, Pu, Pa, and Pey see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
AISC13 4.2 - 57 Rev U

Combined Axial Compression and Bending
Axial Compression and Bending Moment – I shapes
The following provisions are considered when axial compression force and flexure
about one or both axes of symmetry are present.
H1-1a C (Symmetric member subject to bending and compression axial force,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H1.1, Equation H1-1a)
Pr
When ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pc 9 ⎝ M cz M cy ⎟⎠
Where:
Pr = required axial compressive strength using LRFD or ASD load

combinations, kips (N)
= FX
Pc = available axial compressive strength determined in accordance with
Provision ‘E7-1’, kips (N)
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
Pn = nominal axial compressive strength, kips (N)
= MZ
Mcz = available flexural strength determined in accordance with Z axis bending
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Rev U 4.2 - 58 AISC13


= MY
Mcy = available flexural strength determined in accordance with Y axis bending
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nc = resistance factor for compression
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
H1-1b C (Symmetric member subject to bending and compression axial force,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H1.1, Equation H1-1b)
Pr
When < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pc ⎝ M cz M cy ⎟⎠
For Pr, Pc, Mrz, Mcz, Mry, and Mcy see above Provision ‘H1-1a C’
AISC13 4.2 - 59 Rev U

Rev U 4.2 - 60 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Channels
4.3 AISC13 Provisions for Channels
Axial Tension – Channels
For Channels subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are checked.

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:
‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for Channels GTSTRUDL
D2-1 (Tensile strength for gross section, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:


kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

D2-2 (Tensile strength for net section, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)


kips (N)

Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Channels
For Channels subjected to axial compression, the following provisions are checked.
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:

bf ZD
Actual b/t = = (Property from Table)
tf FLTK
Limiting b/t = 8rf
8rf = 0.56 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 3
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t E7.1(a) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0
Where:
ZD = flange width, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
FLTK = flange thickness, in. (mm) (Property from Table)

h/tw (h/tw for web in axial compression, stiffened elements supported along
two edges, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
INTYD
Actual h/tw = (Property from Table)
WBTK
Limiting h/tw = 8rw
8rw = 149
Actual h t w
If > 10
Limiting h t w E7.2(a) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Otherwise, Qa = 1.0

Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε

Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
‘Qs’ and ‘Qa’ for the equations
For K, L, and r see Provision ‘KL/r’

Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
Q = reduction factor for slender compression elements, see Provisions ‘Qs’
and ‘Qa’ for the equations
E3-4 (Computation of elastic critical buckling stress Fe, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Section E3, Equation E3-4)
π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:

E4-5 (Computation of Fe, flexural-torsional buckling stress for singly

symmetric cross-sections where Z is the axis of symmetry, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E4(b), Equation E4-5)
⎡ ⎤
⎛ F + Fex ⎞ ⎢ 4 Fez Fex H ⎥
Fe = ⎜ ez ⎟ 1− 1− AISC Eq. E4-5
⎝ 2H ⎠ ⎢ ( Fez + Fex ) ⎥
2
⎣ ⎦
Where:
⎛ π 2 EC ⎞ 1
Fex = ⎜ w
+ GJ ⎟ AISC Eq. E4-11
⎜ K L 2 ⎟ A r2
⎝( x x) ⎠ g 0
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E4-9
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
z 02 + y 02
H = 1− AISC Eq. E4-8
r02
Iz + Iy
r02 = z 02 + y 02 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag
Ag = cross-sectional area, in.2 (mm2)



Lx = unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member local X
axis (parameter LX), in. (mm)
y0 = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the member’s
principal Y axis, in. (mm)
= EY (Property from Table)
z0 = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to the member’s
principal Z axis, in. (mm)
= EZ (Property from Table)
Rev U 4.3 - 10 AISC13

Qs and Qa Computation – Channels
compression elements, Qs, and reduction factor for slender stiffened compression elements,
Qa, are computed for axial compressive strength.

bf ZD
b/t = = (Property from Table)
tf FLTK
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 103

. E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
When b t ≥ 103
. E Fy
0.69 E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Where:
AISC13 4.3 - 11 Rev U


b E
When ≥ 149
.
t f
E ⎡ 0.34 E⎤
be = 192
. t ⎢1 − ⎥≤b AISC Eq. E7-17
f ⎢⎣ (b t ) f ⎥⎦
When be $ b, Qa = 1.0
Otherwise:
Aeff
Qa = Ag AISC Eq. E7-16
AX − ( b − be ) t
=
AX
Where:
b = INTYD (Property from Table)
t = WBTK (Property from Table)
f = Fcr calculated based on Q = 1.0
Fcr = critical compression stress as defined below, ksi (MPa)
Fcr, critical compression stress shall be determined as follows:
KL E
(a) When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Rev U 4.3 - 12 AISC13

KL E
(b) When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
Q = reduction factor for slender compression
= 1.0
AISC13 4.3 - 13 Rev U

Compactness – Channels
For Channels subjected to strong or weak axis bending (Z or Y axis bending), the
buckling, FLB), Lambda p (Lp) check, 8p, AISC Thirteenth Edition,
Chapter B, Table B4.1)
ZD
Actual b/t = bf / tf = (Property from Table)
FLTK
Limiting b/t = 8pf = 0.38 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 1
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
b/t, Lr (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for noncompact section (flange,
local buckling, FLB), Lambda r (Lr) check, 8r, for rolled channel,
AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
ZD
Actual b/t = bf / tf = (Property from Table)
FLTK
Limiting b/t = 8rf
8rf = 10
Rev U 4.3 - 14 AISC13

Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
h/tw Lp (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/tw for
compact section (web local buckling, WLB), Lambda p (Lp) check,
8p, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
INTYD
WBTK
Limiting h/tw = 8pw
Actual h t w
if > 10
. , web is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender
Limiting h t w
Where:
AISC13 4.3 - 15 Rev U

h/tw, Lr (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/tw for
noncompact section (web local buckling, WLB), Lambda r (Lr)
check, 8r, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
INTYD
WBTK
Limiting h/tw = 8rw AISC Table B4.1
8rw = 5.70 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 9
Actual h t w
If > 10
. , web is slender
Limiting h t w
Where:
Lb/LpLTB (Lateral-Torsional Buckling limiting length Lb v.s. Lp (LTB), AISC

E
Limiting Lp = 176
. ry AISC Eq. F2-5
Fy
Actual Lb
If > 10
. , noncompact or slender cross-section
Limiting L p
Rev U 4.3 - 16 AISC13

Lb/LrLTB (Lateral-Torsional Buckling limiting length Lb v.s. Lr (LTB), AISC

2
E Jc ⎛ 0.7 Fy Sz h0 ⎞
Limiting Lr = 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
0.7 Fy Sz h0 ⎝ E Jc ⎠
AISC Eq. F2-6
Actual Lb
If > 10
. , slender cross-section
Limiting Lr
Where:
I y Cw
Sz
h0 Iy
c =
2 Cw
= YD – FLTK
AISC13 4.3 - 17 Rev U



Table 4.3-1

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
1 Failed flange b/t v.s. flange 8pf (FLB) check, 8f > 8pf.
See Provision ‘b/t, Lp’.
2 Failed flange b/t v.s. flange 8rf (FLB) check, 8f > 8rf.
See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’.
4 Failed web h/tw v.s. web 8pw (WLB) check, 8w > 8pw.
See Provision ‘h/tw Lp’.
8 Failed web h/tw v.s. web 8rw (WLB) check, 8w > 8rw.
See Provision ‘h/tw, Lr’.
16 Failed unbraced length limitation, Lb v.s. Lp (LTB) check, Lb > Lp.
See Provision ‘Lb/LpLTB’.
32 Failed unbraced length limitation, Lb v.s. Lr (LTB) check, Lb > Lr.
See Provision ‘Lb/LrLTB’.
Rev U 4.3 - 18 AISC13

Y Axis Bending – Channels
For Channels subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following provisions are
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
Actual Muy = *MY*
Where:
For Positive Bending Moment
Mpyc = FyZy # 1.6FySy AISC Eq. F6-1
Mpyt = FyZy # 1.6FySys AISC Eq. F6-1
For Negative Bending Moment

Mpyc = FyZy # 1.6FySys AISC Eq. F6-1
Mpyt = FyZy # 1.6FySy AISC Eq. F6-1
Mpy = Minimum of ( Mpyc , Mpyt )
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
AISC13 4.3 - 19 Rev U

Figure 4.3-1 Compressive bending strength for channels
Rev U 4.3 - 20 AISC13

Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Sy = negative direction section modulus about the Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
= SY (Table Properties)
Sys = positive direction section modulus about the Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
= SYS (Table Properties)
Zy = plastic section modulus about the member local Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
= ZY (Table Properties)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F6-2 Y (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact sections,

When 8pf < 8f # 8rf :
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMny
Allowable (ASD) Mny/Sb
For compression side bending

⎡ ⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞⎤
Mnyc = ⎢ M pyc − ( M pyc − M ryc ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ AISC Eq. F6-2
⎢⎣ ⎝ λrf − λ pf ⎠ ⎥⎦
For tension side bending

⎡ ⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞⎤
Mnyt = ⎢ M pyt − ( M pyt − M ryt ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ AISC Eq. F6-2
⎢⎣ ⎝ λrf − λ pf ⎠ ⎥⎦
Mny = Minimum of ( Mnyc , Mnyt )
AISC13 4.3 - 21 Rev U

Where:
Mryc = 0.7FySy
Mryt = 0.7FySys
Mryc = 0.7FySys
Mryt = 0.7FySy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
For Fy, Mpyc, Mpyt, Mryc, Mryt, My, Sy, Sys, and Zy see above Provision ‘F6-1 Y’
8f = b/t
ZD
= (Property from Table)
FLTK
8rf = 10
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F6-3 Y (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender sections, AISC
When 8f > 8rf :
Actual Muy = *MY*
Rev U 4.3 - 22 AISC13

Where:
Mnyc = FcrSy AISC Eq. F6-3
Mnyt = FcrSys AISC Eq. F6-3
Mnyc = FcrSys AISC Eq. F6-3
Mnyt = FcrSy AISC Eq. F6-3
Mny = Minimum of ( Mnyc , Mnyt )
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
0.69 E
Fcr = 2
AISC Eq. F6-4
⎛ bf ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2t f ⎠
kip-in. (N-mm)
Sy = negative direction section modulus about the Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
= SY (Table Properties)
Sys = positive direction section modulus about the Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
= SYS (Table Properties)
bf
8f = b/t =
2t f
ZD
FLTK
8rf = 10
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.3 - 23 Rev U

Z Axis Bending – Channels
For Channels subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions are
checked. Figure 4.3-1(a) and (b) illustrate member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
Actual Muz = *MZ*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.3 - 24 AISC13



Lp < Lb # Lr and the section is compact
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞ ⎤
⎢⎣
( )
Mnz = Cb ⎢ M pz − M pz − 0.7 Fy S z ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ M pz
⎝ Lr − L p ⎠ ⎥⎦
AISC Eq. F2-2
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
= CB (Parameter)
kip-in. (N-mm)
Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
AISC13 4.3 - 25 Rev U

8w = h/tw, see Provision ‘h/tw Lp’ for the web

8pw = see Provision ‘h/tw Lp’ for the web
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD


Lb > Lr and the section is compact
Actual Muz = *MZ*
2
Cb π 2 E Jc ⎛ Lb ⎞
Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ AISC Eq. F2-4
⎛ Lb ⎞ S z h0 ⎝ rts ⎠
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rts ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
= CB (Parameter)
Rev U 4.3 - 26 AISC13

kip-in. (N-mm)
I y Cw
Sz
h0 Iy
c =
2 Cw
= YD – FLTK
8w = h/tw, see Provision ‘h/tw Lp’ for the web
8pw = see Provision ‘h/tw Lp’ for the web
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.3 - 27 Rev U

FLB (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact or slender

sections, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1 and Chapter
F, Section F2)
When 8f > 8pf :
AISC equation for channel cross-sections are only applicable to compact sections.
AISC Thirteenth Edition does not address channel cross-sections with noncompact
or slender sections, therefore channels with noncompact or slender flanges are
marked as a failed member.
Where:
ZD
8f = b/t = bf / tf = (Property from Table)
FLTK
WLB (Limit state of Web Local Buckling (WLB), noncompact or slender

sections, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1 and Chapter
F, Section F2)
When 8w > 8pw :
AISC equation for channel cross-sections are only applicable to compact sections.
AISC Thirteenth Edition does not address channel cross-sections with noncompact
or slender sections, therefore channels with noncompact or slender webs are
marked as a failed member.
Where:
INTYD
8w = h/tw = (Property from Table)
WBTK
Rev U 4.3 - 28 AISC13

Shear Strength – Channels
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN

When h t w ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
d = total depth, in. (mm)
AISC13 4.3 - 29 Rev U

h/tw = clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius to the web
thickness
= INTYD/WBTK (Property from Table)
INTYD = clear depth of the web computed as the profile depth minus twice the
flange thickness (Property from Table)
5
kv = 5+
(a h) 2
2
⎡ 260 ⎤
kv = 5 when a/h > 3.0 or a/h > ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ (h t w ) ⎥⎦
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in. (mm)
= parameter ‘a’
h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less the fillet or
corner radii, in. (mm)
= INTYD (Property from Table)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD

When 1.10 kv E Fy < h tw ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
h tw
Rev U 4.3 - 30 AISC13

LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD

When h t w > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(h t w ) 2 Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.3 - 31 Rev U

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN

When b f t f ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Af = area of the flanges, in.2 (mm2)
= 2bftf = 2×ZD×FLTK (Property from Table)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.3 - 32 AISC13


When 1.10 kv E Fy < bf t f ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
bf t f
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.3 - 33 Rev U


When b f t f > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(b )
2
f tf Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.3 - 34 AISC13

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Channels
H1-1a T (Singly symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,
Pr
When ≥ 0.2
Pt
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pt 9 ⎜⎝ M tz M ty ⎟⎠
Where:
Pr = required tensile strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kips
(N)
= FX
Pt = design tensile strength determined in accordance with Provision ‘D2-1’
or ‘D2-2’, kips (N)
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
= MZ
Mtz = design flexural strength determined in accordance with Z axis bending
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Mnz = nominal flexural strength about the member local Z axis, kip-in. (N–mm)
= MY
AISC13 4.3 - 35 Rev U

Mty = design tension side flexural strength determined in accordance with Y

axis bending provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
H1-1b T (Singly symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,
Pr
When < 0.2
Pt
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pt ⎜⎝ M tz M ty ⎟⎠
For Pr, Pt, Mrz, Mtz, Mry, and Mty see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
Rev U 4.3 - 36 AISC13

CompBend (Compression side combined bending for singly symmetric

member subject to bending, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter
H, Section H1.2, Equation H1-1b)
M rz M ry
+ ≤ 1.0 + ε
M cz M cy
Where:
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Mcy = design compression side flexural strength determined in accordance with
Y axis bending provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
AISC13 4.3 - 37 Rev U

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Channels
H1-1a C (Singly symmetric member subject to bending and compression axial

force, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H1.1, Equation
H1-1a)
Pr
When ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Rev U 4.3 - 38 AISC13


provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
H1-1b C (Singly symmetric member subject to bending and compression axial

H1-1b)
Pr
When < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
AISC13 4.3 - 39 Rev U

TenBend (Tension side combined bending for singly symmetric member

subject to bending, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section
H1.2, Equation H1-1b)
M rz M ry
+ ≤ 1.0 + ε
M tz M ty
Where:
= MZ
Mtz = design flexural strength determined in accordance with Z axis bending
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Mty = design tension side flexural strength determined in accordance with Y
axis bending provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Rev U 4.3 - 40 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Single Angles
4.4 AISC13 Provisions for Single Angles
Axial Tension – Single Angles
For Single Angles subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are checked.

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member principal Y axis,
Lz = actual unbraced length about the member principal Z axis,
ry = radius of gyration about the member principal Y axis, see
rz = radius of gyration about the member principal Z axis, see
‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for Single Angles GTSTRUDL
D2-1 (Tensile strength for gross area, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:


kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

D2-2 (Tensile strength for net area, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter D,
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)


kips (N)

Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Single Angles
For Single Angles subjected to axial compression, the following (MPa) are checked.
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:
Ky = effective length factor about the member principal Y

axis, see parameter ‘KY’
Kz = effective length factor about the member principal Z
axis, see parameter ‘KZ’
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member principal Y
axis, see parameters ‘LY’ and ‘FRLY’, in. (mm)
Lz = actual unbraced length about the member principal Z
axis, see parameters ‘LZ’ and ‘FRLZ’, in. (mm)
ry = radius of gyration about the member principal Y axis,
see Table property ‘RY’, in. (mm)
rz = radius of gyration about the member principal Z axis,
see Table property ‘RZ’, in. (mm)

b/t (b/t for the longer leg of single angle in pure compression, unstiffened
elements, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
LEG1
Actual b/t = (Property from Table)
THICK
Limiting b/t = 8r
8r = 0.45 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 5
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
E7.1(a) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Specification (102). A discussion of how Qs
is computed for axial compression is shown in
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0
Where:
LEG1 = length of the longer leg of single angle, in. (mm)
(Property from Table)
THICK = thickness of the angle, in. (mm) (Property from Table)


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:

equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Q = Qs See Provision ‘Qs’

⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
Q = reduction factor for slender compression elements, see Provision ‘Qs’
for the equations
using Equations E3-4 and E4-5 or E4-6 (see Provisions ‘E3-4’ and
‘E4-5’ or ‘E4-6’ for the equations)
Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
for the equations
using Equations E3-4 and E4-5 or E4-6 (see Provisions ‘E3-4’ and
‘E4-5’ or ‘E4-6’ for the equations)

E3-4 (Computation of elastic critical buckling Fe, AISC Thirteenth Edition,

Chapter E, Section E3, Equation E3-4)
π 2E
Fey = 2 AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:
E4-5 (Computation of Fe, flexural-torsional buckling stress, singly

symmetric members where Y is the axis of symmetry, equal leg single
angles, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E4(b), Equation
E4-5)
For equal leg single angles, LEG1 = LEG2
⎡ ⎤
⎛ Fey + Fex ⎞ ⎢ 4 Fey Fex H ⎥
Fe = ⎜ ⎟ 1− 1− AISC Eq. E4-5
⎝ 2H ⎠ ⎢ Fey + Fex(
2
) ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Where:
⎛ π 2 EC ⎞ 1
Fex = ⎜ w
⎜ ( K L )2 ⎟ Ag r02
⎝ x x ⎠

π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E4-10
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
z 02 + y 02
r02
Iz + Iy
r02 = z 02 + y 02 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag

6 6
Cw = warping constant, in. (mm )
Iy = moment of inertia about the member principal Y axis, in.4 (mm4)
Iz = moment of inertia about the member principal Z axis, in.4 (mm4)
member principal X axis, in.4 (mm4)
Kx = effective length factor for torsional buckling
= KX (Parameter)
Lx = unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member X axis, in.
(mm)
= LX (Parameter)

E4-6 (Computation of Fe, flexural-torsional buckling stress, unsymmetric

members, unequal leg single angles, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter
E, Section E4(b), Equation E4-6)
For unequal leg single angles, LEG1 … LEG2
2
⎛z ⎞
( Fe − Fez )( Fe − Fey )( Fe − Fex ) − Fe2 ( )
Fe − Fey ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ r0 ⎠
2
⎛y ⎞
− Fe2 ( Fe − Fez )⎜ 0 ⎟ = 0 AISC Eq. E4-6
⎝ r0 ⎠
Fe is the lowest root of the above cubic equation
Where:
⎛ π 2 EC ⎞ 1
Fex = ⎜ w
⎜ ( K L )2 ⎟ Ag r02
⎝ x x ⎠
π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E4-10
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
Fez =
π 2E AISC Eq. E4-9
2
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Iz + Iy
r02 = z 02 + y 02 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag

Cw = warping constant, in.6 (mm6)
Rev U 4.4 - 10 AISC13


Iz = moment of inertia about the member principal Z axis, in.4 (mm4)
member principal X axis, in.4 (mm4)
Kx = effective length factor for torsional buckling
= KX (Parameter)
Lx = unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member X axis, in.
(mm)
= LX (Parameter)
AISC13 4.4 - 11 Rev U

Qs Computation – Single Angles
compression elements, Qs is computed for axial compressive strength.
Qs (Qs for axial compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section

E7.1(c))
LEG1
b/t = (Property from Table)
THICK
When 0.45 E Fy < b t < 0.91 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
. − 0.76⎜ ⎟
Qs = 134 AISC Eq. E7-11
⎝t⎠ E
When b t > 0.91 E Fy
0.53E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-12
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Where:
b = full width of longest angle leg, in. (mm)
= LEG1 (Property from Table)
t = thickness of angle, in. (mm)
= THICK (Property from Table)
Rev U 4.4 - 12 AISC13

Compactness – Single Angles
For Single Angles subjected to strong or weak axis bending (Y or Z axis bending),
the following provisions are checked.
b/t, Lp (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for compact section, flexure in
legs of single angles, Lambda p (Lp) check, 8p, AISC Thirteenth
LEG1
THICK
Limiting b/t = 8p = 0.54 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 6
Actual b t angle is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender

If > 10
. ,
Limiting b t
Where:

LEG2 = length of the shorter leg of single angle, in. (mm)

AISC13 4.4 - 13 Rev U

b/t, Lr (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for noncompact section, flexure
in legs of single angles, Lambda r (Lr) check, 8r, AISC Thirteenth
LEG1
THICK
Limiting b/t = 8r = 0.91 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 6
Actual b t
If > 10
. , single angle is slender
Limiting b t
Where:


Rev U 4.4 - 14 AISC13



Table 4.4-1

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
1 Fail single angle b/t v.s. 8p check. See Provision ‘b/t, Lp’.
2 Fail single angle b/t v.s. 8r check. See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’.
AISC13 4.4 - 15 Rev U

Y Axis Bending – Single Angles
For Single Angles subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following provisions are
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
F10-1 Y (Limit state of yielding bent about the major principal axis, compact
sections, plastic moment check, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F,
Section F10.1, Equation F10-1)
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMny = Nb1.5My
Allowable (ASD) Mny/Sb = 1.5My / Sb
Mny = 1.5My AISC Eq. F10-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MY = actual moment about the member principal Y axis (major axis bending),
kip-in. (N-mm)
My = FyS
S = minimum of (SY or SYS)
SY = positive direction section modulus about the member principal Y axis, in3
(mm3) (Property from Table)
SYS = negative direction section modulus about the member principal Y axis, in3
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 16 AISC13

Figure 4.4-1 Compressive bending strength for Single Angles
AISC13 4.4 - 17 Rev U

F10-2 Y (Limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, single angle without

continuous lateral-torsional restraint, AISC Thirteenth Edition,
Chapter F, Section F10.2(a), Equation F10-2)
When Me # My
Actual Muy = *MY*
Allowable (ASD) Mny / Sb
⎛ . Me ⎞
017
Mny = ⎜⎜ 0.92 − ⎟ Me AISC Eq. F10-2
⎝ M y ⎟⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Me = elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment, kip-in. (N-mm). See
Provisions ‘F10-5 Y’ and ‘F10-6 Y’ for equations
My = FySc
Sc = compression side elastic section modulus, in.3 (mm3)
= SYS for positive bending (Property from Table)
= SY for negative bending (Property from Table)
SY = positive direction section modulus about the member principal Y axis,
in3 (mm3) (Property from Table)
SYS = negative direction section modulus about the member principal Y axis,
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 18 AISC13

F10-3 Y (Limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, single angle without

continuous lateral-torsional restraint, AISC Thirteenth Edition,
Chapter F, Section F10.2(b), Equation F10-3)
When Me > My
Actual Muy = *MY*
⎛ My ⎞
Mny = ⎜ 192
. − 117
. ⎟ M y ≤ 15
. My AISC Eq. F10-3
⎜ M ⎟
⎝ e ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Me = elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment, kip-in. (N-mm). See
Provisions ‘F10-5 Y’ and ‘F10-6 Y’ for equations
My = FySc
Sc = compression side elastic section modulus, in.3 (mm3)
SY = positive direction section modulus about the member principal Y axis,
SYS = negative direction section modulus about the member principal Y axis,
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.4 - 19 Rev U

F10-5 Y (elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment, equal leg single angles, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F10.2(iii), Equation F10-5)
When LEG1 = LEG2
0.46 Eb 2 t 2 Cby
Me = AISC Eq. F10-5
Ly
Where:
b = LEG1
Cby = bending coefficient dependent on the member principal Y axis
moment gradient
= Cby (Parameter)
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member principal Y axis, see
t = thickness of the angle, in. (mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 20 AISC13

F10-6 Y (elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment, unequal leg single angles,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F10.2(iv), Equation F10-6)
When LEG1 … LEG2
4.9 EI z Cby ⎛⎜ ⎞
2
⎛ Ly t ⎞ ⎟
Me = 2 ⎜ β 2
w + 0.052 ⎜ ⎟ + β w⎟ AISC Eq. F10-6
Ly ⎜ ⎝ rz ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Where:
Cby = bending coefficient dependent on the member principal Y axis
moment gradient
= Cby (Parameter)
Iz = moment of inertia about the member principal Z axis (minor axis),
in.4 (mm4)
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member principal Y axis, see
rz = radius of gyration about the member principal Z axis (minor axis),
see Table property ‘RZ’, in. (mm)
$w = section property for unequal leg angles, positive for short legs in
compression and negative for long legs in compression. See
Provision ‘BetaW’ for equation
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.4 - 21 Rev U

BetaW (Computation of $w for unequal leg angles, AISC Thirteenth Edition,

Commentary Section F12, Table C-F10.1, and Melbourne Research
Laboratories "Laterally unsupported Angles with Equal and Unequal
Legs" by J. M. Leigh and M. G. Lay)
t ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
βw = ⎢ 3 (TERM 1) + 3 (TERM 2)⎥ − 2.0v2
Iy ⎢⎣ sin (α ) cos (α ) ⎥⎦
Where:
t = thickness of angle, in. (mm)
$w = special section property for unequal leg angles, positive for short
leg in compression and negative for long leg in compression (see
Commentary Section F12 and Table C-F10.1 of AISC Thirteenth
Edition)
" = the angle between the longer leg of the angle and the principal Z
axis,
= ALPHA (Property from Table)
TERM1 =
(v 4
2 − v 34 ) + Q (v
2 3
2 )
− v 33 cos(α )
+
(
Q 4 v 22 − v 32 )
4.0 3.0( B + Q) 8.0( B + Q)
2
TERM2 = −
3
( +
4
)
v14 − v 24 B v1 − v 2 sin(α ) B v1 − v 2
2 3 2 2
( )
4.0 3.0( B + Q) 8.0( B + Q)
2
B = LEG2 – THICK / 2.0

Q = LEG1 – THICK / 2.0
2.0 BQ cos(α ) + Q 2 cos(α ) + B 2 sin(α )

v1 =
2.0( B + Q)
Rev U 4.4 - 22 AISC13

B 2 sin(α ) − Q 2 cos(α )
v2 =
2.0( B + Q)
− B 2 sin(α ) + 2.0 BQ sin(α ) + Q 2 cos(α )

v3 =
2.0( B + Q)
Table 4.4-2
$w Values for Angles
Angle Size (in.) $w (in.)*

9x4 6.54
8x6 3.31
8x4 5.48
7x4 4.37
6x4 3.14
6 x 3.5 3.69
5 x 3.5 2.40
5x3 2.99
4 x 3.5 0.87
4x3 1.65
3.5 x 3 0.87
3.5 x 2.5 1.62
3 x 2.5 0.86
3x2 1.56
2.5 x 2 0.85
Equal legs 0.0
* Has positive or negative value depending on direction of bending
AISC13 4.4 - 23 Rev U

F10-7 Y (Limit state of leg local buckling, noncompact section, AISC

Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F10.3(b), Equation F10-7)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muy = *MY*
⎛ ⎛ b ⎞ Fy ⎞⎟
Mny = Fy S c ⎜ 2.43 − 172
. ⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F10-7
⎜ ⎝ t ⎠ E ⎟⎠
⎝
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
b = LEG2 for positive bending (Property from Table)
= LEG1 for negative bending (Property from Table)
kip-in. (N-mm)
Sc = elastic section modulus to the toe in compression relative to the axis of
bending, in.3 (mm3)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 24 AISC13

F10-8 Y (Limit state of leg local buckling, slender section, AISC Thirteenth
Edition, Chapter F, Section F10.3(c), Equations F10-8 and F10-9)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMny = NbFcrSc
Allowable (ASD) Mny/Sb = FcrSc / Sb
Mny = FcrSc AISC Eq. F10-8
0.71E
Fcr = 2
AISC Eq. F10-9
⎛ b⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
For b, E, MY, Sc, t, Nb, and Sb see above Provision ‘F10-7 Y’
AISC13 4.4 - 25 Rev U

Z Axis Bending – Single Angles
For Single Angles subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions are
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
F10-1 Z (Limit state of yielding bent about the principal Z axis, compact
sections, plastic moment check, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F,
Section F10.1, Equation F10-1)
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = Nb1.5My
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = 1.5My / Sb
Mnz = 1.5My AISC Eq. F10-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MZ = actual moment about the member principal Z axis (minor axis bending),
kip-in. (N-mm)
My = FyS
S = minimum of (SZ or SZS)
SZ = positive direction section modulus about the member principal Z axis, in3
SZS = negative direction section modulus about the member principal Z axis, in3
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 26 AISC13

Positive Z Axis Bending - Single Angles
For Single Angles subjected to a major axis bending (Z axis bending) moment, the
following provision is checked for compression and tension side strength. Figure 4.4-1(a)
illustrates positive member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
F10-7 Z (Limit state of leg local buckling, noncompact section, AISC

Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F10.3(b), Equation F10-7)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎛ ⎛ b ⎞ Fy ⎞⎟
Mnz = Fy S c ⎜ 2.43 − 172
. ⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F10-7
⎜ ⎝ t ⎠ E ⎟⎠
⎝
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
b = LEG1 (Property from Table)

kip-in. (N-mm)
bending, in.3 (mm3)
AISC13 4.4 - 27 Rev U

= SZ for positive bending (Property from Table)

Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
F10-8 Z (Limit state of leg local buckling, slender section, AISC Thirteenth
Edition, Chapter F, Section F10.3(c), Equations F10-8 and F10-9)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbFcrSc
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = FcrSc/Sb
Mnz = FcrSc AISC Eq. F10-8
0.71E
Fcr = 2
AISC Eq. F10-9
⎛ b⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
b = LEG1 (Property from Table)
kip-in. (N-mm)
bending, in.3 (mm3)
= SZ for positive bending (Property from Table)
Rev U 4.4 - 28 AISC13


Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.4 - 29 Rev U

Shear Strength – Single Angles
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN
G2-1 Y (Shear in Y direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G, Sections

G2.1 and G4, Equation G2-1)
Actual Vuy = *FY*
Limiting (LRFD) NvVny = Nv0.6FyAyCv AISC Eq. G2-1
Allowable (ASD) Vny/Sv = 0.6FyAyCv / Sv AISC Eq. G2-1
Cv = 1.0 AISC Section G4
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ay = shear area along the Y-principle axis, in.2 (mm2)
= AY (Property from Table)
FY = actual shear force in member principal Y axis direction, kips (N)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 30 AISC13

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN
G2-1 Z (Shear in Z direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G, Section

G2.1, Equation G2-1)
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NvVnz = Nv0.6FyAzCv AISC Eq. G2-1
Allowable (ASD) Vnz/Sv = 0.6FyAzCv / Sv AISC Eq. G2-1
Cv = 1.0 AISC Section G4
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Az = shear area along the Z-principle axis, in.2 (mm2)
= AZ (Property from Table)
FZ = actual shear force in member principal Z direction, kips (N)

Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.4 - 31 Rev U

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Single Angles
Pr
For ≥ 0.2 and LEG1 = LEG2
Pt
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:

(N)
= FX
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
(bending moment about the member principal Z axis), kip-in. (N–mm)
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Rev U 4.4 - 32 AISC13


(bending moment about the member principal Y axis), kip-in. (N–mm)
= MY
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Pr
For < 0.2 and LEG1 = LEG2
Pt
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
For Pr, Pt, Mrz, Mcz, Mry, and Mcy see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
AISC13 4.4 - 33 Rev U

H2-1 T (Unsymmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H2, Equation H2-1)
For LEG1 … LEG2
Pr M ry M rz
+ + ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H2-1
Pt M cy M cz
Rev U 4.4 - 34 AISC13

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Single Angles

H1-1a)
Pr
For ≥ 0.2 and LEG1 = LEG2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:

= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
(bending moment about the member principal Z axis), kip-in. (N–mm)
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
(bending moment about the member principal Y axis), kip-in. (N–mm)
AISC13 4.4 - 35 Rev U

= MY
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

H1-1b)
Pr
For < 0.2 and LEG1 = LEG2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + ⎟ ≤ 10
. +ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
H2-1 C (Unsymmetric member subject to bending and compression axial force,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H2, Equation H2-1)
For LEG1 … LEG2
Pr M ry M
+ . +ε
+ rz ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H2-1
Pc M cy M cz
For Pr, Pc, Mry, Mcy, Mrz, and Mcz see above Provision ‘H1-1a C’
Rev U 4.4 - 36 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Tees
4.5 AISC13 Provisions for Tees
Axial Tension – Tees
For Tees subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are checked.

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:
‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for Tees GTSTRUDL
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:

kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)
kips (N)
Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Tees
For Tees subjected to axial compression, the following provisions are checked.
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:

bf
Actual b/t = = BF/2TF (Property from Table)
2t f
Limiting b/t = 8r
Actual b t
If > 10
. , Then Qs is computed as provided for in Section
Limiting b t E7.1(a) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Provisions ‘Qs’ and ‘Qsf’ at the end of this
section.
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0
d/t (d/t for web in axial compression, unstiffened elements, AISC Thirteenth
YD
Actual d/t = (Property from Table)
WBTK
Limiting d/t = 8r
Actual d t
If > 10
. , Then Qs is computed as provided for in Section
Limiting d t
E7.1(d) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Provisions ‘Qs’ and ‘Qsw’ at the end of this
section.
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0

E4-1 (Compressive strength for torsional and flexural-torsional buckling of

members without slender elements, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter
E, Section E4, Equation E4-1)
For 8 # 8r
Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
Fcr = critical stress, ksi (MPa). See Provision ‘E4-2’ for the equation
force, kips (N)
8 = see Provisions ‘b/t’ and ‘d/t’
8r = see Provisions ‘b/t’ and ‘d/t’
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

E4-2 (Computation of Fcr, flexural-torsional buckling stress, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Section E4(a), Equation E4-2)
⎡ ⎤
⎛ Fcry + Fcrx ⎞ ⎢ 4 Fcry Fcrx H ⎥
Fcr = ⎜ ⎟ 1− 1− AISC Eq. E4-2
⎝ 2H ⎠ ⎢ F +( F
2
) ⎥
⎢⎣ cry crx ⎥⎦
Where:
Fcry = computed according to AISC Equations E3-2 or E3-3, for flexural
KL Ky Ly
buckling about the Y axis of symmetry with =
r ry
GJ
Fcrx = AISC Eq. E4-3
Ag r02
z 02 + y02
r0 2
Iz + Iy
r0 2 = z02 + y 02 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag

= EY
= EZ


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
8 = see Provisions ‘b/t’ and ‘d/t’
8r = see Provisions ‘b/t’ and ‘d/t’
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Q = Qs See Provisions ‘Qs’, ‘Qsf’, and ‘Qsw’
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
‘Qs’, ‘Qsf’, and ‘Qsw’ for the equations
Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Q = Qs See Provisions ‘Qs’, ‘Qsf’, and ‘Qsw’
Where:
‘Qs’, ‘Qsf’, and ‘Qsw’ for the equations
using Equations E3-4 and E4-5 (see Provisions ‘E3-4’ and ‘E4-5’ for
the equations)


π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
r
⎝ y ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:
Rev U 4.5 - 10 AISC13

E4-5 (Computation of Fe, flexural-torsional buckling stress, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Section E4(b), Equation E4-5)
⎡ ⎤
⎛ F + Fex ⎞⎢ 4 Fey Fex H ⎥
Fe = ⎜ ey ⎟⎢ 1 − 1 − AISC Eq. E4-5
( Fey + Fex ) ⎥
2
⎝ 2H ⎠
⎣ ⎦
Where:
⎛ π 2 EC ⎞ 1
Fex = ⎜ w
⎜ ( K L )2 ⎟ Ag r02
⎝ x x ⎠
π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E4-10
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
z02 + y02
r02
2 2
Iz + Iy
r0 2 = z0 + y 0 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag

= EY
= EZ
AISC13 4.5 - 11 Rev U

Qs Computation – Tees

Edition, Chapter E, Section E7.1)
Qs = Minimum of (Qsf , Qsw)
Where:
Qsf = reduction factor for slender compression flange. See Provision ‘Qsf’
Qsw = reduction factor for slender compression in the stem of tees. See
Provision ‘Qsw’
Qsf (Slender unstiffened elements, Qsf, for the flange of the Tee in axial
compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E7.1(a))
bf
b/t = = BF/2TF (Property from Table)
2t f
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 103

. E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
When b t ≥ 103
. E Fy
0.69 E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Rev U 4.5 - 12 AISC13

Where:
Qsw (Slender unstiffened element, Qsw, for the stem of the Tee in axial
compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E7.1(d))
d YD
d/t = = (Property from Table)
tw WBTK
E E
When 0.75 < d t ≤ 103
.
Fy Fy
⎛ d ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1908
. − 122
. ⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-14
⎝t⎠ E
E
When d t > 103
.
Fy
0.69 E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-15
⎛d⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Where:
d = full nominal depth, in. (mm)
t = thickness of the stem, in. (mm)
= WBTK (Property from Table)
AISC13 4.5 - 13 Rev U

Compactness – Tees
For Tees subjected to strong axis bending (Z axis bending), the following
provisions are checked.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
b/t, Lp (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for compact section (flange
local buckling, FLB), check Lambda p (Lp), 8p, AISC Thirteenth
bf
2t f
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
Rev U 4.5 - 14 AISC13

local buckling, FLB), check Lambda r (Lr), 8r, AISC Thirteenth
bf
2t f
Limiting b/t = 8r
8r = 10
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
AISC13 4.5 - 15 Rev U



Table 4.5-1

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
1 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8p (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t, Lp’.
2 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8r (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’.
Rev U 4.5 - 16 AISC13

Y Axis Bending – Tees
For Tees subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following provisions are checked.
Figures 4.5-1(c) and (d) illustrate member Y axis bending strength.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
Actual Muy = *MY*
Mpy = FyZy # My AISC Eq. F9-3
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
My = FySy
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.5 - 17 Rev U

Figure 4.5-1 Compressive bending strength for Tees
Rev U 4.5 - 18 AISC13

Z Axis Bending – Tees
For Tees subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions are
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F9.1, Equations F9-1, F9-2, and
F9-3)
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Mnz = Mpz AISC Eq. F9-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
For Tees subjected to positive Z axis bending; the stem of the Tee is under tensile
bending, Figure 4.5-1(a).
Mpz = FyZz # 1.6My AISC Eq. F9-2
For Tees subjected to negative Z axis bending; the stem of the Tee is under
compressive bending, Figure 4.5-1(b).
Mpz = FyZz # My AISC Eq. F9-3
Where:
My = FySz
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.5 - 19 Rev U

Positive Z Axis Bending - Tees
For Tees subjected to a major axis bending (Z axis bending) moment, the following
provision is checked for compression and tension side strength. Figure 4.5-1(a) illustrates
positive member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
F9-4 Z (Limit state of Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB), AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter F, Section F9.2, Equation F9-4)
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbMcrz
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = Mcrz/Sb
π EI y GJ
M nz = M crz = ⎡B + 1 + B2 ⎤ AISC Eq. F9-4
Lb ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
⎛ d ⎞ Iy
B = + 2.3⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F9-5
⎝ Lb ⎠ J
Mpz = FyZz # 1.6 FyfSzsQsf Flange in Compression
# 1.6 Fyw Sz Stem in Tension
Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Mrz = Fy Sz
Rev U 4.5 - 20 AISC13

Mcrz # 1.6 FySzs Qsf

# 1.6 FySz
See Figure 4.5-2
d = YD (Table Property)
Iy = IY (Table Property)
J = IX (Table Property)
Sz = SZ (Table Property)
negative direction section modulus about the Z axis (stem of the Tee),
in.3 (mm3)
Szs = SZS (Table Property)
positive direction section modulus about the Z axis (flange of the Tee),
in.3 (mm3)
Qsf = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression elements (flange of
the Tee). See Provision ‘Qsf’ for computation
MZ = actual moment about the member local Z axis (major axis bending), kip-
in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.5 - 21 Rev U

Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Qsf = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression element (flange)
Sz = section modulus of the stem of tee. Property SZ from Table
Szs = section modulus of the flange of tee. Property SZS from Table
Zz = plastic section modulus. Property ZZ from Table
Figure 4.5-2 Nominal moment strength Mn vs laterally unbraced length Lb for the flange
of tee in compression
Rev U 4.5 - 22 AISC13

F9-6&7 Z (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact flange,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Sections F9.3 and F9.3(b),
Equations F9-6 and F9-7)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbFcrzSzc AISC Eq. F9-6
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = FcrzSzc/Sb AISC Eq. F9-6
Mn = FcrzSzc AISC Eq. F9-6
⎛ ⎛ bf ⎞ Fy ⎞
Fcrz = Fy ⎜ 119
. − 0.50⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ AISC Eq. F9-7
⎜ ⎝ 2t f ⎠ E ⎟⎠
⎝
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
bf
2t f
kip-in. (N-mm)
Szc = SZS (Table Property)
in.3 (mm3)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
See Provisions ‘b/t, Lp’ and ‘b/t, Lr’ for 8, 8p, and 8r
AISC13 4.5 - 23 Rev U

F9-6&8 Z (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender flange, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Sections F9.3 and F9.3(c), Equations
F9-6 and F9-8)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
0.69 E
Fcrz = 2 AISC Eq. F9-8
⎛ bf ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2t f ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
bf
2t f
kip-in. (N-mm)
in.3 (mm3)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’ for 8 and 8r
Rev U 4.5 - 24 AISC13

Negative Z Axis Bending - Tees
For Tees subjected to a major axis bending (Z axis bending) moment, the following
provision is checked for compression and tension side strength. Figure 4.5-1(b) illustrates
negative member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN

Actual Muz = *MZ*
π EI y GJ
Lb ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
⎛ d ⎞ Iy
B = − 2.3⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F9-5
⎝ Lb ⎠ J
Mpz = FyZz # 1.0 FySzQsw Stem in Compression
# 1.6 Fy Szs Flange in Tension
See Figure 4.5-3.
AISC13 4.5 - 25 Rev U

where:
negative direction section modulus about the Z axis (stem of the
Tee)
positive direction section modulus about the Z axis (flange of the
Tee)
Qsw = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression elements
(stem of the Tee). See Provision ‘Qsw’ for computation
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.5 - 26 AISC13

Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Qsw = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression element (stem of the
Tee). See Provision ‘Qsw’ for computation
Sz = section modulus of the stem of tee. Property SZ from Table
Figure 4.5-3 Nominal moment strength Mn vs laterally unbraced length Lb for the stem of
tee in compression
AISC13 4.5 - 27 Rev U

Shear Strength – Tees
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN

For h t w ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
h/tw = overall depth divided by the web thickness
= YD/WBTK (Property from Table)
kv = 1.2 AISC Section G2(b)(i)(i)
h = overall depth, in. (mm)
Rev U 4.5 - 28 AISC13


Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD

For 1.10 kv E Fy < h tw ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
h tw
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.5 - 29 Rev U


For h t w > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(h t w ) 2 Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.5 - 30 AISC13

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN

For b f t f ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Af = area of the flange, in.2 (mm2)
= bftf = ZD×FLTK (Property from Table)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.5 - 31 Rev U


For 1.10 kv E Fy < bf t f ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
bf t f
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.5 - 32 AISC13


For b f t f > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(b )
2
f tf Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.5 - 33 Rev U

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Tees
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pt
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
(N)
= FX
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Rev U 4.5 - 34 AISC13


provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Pr
For < 0.2
Pt
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
AISC13 4.5 - 35 Rev U

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Tees

H1-1a)
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Rev U 4.5 - 36 AISC13


provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

H1-1b)
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
AISC13 4.5 - 37 Rev U

Rev U 4.5 - 38 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Double Angles
4.6 AISC13 Provisions for Double Angles
Axial Tension – Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are checked.

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:
‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for Double Angles GTSTRUDL
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)
kips (N)
Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to axial compression, the following provisions are
checked.
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:

LEG1
THICK
Limiting b/t = 8r
When spacing equals to zero for double angle:
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
E7.1(a) and E7.1(c) of the AISC Thirteenth
Edition Specification (102). A discussion of
how Qs is computed for axial compression is
shown in Provision ‘Qs’ at the end of this
section.
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0
Where:
LEG1 = length of the longer leg of each single angle which makes up
the double angle, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
THICK = thickness of the angle leg, in. (mm) (Property from Table)

E4-1 (Compressive strength for torsional and flexural-torsional buckling of

members without slender elements, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter
E, Section E4, Equation E4-1)
For 8 # 8r
Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
Fcr = critical stress, ksi (MPa). See Provision ‘E4-2’ for the equation
force, kips (N)
8 = see Provision ‘b/t’
8r = see Provision ‘b/t’
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

E4-2 (Computation of Fcr, flexural-torsional buckling stress, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter E, Section E4(a), Equation E4-2)
⎡ ⎤
⎛ Fcry + Fcrx ⎞ ⎢ 4 Fcry Fcrx H ⎥
Fcr = ⎜ ⎟ 1− 1− AISC Eq. E4-2
⎝ 2H ⎠⎢ F (+ F
2
) ⎥
⎢⎣ cry crx ⎥⎦
Where:
Fcry = computed according to AISC Equations E3-2 or E3-3, for flexural
KL K y Ly ⎛ KL ⎞
buckling about the Y axis of symmetry with = =⎜ ⎟
r ry ⎝ r ⎠m
GJ
Fcrx = AISC Eq. E4-3
Ag r02
z02 + y02
r02
Iz + Iy
r0 2 = z02 + y 02 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag

= EY
= EZ


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
for the equations
Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
for the equations


Fe = Minimum of (Fem, Fez)
π 2E
Fem = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ KL ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠m
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:
For Kz, Lz, and rz see Provision ‘KL/r’
⎛ KL ⎞
For ⎜ ⎟ see Provision ‘(KL/r)m’
⎝ r ⎠m
(KL/r)m (Modified column slenderness, (KL/r)m, AISC Thirteenth Edition,

Section E6.1(a), Equations E6-1 and E6-2)
(a) For intermediate connections that are snug-tight bolted:
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ a⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E6-1
⎝ r ⎠m ⎝ r ⎠ 0 ⎝ ri ⎠
Rev U 4.6 - 10 AISC13

(b) For intermediate connectors that are welded or fully tensioned bolted:
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ α2 ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + 0.82 ⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E6-2
⎝ r ⎠m ⎝ r ⎠0 ( )
1 + α 2 ⎝ rib ⎠
Where:
⎛ KL ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = Column slenderness
⎝ r ⎠0
K y Ly
=
ry
a = distance between connectors. This value is computed from

the parameter ‘nConnect’
= L / (n+1)
n = number of connectors between ends of the member (see
parameter ‘nConnect’)
L = actual physical member length
= this is parameter ‘L’ (see also parameter ‘FRL’)
Ly = actual unbraced length about the member Y axis
= parameter ‘LY’ (see also parameter ‘FRLY’)
ri = minimum radius of gyration of an individual component
= table property ‘RZSNGL’. If this property is not in the
database, it is computed
rib = radius of gyration of an individual component relative to its
centroidal axis parallel to the member axis of buckling
= property about parallel leg U axis for long legs back-to-
back (see Figure 4.6-1)
= property about parallel leg V axis for equal and short legs
back-to-back (see Figure 4.6-1)
" = separation ratio
= h / 2rib
h = distance between centroids of individual components
perpendicular to the member axis of buckling
= 2 × u + SPACING for short legs back-to-back
= 2 × v + SPACING for equal and long legs back-to-back
SPACING = double angle back-to-back spacing
= table property ‘SPACING’
AISC13 4.6 - 11 Rev U

v = distance from the outer edge of a single angle to the local U

axis (parallel to the leg axis, see Figure 4.6-1)
u = distance from the outer edge of a single angle to the local V
axis (parallel to the leg axis, see Figure 4.6-1)
See parameter ‘ConnType’ to define intermediate connectors are snug-tight bolted

or welded.
Parameter ConnType = WELDED, for welded or fully tensioned bolted

= SNUG, for snug-tight bolted
nDesConn (Number of designed connectors, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Section

E6.2)
When a member is designed or a value of -1 has been specified for the parameter
‘nConnect’, a minimum required number of connectors is computed. If the computed
number of connectors are larger than the user specified number of connectors by the
parameter ‘nConnect’, the computed value is used, otherwise the number of connectors
specified by the parameter ‘nConnect’ is used.
KL
n = − 10
.
(3 4)ri ( KL r ) max
If n > Parameter ‘nConnect’, computed n is used
where:
K = user specified effective length factor for an individual component
(single angle).
= this is parameter ‘K’
See also Provision ‘E6.2’ for other variables definition
Rev U 4.6 - 12 AISC13

Y and Z axes are the principal axes,

U and V axes are the parallel leg axes,
Figure 4.6-1 v and u distances
AISC13 4.6 - 13 Rev U

E6.2 (Connector spacing check, a, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Section E6.2)
Double angle connector spacing, a, should be as such that the effective slenderness
ratio Ka/ri of the member should not exceed three-fourths times the governing slenderness
ratio of the double angle member.
Actual a = L / (n + 1)
(3 4)ri ( KL r ) max
Limiting a =
K
Actual a
≤ 10
.
Limiting a
Actual a
If > 10
. , increase number of connectors, see parameter ‘nConnect’
Limiting a
Where:
a = distance between connectors. This value is computed from
the parameter ‘nConnect’
n = parameter to specify number of connectors between brace
points (see parameter ‘nConnect’)
ri = minimum radius of gyration of individual component
= table property ‘RZSNGL’. If this property is not in the
database, it is computed
K = user specified effective length factor for an individual
component (single angle)
= this is parameter ‘K’
(KL/r)max = governing slenderness ratio
⎛ K y Ly K z Lz ⎞
= maximum ⎜⎜ , ⎟
⎝ ry rz ⎟⎠
Rev U 4.6 - 14 AISC13

E4-5 (Computation of Fe, flexural-torsional buckling stress, AISC

Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section E4(b), Equation E4-5)
⎡ 4Feym Fex H ⎥⎤
⎛ Feym + Fex ⎞ ⎢
Fe = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢1 − 1 − AISC Eq. E4-5
( Feym + Fex ) ⎥
2
⎝ 2 H ⎠
⎣ ⎦
Where:
⎛ π 2 EC ⎞ 1
Fex = ⎜ w
⎜ ( K L )2 ⎟ Ag r02
⎝ x x ⎠
π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E4-10
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ry ⎠
Feym = minimum of ( Fey , Fem )
Fem = see above Provision E3-4
z 02 + y02
r0 2
Iz + Iy
r0 2 = z02 + y 02 + AISC Eq. E4-7
Ag
= EY
= EZ
AISC13 4.6 - 15 Rev U

Qs Computation – Double Angles
Qs (Qs for axial compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Sections

E7.1(a) and E7.1(c))
Double angle in contact:
LEG1
THICK
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 1.03 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
When b t ≥ 1.03 E Fy
0.69 E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Double angle with spacing:
LEG1
THICK
When 0.45 E Fy < b t < 0.91 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
. − 0.76⎜ ⎟
Qs = 134 AISC Eq. E7-11
⎝t⎠ E
Rev U 4.6 - 16 AISC13

0.53E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-12
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Qsf (Qs for positive bending moment about the Z axis, Qsf for the flange of the
double angle in compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E,
Sections E7.1(a) and E7.1(c))
Equal leg angles and short legs back-to-back:

LEG1
THICK
Long legs back-to-back:

LEG2
THICK
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 1.03 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qsf = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
0.69 E
Qsf = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
AISC13 4.6 - 17 Rev U

When 0.45 E Fy < b t < 0.91 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
. − 0.76⎜ ⎟
Qsf = 134 AISC Eq. E7-11
⎝t⎠ E
0.53E
Qsf = 2
AISC Eq. E7-12
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Qsw (Qs for negative bending moment about the Z axis, Qsw for the web of the
double angle in compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E,
Section B5.3a)

LEG2
THICK

LEG1
THICK
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 1.03 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qsw = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
Rev U 4.6 - 18 AISC13

0.69 E
Qsw = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
When 0.45 E Fy < b t < 0.91 E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
. − 0.76⎜ ⎟
Qsw = 134 AISC Eq. E7-11
⎝t⎠ E
0.53E
Qsw = 2
AISC Eq. E7-12
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
AISC13 4.6 - 19 Rev U

Compactness – Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to strong or weak axis bending (Z or Y axis bending),
buckling, FLB), Lambda p (Lp) check, 8p, AISC Thirteenth Edition,
Chapter B, Table B4.1)

LEG1
THICK

LEG2
THICK
Actual b t flange is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender

If > 10
. ,
Limiting b t
Where:
LEG2 = length of the shorter leg of each single angle which makes up
Rev U 4.6 - 20 AISC13

local buckling, FLB), Lambda r (Lr) check, 8r, AISC Thirteenth

LEG1
THICK

LEG2
THICK
Limiting b/t = 8r = 0.91 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 6
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
LEG2 = length of the shorter leg of each single angle which makes up
AISC13 4.6 - 21 Rev U



Table 4.6-1

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
1 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8p (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t, Lp’.
2 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8r (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’.
Rev U 4.6 - 22 AISC13

Y Axis Bending – Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following provisions
are checked. Figures 4.6-2(c) and (d) illustrate member Y axis bending strength.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
Actual Muy = *MY*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
= ZY (Property from Table)
My = FySy
Sy = section modulus about the member local Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
= SY (Property from Table)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.6 - 23 Rev U

Figure 4.6-2 Compressive bending strength for Double Angles
Rev U 4.6 - 24 AISC13

Z Axis Bending – Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions
are checked. Figure 4.6-2(a) and (b) illustrate member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F9.1, Equations F9-1, F9-2,
and F9-3)
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Mnz = Mpz AISC Eq. F9-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
For double angles subjected to positive Z axis bending; the stem of the double
angle is under tensile bending, Figure 4.6-2(a).
Mpz = FyZz # 1.6My AISC Eq. F9-2
For double angles subjected to negative Z axis bending; the stem of the double
angle is under compressive bending, Figure 4.6-2(b).
Mpz = FyZz # My AISC Eq. F9-3
Where:
My = FySz
Sz = negative direction section modulus about the Z axis (the stem of the double
angle), in.3 (mm3)
= SZ (Table Property)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.6 - 25 Rev U

Positive Z Axis Bending - Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to a major axis bending (Z axis bending) moment, the
following provision is checked for compression and tension side strength. Figure 4.6-2(a)
illustrates positive member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN

Actual Muz = *MZ*
π EI y GJ
Lb ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
⎛ d ⎞ Iy
B = + 2.3⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F9-5
⎝ Lb ⎠ J
Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Mrz = Fy Sz
Rev U 4.6 - 26 AISC13

Mcrz # 1.6 FySzs Qsf Flange in Compression

# 1.6 FySz Stem in Tension
See Figure 4.6-3
negative direction section modulus about the Z axis (the stem of the
double angle), in.3 (mm3)
positive direction section modulus about the Z axis (the flange of the
Qsf = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression elements (flange of
the double angle). See Provision ‘Qsf’ for computation
MZ = actual moment about the member local Z axis (major axis bending), kip-
in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.6 - 27 Rev U

Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Qsf = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression element (flange)
Sz = section modulus of the stem of double angle. Property SZ from Table
Szs = section modulus of the flange of double angle. Property SZS from Table
Figure 4.6-3 Nominal moment strength Mn vs laterally unbraced length Lb for the flange
of double angle in compression
Rev U 4.6 - 28 AISC13

F9-6&7 Z (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact flange,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Sections F9.3 and F9.3(b),
Equations F9-6 and F9-7)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎛ ⎛ bf ⎞ Fy ⎞
Fcrz = Fy ⎜ 119
. − 0.50⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ AISC Eq. F9-7
⎜ ⎝ 2t f ⎠ E ⎟⎠
⎝
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
bf LEG1
= for equal and short legs back-to-back
2t f THICK
LEG2
= for long legs back-to-back
THICK
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
See Provisions ‘b/t, Lp’ and ‘b/t, Lr’ for 8, 8p, and 8r
AISC13 4.6 - 29 Rev U

F9-6&8 Z (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender flange, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Sections F9.3 and F9.3(c), Equations
F9-6 and F9-8)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
0.69 E
Fcrz = 2 AISC Eq. F9-8
⎛ bf ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2t f ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
bf LEG1
= for equal and short legs back-to-back
2t f THICK
LEG2
= for long legs back-to-back
THICK
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
See Provision ‘b/t, Lr’ for 8 and 8r
Rev U 4.6 - 30 AISC13

Negative Z Axis Bending - Double Angles
For Double Angles subjected to a major axis bending (Z axis bending) moment, the
following provision is checked for compression and tension side strength. Figure 4.6-2(b)
illustrates negative member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN

Actual Muz = *MZ*
π EI y GJ
Lb ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
where:
⎛ d ⎞ Iy
B = − 2.3⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. F9-5
⎝ Lb ⎠ J
Mpz = FyZz # 1.0 FySzQsw Stem in Compression
# 1.6 Fy Szs Flange in Tension
See Figure 4.6-4.
AISC13 4.6 - 31 Rev U

where:
negative direction section modulus about the Z axis (the stem of
the double angle)
positive direction section modulus about the Z axis (the flange of
the double angle)
Qsw = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression elements
(stem of the double angle). See Provision ‘Qsw’ for computation
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.6 - 32 AISC13

Lp = 176
. ry E Fy
Qsw = reduction factor for slender unstiffened compression element (stem of double
angle). See Provision ‘Qsw’ for computation
Sz = section modulus of the stem of double angle. Property SZ from Table
Figure 4.6-4 Nominal moment strength Mn vs laterally unbraced length Lb for the stem of
double angle in compression
AISC13 4.6 - 33 Rev U

Shear Strength – Double Angles
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN

For h t w ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
= 2dt = 2×YD×THICK (Property from Table)
h/tw = overall depth divided by the thickness
= YD/THICK (Property from Table)
tw = THICK (Property from Table)
kv = 1.2 AISC Sections G2(b)(i)(i) and G4
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.6 - 34 AISC13


Actual Vuy = *FY*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
h tw
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.6 - 35 Rev U


For h t w > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(h t w ) 2 Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.6 - 36 AISC13

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN

For b f t f ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Af = area of the flange, in.2 (mm2)
= bftf
for equal and short legs back-to-back
= 2×LEG1 (Property from Table)
for long legs back-to-back
= 2×LEG2 (Property from Table)
tf = angle thickness, in. (mm)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.6 - 37 Rev U


For 1.10 kv E Fy < bf t f ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
bf t f
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.6 - 38 AISC13


For b f t f > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(b )
2
f tf Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.6 - 39 Rev U

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Double Angles
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
(N)
= FX
Pc = design tensile strength determined in accordance with Provision ‘D2-1’
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
Pn = nominal axial tensile strength (see Provisions D2-1 and D2-2), kips (N)
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Rev U 4.6 - 40 AISC13


provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
For Pr, Pc, Mrz, Mcz, Mry, and Mcy see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
AISC13 4.6 - 41 Rev U

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Double Angles

H1-1a)
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
Pn = nominal axial compressive strength (see Provision E7-1), kips (N)
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
Rev U 4.6 - 42 AISC13


provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

H1-1b)
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
AISC13 4.6 - 43 Rev U

Rev U 4.6 - 44 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Square and Rectangular HSS
4.7 AISC13 Provisions for Square and Rectangular HSS
Axial Tension – Square and Rectangular HSS
For Square and Rectangular HSS (hollow structural sections, structural tube)
subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are checked.

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:

‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for Square and Rectangular HSS GTSTRUDL
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:


kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)


kips (N)

Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Square and Rectangular HSS
For Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to axial compression, the following
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:

b/t (b/t for flange in pure compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B,
Table B4.1)
Actual b/t = b/t (Property from Table)

if property b/t does not exist in the Table database, the
following is used
ZD − 3WBTK
FLTK
Limiting b/t = 8r
8r = 140
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t E7.2(b) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Otherwise, Qa = 1.0
Where:
b/t = b/t ratio from table database. If this property does not exist in
the table database, (ZD – 3WBTK)/FLTK is used
WBTK = web thickness, in. (mm) (Property from Table)

h/t (h/t for web in axial compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B,
Table B4.1)
Actual h/t = h/t (Property from Table)

if property h/t does not exist in the Table database, the
following is used
YD − 3FLTK
WBTK
Limiting h/t = 8r
8r = 140
Actual h t Then Qa is computed as provided in Section

If > 1.0,
Limiting h t E7.2(b) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Otherwise, Qa = 1.0
Where:
h/t = h/t ratio from table database. If this property does not exist in
the table database, (YD – 3FLTK)/WBTK is used
YD = total depth, in. (mm) (Property from Table)


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Q = Qa See Provision ‘Qa’
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
Q = reduction factor for slender compression elements, see Provision ‘Qa’
for the equation
the equations)
Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
for the equation
the equations)


π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
r
⎝ y ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:

symmetric cross-sections, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section
E4(b), Equation E4-4)
⎡ π 2 EC ⎤ 10 .
Fe = ⎢ w
⎢⎣ ( K x L x ) ⎥⎦ I z + I y
2
Where:
Cw = warping constant, in.6 (mm6)


Lx = unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member local X axis
(parameter LX), in. (mm)
Rev U 4.7 - 10 AISC13

Qa Computation – Square and Rectangular HSS
The following provisions detail how the reduction factor for slender stiffened
compression elements, Qa, are computed for axial compressive strength.

Edition, Chapter E, Section E7.2(b))
For the flanges:
b E
When ≥ 140
.
t f
E ⎡ 0.38 E ⎤
bef = 1.92t ⎢1 − ⎥≤b AISC Eq. E7-18
f ⎣ (b t ) f ⎦
also
E
bef ≥ 140
. t
Fy
Where:
b/t = b/t (Property from Table)
following is used
(ZD − 3WBTK)
= (Properties from Table)
FLTK
f = Pn / Aeff
For the webs:
h E
When ≥ 140
.
t f
E ⎡ 0.38 E⎤
hew = 1.92t ⎢1 − ⎥≤h AISC Eq. E7-18
f ⎣ (h t ) f ⎦
AISC13 4.7 - 11 Rev U

also
E
hew ≥ 140
. t
Fy
Where:
h/t = h/t (Property from Table)
following is used
(YD − 3FLTK)
= (Properties from Table)
WBTK
f = Pn / Aeff
When bef $ b and hew $ h, Qa = 1.0
Otherwise:
Aeff
Qa = AISC Eq. E7-16
Ag
Qa =
( )
AX − 2 b − bef t f − 2(h − hew )t w
AX
bef $ b = (b/t)tf, bef = (b/t)tf
hew $ h = (h/t)tw, hew = (h/t)tw
Where:
b/t = INTYD/WBTK (Property from Table)
f = Pn / Aeff
Pn = Fcr / Ag
Fcr = critical compression stress as defined below, ksi (MPa)
Fcr, critical compression stress shall be determined as follows:
KL E
(a) When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Rev U 4.7 - 12 AISC13

⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
KL E
(b) When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
using Equations E3-4 and E4-4 (see Provisions ‘E3-4’ and ‘E4-4’
for the equations)
Q = reduction factor for slender compression
YD = total depth, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
tf = FLTK
tw = WBTK
AISC13 4.7 - 13 Rev U

SYeff (Computation of effective section modulus, SYeff and SZeff, for Square
SZeff and Rectangular HSS)
(h − hew )(WBTK) 3 + 3(h − hew )WBTK(ZD − WBTK) 2

SYeff = SY −
3ZD
(b − bef )(FLTK)3 + 3(b − bef )FLTK(YD − FLTK) 2

SZeff = SZ −
3YD
Where:
b = (b/t) FLTK (Properties from Table)

if property b/t does not exist in the Table database, the following is used
= ZD – 3WBTK
bef = effective width of the flange. See Provision ‘Qa’ for equations with f = Fy
h = (h/t) WBTK
if property h/t does not exist in the Table database, the following is used
= YD – 3FLTK
hew = effective width of the web. See Provision ‘Qa’ for equations with f = Fy
Rev U 4.7 - 14 AISC13

Compactness for the Y axis bending – Square and Rectangular HSS
For Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to minor axis bending (Y axis bending),
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
b/t Lp Y (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for compact section (flange
local buckling, FLB), Lambda p (Lp) check, 8p, for the Y axis
bending, AISC thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
Actual b/t = h/t (Property from Table)

if property h/t does not exist in the Table database, the following
is used
YD − 3FLTK
=
WBTK
Limiting b/t = 8p = 112

Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
b/t Lr Y (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for noncompact section (flange
local buckling, FLB), Lambda r (Lr) check, 8r, for the Y axis
bending, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
Actual b/t = h/t (Property from Table)

if property h/t does not exist in the Table database, the following
is used
AISC13 4.7 - 15 Rev U

YD − 3FLTK
=
WBTK
Limiting b/t = 8r
8r = 140
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
h/t Lp Y (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/t for
8p, for the Y axis bending, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B,
Table B4.1)
Actual h/t = b/t (Property from Table)

following is used
ZD − 3WBTK
=
FLTK
Limiting h/t = 8p
8p = 2.42 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 13
Actual h t
If > 1.0, web is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender
Limiting h t
Rev U 4.7 - 16 AISC13

Where:
h/t Lr Y (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/t for
check, 8r, for the Y axis bending, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter
B, Table B4.1)
Actual h/t = b/t (Property from Table)

following is used
ZD − 3WBTK
=
FLTK
Limiting h/t = 8r AISC Table B4.1
Actual h t
If > 1.0, profile is slender
Limiting h t
Where:
AISC13 4.7 - 17 Rev U

Compactness for the Z axis bending – Square and Rectangular HSS
For Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to strong axis bending (Z axis bending),
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
b/t Lp Z (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for compact section (flange
local buckling, FLB), Lambda p (Lp) check, 8p, for the Z axis
bending, AISC thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)

if property b/t does not exist in the Table database, the following
is used
ZD − 3WBTK
=
FLTK
Limiting b/t = 8p = 112

Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
b/t Lr Z (Limiting width to thickness ratio b/t for noncompact section (flange
local buckling, FLB), Lambda r (Lr) check, 8r, for the Z axis
banding, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)

if property b/t does not exist in the Table database, the following
is used
Rev U 4.7 - 18 AISC13

ZD − 3WBTK
=
FLTK
Limiting b/t = 8r
8r = 140
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
Where:
h/t Lp Z (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/t for
8p, for the Z axis banding, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B,
Table B4.1)

following is used
YD − 3FLTK
=
WBTK
Limiting h/t = 8p
8p = 2.42 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 13
Actual h t
If > 1.0, web is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender
Limiting h t
AISC13 4.7 - 19 Rev U

Where:
h/t Lr Z (Limiting web depth for stability to web thickness ratio h/t for
check, 8r, for the Z axis bending, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter
B, Table B4.1)

following is used
YD − 3FLTK
=
WBTK
Limiting h/t = 8r AISC Table B4.1
Actual h t
If > 1.0, profile is slender
Limiting h t
Where:
Rev U 4.7 - 20 AISC13



Table 4.7-1

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to a minor axis bending (Y axis bending)
1 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8p (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t Lp Y’.
2 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8r (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t Lr Y’.
4 Fail web h/t v.s. web 8p (WLB) check. See Provision ‘h/t Lp Y’.
8 Fail web h/t v.s. web 8r (WLB) check. See Provision ‘h/t Lr Y’.
Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to a major axis bending (Z axis bending)
16 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8p (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t Lp Z’.
32 Fail flange b/t v.s. flange 8r (FLB) check. See Provision ‘b/t Lr Z’.
64 Fail web h/t v.s. web 8p (WLB) check. See Provision ‘h/t Lp Z’.
128 Fail web h/t v.s. web 8r (WLB) check. See Provision ‘h/t Lr Z’.
AISC13 4.7 - 21 Rev U

Y Axis Bending – Square and Rectangular HSS
For Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following
provisions are checked. Figures 4.7-1(c) and (d) illustrate member Y axis bending strength.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
Actual Muy = *MY*
Mpy = FyZy AISC Eq. F7-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 22 AISC13

Figure 4.7-1 Compressive bending strength for Square and Rectangular HSS
AISC13 4.7 - 23 Rev U

F7-2FLBY (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact flanges,

AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F7.2(b), Equation
F7-2)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muy = *MY*
⎛ h Fy ⎞
( )⎜
Mny = M py − M py − Fy S y ⎜ 3.57
t E
− 4.0 ⎟ ≤ M py
⎟
AISC Eq. F7-2
⎝ ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Sy = elastic section modulus about the member local Y axis, in.3 (mm3)
8 = h/t, see Provision ‘b/t Lp Y’
8p = see Provision ‘b/t Lp Y’
8r = see Provision ‘b/t Lr Y’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 24 AISC13

F7-3FLBY (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender flanges, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F7.2(c), Equation F7-3)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMny = NbFySyeff
Allowable (ASD) Mny/Sb = FySyeff/Sb
Mny = FySyeff AISC Eq. F7-3
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MY = actual moment about the member local Y axis (major axis bending),
kip-in. (N-mm)
Syeff = effective section modulus about the member local Y axis determined
with the effective width of the compression flange taken as:
E ⎡ 0.38 E ⎤
be = 1.92t ⎢1 − ⎥≤b AISC Eq. F7-4
Fy ⎢⎣ h t Fy ⎥⎦
= see Provision ‘SYeff’

8 = h/t, see Provision ‘b/t Lp Y’
8r = see Provision ‘b/t Lr Y’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.7 - 25 Rev U

F7-5WLBY (Limit state of Web Local Buckling (WLB), noncompact webs,

F7-5)
For 8 > 8p
Actual Muy = *MY*
⎛ b Fy ⎞
M ny = M py − ( M py − Fy S y ) ⎜ 0.305 − 0.738 ⎟ ≤ M py AISC Eq. F7-5
⎜ t E ⎟
⎝ ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
8 = b/t, see Provision ‘h/t Lr Y’
8r = see Provision ‘h/t Lr Y’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 26 AISC13

Z Axis Bending – Square and Rectangular HSS
For Square and Rectangular HSS subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following
provisions are checked. Figure 4.7-1(a) and (b) illustrate member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
Actual Muz = *MZ*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.7 - 27 Rev U

F7-2FLBZ (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), noncompact flanges,

F7-2)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎛ Fy ⎞
( ⎜ )
Mnz = M pz − M pz − Fy S z ⎜ 357
.
b
t E
− 4.0⎟ ≤ M pz
⎟
AISC Eq. F7-2
⎝ ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
8 = b/t, see Provision ‘b/t Lp Z’
8p = see Provision ‘b/t Lp Z’
8r = see Provision ‘b/t Lr Z’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 28 AISC13

F7-3FLBZ (Limit state of Flange Local Buckling (FLB), slender flanges, AISC
Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F7.2(c), Equation F7-3)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMnz = NbFySzeff
Allowable (ASD) Mnz/Sb = FySzeff/Sb
Mnz = FySzeff AISC Eq. F7-3
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
Szeff = effective section modulus about the member local Z axis determined
with the effective width of the compression flange taken as:
E ⎡ 0.38 E ⎤
be = 192
. t ⎢1 − ⎥≤b AISC Eq. F7-4
Fy ⎢⎣ bt Fy ⎥⎦
= see Provision ‘SZeff’

8 = b/t, see Provision ‘b/t Lp Z’
8r = see Provision ‘b/t Lr Z’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.7 - 29 Rev U

F7-5WLBZ (Limit state of Web Local Buckling (WLB), noncompact webs,

AISC thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F7.3(b), Equation
F7-5)
For 8 > 8p
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎛ h Fy ⎞
( ⎜ )
M nz = M pz − M pz − Fy S z ⎜ 0.305
tw E
− 0.738⎟ ≤ M pz
⎟
AISC Eq. F7-5
⎝ ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kip-in. (N-mm)
8 = h/t, see Provision ‘h/t Lr Z’
8r = see Provision ‘h/t Lr Z’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 30 AISC13

Shear Strength – Square and Rectangular HSS
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN
G2-1&3 Y (Shear in Y direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G,

Section G5, and Section G2.1(b)(i), Equations G2-1 and G2-3)
For h t w ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Aw = 2ht, see AISC Section G5
h/tw = h/t (Property from Table)
= h/t ratio from table database. If this property does not exist in the table
database, (YD – 3FLTK)/WBTK is used
h = (h/t) WBTK
if property h/t does not exist in the Table database, the following is
used
= YD – 3FLTK
AISC13 4.7 - 31 Rev U


kv = 5.0, see AISC Section G5
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
G2-1&4 Y (Shear in Y direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G,

Section G5, and Section G2.1(b)(ii), Equations G2-1 and G2-4)
Actual Vuy = *FY*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
h tw
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 32 AISC13


G5, and Section G2.1(b)(iii), Equations G2-1 and G2-5)
For h t w > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuy = *FY*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(h t w ) 2 Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD

Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.7 - 33 Rev U

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN
G2-1&3 Z (Shear in Z direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G, Section

G5, and Section G2.1(b)(i), Equations G2-1 and G2-3)
For b t ≤ 110
. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Af = 2bt, see AISC Section G5
b/t = b/t (Property from Table)
= b/t ratio from table database. If this property does not exist in the table
database, (ZD – 3WBTK)/FLTK is used
b = (b/t) FLTK
if property b/t does not exist in the Table database, the following is
used
= ZD – 3WBTK
t = FLTK (Property from Table)
kv = 5.0, see AISC Section G5
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 34 AISC13


G5, and Section G2.1(b)(ii), Equations G2-1 and G2-4)
For 1.10 kv E Fy < b t ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
110
. k v E Fy
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-4
bt
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
For Af, E, Fy, b, t, and kv see Provision ‘G2-1&3 Z’.
AISC13 4.7 - 35 Rev U


G5, and Section G2.1(b)(iii), Equations G2-1 and G2-5)
For b t > 137

. k v E Fy
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
151
. Ek v
Cv = AISC Eq. G2-5
(b t ) 2 Fy
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
For Af, E, Fy, b, t, and kv see Provision ‘G2-1&3 Z’.
Rev U 4.7 - 36 AISC13

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Square and Rectangular HSS
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pt
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
(N)
= FX
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
AISC13 4.7 - 37 Rev U


= MY
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Pr
For < 0.2
Pt
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
Rev U 4.7 - 38 AISC13

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Square and Rectangular HSS

Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
= MY
AISC13 4.7 - 39 Rev U


provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
Rev U 4.7 - 40 AISC13

Torsion Strength – Square and Rectangular HSS
The following provisions are checked when a torsional moment is present.
i.e., *MX* $ MXMIN
H3-1 (Design torsional strength, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section

H3.1, Equation H3-1)
Actual Tu = *MX*
Limiting (LRFD) NTTn = NTFcrC AISC Eq. H3-1
Allowable (ASD) Tn/ST = FcrC/ST AISC Eq. H3-1
For h t ≤ 2.45 E Fy
Fcr = 0.6Fy AISC Eq. H3-3
For 2.45 E Fy < h t ≤ 3.07 E Fy
Fcr = (
0.6 Fy 2.45 E Fy ) (h t ) AISC Eq. H3-4
For 3.07 E Fy < h t ≤ 260
0.458π 2 E (h t )
2
Fcr = AISC Eq. H3-5
LRFD ASD
Actual Tu Actual Tu
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ T Tn Allowable Tn Ω T
Where:
C = torsional shear constant. If this property does not exist in the Table
database, it is computed as following
= 2(B – t)(H – t)t – 4.5(4 – B)t3
B = ZD (Property from Table)
H = YD (Property from Table)
AISC13 4.7 - 41 Rev U

t = FLTK = WBTK (Property from Table)

MX = actual torsional moment, kips-in (N-mm)
h/t = h/t (Property from Table)
= h/t ratio from table database. If this property does not exist in the table
database, (YD – 3FLTK)/WBTK is used
NT = 0.90 for LRFD
ST = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 42 AISC13

Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Tension Force
Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Tension – Square and Rectangular HSS
The following provisions are considered when torsion, shear, flexure, and axial
tension are present.
H3-6 T (Combined torsion, shear, bending, and axial tension, AISC

Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section H3.2, Equation H3-6)
When Tr exceeds 20 percent of Tc:
2
⎛ P M ry M rz ⎞ ⎛ Vry Vrz Tr ⎞
⎜⎜ r + + ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ + + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H3-6
⎝ Pt M cy M cz ⎠ ⎝ Vcy Vcz Tc ⎟⎠
Where:
Pr = required axial tension strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations,
kips (N)
= FX
Pt = available axial tension strength determined in accordance with Provision
‘D2-1’ or ‘D2-2’, kips (N)
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
= MY
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
= MZ
AISC13 4.7 - 43 Rev U


provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Vry = required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combination (shear
force in the member local Y axis), kip (N)
Vcy = available shear strength determined in accordance with Y axis shear
provisions
Vrz = required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combination (shear
force in the member local Z axis), kip (N)
Vcz = available shear strength determined in accordance with Z axis shear
provisions
Tr = required torsional strength using LRFD or ASD load combination, kip-
in. (N–mm)
Tc = available torsional strength determined in accordance with Provision
‘H3-1’
= NTTn for LRFD
= Tn/ST for ASD
Tn = nominal torsional strength, kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
NT = resistance factor for torsion
NT = 0.9 for LRFD
ST = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 44 AISC13

Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Compression Force
Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Compression – Square and Rectangular HSS
compression are present.
H3-6 C (Combined torsion, shear, bending, and axial compression, AISC

2
⎛ Pr M ry M ⎞ ⎛ Vry Vrz Tr ⎞
⎜⎜ + + rz ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ . +ε
≤ 10 AISC Eq. H3-6
⎝ Pc M cy M cz ⎠ ⎝ Vcy Vcz Tc ⎠
Where:
Pr = required axial compression strength using LRFD or ASD load
= FX
Pc = available axial compression strength determined in accordance with
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
= MY
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
= MZ
AISC13 4.7 - 45 Rev U


provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Vry = required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combination (shear
force in the member local Y axis), kip (N)
Vcy = available shear strength determined in accordance with Y axis shear
provisions
Vrz = required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combination (shear
force in the member local Z axis), kip (N)
Vcz = available shear strength determined in accordance with Z axis shear
provisions
in. (N–mm)
‘H3-1’
= NTTn for LRFD
= Tn/ST for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
NT = 0.9 for LRFD
ST = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.7 - 46 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Round HSS
4.8 AISC13 Provisions for Round HSS
Axial Tension – Round HSS
For Round HSS (round hollow structural sections, pipes) subjected to axial tension,

Section D1)
⎛ Ly Lz ⎞
⎜ r , r ⎟⎟
⎝ y z ⎠
Actual l r
≤ 1.0
Limiting L r
Where:

‘SLENTEN’

AISC13 Provisions for Round HSS GTSTRUDL
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:


kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)


kips (N)

Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Round HSS
For Round HSS subjected to axial compression, the following provisions are
checked.
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:

D/t (D/t for uniform compression, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table
B4.1)
OD
Actual D/t = (Property from Table)
THICK
Limiting D/t = 8r
8r = 011
Actual D t
If > 10
Limiting D t E7.2(c) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Specification (102). A discussion of how Qa
is computed for axial compression is shown
in Provision ‘Qa’ at the end of this section.
Otherwise, Qa = 1.0
Where:
OD = outside diameter of the round HSS, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
THICK = thickness of the round HSS, in. (mm) (Property from Table)

D/t, Max (Maximum D/t ratio, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section
E7.2(c))
OD
THICK
E
Limiting D/t = 0.45 AISC Section E7.2(c)
Fy
Actual D t
< 10
.
Limiting D t
Where:
OD = outside diameter of the round HSS, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
THICK = thickness of the round HSS, in. (mm) (Property from Table)


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
for the equation
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress (see Provision ‘E3-4’ for the equations)
Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
for the equation


π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
r
⎝ y ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:

Qa Computation – Round HSS
The following provisions detail how the reduction factor for slender stiffened
compression elements, Qa, are computed for axial compressive strength.

Edition, Chapter E, Section E7.2(c), Equation E7-19)
E D E
When 011
. < < 0.45
Fy t Fy
0.038E 2
Q =Qa = + AISC Eq. E7-19
Fy ( Dt) 3
Where:
D = outside diameter, in. (mm)
= OD (Property from Table)
t = wall thickness, in. (mm)
Rev U 4.8 - 10 AISC13

Compactness – Round HSS
For Round HSS subjected to strong or weak axis bending (Z or Y axis bending), the
D/t, Lp (Limiting D/t ratio for compact section, check Lambda p (Lp), 8p,
AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter B, Table B4.1)
OD
THICK
Limiting D/t = 8p = 0.07 E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 15
Actual D t Section is not compact, possibly noncompact or slender

If > 10
. ,
Limiting D t
Where:
AISC13 4.8 - 11 Rev U

D/t, Lr (Limiting D/t for noncompact section, check Lambda r (Lr), 8r, AISC
OD
THICK
Limiting b/t = 8r = 0.31E Fy AISC Table B4.1, Case 15
Actual D t
If > 10
. , Section is slender
Limiting D t
Where:
D/t, Max (Maximum D/t ratio, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E, Section
E7.2(c))
OD
THICK
E
Limiting D/t = 0.45 AISC Section E7.2(c)
Fy
Actual D t
< 10
.
Limiting D t
Rev U 4.8 - 12 AISC13



Table 4.8-1

COMPACT
0 Compact section.
1 Failed compactness D/t ratio 8p. See Provision ‘D/t, Lp’.
2 Failed noncompact D/t ratio 8r. See Provision ‘D/t, Lr’.
4 Failed maximum D/t ratio check. See Provision ‘D/t, Max’.
AISC13 4.8 - 13 Rev U

Y Axis Bending – Round HSS
For Round HSS subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following provisions are
checked. Figure 4.8-1(b) illustrate member Y axis bending strength.
E
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN and D/t < 0.45
Fy
F8-1 Y (Limit state of yielding bent about the Y axis, compact sections, plastic
moment check, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F8.1,
Equation F8-1)
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMn = NbMp
Allowable (ASD) Mn/Sb = Mpy/Sb
Mp = FyZy AISC Eq. F8-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ b M n Allowable M n Ω b
Where:
MY = actual moment about the member local Y axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 14 AISC13

Figure 4.8-1 Compressive bending strength for Round HSS
AISC13 4.8 - 15 Rev U

F8-2 Y (Limit state of Local Buckling, noncompact sections, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter F, Section F8.2(b), Equation F8-2)
For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMn
Allowable (ASD) Mn/Sb
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0.021E ⎟
Mn = ⎜ + Fy ⎟ S y AISC Eq. F8-2
⎜ D ⎟
⎝ t ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
8 = D/t, see Provision ‘D/t, Lp’
8p = see Provision ‘D/t, Lp’
8r = see Provision ‘D/t, Lr’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 16 AISC13

F8-3 Y (Limit state of Local Buckling, slender sections, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter F, Section F8.2(c), Equation F8-3)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muy = *MY*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMn = NbFcrSy
Allowable (ASD) Mn/Sb = FcrSy/Sb
Mn = FcrSy AISC Eq. F8-3
Where:
0.33E
Fcr = AISC Eq. F8-4
D
t
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.8 - 17 Rev U

Z Axis Bending – Round HSS
For Round HSS subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions are
checked. Figure 4.8-1(a) illustrate member Z axis bending strength.
E
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMINN and D/t < 0.45
Fy
F8-1 Z (Limit state of yielding bent about the Z axis, compact sections, plastic
moment check, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F8.1,
Equation F8-1)
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Allowable (ASD) Mn/Sb = Mp/Sb
Mp = FyZz AISC Eq. F8-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MZ = actual moment about the member local Z axis, kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 18 AISC13

F8-2 Z (Limit state of Local Buckling, noncompact sections, AISC Thirteenth

For 8p < 8 # 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMn
Allowable (ASD) Mn/Sb
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0.021E ⎟
Mn = ⎜ + Fy ⎟ S z AISC Eq. F8-2
⎜ D ⎟
⎝ t ⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
8p = see Provision ‘D/t, Lp’
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.8 - 19 Rev U

F8-3 Z (Limit state of Local Buckling, slender sections, AISC Thirteenth

Edition, Chapter F, Section F8.2(c), Equation F8-3)
For 8 > 8r
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NbMn = NbFcrSz
Allowable (ASD) Mn/Sb = FcrSz/Sb
Mn = FcrSz AISC Eq. F8-3
Where:
0.33E
Fcr = AISC Eq. F8-4
D
t
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 20 AISC13

Shear Strength – Round HSS
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN
G6-1 Y (Shear in Y direction, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter G, Section

G6, Equations G6-1, and G6-2a or G6-2b)
Actual Vuy = *FY*
Limiting (LRFD) NvVny = NvFcrAg / 2 AISC Eq. G6-1
Allowable (ASD) Vny/Sv = FcrAg / 2Sv AISC Eq. G6-1
Where:
Fcr is the larger of
1.60 E
Fcr = 5
≤ 0.6 Fy AISC Eq. G6-2a
Lvy ⎛ D ⎞ 4
⎜ ⎟
D ⎝ t ⎠
and
0.78 E
Fcr = 3
≤ 0.6 Fy AISC Eq. G6-2b
⎛ D⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ t⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
AISC13 4.8 - 21 Rev U

Where:
Ag = gross area of section based on design wall thickness, in.2 (mm2)
Lvy = distance from maximum to zero shear force, in. (mm)
= Lvy (Parameter)
t = design wall thickness
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 22 AISC13

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN

G6, Equations G6-1, and G6-2a or G6-2b)
Actual Vuz = *FZ*
Limiting (LRFD) NvVnz = NvFcrAg / 2 AISC Eq. G6-1
Allowable (ASD) Vnz/Sv = FcrAg / 2Sv AISC Eq. G6-1
Where:
1.60 E
Fcr = 5
≤ 0.6 Fy AISC Eq. G6-2a
Lvz ⎛ D ⎞ 4
⎜ ⎟
D ⎝ t ⎠
and
0.78 E
Fcr = 3
≤ 0.6 Fy AISC Eq. G6-2b
⎛ D⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ t⎠
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
AISC13 4.8 - 23 Rev U

Where:
Ag = gross area of section based on design wall thickness, in.2 (mm2)
Lvz = distance from maximum to zero shear force, in. (mm)
= Lvz (Parameter)
t = design wall thickness
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 24 AISC13

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Round HSS
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pt
If LY = LZ and KY = KZ,
Pr 8 ⎛⎜ M rz + M ry ⎞
2 2
+ ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε From AISC Eq. H1-1a

Pt 9 ⎜ Mc ⎟
⎝ ⎠
If LY not equal to LZ or KY not equal to KZ,
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pt 9 ⎝ M c M c ⎠
Where:
(N)
= FX
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
AISC13 4.8 - 25 Rev U


= MZ
= MY
Mc = design flexural strength determined in accordance with Y or Z axis
bending provisions
= NbMn for LRFD
= Mn/Sb for ASD
Mn = nominal flexural strength about the member local Y or Z axis, kip-in. (N-
mm)
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.8 - 26 AISC13

Pr
For < 0.2
Pt
If LY = LZ and KY = KZ
Pr M rz2 + M ry2
+ ≤ 1.0 + ε From AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pt Mc
If LY not equal to LZ or KY not equal to KZ
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pt ⎝ M c M c ⎠
For Pr, Pt, Mrz, Mry, and Mc see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
AISC13 4.8 - 27 Rev U

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Round HSS

Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
⎛ M rz2 + M ry2 ⎞⎟
Pr 8 ⎜
+ . +ε
≤ 10 From AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pc 9 ⎜ Mc ⎟
⎝ ⎠
+ ⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pc 9 ⎝ M c Mc ⎠
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
(bending moment about the member local Z axis), kip-in. (N-mm)
= MZ
Rev U 4.8 - 28 AISC13


(bending moment about the member local Y axis), kip-in. (N-mm)
= MY
bending provisions
= NbMn for LRFD
= Mn/Sb for ASD
mm)
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr M rz2 + M ry2
+ . +ε
≤ 10 From AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pc Mc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pc ⎝ M c Mc ⎠
AISC13 4.8 - 29 Rev U

Torsion Strength – Round HSS
The following provisions are checked when a torsional moment is present.
i.e., *MX* $ MXMIN
H3-1 (Design torsional strength, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter H, Section

H3.1, Equation H3-1)
Actual Tu = *MX*
Limiting (LRFD) NTTn = NTFcrC AISC Eq. H3-1
Allowable (ASD) Tn/ST = FcrC/ST AISC Eq. H3-1
Where:
123
. E
Fcr = 5
≤ 0.6 Fy AISC Eq. H3-2a
L ⎛ D⎞ 4
⎜ ⎟
D⎝ t⎠
and
0.60 E
Fcr = 3
≤ 0.6 Fy AISC Eq. H3-2b
⎛ D⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ t⎠
LRFD ASD
Actual Tu Actual Tu
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Limiting φ T Tn Allowable Tn Ω T
Rev U 4.8 - 30 AISC13

Where:
C = torsional shear constant. If this property does not exist in the Table
database, it is computed as following
π (D − t) t
2
=
2
D = OD (Property from Table)
t = THICK (Property from Table)
L = torsional length of the member, in. (mm)
= LX (Parameter)
MX = actual torsional moment, kips-in (N-mm)
NT = 0.90 for LRFD
ST = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.8 - 31 Rev U

Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Tension Force
Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Tension – Round HSS
tension are present.
H3-6 T (Combined torsion, shear, bending, and axial tension, AISC

2
⎛ Pr M r ⎞ ⎛ Vr Tr ⎞
⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H3-6
⎝ Pt M c ⎠ ⎝ Vc Tc ⎠
Where:
Pr = required axial tension strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations,
kips (N)
= FX
Pt = available axial tension strength determined in accordance with Provision
‘D2-1’ or ‘D2-2’, kips (N)
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
Mr = resultant required flexural strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination (bending moment about the member local Y and Z axes),
kip-in. (N–mm)
= M uz2 + M uy
2
Mc = available flexural strength determined in accordance with Y or Z axis

bending provisions
= NbMn for LRFD
= Mn/Sb for ASD
mm)
Rev U 4.8 - 32 AISC13

Vr = resultant required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combination

(shear force in the member local Y and Z axes), kip (N)
= Vuy2 + Vuz2
Vc = available shear strength determined in accordance with Y or Z axis shear
provisions
= NvVn for LRFD
= Vn/Sv for ASD
Vn = nominal shear strength about the member local Y or Z axis, kip (N)
in. (N–mm)
‘H3-1’
= NTTn for LRFD
= Tn/ST for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Nv = resistance factor for shear
Nv = 0.9 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
NT = 0.9 for LRFD
ST = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.8 - 33 Rev U

Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Compression Force
Torsion, Shear, Flexure, and Axial Compression – Round HSS
compression are present.
H3-6 C (Combined torsion, shear, bending, and axial compression, AISC

2
⎛ Pr M r ⎞ ⎛ Vr Tr ⎞
⎜ + ⎟ +⎜ + ⎟ . +ε
≤ 10 AISC Eq. H3-6
⎝ Pc M c ⎠ ⎝ Vc Tc ⎠
Where:
Pr = required axial compression strength using LRFD or ASD load
= FX
Pc = available axial compression strength determined in accordance with
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
Mr = resultant required flexural strength using LRFD or ASD load
combination (bending moment about the member local Y and Z axes),
kip-in. (N–mm)
= M uz2 + M uy
2
Mc = available flexural strength determined in accordance with Y or Z axis

bending provisions
= NbMn for LRFD
= Mn/Sb for ASD
mm)
Rev U 4.8 - 34 AISC13

Vr = resultant required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combination

(shear force in the member local Y and Z axes), kip (N)
= Vuy2 + Vuz2
Vc = available shear strength determined in accordance with Y or Z axis shear
provisions
= NvVn for LRFD
= Vn/Sv for ASD
Vn = nominal shear strength about the member local Y or Z axis, kip (N)
in. (N–mm)
‘H3-1’
= NTTn for LRFD
= Tn/ST for ASD
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Nv = resistance factor for shear
Nv = 0.9 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
NT = 0.9 for LRFD
ST = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.8 - 35 Rev U

Rev U 4.8 - 36 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Solid Round Bars
4.9 AISC13 Provisions for Solid Round Bars
Axial Tension – Solid Round Bars
For Solid Round Bars subjected to axial tension, the following provisions are
checked.
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:

kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD

AISC13 Provisions for Solid Round Bars GTSTRUDL
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)
kips (N)
Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD

Axial Compression – Solid Round Bars
For Solid Round Bars subjected to axial compression, the following provisions are
checked.
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD

Equation E3-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44Fy)
r Fy
⎡ Fy
⎤
Fcr = ⎢0.658 Fe ⎥ Fy AISC Eq. E3-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
Equation E3-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44Fy)
r Fy
Where:


π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
r
⎝ y ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:

Y Axis Bending – Solid Round Bars
For Solid Round Bars subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the following
provisions are checked. Figure 4.9-1(b) illustrate member Y axis bending strength.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
F11-1 Y (Limit state of yielding bent about the Y axis, compact sections,
Actual Muy = *MY*
Mn = Mp = FyZy # 1.6My AISC Eq. F11-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
My = FySy
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Figure 4.9-1 Compressive bending strength for Solid Round Bars

Z Axis Bending – Solid Round Bars
For Solid Round Bars subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the following provisions
are checked. Figure 4.9-1(a) illustrate member Z axis bending strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
F11-1 Z (Limit state of yielding bent about the Z axis, compact sections,
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Mn = Mp = FyZz # 1.6My AISC Eq. F11-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
My = FySz
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Shear Strength – Solid Round Bars
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN

Actual Vuy = *FY*
Cv = 1.0
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ay = shear area of a cross-section in the Y axis direction, in.2 (mm2)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.9 - 10 AISC13

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN

Actual Vuz = *FZ*
Cv = 1.0
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Az = shear area of a cross-section in the Z axis direction, in.2 (mm2)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.9 - 11 Rev U

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Solid Round Bars
H1-1a T (Symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,

Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pt
If LY = LZ and KY = KZ,
Pr 8 ⎛⎜ M rz + M ry ⎞
2 2
+ ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a

Pt 9 ⎜ Mc ⎟
⎝ ⎠
If LY not equal to LZ or KY not equal to KZ,
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pt 9 ⎝ M c M c ⎠
Where:
(N)
= FX
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
Rev U 4.9 - 12 AISC13


= MZ
= MY
bending provisions
= NbMn for LRFD
= Mn/Sb for ASD
Mn = nominal flexural strength about the member local Y or Z axis, kip-in.
(N-mm)
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.9 - 13 Rev U

H1-1b T (Symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,

Pr
For < 0.2
Pt
Pr M rz2 + M ry2
+ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pt Mc
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pt ⎝ M c M c ⎠
For Pr, Pt, Mrz, Mry, and Mc see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
Rev U 4.9 - 14 AISC13

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Solid Round Bars

Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
⎛
Pr 8 ⎜ M rz2 + M ry2 ⎞⎟
+ . +ε
≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pc 9 ⎜ Mc ⎟
⎝ ⎠
+ ⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Pc 9 ⎝ M c Mc ⎠
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
= MZ
AISC13 4.9 - 15 Rev U


= MY
bending provisions
= NbMn for LRFD
= Mn/Sb for ASD
Mn = nominal flexural strength about the member local Y or Z axis, kip-in.
(N-mm)
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr M rz2 + M ry2
+ . +ε
≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pc Mc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
2 Pc ⎝ M c Mc ⎠
Rev U 4.9 - 16 AISC13

GT STRUDL AISC13 Provisions for Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
4.10 AISC13 Provisions for Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
Axial Tension – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
For Solid Rectangular and Square Bars subjected to axial tension, the following
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
kips (N)
Nt = 0.9 for LRFD
St = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.10 - 1 Rev U

AISC13 Provisions for Solid Rectangular and Square Bars GTSTRUDL
Actual Pt = FX
LRFD ASD
Actual Pt Actual Pt
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ae = PF(Ag)
kips (N)
Nt = 0.75 for LRFD
St = 2.0 for ASD
Rev U 4.10 - 2 AISC13

Axial Compression – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
For Solid Rectangular and Square Bars subjected to axial compression, the following
⎛ K y Ly K L ⎞
⎝ ry rz ⎠
Actual Kl r
≤ 1.0
Limiting KL r
Where:
AISC13 4.10 - 3 Rev U

b/t (b/t for unstiffened elements in pure compression, AISC Thirteenth

YD
ZD
Limiting b/t = 8r
Actual b t
If > 10
Limiting b t
E7.1(a) of the AISC Thirteenth Edition
Otherwise, Qs = 1.0
Where:
YD = width of the rectangular bar, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
ZD = thickness of the rectangular bar, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
Rev U 4.10 - 4 AISC13


Actual Pu = *FX*
LRFD ASD
Actual Pu Actual Pu
≤ 1.0 + ε ≤ 1.0 + ε
Where:
equations
force, kips (N)
Nc = 0.90 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.10 - 5 Rev U

Equation E7-2)
KL E
When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe $ 0.44QFy)
r QFy
⎡ QFy
⎤
= Q ⎢0.658 e ⎥ Fy
F
Fcr AISC Eq. E7-2
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where:
for the equation
the equations)
Equation E7-3)
KL E
When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
r QFy
Where:
for the equation
the equations)
Rev U 4.10 - 6 AISC13


π 2E
Fey = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K y Ly ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
r
⎝ y ⎠
π 2E
Fez = 2
AISC Eq. E3-4
⎛ K z Lz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rz ⎠
Where:

symmetric cross-sections, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter E,
Section E4(b), Equation E4-4)
⎡ π 2 EC ⎤ 10 .
Fe = ⎢ w
⎢⎣ ( K x L x ) ⎥⎦ I z + I y
2
Where:
AISC13 4.10 - 7 Rev U


Lx = unbraced length for torsional buckling about the member local X axis
(parameter LX), in. (mm)
Rev U 4.10 - 8 AISC13

Qs Computation – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars

YD
ZD
When 0.56 E Fy < b t < 103

. E Fy
⎛ b ⎞ Fy
Qs = 1415
. − 0.74⎜ ⎟ AISC Eq. E7-5
⎝t⎠ E
When b t ≥ 103
. E Fy
0.69 E
Qs = 2
AISC Eq. E7-6
⎛ b⎞
Fy ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠
Where:
YD = width of the rectangular bar, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
ZD = thickness of the rectangular bar, in. (mm) (Property from Table)
AISC13 4.10 - 9 Rev U

Y Axis Bending – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
For Solid Rectangular and Square Bars subjected to a Y axis bending moment, the
following provisions are checked. Figures 4.10-1(b) and (d) illustrate member Y axis
bending strength.
i.e., *MY* $ MYMIN
F11-1 Y (Limit state of yielding bent about the minor axis, plastic moment
check, AISC Thirteenth Edition, Chapter F, Section F11.1, Equation
F11-1)
Actual Muy = *MY*
Mny = Mpy = FyZy # 1.6My AISC Eq. F11-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MY = actual moment about the member local Y axis (minor axis
bending), kip-in. (N-mm)
My = FySy
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.10 - 10 AISC13

Figure 4.10-1 Compressive bending strength for Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
AISC13 4.10 - 11 Rev U

Z Axis Bending – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
For Solid Rectangular and Square Bars subjected to a Z axis bending moment, the
following provisions are checked. Figure 4.10-1(a) and (c) illustrate member Z axis bending
strength.
i.e., *MZ* $ MZMIN
F11-1 Z (Limit state of yielding, compact sections, plastic moment check,

Actual Muz = *MZ*
Mnz = Mpz = FyZz # 1.6My AISC Eq. F11-1
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
MZ = actual moment about the member local Z axis (minor axis bending),
kip-in. (N-mm)
My = FySz
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.10 - 12 AISC13


Edition, Chapter F, Section F11.2(a), Equation F11-2)
0.08 E Ld 19
. E
For < b2 # and YD … ZD
Fy t Fy
Actual Muz = *MZ*
⎡ ⎛ L d ⎞ Fy ⎤
. − 0.274⎜ b2 ⎟
Mnz = Cb ⎢152 ⎥ M y ≤ M pz AISC Eq. F11-2
⎣ ⎝ t ⎠ E ⎦
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
= CB (Parameter)
d = width of the rectangular bar, in. (mm)
My = FySz
kip-in. (N-mm)
t = thickness of the rectangular bar, in. (mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.10 - 13 Rev U


Lb d 19
. E
For 2
> and YD … ZD
t Fy
Actual Muz = *MZ*
Mnz = FcrSz # Mpz AISC Eq. F11-3

Where:
19
. ECb
Fcr = AISC Eq. F11-4
Lb d
t2
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
d = width of the rectangular bar, in. (mm)
kip-in. (N-mm)
Nb = 0.90 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.10 - 14 AISC13

Shear Strength – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
i.e., *FY* $ FYMIN

Actual Vuy = *FY*
Cv = 1.0
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Ay = Y-shear area, in.2 (mm2)
= AY (Property from Table)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
AISC13 4.10 - 15 Rev U

i.e., *FZ* $ FZMIN

Actual Vuz = *FZ*
Cv = 1.0
LRFD ASD
. +ε
≤ 10 . +ε
≤ 10
Where:
Az = Z-shear area, in.2 (mm2)
= AZ (Property from Table)
Nv = 0.90 for LRFD
Sv = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.10 - 16 AISC13

Axial Tension and Bending Moments – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars
H1-1a T (Symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,

Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pt
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1a

Pu
Pey

15
. Pa
Cb is increased by 1+ for axial tension that acts concurrently with flexure
Pey
Where:
(N)
= FX
= NtPn for LRFD
= Pn/St for ASD
AISC13 4.10 - 17 Rev U


= MZ
provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Mnz = nominal flexural strength about the member local Z axis, kip-in.
(N–mm)
= MY
provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Mny = nominal flexural strength about the member local Y axis, kip-in. (N-
mm)
Pu = required tensile strength using LRFD load combinations, kips (N)
= FX
Pa = required tensile strength using ASD load combinations, kips (N)
= FX
π 2 EI y
Pey =
L2b
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD
Rev U 4.10 - 18 AISC13

H1-1b T (Symmetric member subject to bending and tension axial force,

Pr
For < 0.2
Pt
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1.0 + ε AISC Eq. H1-1b

Pu
Pey

15
. Pa
Cb is increased by 1+ for axial tension that acts concurrently with flexure
Pey
For Pr, Pt, Mrz, Mcz, Mry, Mcy, Pu, Pa, and Pey see above Provision ‘H1-1a T’
AISC13 4.10 - 19 Rev U

Axial Compression and Bending Moment – Solid Rectangular and Square Bars

Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
+ ⎜⎜ + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1a
Where:
= FX
= NcPn for LRFD
= Pn/Sc for ASD
= MZ
Mcz = available flexural strength determined in accordance with Z axis
bending provisions
= NbMnz for LRFD
= Mnz/Sb for ASD
Mnz = nominal flexural strength about the member local Z axis, kip-in. (N-
mm)
Rev U 4.10 - 20 AISC13


= MY
Mcy = available flexural strength determined in accordance with Y axis
bending provisions
= NbMny for LRFD
= Mny/Sb for ASD
Mny = nominal flexural strength about the member local Y axis, kip-in. (N-
mm)
Nc = 0.9 for LRFD
Sc = 1.67 for ASD
Nb = 0.9 for LRFD
Sb = 1.67 for ASD

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr ⎛M M ry ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ rz + . +ε
⎟ ≤ 10 AISC Eq. H1-1b
AISC13 4.10 - 21 Rev U

Rev U 4.10 - 22 AISC13

GT STRUDL ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions
4.11 ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions
This section discuses provisions applicable to the ANSI/AISC N690-06,

Specification for Safety-Related Steel Structures for Nuclear Facilities (106). According to
the ANSI/AISC N690-06 specification, the 2005 AISC specification for Structural Steel
Buildings, Thirteenth Edition is the baseline document applicable to design, fabrication, and
erection of safety-related steel structures for nuclear facilities. GTSTRUDL AISC13 code
provisions are applicable to the ANSI/AISC N690-06 specification. In Addition, the
provisions specified in this section are used in conjunction with the AISC13 code provisions.
The following additional provisions are applicable only to the ANSI/AISC N690-06 code.
Axial Compression – All cross-sections
Values of Nc for LRFD method and Sc for ASD method are as follow:
Method LRFD Nc = 0.85
Method ASD Sc = 1.75
The limiting width-thickness ratios for impactive or impulsive forces
The limiting width/thickness ratios for flexure or compression elements designed for
impactive or impulsive forces for unstiffened and stiffened elements are checked for I-
shapes, channels, single and double angles, tees, round HSS, rectangular HSS, and solid
rectangular bars.
b/t,Unst (Limiting width-thickness ratio for unstiffened elements, b/t,

ANSI/AISC N690-06, Table NB3.2)
Actual b/t
I-shapes, Channels, and Tees:
b/t = bf / 2tf = BF/2TF (Property from Table)
AISC13 4.11 - 1 Rev U

ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions GTSTRUDL
Single Angles and Double Angles with equal and short legs back-to-back:
b/t = LEG1 / THICK (Property from Table)
Double Angles with long legs back-to-back:

b/t = LEG2 / THICK (Property from Table)
Solid Rectangular Bars:

b/t = YD / ZD (Property from Table)
Allowable b/t
I-shapes, Channels, Tees, Single and Double Angles:
b/t = 0.30 E Fy
H-pile (HP shapes, property SHAPE = 1.2):

b/t = 0.45 E Fy
Solid Rectangular Bars:

b/t = 2.5
Actual b t
≤ 1.0
Allowable b t
d/t,Unst (Limiting width-thickness ratio for unstiffened elements for stems of

tees, d/t, ANSI/AISC N690-06, Table NB3.2)
Actual d/t = D/TW (Property from Table)
Allowable d/t = 0.30 E Fy
Actual d t
≤ 1.0
Allowable d t
Rev U 4.11 - 2 AISC13

GT STRUDL ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions
h/tw,Sti (Limiting width-thickness ratio for stiffened elements, h/tw,

Actual h/tw
I-shapes:
Channels:
h/tw = INTYD / WBTK (Property from Table)
Rectangular HSS:
h/tw = h / t (Property from Table)
b/t = b / t (Property from Table)
Use the maximum of h/tw or b/t
Allowable h/tw
I-shapes and Channels webs in flexural compression:
h/tw = 2.45 E Fy
I-shapes and Channels webs in combined flexure and axial compression:

For Ca # 0.125
E
h/tw = 3.14
Fy
(1 − 1.54Ca )
For Ca > 0.125
E E
h/tw = 1.12
Fy
( 2.33 − Ca ) ≥ 1.49
Fy
H-pile (HP shapes, property SHAPE = 1.2):

h/tw = 0.94 E Fy
Rectangular HSS:
h/tw = 0.64 E Fy
AISC13 4.11 - 3 Rev U

ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions GTSTRUDL
Actual h tw
≤ 1.0
Allowable h tw
Where:
Pu
Ca = for LRFD method
φb Fy
Ωb Pa
= for ASD method
Py
Pa = required compressive strength (ASD method), kips (N)
= FX compressive axial force
Pu = required compressive strength (LRFD method), kips (N)
= FX compressive axial force
Py = axial yield strength, kips (N)
= Fy × AX ASD method
= Fy LRFD method
AX = cross-sectional area, in.2 (mm2)
Nb = 0.90
Sb = 1.67
D/t,Stif (Limiting width-thickness ratio for stiffened round HSS elements, D/t,
Actual D/t = OD / THICK (Property from Table)
Allowable D/t = 0.044 E Fy
Actual D t
≤ 1.0
Allowable D t
Rev U 4.11 - 4 AISC13

GT STRUDL Appendix A: References
Appendix A: References
1. Connor, Jerome J., Analysis of Structural Member Systems, The Ronald Press
Company, New York, 1976.
2. ICES: Programmers Reference Manual, 2nd Ed., Edited by W. Anthony Dillon, Civil
Engineering Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass., Research Report No. R71-33, August 1971.
3. ICES System: General Description, Edited by Daniel Roos, Civil Engineering

Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.,
Research Report No. R67-49, September 1967.
4. ICES Subsystem Development Primer, Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Research Report No.
R68-56, May 1968.
5. Logcher, Robert D., et al., ICES STRUDL-II The Structural Design Language
Engineering User's Manual Volume 1, Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory,
R68-91, November 1968.
6. MIT ICES/360 STRUDL II Documentation for Stiffness Analysis and Steel Member
Selection, Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass., January 1972.
7. Roos, Daniel, ICES System Design, 2nd Ed., Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press,
1967.
8. Schumacher, Betsy, An Introduction to ICES, Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory,

R67-47, September 1967.
9. "Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Structural Strand," ASTM A506-68,

January 1968.
10. The ICES STRUDL Swap Enhancements, ICES Distribution Agency, P.O. Box
3956, San Francisco, California 94119.
AISC13 A-1 Rev U

Appendix A: References GT STRUDL
11. ICES JOURNAL, ICES User's Group, Inc., Frederick E. Hajjar, Editor, P.O. Box
231, Worcester, Mass. 01613.
12. Logcher, Robert D., et al., ICES STRUDL-II The Structural Design Language
Engineering User's Manual Volume 2, Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory,
R70-77, 2nd Edition, December 1973.
13. ICES STRUDL-II The Structural Design Language Engineering User's Manual
Volume 3, Structures Division and Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 1970.
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AISC13 A-3 Rev U

33. Manual of STEEL CONSTRUCTION, Eighth Edition, American Institute of Steel

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Rev U A-4 AISC13

47. Wilkinson, J. H., The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem, Oxford Univeristy Press, 1965.
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AISC13 A-5 Rev U

59. Timoshenko, S. P., and Goodier, J. N., Theory of Elastic Stability, McGraw-Hill,
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Rev U A-6 AISC13

69. "Development of Floor Design Response Spectra for Seismic Design of

Floor-Supported Equipment or Components," Regulatory Guide, U.S. Nuclear
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Computers and Structures, Vol. 9, 1978, pp. 445-450.
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Section Properties, UNISTRUT Northern Area, 1500 Greenleaf, Elk Grove Village,
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AISC13 A-7 Rev U

80. Manual of Steel Construction, Load & Resistance, Factor Design, First Edition,
American Institute of Steel Construction Inc., Chicago, Illinois, 1986.
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Rev U A - 10 AISC13
GT STRUDL Appendix B: Use of GTTABLE
Appendix B: Use of GTTABLE
This appendix has been discussed in detail in Volume 2A. Please see Appendix B of Volume
2A for a summary of the Use of GTTABLE.
AISC13 Appendix B - 1 Rev U

Appendix B: Use of GTTABLE GT STRUDL
Rev U Appendix B - 2 AISC13

GT STRUDL Appendix C: GTSTRUDL Tables of Steel Profiles
Appendix C: GTSTRUDL Tables of Steel Profiles
This appendix has been discussed in detail in Volume 2A. Please see Appendix C of Volume
2A for a summary of the major steel profile (section) tables provided with GTSTRUDL.
AISC13 Appendix C - 1 Rev U

Appendix C: GTSTRUDL Tables of Steel Profiles GT STRUDL
End of Document
Rev U Appendix C - 2 AISC13

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Steel Design Code User Manual

Computer Aided Structural Engineering Center

AISC13 iii Rev V

GTSTRUDL® User Reference Manual, AISC13, Steel Design Codes, Revision V is

GTSTRUDL® is a registered service mark of the Georgia Tech Research Corporation,

NEITHER GEORGIA TECH RESEARCH CORPORATION NOR GEORGIA

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Printed in United States of America

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Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1 GTSTRUDL Steel Design AISC13 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 - 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 - 1

1.2 AISC13 Steel Design Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 - 1

1.3 AISC13 Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 1

1.4 ANSI/AISC N690-06 Steel Design Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . 1.4 - 1

1.5 GTSTRUDL Analysis and the 2005 AISC Thirteenth Edition

2 Properties used by AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1

3 Parameters Used by AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1

4.1 General Nomenclature for AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 - 1

4.2 AISC13 Provisions for I shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 - 1

4.3 AISC13 Provisions for Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 - 1

4.4 AISC13 Provisions for Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 - 1

4.5 AISC13 Provisions for Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 - 1

4.6 AISC13 Provisions for Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 - 1

4.7 AISC13 Provisions for Square and Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . 4.7 - 1

AISC13 vii Rev V

4.8 AISC13 Provisions for Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 - 1

4.9 AISC13 Provisions for Solid Round Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 - 1

4.11 ANSI/AISC N690-06 Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 - 1

Appendix B: Use of GTTABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B - 1

Rev V viii AISC13

Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 - 2

Table 1.3-1 AISC13 Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 - 2

1 GTSTRUDL Steel Design AISC13 Code

AISC13 1.1 - 1 Rev U

This page intentionally left blank.

Rev U 1.1 - 2 AISC13

1.2 AISC13 Steel Design Code

Design for bi-axial bending and axial forces:

Design for bi-axial bending, axial, and torsional forces:

Second order elastic analysis using factored loads is recommended by the

AISC13 1.2 - 1 Rev V

Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13

Rev V 1.2 - 2 AISC13

Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 (continued)

AISC13 1.2 - 3 Rev V

Figure 1.2-1 Local Axes for Design with AISC13 (continued)

Rev V 1.2 - 4 AISC13

The following assumptions are made throughout the AISC13 code.

1. Open cross-sections (I shapes, channels, single angles, double angles, tees,

6. Code checks may be performed according to the American National

AISC13 1.2 - 5 Rev V

Code Section Title

Chapter D Design of members for tension

Chapter E Design of members for compression

Chapter F Design of members for flexure

Rev V 1.2 - 6 AISC13

Code Section Title

Section F5 Doubly symmetric and singly symmetric I-shaped