GT Strudl: Steel Design Code User Manual

GT STRUDL ®
Steel Design Code User Manual
UNISTRUT® Design
Computer Aided Structural Engineering Center

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0355
GTSTRUDL UNISTRUT Design GT STRUDL
NOTICES
GTSTRUDL® User Manual, UNISTRUT® Design, Revision V is applicable to Version 31

of GTSTRUDL released, August 2010 and subsequent versions.
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Georgia Institute of Technology
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Copyright © 2010
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Printed in United States of America
Rev V ii UNISTRUT
GT STRUDL GTSTRUDL UNISTRUT Design
Table of Contents
Section Page
Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Commercial Software Rights Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
1. GTSTRUDL UNISTRUT Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1
1.2 UNISTRUT Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2
2. PARAMETERS Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1
3. COLUMN LINE Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1
4. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1
5. SECTION Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1
6. SELECT MEMBERS Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 1
7. TAKE MEMBERS Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 1
8. CHECK MEMBERS Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1
9. SUMMARIZE Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 1
10. Printing Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 1
10.1 PRINT DESIGN DATA Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 - 1
11. Connection Analysis and Design Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 1
11.1 MEMBER RELEASES Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 - 1
11.2 Description of File elastic.con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 - 1
12. CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 1
13. AISI89 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 1
14. Properties Used by AISI89 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 1
15. Parameters Used by AISI89 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 1
16. Provisions of AISI89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 1
16.1 General Nomenclature for AISI89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 - 1
16.2 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUTS P1000 and P10013 . . . . . . 16.2 - 1
16.3 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUTS P1001, P1001B,
P1001C41, and P1004A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 - 1
16.4 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUT P1001A and P1001A3 . . . . 16.4 - 1
16.5 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUT P1001C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 - 1
Appendix A: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A - 1
UNISTRUT iii Rev V

List of Figures
Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut Cross-Section Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 3

Figure 12-1 Check Connection Capacity Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 5
Figure 14-1 Local Axes for Design with AISI89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 2
Figure 15-1 Computation of CB and CTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 9
Figure 15-2 Computation of CMY and CMZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 10
Figure 15-3 Local Axis Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 15
Figure 15-4 SIDESWAY Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 18
List of Tables
Table 2.1 AISI89 Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2

Table 4.1 GTSTRUDL Constrainable Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 3
Table 4.2 Profile Shape Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4
Table 11.1-1 Elastic Connection TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 - 3
Table 11.2-1 File elastic.con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 - 3
Table 12-1 Connection Capacity TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 2
Table 12-2 Connection Types and Combined Equations used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 6
Table 12-3 Connection Combined Equation Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 7
Table 15-1 Parameters in AISI89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 2
Rev V iv UNISTRUT
1. GTSTRUDL UNISTRUT Design
1.1 Introduction
This document is specifically designed for the UNISTRUT cross-sections which are
code checked based on the 1986 AISI Cold-Formed Steel with 1989 Addendum(1). This
document discusses in detail the Unistrut section properties, design code parameters, and the
code provisions of the GTSTRUDL AISI89 code. The Unistrut profiles are in the Table
UNISTRUT and the GTSTRUDL design code name is called AISI89. An abstract of the
steel design commands are listed in this document, and refer to the GTSTRUDL Volume 2A
for detail explanations of the steel design commands. For general steel design concepts refer
to Section 1.3 and 1.4 of Volume 2A.
The organization of this volume is as follows:
(a) Section 1 is the introduction.

(b) Section 2 contains an abstract of PARAMETER command and a table
which contains the AISI89 code parameters for Unistrut cross-sections.
(c) Sections 3 to 10 contain the steel design abstract of commands. For detail
explanations of the commands, refer to the Volume 2A of the
GTSTRUDL User's Reference Manual.
(d) Section 11 describes the MEMBER RELEASE command which was
modified to include the Arizona Public Services (APS) elastic connection
types.
(e) Section 12 describes the CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY command
which checks the connection capacities specified by the new TYPE option
of the MEMBER RELEASE command in the Section 11.
(f) Section 13 discusses the AISI89 code introduction and assumptions.
(g) Section 14 discusses the Unistrut cross-sectional property names and
descriptions of the properties.
(h) Section 15 discusses in detail the AISI89 code parameters.
(i) Section 16 introduction to provisions of AISI89 code.
(j) Section 16.1 discusses the general nomenclature for AISI89 code.
(k) Section 16.2 discusses in detail the AISI 1989 code equations used in
GTSTRUDL AISI89 code check for the Unistrut P1000 and P10013
sections.
UNISTRUT 1-5 Rev U

(l) Section 16.3 discusses in detail the AISI 1989 code equations used in the
GTSTRUDL AISI89 code check for the Unistrut P1001, P1001B,
P1001C41, and P1004A sections.
(m) Section 16.4 discusses in detail the AISI 1989 code equations used in the
GTSTRUDL AISI89 code check for the Unistrut P1001A and P1001A3
sections.
(n) Section 16.5 discusses in detail the AISI 1989 code equations used in the
GTSTRUDL AISI89 code check for the Unistrut P1001C section.
1.2 UNISTRUT Shapes
Nine different Unistrut cross-sections are available for 1989 AISI code check. The
table name is called UNISTRUT and the profile names are P1000, P1001, P1001A, P1001B,
P1001C, P10013, P1001A3, P1001C41, and P1004A (Figure 1.2-1).
Rev U 1-6 UNISTRUT

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut cross-section dimensions
UNISTRUT 1-7 Rev U

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut cross-section dimensions (Continued)
Rev U 1-8 UNISTRUT

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut cross-section dimensions (Continued)
UNISTRUT 1-9 Rev U

This page intentionally left blank.
Rev U 1 - 10 UNISTRUT
GT STRUDL PARAMETERS Command
2. PARAMETERS Command
General form:
PARAMETER
p-name parameter-specs
C C
C C
C C
p-name parameter-specs
Elements:
p-name = alphanumeric parameter name from Table 2.1.
v1, v2 = parameter values, which may be real or alphanumeric, as appropriate

for each parameter (Table 2.1).
list = integer or alphanumeric id of the joint, member, or load for which
Parameter data are specified.
Example:
UNIT INCH
PARAMETER
CODE AISI89 ALL
LY 42.0 MEMBERS 3, 4, 6, 7
LZ 41.0 MEMBER 4
SUMMARY YES ALL
Explanation:
For an explanation, please refer to Section 2.1 of Volume 2A.
UNISTRUT 2-1 Rev U

PARAMETERS Command GT STRUDL
Table 2.1
AISI89 Code Parameters
Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
CODE Required Identifies the code to be used for member checking or

member selection. Specify AISI89 (AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum (1)) for code name. See Section 13. for a
more detailed description.
TBLNAM UNISTRUT Identifies the table of profiles to be used during selection.

Profile names are: P1000, P1001, P1001A, P1001B,
P1001C, P10013, P1001A3, P1001C41, and P1004A
(Figure 1.2-1). The above profiles are included in the
UNISTRUT Metal Framing, General Engineering Catalog,
North America Edition No. 12 (2).
CODETOL 0.0 Percent variance from 1.0 for compliance with the provi-
sions of a code. The ratio of Actual/Allowable must be less
than or equal to [1.0 + CODETOL/100].
ALSTRINC 0.0 Parameter to specify 1/3 allowable stress increase for the
wind or seismic load according to the Section A5.2 of the
AISC ASD Ninth Edition or Section A4.4 of the AISI 1986
Edition with 1989 Addendum. This parameter is applicable
to the load list only. A value may be specified as a
factional (i.e. 0.3333) or percentage (i.e. 33.33).
A/H 10000.0 Ratio of clear span between transverse stiffeners to clear

distance between flanges. Used in computing allowable
shear stress. Default approximates infinity.
PF 1.0 Area reduction factor for holesout in members subject to

axial tension.
Rev U 2-2 UNISTRUT

Table 2.1 (continued)

Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Material Properties
STEELGRD A570GR33 Identifies the grade of steel from which a member is made.
Yield stress (FYLD) of 33 ksi is assumed for the
A570GR33 steel grade.
FYLD Computed Yield stress of member. Computed from STEELGRD if not

given. A default yield stress of 33 ksi is assumed for
A570GR33 steel grade.
REDFYLD 1.0 Reduction factor for FYLD. This factor times FYLD gives
the FY value used by the code. Used to account for proper-
ty changes at high temperatures.
REDE 1.0 Reduction factor for E, the modulus of elasticity. Similar to

REDFYLD.
Slenderness Ratio
SLENCOMP Computed Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for member

subjected to axial compression. When no value is specified
for this parameter, the value of 200 is used for the maxi-
mum slenderness ratio.
Dimensional Limits
W/TMAX 60.0 Maximum allowable overall flat-width-to-thickness ratio,

w/t.
UNISTRUT 2-3 Rev U


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
K-Factors
COMPK NO Parameter to request the computation of the effective length

factors KY and KZ (Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A).
YES = Compute KY and KZ factors.

KY = Compute KY only.
KZ = Compute KZ only.
NO = Use default or specified values for KY and KZ.
KY 1.0 Effective length factor for buckling about the local Y axis
of the profile. See Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A for
GTSTRUDL computation of effective length factor, KY.
KZ 1.0 Effective length factor for buckling about the local Z axis
of the profile. See Section 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A for
GTSTRUDL computation of effective length factor, KZ.
SDSWAYY YES Indicates the presence or absence of sidesway about the

local Y axis.
YES = sidesway permitted.
NO = sidesway prevented.
SDSWAYZ YES Indicates the presence or absence of sidesway about the

local Z axis.
YES = sidesway permitted.
NO = sidesway prevented.
CantiMem NO Parameter to indicate that a member or a physical member

which is part of a cantilever truss should be considered as
a cantilever in the K-factor computation. True cantilever
members or physical members are detected automatically.
NO = member or physical member is not cantilever,
YES = member or physical member is cantilever
Rev U 2-4 UNISTRUT


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
K-Factors (continued)
GAY Computed G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAY is used in
the calculation of effective length factor KY (see parameter
COMPK, KY, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A).
GAZ Computed G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAZ is used in
the calculation of effective length factor KZ (see parameter
COMPK, KZ, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A).
GBY Computed G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBY is used in the
calculation of effective length factor KY (see parameter
COMPK, KY, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A).
GBZ Computed G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBZ is used in the
calculation of effective length factor KZ (see parameter
COMPK, KZ, and Sections 2.2 and 2.3 of Volume 2A).
Buckling Length
LY Computed Unbraced length for buckling about the local Y axis of the
profile. Computed as length of member.
LZ Computed Unbraced length for buckling about the local Z axis of the
profile. Computed as length of member.
FRLY 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LY, allows unbraced

length to be specified as a fraction of the total length. Used
only when LY is computed.
FRLZ 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LZ, similar to FRLY.

Used only when LZ is computed.
UNISTRUT 2-5 Rev U


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
KX 1.0 Effective length factor for torsional buckling about the local
X axis of the profile. This parameter is used in flexural-
torsional buckling stress, Fe computations.
LX Computed Unbraced length for torsional buckling about the local X

axis of the profile. Computed as length of member. This
parameter is used in flexural-torsional buckling stress, Fe
computations.
FRLX 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LX, allows unbraced

length to be specified as a fraction of the total length. Used
only when LX is computed.
Reduction Factors
RFTORSHR 0.4 Reduction factor applied to the yield stress to compute the
allowable torsional shear stress due to torsional moments
(i.e., Allowable J = RFTORSHR × FYLD).
Safety factors
OMEGAc* Computed Factor of safety for axial compression. This value is

computed according to the specification on Section C4 of
AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum (see Provision
OMEGA c).
))))))))))
*This parameter can be typed in the GTSTRUDL input as a lower case (omegac), upper case
(OMEGAC), or as it has been shown above (OMEGAc).
Rev U 2-6 UNISTRUT


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Safety factors (continued)
OMEGAf* 1.67 Factor of safety for bending.
OMEGAt* 1.67 Factor of safety for tension.
Bending Stress
CB Computed Coefficient used in computing allowable compressive

bending stress (AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum,
Section C3.1.2).
Ctf* Computed End moment coefficient used in computing elastic critical

moment (AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1.2).
Combined Stresses
CMY Computed Coefficient which modifies Y axis bending stress in

interaction equation (AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Adden-
dum, Section C5).
CMZ Computed Coefficient which modifies Z axis bending stress in

interaction equation (AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Adden-
dum, Section C5).
))))))))))
*These parameters can be typed in the GTSTRUDL input as a lower case (ctf, omegaf, and
omegat), upper case (CTF, OMEGAF, and OMEGAT), or as they have been shown above
(Ctf, OMEGAf, and OMEGAt).
UNISTRUT 2-7 Rev U


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Combined Stresses (continued)
COMSHEAR YES This parameter indicates that the combined shear stress and
bending stress in the Y and Z axes should be checked, as an
information check, checked as a Pass/Fail condition, or not
to be checked (Provision COMSHEAR and COMBINED).
INFO = Information check.

YES = Pass/Fail check for Provisions COMSHEAR
and COMBINED.
NO = Do not check Provisions COMSHEAR and
COMBINED.
Force Limitation
FXMIN 0.01(lb) Minimum axial force to be considered by the code; code

check is bypassed for any absolute axial force less than the
specified value.
FYMIN 0.01(lb) Minimum Y-shear force to be considered by the code; code

check is bypassed for any absolute Y-shear force less than
the specified value.
FZMIN 0.01(lb) Minimum Z-shear force to be considered by the code; code

check is bypassed for any absolute Z-shear force less than
the specified value.
MXMIN 0.01(in-lb) Minimum X-bending moment to be considered by the code;

code check is bypassed for any absolute X-bending moment
less than the specified value.
Rev U 2-8 UNISTRUT


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Force Limitation (continued)
MYMIN 0.01(in-lb) Minimum Y-bending moment to be considered by the code;

code check is bypassed for any absolute Y-bending moment
MZMIN 0.01(in-lb) Minimum Z-bending moment to be considered by the code;

code check is bypassed for any absolute Z-bending moment
Output Processing and System Parameters
SUMMARY NO Indicates if 'SUMMARY' information is to be saved for the

member. Choices are YES or NO. See Sections 2.9 and
7.2 of Volume 2A for explanation. Use SUMMARIZE
command (Section 9) to print computed code provision
values. Output from SUMMARIZE command is in active
unit.
TRACE 4.0 Flag indication when checks of code provisions should be

output during design or code checking. See Section 7.2 of
Volume 2A for explanation.
1 = never
2 = on failure. Output is in code units (kips and inches).
3 = all checks. Output is in code units (kips and
inches).
4 = controlling Actual/Allowable values and section
forces. Output is in active units.
UNISTRUT 2-9 Rev U


Parameter Default
Name Value Meaning
Output Processing and System Parameters (continued)
VALUES 1.0 Flag indication if parameter or property values are to be

output when used in the code check or design equations.
See Section 7.2 of Volume 2A for explanation. Output of
parameter or property values are in pounds and inches unit.
1 = no output
2 = output parameters
3 = output properties
4 = output parameters and properties.
GT STRUDL COLUMN LINE Command
3. COLUMN LINE Command
Tabular form:
C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C
Elements:
in = integer identifier of the column line.
'an' = a one-to-eight character alphanumeric identifier of the column line.
listn = id list of members from which the column line is composed.
Example:
COLUMN LINE 'COL1' CONSTRUCTED OF MEMBERS 1, 2

COLUMN LINE 'COL2' CONSTRUCTED OF MEMBERS 9, 10
PARAMETERS
COMPK KZ MEMBERS GROUP LIST 'COL1' 'COL2'
Explanation:
UNISTRUT 3-1 Rev U

COLUMN LINE Command GT STRUDL
Rev U 3-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL MEMBER CONSTRAINTS Command
4. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS Command
Tabular form:
MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
list1 CONSTRAIN description
C C
C C
C C
list1 CONSTRAIN description
Elements:
EQ, LT, LE, = the logical operators for: equal to, less than, less than or equal
GT, GE, NE to, greater than, greater than or equal to, and not equal to,
respectively
a1 = name of constrained property from Table 4.1.
a2 = name of constraining property from Table 4.1.
v1 = limiting value of constrained property in active units
list1 = list of members to be constrained
list2 = list of constraining members
UNISTRUT 4-1 Rev U

MEMBER CONSTRAINTS Command GT STRUDL
Example:
MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
12, 14, 16 CONSTRAINTS 'SHAPE' GE 1005
12, 14, 16 CONSTRAINTS 'SHAPE' LE 1012
Explanation:
Rev U 4-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL MEMBER CONSTRAINTS Command
Table 4.1
GTSTRUDL Constrainable Properties
Name Meaning
AX Cross sectional area

AY Y direction shear area
AZ Z direction shear area
CW Warping constant
GRPNUM Group number of profile
IX Torsional moment of inertia
IY Moment of inertia about Y axis
IZ Moment of inertia about Z axis
RY Radius of gyration about Y axis
RZ Radius of gyration about Z axis
SHAPE Indicates the profile shape. See Table 4.2
SY Section modulus about Y axis
SZ Section modulus about Z axis
THICK Thickness of UNISTRUT
YC Distance from centroid to extreme fiber along Y axis
YD Depth of member along Y axis
ZC Distance from centroid to extreme fiber along Z axis
ZD Depth of member along Z axis
UNISTRUT 4-3 Rev U

MEMBER CONSTRAINTS Command GT STRUDL
Table 4.2
Profile Shape Numbers
SHAPE Profile Table

Number Name Name
1000 P1000 UNISTRUT

1001 P1001 UNISTRUT
1002 P1001A UNISTRUT
1003 P1001B UNISTRUT
1004 P1001C UNISTRUT
1005 P10013 UNISTRUT
1006 P1001A3 UNISTRUT
1010 P1001C41 UNISTRUT
1012 P1004A UNISTRUT
Rev U 4-4 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL SECTION Command
5. SECTION Command
General form:
where,
list = a list of member names. Refer to the Section 2.1.2 of Volume 1 for
a description of "list".
i # 50
NS = option to specify individual locations.
i = number of sections
v1, v2, ...vi = user specified positions as distances from the start of the member
in either absolute lengths or decimal fractions.
DS = option to generate sections from a given section to another with a

specified distance between sections.
v1 = position of first section.
v2 = distance between sections in absolute length or decimal fraction,

but must be positive.
i = number of sections to be considered.
Example:
SECTION FR NS 5 0.0 0.35 0.5 0.7 1.0 MEMBERS 1 TO 3

SECTION FR DS 0.0 0.2 MEMBERS 5, 7
Explanation:
For an explanation, please refer to Section 2.1.14.5 of Volume 1.
UNISTRUT 5-1 Rev U

SECTION Command GT STRUDL
Rev U 5-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL SELECT MEMBERS Command
6. SELECT MEMBERS Command
General form:
Elements:
list1 = names of members to be designed

list2 = names of members to be excluded from the design process
n1 = number of equally spaced sections (including the member ends)
to be used in designing the identified members. The default is 3
sections (i.e., the start, middle, and end sections of the members)
n2 = number of equally spaced sections (including the member ends)
to be used in designing the identified members. The default is 2
sections (i.e., the start and end sections of the members)
codename = the name of the GTSTRUDL code to be used to design the
identified members (AISI89). A value of 'codename' must be
specified in the SELECT command or specified with the
PARAMETERS command (Section 2.).
Example:
SELECT MEMBERS 1 TO 3
SELECT MEMBERS 4, 6 AS BEAM
SELECT MEMBERS 5, 7
SELECT MEMBERS 8 TO 10 AS COLUMN
Explanation:
UNISTRUT 6-1 Rev U

SELECT MEMBERS Command GT STRUDL
Rev U 6-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL TAKE MEMBERS Command
7. TAKE MEMBERS Command
General form:
TAKE MEMBER list1 SAME ( AS MEMBER ) mem
or
Elements:
list1 = members to be standardized

mem = member with desired properties
a1 = constraint name on which comparison is made. See Table 4.1 for the
names.
list2 = members to be compared
Example:
TAKE MEMBERS 1, 3 SAME AS MEMBER 2

TAKE MEMBERS 7 TO 10 AS LARGEST 'AX' OF MEMBERS 7 TO 10
Explanation:
UNISTRUT 7-1 Rev U

TAKE MEMBERS Command GT STRUDL
Rev U 7-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL CHECK MEMBERS Command
8. CHECK MEMBERS Command
General form:
*
Elements:
list1 = names of members to be checked.

list2 = names of members to be excluded from the check process.
n1 = number of equally spaced sections (including the member ends) to
be used in checking the identified members. The default is 3 sec-
tions (e.g., the start, middle, and end sections of the members).
n2 = number of equally spaced sections (including the member ends) to
be used in checking the identified members. The default is 2 sec-
tions (e.g., the start and end sections of the members).
codename = the name of the GTSTRUDL design code to be used to check the
identified members (AISI89). A value of 'codename' must be
specified in the CHECK command or specified in a prior SELECT
command (Section 6.), or specified in a prior PARAMETERS com-
mand (Section 2.).
Example:
CHECK MEMBERS 1 TO 3
CHECK MEMBERS 4, 6 AS BEAM
CHECK MEMBERS 8 TO 10 AS COLUMN
UNISTRUT 8-1 Rev U

CHECK MEMBERS Command GT STRUDL
Explanation:
Rev U 8-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL SUMMARIZE Command
9. SUMMARIZE Command
General form:
Elements:
list1 = members for which summary data are desired
i1 i2 i3...in = section numbers at which summary data are desired
list2 = loadings for which summary data are desired
UNISTRUT 9-1 Rev U

SUMMARIZE Command GT STRUDL
Example:
PARAMETER
CODE AISI89 ALL
SUMMARY YES ALL
CHECK ALL MEMBERS

SUMMARIZE CODE CHECK FOR ALL MEMBERS AT CRITICAL !
SECTION ALL VALUES
Explanation:
Rev U 9-2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL Printing Input Data
10. Printing Input Data
General form:
Elements
list = list of member names
Explanation:
The PRINT command is used to display the user specified designs information
from the GTSTRUDL database such as CONSTRAINTS, MEMBER PROPERTIES,
and PARAMETERS information. The PRINT command descriptions are as follows:
PRINT CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS
With this option, the PRINT command allows the user to review all constraints
which have been placed on the specified members. Numeric constraints appearing
in this output are in the active units.
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
This PRINT option outputs the member properties given by the user or the
member properties resulting from a SELECT or TAKE command.
UNISTRUT 10 - 1 Rev U
Printing Input Data GT STRUDL
PRINT PARAMETER VALUES
In this form, the PRINT command may be used to inspect the values of
parameters which have been supplied by the user. Values may be output for all
elements or for particular elements. Values appear in standard units of inches,
pounds, radians, degrees Fahrenheit, and seconds, as appropriate for each parameter.
GT STRUDL PRINT DESIGN DATA Command
10.1 PRINT DESIGN DATA Command
General form:
PRINT DESIGN ( DATA )
Explanation:
This is the most frequently used option of reviewing design data, as it

provides a complete record of all parameter and constraint data in use at the time it
is given. This variation of the PRINT command outputs the combination of the
previous three options: parameters, defaults, and constraint dictionaries. All
specified parameters and member constraints are printed also.
UNISTRUT 10.1 - 1 Rev U

PRINT DESIGN DATA Command GT STRUDL
Rev U 10.1 - 2 UNISTRUT

GT STRUDL Connection Analysis and Design
11. Connection Analysis and Design Feature
The MEMBER RELEASE command of Section 2.1.8.2 of Volume 1 has been

modified to include a TYPE option for the elastic connection specifications. This elastic
connection modification was initially developed for Arizona Public Services connection
types. Elastic connection type (Table 11.1-1) may be specified using the TYPE option of
the MEMBER RELEASE command (Section 11.1). Users may create their own connection
types and store them in the file elastic.con as described in Section 11.2. GTSTRUDL uses
the elastic connection data corresponding to the specified TYPE for subsequent analyses.
The connection capacity may also be checked for the specified connection type with the
CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY command (Section 12.).
Connection Analysis and Design GT STRUDL
GT STRUDL MEMBER RELEASE Command
11.1 MEMBER RELEASES Command
Tabular Form:
MEMBER RELEASES
list ( release specifications )
C
C
C
C
C
list (release specifications)
Elements:
list = list (see Section 2.1.2.2 of Volume 1) of integer and/or alphanumeric

member names.
* *
⎧ ⎧ force releases ⎫⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪
⎪ START ⎨ moment releases ⎬⎪
⎪⎪ ⎪ elastic connection specs⎪ ⎪⎪
release specifications = ⎩ ⎭
⎨ * ⎬
⎪ ⎧ force releases ⎫ ⎪
⎪ END ⎪ moment releases ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎨ ⎬ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ elastic connection specs⎭ ⎪⎭
*
⎧ X⎫
⎪ ⎪
force releases = FORCE ⎨Y ⎬
⎪Z ⎪
⎩ ⎭
*
⎧ X⎫
⎪ ⎪
moment releases = MOMENT ⎨Y ⎬
⎪Z ⎪
⎩ ⎭

MEMBER RELEASE Command GT STRUDL
⎧ type specs ⎫
elastic connection specs = ELASTIC (CONNECTION ) ⎨ ⎬
⎩ spring specs⎭
type specs =
⎧⎪ (WELD) SET ( DISTANCE )v 8 ⎫⎪
(
TYPEi DESIGN ( FACTOR )v 7 ( ⎨ )
⎪⎩ EXPONENTv 9
⎬)
⎪⎭
spring specs = ELASTIC ( CONNECTION ) [ KFX ] v1 [ KFY ] v2 !

[ KFZ ] v3 [ KMX ] v4 [ KMY ] v5 [ KMZ ] v6
where,
i = APS (Arizona Public Services) connection type (Table 11.1-1).

Valid values for i and the spring constants are stored in the file
elastic.con (Section 11.2) which must be in the GTSTRUDL
installation directory.
v1, v2, v3 = values in current force/length units of elastic translation (force)
spring coefficients in the local x, y, and z directions of the member,
respectively.
v4, v5, v6 = values in current moment/angle units of elastic rotational (moment)
spring coefficients in the local x, y, and z directions of the member,
respectively.
v7 = design factor used in the connection combined equations. A user
specified value initiates connection combined computations based on
the formulas shown in the Table 12-3. A default value of 1.0 is
assumed for this design factor.
v8 = weld offset distance from centroid of the member to the weld plane
in the active units. Weld offset distance is used in the connection
combined equations 2, 5, and 10 (Table 12-3). A user specified value
initiates connection combined computations based on the formulas
shown in the Table 12-3.
v9 = exponent value used in the connection combined equations 10 and 11
(Table 12-3). A user specified value initiates connection combined
computations based on the formulas shown in the Table 12-3.
Explanation:
All relevant degrees-of-freedom at the ends of a member (Table 2.1.8.1 of

Volume 1) are in the local member reference frame (Section 1.10.3 and Figure 1.10.3
of Volume 1) and are assumed to be rigidly connected to each joint it is incident
upon unless otherwise modified by the MEMBER RELEASES command.

Table 11.1-1
Elastic Connection TYPE
(Units Inch, Pound, Radian)
Connection Translational Degrees of Freedom Rotational Degrees of Freedom

TYPE X Y Z X Y Z
11 100 100
12
13
14 1680000
15 1680000
16 1680000
17 1680000
18
19
20
21
22 100
23 100000 130000 100
25
31 200000 360000
32 200000 540000
33 150000 270000
34 200000 360000
35 200000 200000
36 420000 100
37 840000
38 286400 3851000 20070000
39 100 190000

Table 11.1-1 (continued)

Elastic Connection TYPE
Connection Translational Degrees of Freedom Rotational Degrees of Freedom

TYPE X Y Z X Y Z
40 190000 450000
41 100 100
42 100 100
43
44 100000 100000
45 200000 360000
46 100 360000
47 420000

For each rigidly connected relevant degree-of-freedom, there is a corresponding

force or moment component acting on the end of the member, and an equal but
opposite force or moment component acting on the joint. The MEMBER RELEASE
command is used to completely or elastically release one or more such rigid
connections between one or both ends of a member and the joints they are incident
upon. The release may be complete, or it may be elastic. A complete MEMBER
RELEASE provides no restraint between one or both ends of the member and the
joints they are incident upon. Another interpretation of a complete MEMBER
RELEASE is that it assigns the value of 0.0 to one or more internal member end
forces at one or both ends of the member in the local member reference frame
directions. The elastic connection option in the MEMBER RELEASE command
provides an elastic spring restraint between one or both ends of the member and the
joint upon which they are incident. Elastic connections are a particularly useful
feature for structures where the restraint between the end of the member and the joint
provides neither rigid nor zero restraint. The user, however, must arrive at the value
of the elastic connection restraint. An elastic connection cannot be specified for a
degree of freedom which also has been released by a force or moment release. If an
elastic connection is specified for a degree-of-freedom which has been released by
a force or moment release, an error message is output, and the scanning mode is
entered.
Member release specifications are given in the local member reference frame
(Section 1.10.3 of Volume 1), and may be given at the member START and/or the
member END. Either the words START or END or both START and END in any
order may be given, as long as force and/or moment releases or elastic connection
specs follow each word given. Force releases set the member's local x-axial force,
y-shear force, and/or z-shear force at the START or END of the member to the value
of 0.0. Moment releases set the member's local x-torsion moment, y-bending
moment, and/or z-bending moment at the START or END of the member to the
value of 0.0.
Examples:
1. MEMBER RELEASES
1 TO 3 'AB' 7 START FORCE Y MOMENT Z
4 5 9 STA MOM Z END MOM Z
10 STA MOM Y Z END MOM X Y Z
C
C
C
MEMBER RELEASES END MOMENT Y
21 TO 31 35 'ST1-B' 15
32 43 START FOR Y Z MOM X END MOM Z

In the above example, members 1, 2, 3, 'AB', and 7 have their local y-shear
force and z-bending moment at their start ends equal to 0.0. Members 4, 5, and 9
have their local z-bending moments equal to 0.0 at their start and end ends. If
members 4, 5, and 9 are PLANE FRAME members in the global XY plane, and with
BETA = 0.0, then this condition is equivalent to fully pinned ended members.
Member 10 has its local y and z-bending moments at its start end, and its local
x torsion moment, and y and z bending moments at its end equal to 0.0. This
condition is as close to a fully pinned-ended member that is possible for a SPACE
FRAME member. Note that a MOMENT X release added to the start of the member
would make the member unstable.
Members 21 to 31, 35, 'ST1-B', and 15 have a local y-bending moment at their
end ends equal to 0.0. Finally, members 32 and 43 have their local y and z shear
forces, and local x torsion moment at their start ends, and their local y and z-bending
moments at their end ends equal to 0.0.
2. UNITS KIPS INCH DEGREE

MEMBER RELEASE
1 START MOM X ELASTIC CONNECTION KMY 1000. KMZ 1000.
10 START ELASTIC CONN KMZ 2000. END ELASTIC CONN KMZ 2000.
In the above example, the start of member 1 has the local x moment fully
released while the local y and z rotations between the joint and the start of the
member are partially restrained by elastic connection springs KMY and KMZ of
1000 kip-inches/degree of relative rotation. Member 10 has the start and end local
moment z rotations partially restrained by elastic connection springs of 2000. kip-
inches/degree of relative rotation.
Elastic connection springs may also cause instabilities if the values of the
springs are so "small" as to effectively fully release the degree of freedom. In that
case, the elastic connections are essentially the same as complete member releases.
3. MEMBER RELEASE
1 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 31 END ELASTIC CONN TYPE 32
10 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 33
In the above example, the start of member 1 is assigned elastic connection

values for connection type 31 and the end is assigned elastic connection values for
connection type 32. Member 10 has the start assigned elastic connection values for
connection type 33.

4. UNIT INCH
MEMBER RELEASE
2 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 11 DESIGN FACTOR 1.0 –
WELD OFFSET DISTANCE 1.5 –
END ELASTIC CONN TYPE 38 DESIGN FACTOR 1.0 –
EXPONENT 3
11 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 32 END ELASTIC CONN TYPE 33 –
EXPONENT 4
In the above example, the start of member 2 is assigned elastic connection

values for connection type 11 with design factor of 1.0 and the weld offset distance
from centroid of the member is 1.5 inches. The end of member 2 is assigned elastic
connection values for connection type 38 with design factor of 1.0 and value of 3 for
the exponent (see tables 12-2 and 12-3). The start of member 11 is assigned elastic
connection values for connection type 32 while the end is assigned connection type
33 with a value of 4 for the exponent.
Additional Information:
Additional information on the MEMBER RELEASE command may be found

in Section 2.1.8.2 of Volume 1 of the GTSTRUDL Users Manual. Important
considerations regarding the MEMBER RELEASE command as well as the
operation of the command in the CHANGES and DELETIONS mode may
be found in Section 2.1.8.2 of Volume 1.


GT STRUDL Description of File elastic.con
11.2 Description of File elastic.con
The file elastic.con must be installed in the GTSTRUDL installation directory. This
is an ASCII file which contains the following information regarding elastic connection types,
connection force and moment capacities, and translational and rotational elastic connections
at the ends of the members. A description of the free format data to be specified in the file
is shown below:
The first line of input in the file is the number (num) of elastic connection types
which will be stored in the file.
The next num lines of the file contains the following information:
connection type (integer), FX, FY, FZ, MX, MY, and MZ connection
capacities followed by KFX, KFY, KFZ, KMX, KMY, and KMZ elastic
connection spring values.
The directions X, Y, and Z are with respect to the local coordinate system of the
member. The values of the capacities and the elastic connection springs are always in the
default units of GTSTRUDL (inches, pounds, and radians). If a degree of freedom is fixed
and not to have an elastic connection spring value, a value of 999999 must be entered for the
spring value.
Example of file:
2
11 500 450 600 1100 1200 1300 999999 999999 999999 100 200 999999
21 550 350 450 900 1100 1200 999999 999999 999999 1000 1200 1300
In the above example, the first line gives the number (2) of elastic connection types
stored in the file. The next two lines contain connection capacities and elastic spring values
for connection types 11 and 21. For connection type 11, the capacities for FX, FY, and FZ
are 500, 450, and 600 lbs. respectively and the capacities for MX, MY, and MZ are 1100,
1200, and 1300 inch-lbs. respectively. Translational degrees of freedom X, Y, and Z are
restrained as well as rotational degree of freedom about the Z-axis. Elastic connection
values of 100 and 200 in-lbs/radian are specified for KMX and KMY.

Description of File elastic.con GT STRUDL
The next line specifies force and moment capacities and elastic connection values for
connection type 21. The capacities for FX, FY, and FZ are 550, 350, and 450 lbs.
respectively and the capacities for MX, MY, and MZ are 900, 1100, and 1200 inch-lbs.
respectively. Translational degrees of freedom X, Y, and Z are restrained using the 999999
for their elastic connection values. Elastic connection values 1000, 1200, and 1300 inch-
lbs/radian are specified for KMX, KMY, and KMZ.
A complete listing of the file developed for Arizona Public Service is shown in Table
11.2-1 (see Table 11.1-1 and 12-1).

GT STRUDL Description of File elastic.con
Table 11.2-1
File elastic.con
31
11 4725 4725 4725 3839 3622 1181 999999 999999 999999 100 100 999999
12 9450 9450 9450 7812 7678 4725 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
13 10240 10240 10240 14030 8318 12020 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
14 6000 16710 4000 6500 3750 9750 999999 999999 999999 999999 1680000 999999
15 6000 16710 4000 9750 3750 14625 999999 999999 999999 999999 1680000 999999
16 6000 15510 4000 6500 3750 9750 999999 999999 999999 999999 1680000 999999
17 6000 15510 4000 9750 3750 14625 999999 999999 999999 999999 1680000 999999
18 9446 9446 9446 7683 20645 19491 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
19 6300 6300 6300 5117 32261 31834 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
20 9450 9450 9450 7678 23580 22570 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
21 22840 22840 22840 18550 30990 27600 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
22 1330 17190 17190 22160 25250 13960 999999 999999 999999 100 999999 999999
23 1340 2100 1150 1875 1875 3750 999999 999999 999999 100000 130000 100
25 6300 6300 6300 4858 5119 2100 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
31 2680 4200 2300 6120 3510 6800 999999 999999 999999 999999 200000 360000
32 2600 4080 2290 6130 3730 9000 999999 999999 999999 999999 200000 540000
33 3380 3380 1600 4426 4426 6800 999999 999999 999999 999999 150000 270000
34 3380 3380 2300 4426 4426 6800 999999 999999 999999 999999 200000 360000
35 2680 2300 2680 3510 3622 1181 999999 999999 999999 200000 999999 200000
36 1200 875 1200 3250 2530 3250 999999 999999 999999 999999 420000 100
37 2400 1750 2400 4150 5060 4150 999999 999999 999999 999999 840000 999999
38 1819 6000 4967 13830 5868 2956 286400 999999 999999 999999 3851000 20070000
39 1330 3600 2040 4880 2700 3240 999999 999999 999999 999999 100 190000
40 1600 1930 1670 3660 1810 3230 999999 999999 999999 999999 190000 450000
41 4000 4725 4000 3633 3622 1181 999999 999999 999999 100 999999 100
42 2000 4000 2000 1817 1817 1181 999999 999999 999999 100 999999 100
43 6000 33420 4000 6500 3750 9750 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999
44 1340 1150 1340 1755 3622 1181 999999 999999 999999 100000 999999 100000
45 2680 2100 1150 3060 1755 6800 999999 999999 999999 999999 200000 360000
46 1340 4200 1150 3060 500 3400 999999 999999 999999 999999 100 360000
47 1800 1312 1800 3700 2530 3700 999999 999999 999999 999999 420000 999999

Description of File elastic.con GT STRUDL

GT STRUDL CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY Command
12. CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY Command
CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY MEMBERS list
where,
list = list of members to be processed.
This command is used to check the capacity of UNISTRUT connections at the ends of
members for all active loadings. The capacity check requires that elastic connection type data
have been specified by the MEMBER RELEASES ELASTIC CONNECTION TYPE command
(Section 11.1 above) for the member ends at which the connection capacity check is desired.
When only the ELASTIC CONNECTION TYPE value is specified without any of the DESIGN
FACTOR, WELD OFFSET, or EXPONENT specifications, the TYPE value causes the capacity
check to read the force and moment capacities from the elastic.con file in addition to the elastic
connection spring constants. The computed connection forces and moments are then checked
directly against these force and moment capacities. Note that specified TYPE values must
correspond to the TYPE values given in Table 12.1.
Example
MEMBER RELEASES
C
20 START ELASTIC CONNECTION TYPE 31
21 END ELASTIC CONNECTION TYPE 35
C
C
STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY MEMBERS 20 21
In the above example, the force components at the start of member 20 are checked
against the allowable values stored in the file elastic.con for connection TYPE 31. In addition,
the force components at the end of member 21 will be checked against allowable values for
connection TYPE 35.
CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY Command GT STRUDL
Table 12-1
Connection Capacity TYPE
(Units Inch, Pound)
Connection Connection Force Capacity Connection Moment Capacity

TYPE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
11 4725 4725 4725 3839 3622 1181

12 9450 9450 9450 7812 7678 4725
13 10240 10240 10240 14030 8318 12020
14 6000 16710 4000 6500 3750 9750
15 6000 16710 4000 9750 3750 14625
16 6000 15510 4000 6500 3750 9750
17 6000 15510 4000 9750 3750 14625
18 9446 9446 9446 7683 20645 19491
19 6300 6300 6300 5117 32261 31834
20 9450 9450 9450 7678 23580 22570
21 22840 22840 22840 18550 30990 27600
22 1330 17190 17190 22160 25250 13960
23 1340 2100 1150 1875 1875 3750
25 6300 6300 6300 4858 5119 2100
31 2680 4200 2300 6120 3510 6800
32 2600 4080 2290 6130 3730 9000
33 3380 3380 1600 4426 4426 6800
34 3380 3380 2300 4426 4426 6800
35 2680 2300 2680 3510 3622 1181
36 1200 875 1200 3250 2530 3250
37 2400 1750 2400 4150 5060 4150
38 1819 6000 4967 13830 5868 2956
39 1330 3600 2040 4880 2700 3240
40 1600 1930 1670 3660 1810 3230
41 4000 4725 4000 3633 3622 1181
42 2000 4000 2000 1817 1817 1181
Table 12-1 (continued)

Connection Capacity TYPE
(Units Inch, Pound)
Connection Connection Force Capacity Connection Moment Capacity

TYPE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
43 6000 33420 4000 6500 3750 9750

44 1340 1150 1340 1755 3622 1181
45 2680 2100 1150 3060 1755 6800
46 1340 4200 1150 3060 500 3400
47 1800 1312 1800 3700 2530 3700
When any combination of values is given by the MEMBER RELEASES ELASTIC

CONNECTION DESIGN FACTOR, WELD OFFSET, and EXPONENT specifications in
addition to the TYPE specification, then the capacity check uses the combined equation number
indicated in Table 12.2, corresponding to the specified TYPE value. The formula
corresponding to each combined equation number is shown in Table 12.3. The output
corresponding to this connection capacity check reports both the connection TYPE value and
the corresponding combined equation number. A sample of such output is shown in Figure 12-
1 below:
The connection capacity check for the elastic connection type specified in the member
release command was developed for Arizona Public Services. The original implementation
used connection combined equation 12 (Table 12-3) to check the connection capacity. A new
option has been added to the elastic connection type of the member release to allow the
connection capacity check to be performed based on the formulas shown in the Table 12.3.
This option is activated when the weld offset distance or exponent option of the member elastic
command (Section 11.1) has been specified. In this case, the connection combined equation
number based on the connection type shown in the Table 12-2 is determined. Then, based on
the combined equation number the formula in Table 12-3 is used for the connection capacity
check. Note again that the formulas shown in the Table 12-3 are used only when the weld
offset distance, exponent value, or design factor is included in the elastic connection type
command. The output for this option, illustrated in Figure 12-1, displays the type and the
equation number that has been used in the connection capacity check.
Figure 12-1
Check Connection Capacity Output
{ 160} > UNITS INCHES
{ 161} > MEM RELEASES
{ 162} > 4 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 32 -
{ 163} >_ END ELASTIC CONN TYPE 11 DESIGN FACTOR 1.0 JOINT OFFSET X 3.0
{ 166} > 7 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 32
{ 167} > 8 END ELASTIC CONN TYPE 32
{ 168} > 9 START ELASTIC CONN TYPE 11 DESIGN FACTOR 1.0 JOINT OFFSET X 2.0 -
{ 174} > CHECK CONNECTION CAPACITY MEMBERS 4 6 7 8 9 10 11
*******************************************
* CONNECTION CAPACITY INTERACTION CHECK *
*******************************************
START OF THE MEMBER END OF THE MEMBER

MEMBER---/---TYPE---EQUATION------RATIO---/---TYPE---EQUATION------RATIO---/
4 32 12 0.70915 11 5 4.75870
6 32 12 0.28182 11 5 2.29524
7 32 12 0.06423
8 32 12 0.02674
9 11 5 1.30408 11 5 1.95170
10 41 12 0.15986 11 5 1.69429
11 41 12 0.05095 11 5 0.50653
**** CONNECTION CAPACITY CHECK FAILURES ****
The following members failed the connection capacity check:
4 6 9 10
Table 12-2
Connection Types and Combined Equations used
Connection Combined Connection Combined

Type Equation Type Equation
11 5 33 10
12 2 34 10
13 2 35 12
14 12 36 12
15 12 37 12
16 12 38 11
17 12 39 12
18 5 40 12
20 5 41 12
21 5 42 12
22 6 43 12
23 12 44 12
25 2 45 12
31 12 46 12
32 12 47 12
Table 12-3
Connection Combined Equation Formulas
Combined Formula
Equation
2
1 ⎛ FX MZ + ( X ) FY MY + ( X ) FZ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ FZ ⎞ 2 ⎛ FY ⎞ 2 MX ⎞
2
2 ⎜ + + ⎟ +⎜ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + ⎟
DF ⎝ TX RY RZ ⎠ ⎜ ⎝ TY ⎠ ⎝ TZ ⎠ RX ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ FZ MX + ( X ) FY MY + ( X ) FX ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ FX ⎞ 2 ⎛ FY ⎞ 2 MZ ⎞
2
5 ⎜ + + ⎟ +⎜ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + ⎟
DF ⎝ TX RY RZ ⎠ ⎜ ⎝ TY ⎠ ⎝ TZ ⎠ RX ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ FZ MY + ( X ) FX MX + ( X ) FY ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ FY ⎞ 2 ⎛ FX ⎞ 2 MZ ⎞
2
6 ⎜ + + ⎟ +⎜ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + ⎟
DF ⎝ TX RY RZ ⎠ ⎜ ⎝ TY ⎠ ⎝ TZ ⎠ RX ⎟
⎝ ⎠
X X X X X X
1 ⎛ FX ⎞ ⎛ FY ⎞ ⎛ FZ ⎞ ⎛ MX ⎞ ⎛ MY ⎞ ⎛ MZ ⎞
10 X
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
DF ⎝ TX ⎠ ⎝ TY ⎠ ⎝ TZ ⎠ ⎝ RX ⎠ ⎝ RY ⎠ ⎝ RZ ⎠
11 1 ⎛ FX MY MZ ⎞
X ⎛ ⎛ FY ⎞ 2 ⎛ FZ ⎞ 2 MX ⎞
⎜ + + ⎟ +⎜ ⎜ +⎜ ⎟ + ⎟
⎜ ⎝ TY ⎟⎠
X
X…0 DF ⎝ TX RY RZ ⎠ ⎝ TZ ⎠ RX ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎡ ⎛ FX ⎞ MX ⎤
2 2 2 2 2
11 ⎢ ⎜ ⎛ MY ⎞ ⎛ MZ ⎞ ⎛ FY ⎞ ⎛ FZ ⎞
⎥
⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +
X=0 DF ⎢ ⎝ TX ⎠ ⎝ RY ⎠ ⎝ RZ ⎠ ⎝ TY ⎠ ⎝ TZ ⎠ RX ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ ⎛ FX FY FZ MX MY MZ ⎞ ⎤
12
DF ⎢ maximum of ⎜⎝ TX , TY , TZ , RX , RY , RZ ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
GT STRUDL AISI89 Code
13. AISI89 Code
The AISI89 Code of GTSTRUDL may be used to check any of the following
UNISTRUT shapes:
P1000 P10013
P1001 P1001A3
P1001A P1001C41
P1001B P1004A
P1001C
The code is primarily based on the AISI “Specification for Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structural Members” adopted August 19, 1986 with December 11, 1989 Addendum.
The Specification is contained in the 1989 AISI Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual (1). The
AISI89 Code utilizes the allowable stress design techniques of the AISI Specification.
Design criteria for the above shapes are presented in Section 16. A detailed
discussion is presented on the allowable stresses for each of these shapes in Section 16.2
through 16.5. The following assumptions are made throughout the AISI89 Code.
1. The member under consideration is made of one grade of steel.
2. Members under compression force are checked for the effectiveness of the
cross-section. If the cross-section is not fully effective, the effective cross-
section area is computed.
3. Members under bending are assumed to be fully effective. The effectiveness

of the cross-section is checked; but if the cross-section is not found to be
fully effective, a WARNING message is issued.
4. The Load Capacity Determination procedure of the AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum is considered only.
5. Unreinforced section is assumed.
6. The sections of the AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum specifications
which are considered by the GTSTRUDL AISI89 code are summarized
below;
Provisions of AISI89 GT STRUDL
Section Title
B1.1(a)(1) Flange Flat-Width-to-Thickness considerations.

(a) Maximum Flat-Width-to-Thickness Ratios.
B1.2(a) Maximum Web Depth-to-Thickness Ratio.

(a) For unreinforced webs.
B2.1(a) Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements.

Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements.
(a) Load Capacity Determination.
B2.3(a) Effective Width of Webs and Stiffened Elements with Stress

Gradient.
B4.2(a) Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener.

C2 Tension Members.
C3.1 Flexural Members.

Strength for Bending Only.
C3.1.1(a) Nominal Section Strength.

(a) Procedure I - Based on Initiation of Yielding.
C3.1.2(a) Lateral Buckling Strength.

(a) For singly-, doubly-, and point-symmetric.
C3.2 Strength for Shear Only.
C3.3 Strength for combined Bending and Shear.
C4(a) Concentrically Loaded Compression Members.
C4(d) The Slenderness Ratio, KL/r.
C4.1 Sections Not Subject to Torsional or Flexural-Torsional

Buckling.
C4.2 Doubly- or Singly-Symmetric Sections Subject to Torsional

or Flexural-Torsional Bucking.
C5 Combined Axial Load and Bending.
GT STRUDL AISI89 Code
7. Torsional shear stress computation is performed based on the Saint-Venant
torsion. The torsional moment, (MT), about the shear center of the profile
is used in the Saint-Venant torsion as shown below.
MT = MX + EZ×FY - EY×FZ
8. The pure torsional shear stresses vary linearly across the thickness of an
element of the cross-section and act in a direction parallel to the edge of the
element. They are maximum and equal, but of opposite direction at the two
edges of the element.
9. Warping shear and normal stresses are not considered when torsional stresses
are checked.
10. Saint-Venant pure torsional shear stress is considered based on a thin-wall

open section without warping.
Tensile or compressive axial stresses, bi-axial bending, shear stresses due to beam
action, shear stresses due to torsional moment, and combined stresses are considered by
AISI89. Parameters allowing for the changes which occur in structural steel at high
temperatures have been included and may be invoked at the user’s discretion.
The properties used for each shape are defined separately under Section 13.1. The
parameters used by AISI89 are discussed in detail in Section 15. Section 16.1 defines the
general nomenclature used in describing the AISI89 Code. The equations used in AIAI89
to determine the acceptability of a profile are described in detail for each individual cross-
section in Sections 16.2 through 16.10.
This page intentionally blank.
GT STRUDL Properties Used by AISI89
14. Properties Used by AISI89 Code
This section describes the profile properties used by the AISI89 Code. Since each shape has
different properties that are required by the design code, the properties of each shape are listed
separately. The tables supplied with GTSTRUDL contain these properties required for design in
addition to the properties required for analysis. New tables created by the user should include the
same properties if the AISI89 Code is to be used. The orientation of the principal axes (Z and Y)
for each shape is shown in Figure 14-1.
Properties Used by AISI89 GT STRUDL
Figure 14-1 Local Axes for Design with AISI89
Figure 14-1 Local Axes for Design with AISI89 (Continued)
Figure 14-1 Local Axes for Design with AISI89 (Continued)
UNISTRUT P1000:
The member properties defined in the Table 'UNISTRUT' for the cross-section name
'P1000' are as follows:
AX* = cross-sectional area,

AY = shear area along the Y axis. The shear area is computed as the total area
of the profile flat depth,
= 2×INTYD×THICK
AZ = shear area along the Z axis. The shear area is computed as the area of the
profile flat width,
= INTZD×THICK
*
IX = torsional constant,
IY* = moment of inertia about the Y axis,
*
IZ = moment of inertia about the Z axis,
SY* = positive Z axis direction section modulus about the Y axis,
SYS = negative Z axis direction section modulus about the Y axis,
= SY,
SZ* = positive Y axis direction section modulus about the Z axis,
SZS = negative Y axis direction section modulus about the Z axis,
= IZ/(YD!YC)
RY* = radius of gyration about the Y axis,
RZ* = radius of gyration about the Z axis,
EY* = distance from the centroid to the shear center parallel to the Y axis,
EZ* = distance from the centroid to the shear center parallel to the Z axis,
THICK* = thickness of the Unistrut,
)))))))))
*
Section property is provided by the UNISTRUT Corporation (2).
YD* = profile depth,
INTYD = flat width of the element along the Y axis,
= YD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
ZD* = profile width,
INTZD = flat width of the element along the Z axis,
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
YC* = positive Y direction distance from the Z axis to the extreme fiber along
the Y axis,
ZC* = positive Z direction distance from the Y axis to the extreme fiber along
the Z axis,
GRPNUM = profile group number. Since Unistrut does not have group number (see
Tables 1 and 2 of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction), a value of 1.0
is assumed,
= 1.0,
SHAPE = a number that indicates the profile shape,
= 1000,
CW* = warping constant,
R0* = polar radius of gyration of the cross-section about the shear center,
*
JY = section property for flexural-torsional buckling along the Y axis,
*
JZ = section property for flexural-torsional buckling along the Z axis,
*
DLIP = Total width of the lip.
D = Flat width of the lip. The assumption is that the extra bend at the end of
the lip which adds an additional stiffness equivalent to an additional flat
width at the lip.
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
Corner radius (R = 3/32 inch).
UNISTRUT P1001:
The member properties defined in the Table 'UNISTRUT' for the cross-section name

= 4×INTYD×THICK
AZ = shear area along the Z axis. The shear area is computed as the total area
of the profile flat width,
= 2×INTZD×THICK
*
*
SY* = positive Z axis direction section modulus about the Y axis,
SYS = negative Z axis direction section modulus about the Y axis,
= SY,
= SZ
THICK* = thickness of the Unistrut,
)))))))))
*
INTYD = flat width of one element along the Y axis,
= YD/2 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
INTZD = flat width of the element along the Z axis,
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
YC* = positive Y direction distance from the Z axis to the extreme fiber along
the Y axis,
ZC* = positive Z direction distance from the Y axis to the extreme fiber along
the Z axis,
Tables 1 and 2 of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction), a value of 1.0
is assumed,
= 1.0,
SHAPE = a number that indicates the profile shape,
= 1001,
R0* = polar radius of gyration of the cross-section about the shear center,
JY* = section property for flexural-torsional buckling along the Y axis,
JZ* = section property for flexural-torsional buckling along the Z axis,
DLIP* = Total width of the lip.
D = Flat width of the lip. The assumption is that the extra bend at the end of
the lip which adds an additional stiffness equivalent to an additional flat
width at the lip.
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P1001A:
The member properties defined in the Table 'UNISTRUT' for the cross-section
name 'P1001A' are as follows:

= 2×INTYD×THICK
AZ = shear area along the Z axis. The shear area is computed as the total area
of the profile flat width,
= 4×INTZD×THICK
*
*
SY* = negative Z axis direction section modulus about the Y axis,
SYS = positive Z axis direction section modulus about the Y axis,
= IY/ZC
= SZ,
THICK* = thickness of Unistrut,
)))))))))
*
Section property is provided by UNISTRUT Corporation (2).
INTYD = flat width of one element along Y axis,
= YD/2 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
INTZD = flat width of element along Z axis,
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
YC* = positive Y direction distance from Z axis to extreme fiber along Y axis,
ZC* = positive Z direction distance from Y axis to extreme fiber along Z axis,
Tables 1 and 2 of AISC Manual of Steel Construction), a value of 1.0 is
assumed,
= 1.0,
SHAPE = a number that indicates profile shape,
= 1002,
R0* = polar radius of gyration of cross-section about shear center,
JY* = section property for flexural-torsional buckling along Y axis,
JZ* = section property for flexural-torsional buckling along Z axis,
DLIP* = Total width of lip.
D = Flat width of lip. assumption is that extra bend at end of lip which adds
an additional stiffness equivalent to an additional flat width at lip.
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P1001B:
member properties defined in Table 'UNISTRUT' for cross-section name

'P1001B' are as follows:

AY = shear area along Y axis. shear area is computed as total area of profile flat
depth,
= 2×INTYD×THICK
AZ = shear area along Z axis. shear area is computed as total area of profile flat
width,
= 4×INTZD×THICK
*
IY* = moment of inertia about Y axis,
IZ* = moment of inertia about Z axis,
SY* = positive Z axis direction section modulus about Y axis,
SYS = negative Z axis direction section modulus about Y axis,
= SY,
SZ* = positive Y axis direction section modulus about Z axis,
SZS = negative Y axis direction section modulus about Z axis,
= SZ,
RY* = radius of gyration about Y axis,
RZ* = radius of gyration about Z axis,
EY* = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to Y axis,
EZ* = distance from centroid to shear center parallel to Z axis,
)))))))))
*
= YD/2 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
assumed,
= 1.0,
= 1003,
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P1001C:

'P1001C' are as follows:

depth,
= 3×THICK×INTYD
width,
= 3×INTZD×THICK
*
*
IZ = moment of inertia about Z axis,
SY* = negative Z axis direction section modulus about Y axis,
SYS = positive Z axis direction section modulus about Y axis,
= IY/ZC
= IZ/1.574, 1.574 is distance from Z axis to extreme fiber in negative
Z direction,
)))))))))
*
= YD/2 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
assumed,
= 1.0,
= 1004,
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P10013:


depth,
= 6×INTYD×THICK
width,
= 3×INTZD×THICK
*
*
= SY,
= IZ/(YD!YC)
)))))))))
*
= YD/3 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
assumed,
= 1.0,
= 1005,
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P1001A3:

'P1001A3' are as follows:

depth,
= 5×INTYD×THICK
width,
= 4×INTZD×THICK
*
*
SY* = negative Z axis direction section modulus about Y axis,
SYS = positive Z axis direction section modulus about Y axis,
= IY/ZC
= IZ/YC
= SZ,
)))))))))
*
= YD/3 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
YC* = positive Y direction distance from Z axis to extreme fiber along tzhe Y
axis,
assumed,
= 1.0,
= 1006,
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P1001C41:

'P1001C41' are as follows:

depth,
= 8×INTYD×THICK
AZ = shear area along Z axis. shear area is computed as of total area of profile
flat width,
= 4×INTZD×THICK
*
*
= SY,
= SZ,
)))))))))
*

= YD/2 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
INTZD = flat width of one element along Z axis,
= ZD/2 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
assumed,
= 1.0,
= 1010,
*
R0 = polar radius of gyration of cross-section about shear center,
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
UNISTRUT P1004A:

'P1004A' are as follows:

depth,
= 2[(4.0!4(THICK+3/32**))THICK] +
4[(1.625-2(THICK+3/32**))THICK)]
width,
= 2×INTZD×THICK
*
*
IY = moment of inertia about Y axis,
IZ* = moment of inertia about Z axis,
= SY,
= SZ,
)))))))))
*
**

= YD/3 ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32**),
assumed,
= 1.0,
= 1012,
*
R0 = polar radius of gyration of cross-section about shear center,
= (3/8)!(THICK+3/32**)
)))))))))
*
**
GT STRUDL Parameters Used by AISI89 Code
15. Parameters Used by AISI89 Code
The parameters used by AISI89 code may be grouped into three general categories:
1) system parameters, 2) control parameters and 3) code parameters. The system parameters
are used to monitor the SELECT and CHECK Command results (Section 7.2 of Volume
2A). Control parameters decide which provisions are to be checked and specify comparison
tolerances. The third group, referred to as code parameters, are used to specify information
and coefficients directly referenced in the code. With the notable exception of CODETOL,
parameters of the second group are seldom used. A knowledge of the system and control
parameters allows the user greater flexibility when using the AISI89 code. The vast majority
of parameters fall into the code category and have a direct bearing on AISI89 code and the
results it produces.
For categories described above, the parameters used by AISI89 are presented below
and are summarized in Table 15-1. The control parameters are discussed first, followed by
the code parameters.
Parameters Used by AISI89 Code GT STRUDL
Table 15-1
Parameters in AISI89
Parameter Default Alternate

Name Value Values
A/H 10000.0 Real value

ALSTRINC 0.0 Real value
CantiMem NO YES
CB Computed Real value
CMY Computed Real value
CMZ Computed Real value
CODE Required AISI89
CODETOL 0.0 Percent Tolerance
COMPK NO YES
COMSHEAR YES NO, INFO
CTF Computed Real value
FRLX 1.0 Fraction of member length
FRLY 1.0 Fraction of member length
FRLZ 1.0 Fraction of member length
FXMIN 2.2 N Real value in active units
FYLD Computed Real value in active units
FYMIN 2.2 N Real value in active units
FZMIN 2.2 N Real value in active units
GAY Computed Real value
GAZ Computed Real value
GBY Computed Real value
GBZ Computed Real value
KX 1.0 Real value
KY 1.0 Real value
KZ 1.0 Real value
LX Member Length Real value in active units
LY Member Length Real value in active units
LZ Member Length Real value in active units
MXMIN 0.01in-lb Real value in active units
MYMIN 0.01 in-lb Real value in active units
MZMIN 0.01 in-lb Real value in active units
OMEGAc Computed Real value
OMEGAf 1.67 Real value
OMEGAt 1.67 Real value
PF 1.0 Fraction of area
Table 15-1 (Continued)
Parameters in AISI89
Parameter Default Alternate

Name Value Values
REDE 1.0 Reduction factor for E

REDFYLD 1.0 Reduction factor for FYLD
RFTORSHR 0.4 Real value
SDSWAYY YES NO
SDSWAYZ YES NO
STEELGRD A570GR33
SUMMARY1 NO YES
TBLNAM UNISTRUT
TRACE1 4 1, 2, 3
VALUES1 1 2, 3, 4
W/TMAX 60.0 Real value
1
A complete parameter description is given in the Section 7.2 of Volume 2A.
Control Parameters
CODETOL / 0.0, Percent tolerance
CODETOL allows the user to permit a reasonable tolerance in checks of the

code provisions. Checks of code provisions are made by comparing the ratio of
actual to allowable against an upper limit of 1.0. If the limit is exceeded, the
provision is failed. CODETOL specifies the percentage by which the ratio may
exceed the limit and still be acceptable. The general form of this comparison is
shown here:
With a CODETOL of 0.0, the default, an actual over allowable of 1.0001,

would be unacceptable and marked as a "fail". By specifying a value for CODET-
OL, the user is able to account for such cases when appropriate. A negative value for
CODETOL would bring the upper limit below 1.0.
Note that the parameter CODETOL is not intended to be used as an allowable

increase factor (for example the 1/3 allowable stress increase allowed by the codes
when the wind load is acting on the structure). Loading combination command
should be used for these conditions (LOAD COMBINATION ‘A’ ‘DESIGN LOAD
2’ COMBINED ‘DL’ 0.75 ‘LL’ 0.75 ‘WL’ 0.75) or parameter ALSTRINC (specify
a value of 0.3333 as fractional or 33.33 as percentage for this parameter) should be
used for 1/3 allowable stress increase. Multiplying the loads by the 0.75 factor will
result into the same effect as increasing the allowable stress by 1/3 (1.0 + 0.33 =
1.33, 1.0/1.33 = 0.75). The first problem with using the CODETOL parameter as an
allowable increase factor is that some equations like the interaction combined
stresses formula is not a linear equation (Equation C5-1 of AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum). The second problem is that the parameter CODETOL is based on
a member list not a load list, the allowable stress increases are normally based on the
loading conditions which cannot be specified by the GTSTRUDL PARAMETER
command for the CODETOL parameter.
FXMIN / 0.01 lb, Alternate value in active units
FXMIN specifies the smallest magnitude axial force which is considered by

the code. Thus any axial force whose absolute value is below the specified value for
FXMIN is treated as zero. This lower limit applies to both axial tension and
compression.
FYMIN / 0.01 lb, Alternate value in active units
FYMIN specifies the smallest magnitude shear force in the Y direction to be

considered. Any Y shear force that is shear through the web, whose absolute value
is below the specified value of FYMIN, is treated as zero.
FZMIN / 0.01 lb, Alternate value in active units
FZMIN specifies the smallest magnitude shear force in the Z direction to be

considered. Any Z shear force whose absolute value is less than the specified value
of FZMIN is treated as zero.
MXMIN / 0.01 in-lb, Alternate value in active units
MXMIN specifies the smallest magnitude X axis torsional moment which is

considered by the code. Torsional moments about the X axis are treated as zero
when their absolute value is below MXMIN.
MYMIN / 0.01 in-lb, Alternate value in active units
MYMIN specifies the smallest magnitude Y axis moment which is

considered by the code. Bending moments about the Y axis are treated as zero when
their absolute value is below MYMIN.
MZMIN / 89.0 N-mm, Alternate value in active units
MZMIN specifies the smallest magnitude Z axis moment which is considered

by the code. Bending moments about the Z axis are treated as zero, when their
absolute value is below MZMIN.
***
NOTE: Values given for FXMIN, FYMIN, FZMIN, MYMIN, and MZMIN should
always be greater than zero, so that checks of extremely small forces and moments are not
made. Forces and moments with magnitudes of 0.001 and less may be present due to
numerical limitations of the computer. In most structures, forces of this magnitude are
negligible when compared to the forces usually found in a member. Default values for the
minimums are appropriate for most applications.
Code Parameters
A/H / 10000.0, Actual a/h ratio
This parameter is used to specify the a/h ratio of a member, where “a” is the
clear distance between transverse stiffeners and “h” is the depth of the flat portion
of the web measured along the plane of the web. The default value of 10000.0 for
parameter A/H was chosen to represent the case of no stiffeners. An alternate a/h
ratio may be specified.
ALSTRINC / 0.0, Alternate value
ALSTRINC parameter can be used to specify the 1/3 allowable stress increase
value permitted by the AISI code for the wind or seismic loads. ALSTRINC is a
load dependent parameter. The 1/3 allowable stress increase value for this parameter
can be specified as a fractional or percentage value. Following describes the two
ways (fractional or percentage) that a value can be specified for this parameter.
1. A user specified value is assumed to be a fractional value when the

specified value is greater than 0 and less than 1.0. The computed allowable
stress is multiplied by the result of adding the user specified value for
ALSTRINC to 1.0.
(Allowable Stress) * (1.0 + ALSTRINC value)
Example:
PARAMETER
CODE AISI89 ALL MEMBERS
ALSTRINC 0.3333 LOADS ‘Wind-L’ ‘Wind-R’ ‘Seismic’
In the above example, the allowable stress is computed as follows for

loadings ‘Wind-L’, ‘Wind-R’, and ‘Seismic’:
(Allowable Stress) * (1.0 + 0.3333) = (Allowable Stress) * 1.3333
2. A user specified value is assumed to be a percent value when the specified

value is greater than 1.0. The specified value is divided by 100 and added
to 1.0. The allowable stress is then multiplied by the result.
(Allowable Stress) * (1.0 + ALSTRINC value / 100)
Example:
PARAMETER
CODE AISI89 ALL MEMBERS
ALSTRINC 33.33 LOADS ‘Wind-L’ ‘Wind-R’ ‘Seismic’
In the above example, the allowable stress is computed as follows for

loadings ‘Wind-L’, ‘Wind-R’, and ‘Seismic’:
(Allowable Stress) * (1.0 + 33.33 / 100) = (Allowable Stress) * 1.3333
CantiMem / NO, YES
This parameter indicates that a member or a physical member which is part of

a cantilever truss should be considered as a cantilever beam in the K-factor
computation. This parameter can be used in special cases when the program can not
automatically detect that the beam connected to the column is a cantilever. The
special case when this parameter may be used is when the beam that is connected to
the column is part of a cantilever truss system and the program automatically is not
table to detect that the beam should be considered as a cantilever beam in the
K-factor computation. Keep in mind that only true cantilever members or physical
members are detected automatically. A value of YES for this parameter indicates
that the member or physical member is cantilever.
CB / Computed, Alternate value
CB is the coefficient Cb used in the equation C3.1.2-5, Section C3.1.2 of the

AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum (1). This coefficient increases the elastic
critical moment (Me, equation C3.1.2-5 of AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum),
when a moment gradient exists over the unbraced length of the member. When
computing the default value of CB, the member is assumed to be laterally supported
(i.e., braced) only at the member ends. Using the formula below, CB is computed,
with M1 being the smaller member end moment and M2 being the larger member end
moment:
CB = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1 / M2) + 0.3 (M1 / M2)2 # 2.3
The sign of M1/M2 is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse
curvature bending) and negative when they are of the opposite sign (single curvature
bending). If the bending moment at each section under consideration exceeds both
member end moments, CB is taken as unity. Members subjected to axial and
bending moment CB is taken as unity. Only the sections identified by the user are
considered. See the SELECT and CHECK commands. Sections 2.6 and 2.8 of
Volume 2A, for a discussion of which sections are considered. In cases where the
actual unbraced length is less than the member length or when multiple inflection
points are present in the moment diagram, the use should specify a value for CB. A
value of 1.0 is always conservative and may be used in either of the preceding cases.
Figure 15-1 illustrates the computation of CB.
CMY / Computed, Alternate value
CMY is the moment reduction factor used in Equation C5-1 of the AISI 1986
Edition with 1989 Addendum (1) for Y axis bending. Computation of the default
value for CMY is shown in Figure 15-2. A member is considered to be restrained
unless a FORCE Z or MOMENT Y release is specified for one or both ends of the
member. If a member load causes Y axis bending, the member is considered to be
transversely loaded. Examples of such loadings would include MEMBER LOAD
Z direction forces and Y axis moments, or MEMBER DISTORTION displacements
in the Z direction and rotations about the Y axis. Member loads which are described
as GLOBAL or PROJECTED are rotated into the member’s local axis directions
before they are examined.
CMZ / Computed, Alternate value
CMZ is the moment reduction factor used in Equation C5-1 of the AISI 1986
Edition with 1989 Addendum (1) for Z axis bending. Computation of the default
value for CMZ is shown in Figure 15-2. A member is considered to be restrained
unless a FORCE Y or MOMENT Z release is specified for one or both ends of the
member. If a member load causes Z axis bending, the member is considered to be
transversely loaded. Examples of such loadings would include MEMBER LOAD
Y direction forces and Z axis moments, or MEMBER DISTORTION displacements
in the Y direction and rotations about the Z axis. Member loads which are described
as GLOBAL or PROJECTED are rotated into the member’s local axis directions
before they are examined.
CODE / Required
The CODE parameter indicates the Code procedure which should be used for
designing or checking a member. A value of AISI89 must be specified for this
parameter to check Code based on AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum. AISI89
design or Code check is based on the AISI “Specification for the Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members”, adopted August 19, 1986 with December 11,
1989 Addendum (1).
Figure 15-1 Computation of CB and CTF
Figure 15-2 Computation of CMY and CMZ
COMPK / NO, YES, KY, KZ
The COMPK parameter is used to specify how the values of the effective
length parameters KY and KZ are defined. The default value of NO indicates that
the values of KY and KZ are either specified by the user or taken as 1.0 by default.
The value of YES indicates that the values of KY and KZ are to be computed
by GTSTRUDL in the member selection and code check procedures (SELECT or
CHECK command). The K-factors computed by GTSTRUDL is based on the AISC
(American Institute of Stee Construction) guidelines. If the value of COMPK is
NO, the values of KY and KZ are taken as either specified by the user or as 1.0 by
default.
The value of KY or KZ for the parameter COMPK indicates that only the
specified effective length factor should be computed. Refer to Section 2.2 of
Volume 2A for more discussion of the effective length factor computation.
COMSHEAR / YES, NO, INFO
This parameter is used to indicate if the combined shear and bending stresses
in the Y and Z axes should be checked according to the equations shown in the
provisions COMSHEAR and COMBINED (Section 16.2). The default value of YES
indicates that the provisions COMSHEAR and COMBINED should be checked
(pass/fail condition). The value of NO indicates that the provisions COMSHEAR
and COMBINED should not be checked. The value of INFO indicates that the
provisions COMSHEAR and COMBINED should be checked as user information
only and the actual/allowable ratio of these provisions should not affect the pass or
failure of the member.
CTF / Computed, Alternate value
This parameter is used to specify the end moment coefficient (CTF). CTF is
used in computed elastic critical moment (Me, equation C3.1.1-6, Section C3.1.2 of
AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum). When computing the default value of
CTF, the member is assumed to be laterally supported (i.e. braced) only at the
member ends. Using the formula below, CTF is computed, with M1 being the
smaller member end and moment with M2 being the larger member end moment:
CTF = 0.6 - 0.4 (M1 / M2)
The sign of M1 / M2 is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse
curvature bending) and negative when the are of the opposite signs (single curvature
bending). If the bending moment at each section under consideration exceeds both
member end moments, CTF is taken as unity. For members subjected to axial and
bending moment, CTF is taken as unity. Only the section identified by the user are
considered. See the SELECT and CHECK command, Sections 2.6 and 2.8 of
Volume 2A, for a discussion of which sections are considered. In cases where the
actual unbraced length is less that the member length or when the multiple inflection
points are present in the moment diagram, the user should specify the value for CTF.
A value of 1.0 is always conservative and may be used in either of the preceding
cases. Figure 15-1 illustrates the computation of CTF.
FRLX / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRLX specifies the unbraced length of torsional buckling, LX, as a fraction of

the member's effective length. FRLX may be less than or greater than 1.0. This
option works only when LX is computed.
FRLY / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRLY specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Y axis, LY, as a
fraction of the member's effective length. FRLY may be less than or greater than
1.0. This option works only when LY is computed.
FRLZ / 1.0, Fraction of member length
FRLZ specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Z axis, LZ, as a
fraction of the member's effective length. FRLZ may be less than or greater than 1.0.
This option works only when LZ is computed.
FYLD / Computed, Alternate value in active units
FYLD may be used to specify the yield strength of a member, rather than
having it computed from STEELGRD. When FYLD is specified for a member, its
value remains constant irrespective of profile size under consideration. The value
of STEELGRD is not considered for such members, even if it was specified. If no
value specified for the parameter FYLD, a default yield stress of 33 ksi is assumed
based on the A570GR33 steel grade.
GAY / Computed, Alternative value
GAY is the G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAY is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KY (see parameter COMPK and KY).
GAZ / Computed, Alternative value
GAZ is the G-factor at the start joint of the member. GAZ is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KZ (see parameter COMPK and KZ).
GBY / Computed, Alternative value
GBY is the G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBY is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KY (see parameter COMPK and KY).
GBZ / Computed, Alternative value
GBZ is the G-factor at the end joint of the member. GBZ is used in the
calculation of the effective length factor KZ (see parameter COMPK and KZ).
KX / 1.0, Alternative value
KX is the effective length factor for torsional buckling. This parameter is used
in the computation of flexural-torsional buckling. A default value of 1.0 is assumed.
An alternate value may be specified by the user.
KY / 1.0, Alternative value, computed
KY is the effective length factor used for buckling about the local member Y
axis (Figure 15-3), and its value is determined according to the following provisions:
(1) KY is taken either as 1.0 by default or as the alternative value specified by the
user, if the value of the COMPK parameter is equal to NO.
(2) KY is computed if the value of COMPK is equal to YES or KY. Refer to

Section 2.2 of Volume 2A for more discussion and an example of the effective
length factor computation.
KZ / 1.0, Alternative value, computed
KZ is the effective length factor used for buckling about the local member Z
axis (Figure 15-3), and its value is determined according to the following provisions:
(1) KZ is taken either as 1.0 by default or as the alternative value specified by the
user, if the value of the COMPK parameter is equal to NO.
(2) KZ is computed if the value of COMPK is equal to YES or KZ. Refer to

Section 2.2 of Volume 2A for more discussion and an example of effective
length factor computation.
LX / Computed, Alternate value in active units
LX is the distance between torsional buckling restraints. This parameter is

used in the computation of flexural-torsional buckling. The default is computed as
the effective member length times the value of the FRLX parameter. See the LY
parameter, below, for a description of the effective length. An alternate value in the
active units may be specified by the user.
LY / Computed, Alternate value in active units
LY specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Y axis, as shown in
Figure CAN97.2-1. The default is computed as the effective member length times
the value of the FRLY parameter. The effective length of a member is the joint-to-
joint distance, unless eccentricities and/or end joint sizes are given. When
eccentricities are given, the eccentric start-to-end length of the member is used. For
end joint sizes, the end joint size at both ends is subtracted from the effective length
which would have been used. LY may be specified larger or smaller than the
member's effective length, and no comparisons are made between the two. See
Section 2.1.8 of Volume 1 for a discussion of member eccentricities and end joint
sizes.
LZ / Computed, Alternate value in active units
LZ specifies the unbraced length for buckling about the Z axis, as shown in
Figure CAN97.2-1. The default is computed as the effective member length times
the value of the FRLZ parameter. See the LY parameter, above, for a description of
the effective length.
Figure 15-3 Local Axis Buckling
OMEGAc / Computed, Alternate value
OMEGAc is the factor of safety for axial compression (Sc). The default value
of OMEGAc (Sc) is computed according to the specification in the Section C4 of
AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum (see Provision OMEGAc). An alternate
value may be specified by the user.
OMEGAf / 1.67, Alternate value
OMEGAf is the factor of safety for bending (Sf). This parameter is used in the
computation of the allowable bending moment (Ma). A default value of 1.67 is
assumed. An alternate value may be specified by the user.
OMEGAt / 1.67, Alternate value
OMEGAt is the factor of safety for tension (St). This parameter is used in the
computation of the allowable tensile strength (Ta). A default value of 1.67 is
assumed. An alternate value may be specified by the user.
PF / 1.0, Fraction of cross-sectional area
PF is used to compute the net area for members subject to axial tension. By
specifying a value for PF, the user is able to account for holes which make the net
area less than the full cross-sectional area.
REDE / 1.0, Reduction factor for the constant E
The modulus of elasticity for a member is multiplied by this factor before use
in the design equations of the CAN97 code. The value of E specified in the
CONSTANTS command is not altered when used in analysis commands.
REDFYLD / 1.0, Reduction factor for FYLD
The parameter REDFYLD is a reduction factor for the yield strength, FYLD,
of a member. This parameter is intended to reflect the change in yield strength
which occurs at higher temperatures. An alternate use for REDFYLD would be to
introduce an additional factor of safety into the design equations. The yield strength
used in the provision is equal to REDFYLD multiplied by FYLD (REDFYLD ×
FYLD).
RFTORSHR / 0.4, Alternate value
RFTORSHR is the reduction factor applied to the yield stress to compute the
allowable torsional shear stress due to the torsional moments (see Provision PUR
TORS). The allowable torsional shear stress is computed as multiplying the
parameter RFTORSHR by the parameter FYLD (i.e., Allowable V1 = RFTORSHR
× FYLD). A default value of 0.4 is assumed. An alternate value may be specified
by the user.
SDSWAYY / YES, NO
SDSWAYY indicates the presence of sidesway about the Y axis of the

member. A value of YES indicates that sidesway is permitted; this is often referred
to as an unbraced frame. For braced frames, in which sidesway is prevented, a value
of NO should be specified. Figure 15-4 illustrates the direction of sway relative to
the column orientation.
SDSWAYZ / YES, NO
SDSWAYZ indicates the presence of sidesway about the Z axis of the

member. A value of YES indicates that sidesway is permitted; this is often referred
to as an unbraced frame. For braced frames, in which sidesway is prevented, a value
of NO should be specified. Figure CAN97.2-4 illustrates the direction of sway
relative to the column orientation.
SLENCOMP / Computed, Alternate value
SLENCOMP is the maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for a

member subjected to the axial compression. The default is computed as a value of
200.0 for compression members. An alternate value may be specified by the user.
STEELGRD / A570GR33
STEELGRD specifies the grade of steel from which a member is to be made.

Yield stress (FYLD) of 33 ksi is assumed for the A570GR33 steel grade.
Figure 15-4 SIDESWAY Conditions
W/T MAX / 60.0, Alternate value
This parameter is used to specify the maximum allowable overall flat-width-

to-thickness ratio, w/t. A default value of 60.0 is assumed based on the stiffened
compression element having one longitudinal edge connected to a web or flange
element, and the other stiffened element having a simple lip. An alternate value may
be specified by the user.
GT STRUDL Provisions of AISI89
16. Provisions of AISI89
This section presents the equations used in AISI89 to determine the acceptability of
a profile. The equations have been divided into provisions, where each provision represents
a comparison which may be output with the TRACE parameter and/or stored with the
SUMMARY parameter. Provision names, used in SUMMARY and TRACE output, are
given, followed by the equations used in the particular provision. Each provision is
accompanied by a brief description of the check being made and the section of the AISI
Specification on which it is based. Conditions which determine if a provision is to be
checked or not, are described before each provision. Symbols, parameters and properties
used in the provisions have been described in the preceding sections.
A special provision "NOTUSE" is used to indicate that no profile is available for the
desired grade of steel (STEELGRD), which is large enough to carry the forces acting on the
member. When this condition occurs no other provisions are checked for the member.
The remainder of this section is divided into five (5) subsections. Subsection 16.1
defines the general nomenclature for AISI89, and the remaining subsections are shown
below.
Shape Subsection
P1000 and P10013 16.2
P1001, P1001B, P1001C41, and P1004A 16.3
P1001A and P1001A3 16.4
P1001C 16.5
GT STRUDL General Nomenclature for AISI89
16.1 General Nomenclature for AISI89
This section defines the symbols used in describing the provisions of the AISI89
code. To minimize confusion, the notation of the AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum
specification is used whenever possible. Symbols that are determined from parameters are
identified in this section. When appropriate, the units of a symbol are shown after its
definition.
A = Cross-section area (in.2).

= AX (Table property)
2
AX = The cross-sectional area (in. ).
= A
AXEFF = The fraction of the axial stress which is deducted from
the bending stress in the opposite direction (parameter
"AXEFF").
AY = The shear area along the Y axis. The shear area is
computed as the total area of the profile flat depth (in.2).
AZ = The shear area along the Z axis. The shear area is
computed as the area of the profile flat width (in.2).
Ae = Effective area at the stress Fn (in.2).
An = Net area of cross-section (in.2).
a/h = The ratio of clear span between transverse stiffeners to
the depth of the flat portion of the width (Parameter
A/H).
b = Effective design width of compression element (in.).
bES = Effective width of the element with an edge stiffener at
the stress Fn or Fy (in.).
be = Effective design width of element (in.).
bs = Effective width of stiffened element at the stress Fn or Fy
(in.).
CMY = Coefficient applied to the Y axis bending term in the
interaction formula (Parameter).
= Cmy
CMZ = Coefficient applied to the Z axis bending term in the
interaction formula (Parameter).
= Cmz

General Nomenclature for AISI89 GT STRUDL
CW = The warping constant (in.6).

= Cw
CB = Parameter for bending coefficient.
= Cb
Cb = Bending coefficient.
= CB (Parameter)
Cmy = Coefficient applied to the Y axis bending term in the
interaction formula whose value is computed according
to AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum recommen-
dations (AISI Section C5, and parameter CMY).
= CMY (Parameter)
Cmz = Coefficient applied to the Z axis bending term in the
interaction formula whose value is computed according
to AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum recommen-
dations (AISI Section C5, and parameter CMZ).
= CMZ (Parameter)
COMSHEAR = Parameter requesting the combination of the shear stress,
axial compression, and bending stress (Parameter).
Cs = Coefficient for lateral torsional buckling.
CTF = End moment coefficient in interaction formula.
Cv = Shear stiffener coefficient.
Cw = Torsional warping constant of the cross-section (in.6).
= CW (Table property)
D = Overall depth (in.).
DLIP = Total width of the lip (in.).
d = Flat width of the element (in.).
E = Modulus of elasticity (ksi).
EY = The distance from the centroid to the shear center
parallel to the Y axis (in.).
= x0 (depends on the cross-section)
EZ = The distance from the centroid to the shear center
parallel to the Z axis (in.).
= x0 (depends on the cross-section)
FX = Actual axial tension or compression force on the member
(kip).

= T, for tension force.

= P, for compression force.
FY = Actual shear force in the Y axis direction (kip).
= Vy
FYLD = The yield strength of steel (ksi) (Parameter).
= Fy
FZ = Actual shear force in the Z axis direction (kip).
= Vz
Fe = Elastic or torsional flexural buckling stress (ksi).
Fec4.2-1 = Torsional flexural buckling stress computed according to
AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C4.2
(ksi).
Fey = Elastic flexural buckling stress about the member Y axis
(ksi).
Fez = Elastic flexural buckling stress about the member Z axis
(ksi).
Fn = Nominal buckling stress (ksi).
Fy = The yield strength of steel (ksi) (parameters FYLD and
REDFYLD).
f = Stress in the compression element computed on the basis
of the effective design width (ksi).
f1 = Web compression stress (ksi).
f2 = Web tension stress (ksi).
G = Shear modulus (ksi).
h = Depth of flat portion of the flange or web measured
along the plane of flange or web (in.).
INTYD = The flat width of one element along the Y axis (in.).
INTZD = The flat width of one element along the Z axis (in.).
IX = The torsional constant (in.4).
= J
IY = The moment of inertia about the Y axis (in.4).
= Iy
IZ = The moment of inertia about the Z axis (in.4).
= Iz

Ia = Adequate moment of inertia of stiffener so that each

component will behave as a stiffened element (in.4).
Is = Moment of inertia of the full stiffener about its own
centroidal axis parallel to the element to be stiffened
(in.4).
Iy = Moment of inertia of the full, unreduced cross-section
about the Y axis (in.4).
= IY (Table property)
Iz = Moment of inertia of the full, unreduced cross-section
about the Z axis (in.4).
= IZ (Table property)
J = Torsional constant of the cross-section (in.4).
= IX (Table property)
JY = Section property for flexural-torsional buckling along the
Y axis (in.).
= jy
JZ = Section property for flexural-torsional buckling along the
Z axis (in.).
= jz
jy = Section property for flexural-torsional buckling (in.).
= JY (Table property)
jz = Section property for flexural-torsional buckling (in.).
= JZ (Table property)
Kt = Effective length factor for torsional buckling.
= KX (Parameter)
Ky = Effective length factor used for buckling about the local
member Y axis.
= KY (Parameter)
Kz = Effective length factor used for buckling about the local
member Z axis.
= KZ (Parameter)
k = Plate buckling coefficient.
kv = Shear buckling coefficient.
Lt = Unbraced length for torsional buckling (in.).

= LX (Parameter)
Ly = Actual unbraced length for buckling about the local
member Y axis (in.).
= LY (Parameter)
Lz = Actual unbraced length for buckling about the local
member Z axis (in.).
= LZ (Parameter)
MT = The torsional moment about the shear center of the
profile (in.-kip).
It is defined as MT = MX + (EZ)FY ! (EY)FZ.
This computation accounts for any eccentricity between
the profile centroid and shear center.
MX = Actual torsional moment about the profile centroid (in.-
kip).
MY = Actual bending moments with respect to the centroidal Y
axes of the effective section (in-kip).
MZ = Actual bending moments with respect to the centroidal Z
axes of the effective section (in-kip).
May = Allowable bending moment about the centroidal Y axis
(in-kip).
Mayo = Allowable bending moment about the centroidal Y axis
determined in accordance with AISI Section C3.1
excluding the provisions of AISI Section C3.1.2 (in-kip).
Maz = Allowable bending moment about the centroidal Z axis
(in-kip).
Mazo = Allowable bending moment about the centroidal Z axis
determined in accordance with AISI Section C3.1
excluding the provisions of AISI Section C3.1.2 (in-kip).
Mc = Critical moment (in-kip).
Me = Elastic critical moment (in-kip).
Mn = Nominal moment strength (in-kip).
Mny = Nominal moment strength for bending about the Y axis.
Mnz = Nominal moment strength for bending about the Z axis.
My = Moment causing initial yield at the extreme fiber (in-
kip).
M1 = Smaller end moment (in-kip).

M2 = Larger end moment (in-kip).

n = Number of webs carrying shear force.
P = Actual axial compression force(kip).
= FX
PF = Area reduction factor for holes in members subject to
axial tension (Parameter).
Pa = Allowable compression strength (kip).
Pao = Allowable compression strength at the stress Fy (kip).
Pcry = B2EIy / (KyLy)2 AISI Eq. C5-5
Pcrz = B EIz / (KzLz)
2 2
AISI Eq. C5-5
Pn = Nominal axial strength of member (kip).
Pno = Nominal axial strength of member at the stress Fy (kip).
RY = The radius of gyration about the Y axis (in.).
= ry
RZ = The radius of gyration about the Z axis (in.).
= rz
R0 = The polar radius of gyration of the cross-section about
the shear center (in.).
r0 = Polar radius of gyration of the cross-section about the
shear center (in.).
=
RFTORSHR = Reduction factor applied to the yield stress to compute
the allowable torsional shear stress due to torsional
moment (Parameter).
Allowable Vt = RFTORSHR × FYLD
= R0 (Table property)
ry = Radius of gyration of cross-section about the Y axis (in.).
= RY (Table property)
rz = Radius of gyration of cross-section about the Z axis (in.).
= RZ (Table property)
SLENCOMP = Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for
member subjected to axial compression. Default value
is 200.

SY = Section modulus about the Y axis based on the positive

or negative Z axis direction (in.3). See the Table
definition for a specific UNISTRUT cross-section.
Definition may change based on the cross-section.
SYS = Section modulus about the Y axis based on the positive
or negative Z axis direction (in.3) See the Table
SZ = Section modulus about the Z axis based on the positive
or negative Y axis direction (in.3). See the Table
SZS = Section modulus about the Z axis based on the positive
or negative Y axis direction (in.3). See the Table
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calcu-
lated at a stress Mc/Sf in the extreme compression fiber
(in.3).
Se = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calcu-
lated with the extreme compression or tension fiber at Fy
(in.3).
Sf = Elastic section modulus of the full unreduced section for
the extreme compression fiber (in.3).
T = Actual axial tension force (kip).
= FX
Ta = Allowable tensile strength (kip).
THICK = The thickness of the cross-section (in.).
= t
t = The thickness of the cross-section (in.).
= THICK (Table property)
V = Allowable combined shear stresses (ksi).
Vt = Allowable torsional shear stress (ksi).
Vy = Actual shear force in the Y axis direction (kip).
= FY
Vay = Allowable shear force in the Y axis direction (kip).

Vz = Actual shear force in the Z axis direction (kip).

= FZ
Vaz = Allowable shear force in the Z axis direction (kip).
v = Actual combined shear stresses (ksi).
vt = Actual pure torsional shear stress based on Saint-Venant
torsion (ksi).
w = Flat width of element exclusive of radii (in.).
wc = The width of the compression or tension portion of the
element under stress gradient investigation (in.).
x0 = Distance from the shear center to the centroid along the
principal axis (in.).
= EY or EZ (Table property)
YC = The positive Y direction distance from the Z axis to the
extreme fiber along the Y axis (in.).
YD = The profile depth parallel to Y axis (in.).
ZC = The positive Z direction distance from the Y axis to the
extreme fiber along the Z axis (in.).
ZD = The profile width parallel to Z axis (in.).
1/"y = Magnification factors.
= 1/[1!(ScP / Pcry)]
1/"z = Magnification factors.
= 1/[1!(ScP / Pcrz)]
$ = Coefficient.
= 1!(x0 / r0)2
Ft = Torsional buckling stress (ksi).
D = Reduction factor.
8 = Slenderness factor.
Sc = Factor of safety for compression used in determining Pa.
Sf = Factor of safety for flexure.
St = Factor of safety for tension.

GT STRUDL P1000 and P10013
16.2 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUTS P1000 and P10013
Dimension Limits
B1.1 (Maximum flat width-to-thickness ratio, AISI 1986 Edition with

1989 Addendum, Section B1.1(a)(1))
Actual w/t = w/t
Allowable w/t = W/TMAX ; Parameter, default value is equal

to 60.
where:
w = Flat width of one element along the Y axis exclusive of radii.

= INTYD

P1000 and P10013 GT STRUDL
Effective Width Check
This section is used for the axial compression check and for checks of bending
moment about the member local y and z axes. The values of f, f1, f2, k, and w are set based
on the type of axial or bending check and are passed to this section. The provisions of this
section evaluate the effectiveness of the width based on the given values and compute the
"effective width".
B2.1 (Effective widths of stiffened elements, b, uniformly compressed stiffened

elements, load capacity determination, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section B2.1(a))
This provision checks the effective width of stiffened elements for the checks
of axial force and bending moment about the member local y and z axes. The
effective width check is performed for the computed value of k and f.
The effective width, b, of uniformly compressed elements is computed by one of the

following:
b = w when 8 # 0.673 AISI Eq. B2.1-1
b = Dw when 8 > 0.673 AISI Eq. B2.1-2
where:
D = (1!0.22/8)/8 AISI Eq. B2.1-3
AISI Eq. B2.1-4
f = Fn, based on the axial compression (Provisions

"C4-3" and "C4-4").
= Fy, based on the bending moment, AISI Procedure I of
Section C3.1.1.
= Mc/Sf, based on the bending moment, AISI Section C3.1.2.
k = Plate buckling coefficient.

= 4, based on the axial compression, for stiffened elements

supported by an element on each longitudinal edge.
= Values for different types of elements are given in the Provisions

"B2.3" and "B4.2".
w = Flat width of element exclusive of radii. This value is passed to this

provision from nominal axial force and bending computation
provisions.
B2.3 (Effective width of element with stress gradient, load capacity determi-
nation, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section B2.3(a))
This provision checks the effective width of element with stress gradient for the
bending moment about the Y and Z axes. The effective width check is performed for
a value of f1 and f2. The computation of the f1 and f2 values are shown in the flexural
member check section.
b = w when section is fully effective.
f1 = Input value for compression stress. This value is passed to this provision
from flexural stress computation provision.
f2 = Input value for tension stress. This value is passed to this provision from
flexural stress computation provision.
Q = f2/f1
k = 4 + 2(1!Q)3 + 2(1!Q) AISI Eq. B2.3-4
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed stiffened element (Provision

"B2.1"), with the above f1, k, and w.
be = Effective width b determined in accordance to the Provision "B2.1" with f1

substituted for f, k determined as above, and the width, w, of the element
under review.
b1 = be/(3!Q) AISI Eq. B2.3-1
For Q # !0.236
b2 = be/2 AISI Eq. B2.3-2

For Q > !0.236
b2 = be!b1 AISI Eq. B2.3-3
If b1+b2 > wc, Then the width is fully effective.
Where:
wc = The width of that portion of the element subjected to compres-
sion. This value is passed to this provision from allowable
flexure stress provision.
B4.2 (Effective widths for uniformly compressed elements with an edge

stiffener, load capacity determination, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
This provision checks the effective width of compressed elements with an edge
stiffener for the axial force and bending moment about the Y and Z axes. The
effective width check is performed for a value of f. The computation of f is shown
in the Compression Member (p. 16.2-7) and Flexural Member (pp. 16.2-14, 20,
23, 30, and 33) sections. The width of the element with an edge stiffener is checked
to see if it is fully effective.
AISI Eq. B4-1
f = Fn, based on the axial force (Provisions "C4-3" and "C4-4").

= Fy, based on the bending moment, AISI Procedure I of Section
C3.1.1.
= Mc/Sf, based on the bending moment, AISI Section C3.1.2.
Case I: w/t # S/3 AISI Eq. B4.2-1
b = w AISI Eq. B4.2-3

Case II: S/3 < w/t < S

b is checked according to the effective width for uniformly compressed
stiffened elements (Provision "B2.1").
Where:
For 0.8 $ D/w > 0.25
k = [4.82!5(D/w)](Is/Ia)n+0.43 and
k # 5.25!5(D/w)
AISI Eq. B4.2-9
For D/w # 0.25

k = 3.57(Is/Ia)n+0.43 # 4.0
AISI Eq. B4.2-10
where:
D = Total width of the lip.
= DLIP (Table property)
w = Flat width of the element with an edge stiffener.
Is = Moment of inertia of the full stiffener about its own

centroidal axis parallel to the element to be stiffened.
= d3t/12
d = Flat width of the lip.
= D (Table property)
Ia = 399{[(w/t)/S]!0.33}3t4 AISI Eq. B4.2-6
n = 1/2
Case III: w/t $ S
b is calculated according to the Provision "B2.1".
Where:
Ia = {[115(w/t)/S]+5}t4 AISI Eq. B4.2-13
n = 1/3
k and Is are calculated according to Case II.

Tension Member
Axial tension force.
FX $ FXMIN FX > 0.0
C2 TENS (Axially loaded tension members, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C2)
Actual T = FX
Allowable Ta = Tn/St AISI Eq. C2-1
where:
Tn = Strength of member when loaded in tension.
= AnFy AISI Eq. C2-2
An = Net area of the cross-section.
= PF×AX
Fy = Design yield stress.
= FYLD (Parameter)
= 1.67

Compression Member
Concentrically Loaded Compression Member.
*FX* $ FXMIN FX < 0.0
Step 1
Check slenderness ratio (Provision "C4(d)").
Step 2
Compute elastic or torsional flexural buckling stress, Fe (Provisions "Fe" and "C4.2-
1").
Step 3
Compute nominal buckling stress, Fn (Provisions "C4-3" and "C4-4").
Step 4
Check effective width of the stiffened element.
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed stiffened element
(Provision "B2.1").
f = Fn
k = 4.0
w = Flat width of the stiffened element.
= INTZD (Table property)
Step 5
Check effective width of the element with an edge stiffener.
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed elements with an edge
stiffener (Provision "B4.2").
a. Compute k based on the Provision "B4.2".

f = Fn
k = Computed according to the uniformly compressed elements
with an edge stiffener (Provision "B4.2").
w = INTYD
b. Compute effective width based on the Provision "B2.1".

Step 6
Compute effective area, Ae, at the stress Fn (Provision "Ae at Fn"). For computing
the effective area, Ae, use the effective widths computed in the Steps 4 and 5.
Step 7
Compute factor of safety, Sc, for axial compression (Provision
"OMEGA c").
Step 8
Compute ratio of actual axial load to allowable axial load, P/Pa (Provision
"C4a COMP").
Step 9
When P/Pa > 0.15 according to the check on Step 8 (Provision "C4a COMP"),
continue processing the next steps for the computation of the Pao (Provision "Pao").
Step 10
This step is the same as Step 4 with f = Fy.
Step 11
Step 12
Compute effective area, Ae, at the stress Fy (Provision "Ae at Fy"). For computing
the effective area, Ae, use the effective widths computed in Steps 10 and 11.
Step 13
Compute allowable axial load, Pao, determined in accordance with AISI 1986
Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C4, with Fn = Fy and L = 0 (Provision "Pao").

C4(d) (Slenderness ratio check, KL/r, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C4(d))
Allowable KL/r = SLENCOMP (Parameter)
where:
SLENCOMP = Parameter with a default value of 200.
C4a COMP (Concentrically loaded compression members, AISI 1986 Edition

with 1989 Addendum, Section C4(a))
Actual P = *FX*
Allowable Pa = Pn/Sc AISI Eq. C4-1
where:
Pn = AeFn AISI Eq. C4-2
Ae = Effective area at the stress Fn (Provision "Ae at Fn").
Fn = Nominal buckling stress (Provisions "C4-3" and "C4-4").
Sc = Factor of safety for axial compression (Provision "OMEGA

c").

Ae at Fn (Effective area at the stress Fn or Fy, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Ae at Fy Addendum, Section C4)
Ae is used to compute nominal axial strength, Pn and Pno.
Ae = A ! n1(w!bs)t ! n2(d!bES)t
When section is fully effective:
Ae = AX
where:
A = Cross-section area.
= AX
(Provision "B2.1").
bES = Effective width of the element with an edge stiffener at the
stress Fn or Fy (Provision "B4.2").
d = Flat width of the element with an edge stiffener.
= INTYD (Table property)
n1 = Number of stiffened elements.
= 1 For P1000
= 3 For P10013
n2 = Number of elements with an edge stiffener.
= 2 For P1000
= 6 For P10013
t = thickness of element
= THICK
= INTZD

C4-3 (Nominal buckling stress, Fn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C4(a), Equation C4-3)
When Fe > Fy/2
Fn = Fy(1!Fy/4Fe) AISI Eq. C4-3
where:
Fe = Elastic or torsional flexural buckling stress (Provision

"Fe").
When Fe # Fy/2
Fn = Fe AISI Eq. C4-4
where:
"Fe").
OMEGA c (Factor of safety for axial compression, Sc, AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum, Section C4(a))
When THICK < 0.09 inch or Fe # Fy/2
Sc = 1.92
When THICK $ 0.09 inch and Fe > Fy/2

where:
Fe = Elastic or torsional flexural buckling stress

(Provision "Fe").
Fe (Minimum elastic or torsional flexural buckling stress, Fe, AISI

1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Sections C4.1 and C4.2)
Fe = Minimum ( Fey , Fez , Fec4.2-1 )
where:
AISI Eq. C4.1-1
AISI Eq. C4.1-1
Fec4.2-1 = Torsional flexural buckling stress computed according

to AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C4.2 (Provision "C4.2-1").
C4.2-1 (Singly-symmetric section subject to torsional or flexural-torsional

buckling, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C4.2)
AISI Eq. C4.2-1

where:
$ = 1!(x0/r0)2
x0 = Distance from the shear center to the centroid along the

principal Y axis.
= EY (Table property)
r0 = Polar radius of gyration of the cross-section about the shear

center.
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-10
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-8
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
Pao (Allowable axial load determined according with AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum, Section C4, with Fn = Fy and L = 0, AISI 1986 Edition
with 1989 Addendum, Section C5, and C4(a), Equation C4-1)
When P/Pa > 0.15, compute Pao.
Pao = Pno/Sc AISI Eq. C4-1
where:
Pao = Allowable axial load determined in accordance with AISI 1986

Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C4, with Fn = Fy and
L = 0.
Pno = AeFy

Ae = Effective area at the stress Fy (Provision "Ae at Fy").

Sc = Compute at Fe = 4 and L = 0.
= 5/3 If t $ 0.09
= 1.92 If t < 0.09
Flexural Member ! Bending about Y axis.
*MY* $ MYMIN
Based on nominal section strength
Step 1
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed element with an edge

k = Computed according to the uniformly compressed element
f = Fy
w = INTYD (Table property)
Step 2
Check effective width with stress gradient of the stiffened element.
Compute effective width of stiffened element with stress gradient (Provision

"B2.3").
f1 = [(ZC ! (THICK+(3/32)))/ZC]Fy Compression
f2 = !f1 Tension
w = INTZD (Table property)
wc = ZC ! (THICK+(3/32))
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mny (Provision "C3.1.1 Y").

Based on lateral buckling strength
Step 4
Compute My, Fez, Ft, and Cb (Provision "Mc Y").
Step 5
Compute elastic critical moment, Me, check Me and then compute critical moment,
Mc (Provision "Mc Y").
Step 6
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed element with an edge

k = Computed according to the uniformly compressed element
f = Mc/Sf
Sf = SY (Table property)
Step 7

"B2.3").
f1 = [(ZC!(THICK+(3/32)))/ZC]Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = ZC ! (THICK+(3/32))

Step 8
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SY. SY is the elastic section modulus of the full
unreduced section about the Y axis.
Step 9
Compute nominal moment strength, Mny, based on the AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2Y").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mny calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Y" and
"C3.1.2Y" for the computation of May in the Provision "C3.1Y".

C3.1 Y (Flexural member, strength for bending only, AISI 1986 Edition
with 1989 Addendum, Section C3.1)
Actual M = *MY*
Allowable May = Mny/Sf AISI Eq. C3.1-1
where:
Mny = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according to

the Provisions "C3.1.1 Y" and "C3.1.2 Y".
Sf = Factor of safety for bending.
= 1.67
C3.1.1 Y (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of yielding,

AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C3.1.1(a),
Equation C3.1.1-1)
Mny = SeFy AISI Eq. C3.1.1-1
where:

= FYLD (Parameter)
lated with the extreme compression or tension fiber at Fy.
When the section is fully effective, SY is used.

C3.1.2 Y (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1)
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision
"Mc Y".
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated at
a stress Mc/Sf in the extreme compression fiber. When the
section is fully effective, SY is used.
Sf = Elastic section modulus of the full unreduced section for the
extreme compression fiber (equal to SY).
Mc Y (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
Mc = Me AISI Eq. C3.1.2-3
where:
My = Moment causing initial yield at the extreme compression fiber

of the full section.
= SfFy AISI Eq. C3.1.2-4
Me = Elastic critical moment.

= AISI Eq. C3.1.2-5
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-8
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9

Flexural Member - Bending about Z axis.
For UNISTRUT P1000
Positive Z axis bending.
MZ $ MZMIN
MZ > 0.0
Positive Z bending with

shaded area in compression
Step 1
Check effective width with stress gradient of the elements with an edge stiffener.
Compute effective width of the elements with an edge stiffener with stress
gradient (Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the
compression side of the cross-section.
f1 = {[YC!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Compression
f2 = !{[(YD!YC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension
w = Flat width of the elements with an edge stiffener.

wc = YC ! (THICK+(3/32))
Step 2
Compute nominal moment strength, Mnz (Provision "C3.1.1Z+"), for the

compression side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SZ for the computation
of Mnz.

Step 3
Compute My, Fey, Ft, and CTF (Provision "Mc Z+").
Step 4
Mc (Provision "Mc Z+").
Step 5
gradient (Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[YC!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !{[(YD!YC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Tension
wc = YC ! (THICK+(3/32))
Sf = SZ (Table property)
Step 6
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SZ. SZ is the elastic section modulus of the full
unreduced section (the positive Y axis direction portion).
Step 7
Compute nominal moment strength, Mnz, based on the AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2Z+").

Step 8
Use the smallest Mnz calculated based on the Provision "C3.1.1Z+" and
"C3.1.2Z+" for the computation on Maz in Provision "C3.1 Z+".

For UNISTRUT P10013
MZ $ MZMIN
MZ > 0.0
Step 1 Positive Z bending with

Check effective width with of the stiffened elements.

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = [(YC!(YD/3)+THICK)/YC] Fy
w = Flat width of the stiffened element
= INTZD
Step 2
Check effective width with stress gradient of the elements with an edge stiffener (top
element under investigation).
gradient (Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in
f2 = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension
wc = INTYD

Step 3
Check effective width with stress gradient of the elements with an edge stiffener
(middle element under investigation).
f1 = {[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Compression
f2 = !{[(YD!YC)!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension
wc = YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))
Step 4
Compute nominal moment strength, Mnz (Provision "C3.1.1Z+"), for the compression
side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SZ for the computation of Mnz.
Step 5
Compute My, Fey, Ft, and CTF (Provision "Mc Z+").
Step 6
Step 7

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = [(YC!(YD/3)+THICK)/YC]Mc/Sf

Step 8
Check effective width with stress gradient of the elements with an edge stiffener (top
element under investigation).
f2 = {[(YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32)))]/YC}Mc/Sf Tension
wc = INTYD
Sf = SZ
Step 9
(middle element under investigation).
f1 = {[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !{[(YD!YC)!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Tension
wc = YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))
Step 10
If the section is fully effective, Sf = SZ. SZ is the elastic section modulus of the fully
Step 11
Compute nominal moment strength, Mnz based on the AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2Z+").

Step 12
Use the smallest Mnz calculated based on the Provision "C3.1.1Z+" and

C3.1 Z+ (Flexural member, strength for bending only, positive Z axis

bending (Z+), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = MZ
Allowable Maz = Mnz/Sf AISI Eq. C3.1-1
where:
Mnz = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according to

the provisions "C3.1.1Z+" and "C3.1.2Z+".
Sf = Factor of safety for the bending.
= 1.67
C3.1.1Z+ (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of yielding,

Equation C3.1.1-1)
Mnz = SeFy AISI Eq. C3.1.1-1
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)
Se = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated

with the extreme compression fiber at Fy. When the section
is fully effective, SZ is used.

C3.1.2Z+ (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc Z+".
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated at a

stress Mc/Sf in the extreme compression fiber. When the
section is fully effective, SZ is used.

extreme compression fiber (equal to SZ).
Mc Z+ (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:



AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6

Cs = !1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
CTF = 0.6!0.4( M1/M2 )
where:
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends of

the unbraced length, and where M1/M2, the ratio of end moments, is
positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse curvature
bending) and negative when they are of opposite sign (single
curvature bending). When the bending moment at any point within
an unbraced length is larger than that at both ends of this length, and
for members subjected to combined axial load and bending moment,
CTF shall be taken as unity.

For UNISTRUT P1000
Negative Z axis bending.
*MZ* $ MZMIN
MZ < 0.0
Negative Z bending with

Based on nominal section strength shaded area in compression
Step 1

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Fy
Step 2
Compute effective width of elements with an edge stiffener with stress gradient
(Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the tension side of
the cross-section.
f1 = {[(YD!YC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Compression
f2 = !{[YC!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension
wc = YD!YC!(THICK+(3/32))

Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mnz (Provision "C3.1.1Z!"), for the

of Mnz.
Step 4
Compute My, Fey, Ft, and CTF (Provision "Mc Z!").
Step 5
Mc.
Step 6

"B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Mc/Sf
Sf = SZS (Table property)

Step 7
f1 = {[(YD!YC) ! (THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !{[YC ! (THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Tension
wc = YD ! YC ! (THICK+(3/32))
Step 8
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SZS. SZS is the elastic section modulus of the
full unreduced section (the negative Y axis direction portion).
Step 9
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2Z!").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mnz calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Z!" and
"C3.1.2Z!" for the computation on Maz in Provision "C3.1 Z!".

For UNISTRUT P10013
*MZ* $ MZMIN
MZ < 0.0
Step 1 Negative Z bending with


"B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = [((YD!YC)!(YD/3)+THICK)/YC] Fy
Step 2
(bottom element under investigation).
Compute effective width of elements with an edge stiffener with stress gradient
(Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the tension side of
the cross-section.

f2 = {[(YD!YC)!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension
wc = INTYD (Table property)
Step 3
(middle element under investigation, Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[(YD!YC)!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}FY Compression
f2 = !{[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension
wc = (YD!YC)!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))
Step 4
Compute nominal moment strength, Mnz (Provision "C3.1.1Z!"), for the

of Mnz.
Step 5
Compute My, Fey, Ft, and CTF (Provision "Mc Z!").
Step 6
Mc.

Step 7

"B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = [((YD!YC)!(YD/3)+THICK)/(YD!YC)] Mc/Sf
Step 8
(bottom element under investigation).
f1 = {[(YD!YC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = {[(YD!YC)!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Tension
Step 9
(middle element under investigation, Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[(YD!YC)!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf
Compression
f2 = !{[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Tension
wc = (YD!YC)!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))

Step 10
Step 11
Step 12
Use the smallest Mnz calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Z!" and

C3.1 Z! (Flexural member, strength for bending only, negative Z axis

bending (Z!), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = *MZ*
Allowable Maz = Mnz/Sf AISI Eq. C3.1-1
where:
Mnz = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according to the

Provisions "C3.1.1Z!" and "C3.1.2Z!".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Z! (Nominal moment strength in the tension side, Mn, based on the
initiation of yielding, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum,
Section C3.1.1(a), Equation C3.1.1-1)
Mnz = SeFy AISI Eq. C3.1.1-1
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)
Se = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated with

the extreme tension fiber at Fy. When the section is fully
effective, SZ is used.

C3.1.2Z! (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc Z!".
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated at a

stress Mc/Sf in the extreme compression fiber. When the section
is fully effective, SZS is used.

extreme compression fiber (equal to SZS).
Mc Z! (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:



AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6

Cs = +1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
CTF = 0.6!0.4(M1/M2)
where:
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends

of the unbraced length, and where M1/M2, the ratio of end
moments, is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign
(reverse curvature bending) and negative when they are of
opposite sign (single curvature bending). When the bending
moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger than that
at both ends of this length, and for members subjected to
combined axial load and bending moment, CTF shall be taken as
unity.

Combined Axial Load and Bending
Axial Tension and Bending
The next provision is considered when axial tension and uniaxial or biaxial
bending are present.
C5-3 TEN (Axial tension and bending, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C5, Equation C5-3)
AISI Eq. C5-3
Axial Compression and Bending
The next provisions are considered when axial compression and uniaxial or
biaxial bending are present.
C5-1 (Axial compression and bending, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
When P/Pa > 0.15
AISI Eq. C5-1

where:
1/"y = Magnification factors.
= 1/[ 1!( ScP/Pcry ) ]
1/"z = Magnification factors.
= 1/[ 1!( ScP/Pcrz ) ]

Pcry = B2EIy/( KyLy )2 AISI Eq. C5-5
Pcrz = B2EIz/(KzLz)2 AISI Eq. C5-5

When P/Pa > 0.15
AISI Eq. C5-2
When P/Pa # 0.15
AISI Eq. C5-3

Strength for Shear
Strength for shear only
*FY* $ FYMIN or
*FZ* $ FZMIN
C3.2a Y (Strength for shear only, shear in Y axis direction, AISI 1986
Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C3.2(a), Equation C3.2-1)
Actual Vy = *FY*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:
h = Depth of the flat portion of the element measured along

the Y axis.
= YD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
when a/h # 1.0
AISI Eq. C3.2-3
when a/h > 1.0
AISI Eq. C3.2-4

the depth of the flat portion of the width (Parameter A/H).
Nw = Number of elements carrying shear force.
= 2

C3.2b Y (Strength for shear only, shear in Y axis direction, AISI 1986
Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C3.2(b), Equation C3.2-2)
Actual Vy = *FY*
Allowable Vay = Nw0.53Ekvt3/h AISI Eq. C3.2-2
See Provision "C3.2a Y" for the definition of the variables.
C3.2a Z (Strength for shear only, shear in Z axis direction, AISI 1986
Actual Vz = *FZ*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:

the Z axis.
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
= 1 For P1000
= 3 For P10013

Other variables are defined in the Provision "C3.2a Y".
C3.2b Z (Strength for shear only, shear in Z axis direction, AISI 1986
Actual Vz = *FZ*
Allowable Vaz = Nw0.53Ekvt3/h AISI Eq. C3.2-2
See Provision "C3.2a Z" for the definition of the variables.

Torsional Member
Torsional Moment about the X axis
*MT* $ MXMIN
MT = MX + EZ × FY ! EY × FZ
Torsional shear stress computation is performed based on Saint-

Venant torsion, only. Torsional moment about the shear center of the profile
is used in Saint-Venant torsion.
PUR TORS (Pure torsional shear stress based on Saint-Venant torsion)
Due to the constant thickness of the UNISTRUT, pure torsional shear

stress is constant throughout the cross-section.
Actual pure torsional shear stress for P1000:
Actual pure torsional shear stress for P10013:
Allowable shear stress:
see Strength for Shear section (pp. 16.2-42, 43, 44) for Vay and Vaz.

Combined Axial, Bending, Shear, and Torsion
C3.3 (Combined bending, shear, and Saint-Venant torsional shear stress,

AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C3.3)
where:
Mayo = Allowable bending moment about the member local

y axis.
= Mny/Sf
Mny = Nominal moment strength (Provisions "C3.1.1 Y").
Mazo = Allowable bending moment about the member local

z axis.
= Mnz/Sf
Mnz = Nominal moment strength (Provisions "C3.1.1Z+"

and "C3.1.1Z!").
Sf = 1.67
Vay = Allowable shear force in the member local y axis

direction (Provisions "C3.2a Y" and "C3.2b Y").
Vaz = Allowable shear force in the member local z axis

direction (Provisions "C3.2a Z" and "C3.2b Z").
vt = Actual pure torsional shear stress based on Saint-

Venant torsion (Provisions "PUR TORS").
Vt = Allowable torsional shear stress (Provisions "PUR

TORS").

COMSHEAR (Combined shear and Saint-Venant torsional shear stress)
This provision is considered when the value for parameter

'COMSHEAR' is equal to 'INFO' or 'YES'. The default value for the parameter
'COMSHEAR' is equal to 'YES' (section 15)
Variables are defined in Provisions "C3.3".
COMBINED (Combined axial, bending, shear and Saint-Venant torsional

shear stress)
This provision is considered when the value for parameter

'COMSHEAR' is equal to 'INFO' or 'YES'. The default value for the parameter
'COMSHEAR' is equal to 'YES' (section 15)


GT STRUDL P1001, P1001B, P1001C41, and P1004A
16.3 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUTS P1001, P1001B, P1001C41, and

P1004A
Dimension Limits
B1.1 (Maximum flat width-to-thickness ratio, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section B1.1(a)(1))
Actual w/t = w/t
Allowable w/t = W/TMAX ; Parameter, default value is

equal to 60.
where:
= INTYD

P1001, P1001B, P1001C41, and P1004A GT STRUDL
"effective width".

Same as P1000 UNISTRUT, (Section 16.2).
B4.2 (Effective widths of elements for uniformly compressed elements with an

edge stiffener, load capacity determination, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989

Tension Member
FX $ FXMIN FX > 0.0
Actual T = FX
where:
An = Net area of the cross section.
= PF×AX
= FYLD (Parameter)

= 1.67

Compression Member
Step 1
Step 2
Compute elastic or torsional flexural buckling stress, Fe (Provisions "Fe" and "C4.2-1").
Step 3
Step 4

"B2.1").
f = Fn
k = 4.0
= INTZD For P1001, P1001C41,and P1004A (Table property)
= INTYD For P1001B (Table property)
Step 5



f = Fn
w = INTYD For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A
(Table property)
= INTZD For P1001B (Table property)
Step 6
Step 7

"OMEGA c").
Step 8
Compute actual axial load over allowable axial load, P/Pa (Provision
"C4a COMP").
Step 9
When P/Pa > 0.15 according to the check on the Step 8 (Provision
"C4a COMP"), continue processing the next steps for the computation of the Pao
(Provision "Pao").
Step 10
Step 11

Step 12
Step 13


Ae = AX
where:
A = Cross section area.
= AX
(Provision "B2.1").
= INTYD For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A
(Table property)
= INTZD For P1001B (Table property)
= 2 For P1001, P1001B, and P1004A

= 4 For P1001C41
n2 = Number of elements with an edge stiffener.
= 4 For P1001, and P1001B
= 6 For P1004A
= 8 For P1001C41
= INTZD For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A
(Table Property)
= INTYD For P1001B (Table Property)


C4.2-1 (Doubly-symmetric section subject to torsional or flexural-torsional

AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
where:
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
r0 = Polar radius of gyration of the cross section about the shear

center.
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-10
Pao (Allowable axial load determined according with AISI 1986 Edition
with 1989 Addendum, Section C4, with Fn = Fy and L = 0, AISI
1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C5, and C4(a),
Equation C4-1)

Flexural Member - Bending about Y axis.
*MY* $ MYMIN
Step 1
For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A

Compute effective width for uniformly compressed elements with an

edge stiffener (Provision "B4.2").

f = Fy
For P1001B, and P1004A


(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Fy where: Fy = FYLD
Step 2
For P1001, and P1004A

Compute effective width of stiffened elements with stress gradient

(Provision "B2.3").
f1 = [(ZC!(THICK+(3/32)))/ZC]Fy Compression

f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = ZC!(THICK+3/32))
For P1001B
Check effective width with stress gradient of the element with an edge stiffener.
Compute effective width with stress gradient of the element with an edge
f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = ZC!(THICK+3/32))
For P1001C41
Compute effective width of stiffened elements with stress gradient (Provision

"B2.3").
f2 = [(THICK+(3/32))/ZC]Fy Tension
wc = INTZD (Table property)
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn ( Provision "C3.1.1 Y" ).
Step 4
Compute My, Fez, Ft, and Cb (Provision "Mc Y").

Step 5
Mc (Provision "Mc Y").
Step 6
For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A


f = Mc/Sf
For P1001B, and P1004A


(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Mc/Sf
Step 7
For P1001, and P1004A


"B2.3").
f2 = !f1 Tension

wc = ZC!(THICK+(3/32))
For P1001B
Compute effective width with stress gradient of the element with an edge
f2 = !f1 Tension
For P1001C41

"B2.3").
f2 = [(THICK+(3/32))/ZC]Mc/Sf Tension
wc = INTZD (Table property)
Step 8
unreduced section about the Y axis.

Step 9
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision
"C3.1.2 Y").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1 Y" and
"C3.1.2 Y" for the computation of May in the Provision "C3.1 Y".

C3.1 Y (Flexural member, strength for bending only, AISI 1986 Edition
Same as P1000 UNISTRUT (Section 16.2)
C3.1.1 Y (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of yielding,

Equation C3.1.1-1)
C3.1.2 Y (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Mc Y (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:
My = Moment causing initial yield at the extreme compression fiber of
the full section.

= For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A
= P1001B
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-8
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9

*MZ* $ MZMIN
Step 1
For P1001, and P1001C41

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Fy where: Fy = FYLD
For P1001B


f = Fy
For P1004A

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC} Fy

Step 2
For P1001, and P1001C41

Compute effective width of elements with an edge stiffener with stress

f1 = [(YC!(THICK+(3/32)))/YC]Fy Compression
f2 = [(THICK+(3/32))/YC]Fy Tension
For P1001B

"B2.3").
wc = INTYD
For P1004A
Compute effective width of element with an edge stiffener with stress

gradient (top or bottom element, Provision "B2.3").
f2 = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension

Check effective width with stress gradient of the stiffened element (middle element,
Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Compression
f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1 Z").
Step 4
Compute My, Fey, Ft, and Cb (Provision "Mc Z").
Step 5
Mc (Provision "Mc Z").
Step 6
For P1001, and P1001C41


(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Mc/Sf

For P1001B


f = Mc/Sf
For P1004A

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC} Mc/Sf
Step 7
For P1001, and P1001C41

Compute effective width of the element with an edge stiffener with stress
f1 = [(YC!(THICK+(3/32)))/YC]Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = [(THICK+(3/32))/YC]Mc/Sf Tension

For P1001B

"B2.3").
f2 = ((THICK+(3/32))/YC)Mc/Sf Tension
For P1004A
f2 = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Tension
Check effective width with stress gradient of the stiffened element (middle element,
Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))

Step 8
unreduced section about the Z axis.
Step 9
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2 Z").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mn, calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1 Z" and "C3.1.2 Z"
for the computation of Maz in the (Provision "C3.1 Z").

C3.1 Z (Flexural member, strength for bending only, AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum, Section C3.1)
Actual M = MZ
Allowable Maz = Mn/Sf AISI Eq. C3.1-1
where:
Mn = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according to the

Provisions "C3.1.1 Z" and "C3.1.2 Z".
= 1.67
C3.1.1 Z (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of yielding,

Equation C3.1.1-1)
Mn = SeFy AISI Eq. C3.1.1-1
where:

= FYLD (Parameter)
with the extreme compression or tension fiber at Fy. When
the section is fully effective, SZ is used.

C3.1.2 Z (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc Z".

Mc Z (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:


For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A
For P1001B
Cb = Bending coefficient
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9

The next provision is considered when axial tension and bending about one
or both axis are present.
The next provisions are considered when axial compression and bending
about one or both axis are present.

Strength for Shear
Actual Vy = *FY*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:
the Y axis.
= YD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
when a/h # 1.0
AISI Eq. C3.2-3
When a/h > 1.0
AISI Eq. C3.2-4

= 1 For P1001B
= 2 For P1001, and P1004A
= 4 For P1001C41

Actual Vy = *FY*
Actual Vz = *FZ*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:
h = Depth of the flat portion of the element measured along the
Z axis.
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
= 2 For P1001, P1001C41, and P1004A
= 4 For P1001B

Actual Vz = *FZ*

Torsional Member
*MT* $ MXMIN
Torsional shear stress computation is performed based on the

Saint-Venant torsion. Torsional moment about the shear center of the
profile is used in the Saint-Venant torsion.
Due to the constant thickness of the UNISTRUT, the pure torsional

shear stress is constant throughout the cross-section.
Actual pure torsional shear stress:
see strength for shear section for Vay and Vaz.

C3.3 (Combined bending, shear, and Saint-Venant torsional

shear stress, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum,
Section C3.3)
COMBINED (Combined axial, bending, shear, and Saint-Venant

torsional shear stress)


GT STRUDL P1001A and P1001A3
16.4 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUTS P1001A and P1001A3
Dimension Limits

Actual w/t = w/t
Allowable w/t = W/TMAX ; Parameter, default value is

equal to 60.
where:

= INTYD

P1001A and P1001A3 GT STRUDL
"effective width".



Tension Member
FX $ FXMIN FX > 0.0
Actual T = FX
where:
= PF×AX
= FYLD (Parameter)
= 1.67

Compression Member
Step 1
Step 2
1").
Step 3
Step 4

"B2.1").
f = Fn
k = 4.0
= INTYD For P1001A (Table property)
= INTZD For P1001A3 (Table property)
Step 5
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed elements with an edge stiffener
(Provision "B4.2").

f = Fn

w = INTZD For P1001A (Table property)
= INTYD For P1001A3 (Table property)
Step 6
Step 7

"OMEGA c").
Step 8
"C4a COMP").
Step 9
(Provision "Pao").
Step 10
Step 11

Step 12
Step 13


Ae = AX
where:
= AX
(Provision "B2.1").
*
= 2 For P1001A
= 3 For P1001A3
S))))))))Q
*
Since INTYD = INTZD for P1001A3, the above definition for d and w is satisfactory.

n2* = Number of elements with an edge stiffener.

= 4 For P1001A
= 6 For P1001A3
= INTYD
Addendum, Section C4(a), Equation C4!3)
Addendum, Section C4(a), Equation C4!4)

S))))))))Q
*
Since INTYD = INTZD for P1001A3, the above definition for d and w is satisfactory.

C4.2-1 (Singly-symmetric section subject to torsional or flexural-torsional

AISI Eq. C4.2-1
where:
$ = 1!(x0/r0)2
x0 = Distance from the shear center to the centroid along the principal Z
axis.
= EZ (Table property)
r0 = Polar radius of gyration of the cross section about the shear center.
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-10
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-8
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9

Positive Y axis bending
*MY* $ MYMIN
MY > 0.0
P1001A P1001A3
Positive Y bending with shaded area in Compression
Step 1
For P1001A3
Check effective width of the elements with an edge stiffener.

k = Computed according the uniformly compressed ele-

ments with an edge stiffener (Provision "B4.2").
F = Fy
w = INTYD

For P1001A and P1001A3

Check effective width with stress gradient of the elements with an edge
stiffener or the stiffened element.
Compute effective width of the elements with stress gradient

(Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the
f1 = {[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy
Compression
f2 = !{[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Tension

wc = ZD!ZC!(THICK+(3/32))
Step 2
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1Y+"), for the

compression side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SY for the compu-
tation of Mn.
Step 3
Compute My, Fez, Ft, and CTF (Provision "Mc Y+").
Step 4
Compute elastic critical moment, Me, check Me and then compute critical
moment, Mc (Provision "Mc Y+").
Step 5
For P1001A3

Compute effective width for uniformly compressed elements with

an edge stiffener (Provision "B4.2").
k = Computed according the uniformly compressed ele-

ments with an edge stiffener (Provision "B4.2").
f = Mc/Sf
For P1001A and P1001A3

Check effective width of the elements with stress gradient.
Compute effective width of the elements with stress gradient

(Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Mc/Sf
Compression
f2 = !{[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Mc/Sf Tension
Sf = SY
Step 6
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SY. SY is the elastic section modulus of the
full unreduced section (the negative Z axis direction portion).
Step 7
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the AISI 1986 Edition with
1989 Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision
"C3.1.2Y+").
Step 8
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Y+" and

"C3.1.2Y+" for the computation of May in the Provision "C3.1 Y+".

C3.1 Y+ (Flexural member, strength for bending only, positive Y axis

bending (Y+), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = MY
Allowable May = Mn/Sf AISI Eq. C3.1-1
where:
Mn = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according
to the Provisions "C3.1.1Y+" and "C3.1.2Y+".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Y+ (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of

yielding, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1.1(a), Equation C3.1.1-1)
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)

lated with the extreme compression or tension fiber at
Fy. When the section is fully effective, SY is used.
C3.1.2Y+ (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1

where:

"Mc Y+".
Mc Y+ (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum,

Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:
= AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6
Cs = !1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7

AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
CTF = 0.6!.4(M1/M2)
where:
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at

the ends of the unbraced length, and where M1/M2, the
ratio of end moments, is positive when M1 and M2 have
the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative
when they are of opposite sign (single curvature
bending). When the bending moment at any point
within an unbraced length is larger than that at both
ends of this length, and for members subjected to
combined axial load bending moment, CTF shall be
taken as unity.

Negative Y axis bending.
*MY* $ MYMIN
MY < 0.0
P1001A P1001A3
Negative Y bending with
Step 1

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Fy

For P1001A3

k = Computed according the uniformly compressed elements

f = Fy
Step 2
Check effective width of the elements with stress gradient.
Compute effective width of the elements with stress gradient (Provision

"B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the tension side of the cross
section.
f1 = {[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Compression
f2 = !{[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Tension
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1Y!"), for the

compression side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SY for the
computation of Mn.

Step 4
Compute My, Fez, Ft, and CTF (Provision "Mc Y!").
Step 5
moment, Mc.
Step 6

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Mc/Sf
Sf = SYS (Table property)
For P1001A3

k = Computed according the uniformly compressed

elements with an edge stiffener (Provision
"B4.2").
f = Mc/Sf
w = INTYD
Sf = SYS

Step 7
f1 = {[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/ZC}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !{[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/ZC}Mc/Sf Tension
Sf = SYS = IY / ZC
Step 8
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SYS. SYS is the elastic section modulus of
the full unreduced section (the positive Z axis direction portion).
Step 9
1989 Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2Y!").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Y!" and

"C3.1.2Y!" for the computation on May in Provision "C3.1 Y!".

C3.1 Y! (Flexural member, strength for bending only, negative Y axis

bending (Y!), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = *MY*
where:
Mn = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according to

the Provisions "C3.1.1Y!" and "C3.1.2Y!".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Y! (Nominal moment strength in the tension side, Mn, based on the
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)

lated with the extreme tension fiber at Fy. When the

C3.1.2Y! (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc Y!".

section is fully effective, SYS is used.
extreme compression fiber (equal to SYS).
Mc Y! (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum,

For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:
My = Moment causing initial yield at the extreme compression

fiber of the full section.
the extreme compression fiber (equal to SYS).

AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6
Cs = +1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
CTF = 0.6!0.4(M1/M2)
where:

the ends of the unbraced length, and where M1/M2,
the ratio of end moments, is positive when M1 and M2
have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and
negative when they are of opposite sign (single
curvature bending). When the bending moment at any
point within an unbraced length is larger than that at
both ends of this length, and for members subjected to
combined axial load and bending moment, CTF shall
be taken as unity.

*MZ* $ MZMIN
P1001A P1001A3
Step 1
For P1001A

k = Computed according to the uniformly compressed

"B4.2").
f = Fy

For P1001A3
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed stiffened

element (Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+2×(3/32))]/YC}Fy


"B4.2").
f = [(YC!(YD/3))/YC] Fy
Step 2
For P1001A
Compute effective width of stiffened element with stress gradient

(Provision "B2.3").

For P1001A3
Check effective width with stress gradient of the element with an edge
stiffener.
Compute effective width of element with an edge stiffener with

stress gradient (top or bottom element, Provision "B2.3").
f2 = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy
Tension
Check effective width with stress gradient of the stiffened element (middle
element, Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy
Compression
f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1 Z").
Based on lateral buckling
Step 4
Compute My, Fey, Ft, and Cb (Provision "Mc Z").
Step 5
moment, Mc (Provision "Mc Z").

Step 6
For P1001A


elements with an edge stiffener (Provision "B4.2").
f = Mc/Sf
For P1001A3

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+2×(3/32))]/YC} Mc/Sf

f = [(YC!(YD/3))/YC] Mc/Sf

Step 7
For P1001A
Compute effective width of stiffened elements with stress gradient

(Provision "B2.3").
f2 = [(THICK+(3/32))/YC]Mc/Sf Tension
For P1001A3
Check effective width with stress gradient of the element with an edge
stiffener.

f2 = {[YC!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Tension
Check effective width with stress gradient of the stiffened element (middle
element, Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC]Mc/Sf
Compression
f2 = !f1 Tension
wc = YC!(YD/3)!(THICK+(3/32))

Step 8
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SZ. SZ is the elastic section modulus of the
full unreduced section about the Z axis.
Step 9
1989 Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2 Z").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provision "C3.1.1 Z" and
"C3.1.2 Z" for the computation on Maz in Provision "C3.1 Z".

C3.1 Z (Flexural member, strength for bending only, AISI 1986 Edition
Same as P1001 UNISTRUT (Section 16.3).
C3.1.1 Z (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of

yielding, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1.1-1)
C3.1.2 Z (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
Mc Z (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum,


The next provision is considered when axial tension and bending about
one or both axes are present.
about one or both axes are present.

Strength for Shear
Actual Vy = *FY*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:

the Y axis.
= YD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
when a/h # 1.0

AISI Eq. C3.2-3
When a/h > 1.0

AISI Eq. C3.2-4

the depth of the flat portion of the width (Parameter
A/H).
= 1

Actual Vy = *FY*
Actual Vz = *FZ*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:

the Z axis.
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
= 4

Actual Vz = *FZ*

Torsional Member
*MT* $ MXMIN
Torsional shear stress computation is performed based on the

Saint-Venant torsion. Torsional moment about the shear center of the
profile is used in the Saint-Venant torsion.



Section C3.3)
COMBINED (Combined axial, bending, shear, and Saint-Venant

torsional shear stress)


GTSTRUDL P1001C
16.5 AISI89 Provisions for UNISTRUT P1001C
Dimension Limits

Actual w/t = w/t
Allowable w/t = W/TMAX; Parameter, default value is

equal to 60.
where:

= INTYD

P1001C GTSTRUDL
moment about the member local y and z axes checks. The values of f, f1, f2, k, and w are set
based on the type of axial or bending check and are passed to this section. The provisions
of this section evaluate the effectiveness of the width based on the given values and compute
the "effective width".



GTSTRUDL P1001C
Tension Member
FX $ FXMIN FX > 0.0
Actual T = FX
where:
= PF×AX
= FYLD (Parameter)
= 1.67

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Compression Member
Step 1
Step 2
1").
Step 3
Step 4

(Provision "B2.1").
f = Fn
k = 4.0
= INTZD* (Table property)
Step 5

))))))))))
*
Since INTZD = INTYD, only the effective width for one of the P1001C elements (top
element) is checked.

GTSTRUDL P1001C

f = Fn
w = INTYD*
Step 6
Step 7

"OMEGA c").
Step 8
"C4a COMP").
Step 9
(Provision "Pao").
Step 10
Step 11
))))))))))
*
Since INTZD = INTYD, only the effective width for one of the P1001C elements (top
element) is checked.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Step 12
Step 13

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Allowable KL/r = SLENCOMP (Parameter)
where:
SLENCOMP = Parameter with a default value of 200.

Actual P = *FX*
Allowable Pa = Pn/Sc AISI Eq. C4-1
where:
Pn = AeFn AISI Eq. C4-2
Ae = Effective area at the stress Fn (Provision "Ae at Fn").
Fn = Nominal buckling stress (Provisions "C4-3" and "C4-4").
Sc = Factor of safety for axial compression (Provision "OMEGA

c").

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Ae = A!(INTZD!bs)t!(INTYD!bs)t!2(INTYD!bES)t!2(INTZD!bES)t
Ae = AX
where:
= AX
(Provision "B2.1").
When Fe > Fy/2
Fn = Fy(1!Fy/4Fe) AISI Eq. C4-3
where:

"Fe").

GTSTRUDL P1001C
When Fe # Fy/2
Fn = Fe AISI Eq. C4-4
where:

"Fe").
When THICK < 0.09 inch or Fe # Fy/2
Sc = 1.92
When THICK $ 0.09 inch and Fe > Fy/2
where:

"Fe").

P1001C GTSTRUDL

Fe = Minimum ( Fey , Fez , Fec4.2-1 )
where:
AISI Eq. C4.1-1
AISI Eq. C4.1-1
Fec4.2-1 = Torsional flexural buckling stress computed according

to AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C4.2 (Provision "C4.2-1").
C4.2-1 (Unsymmetric section subject to torsional or flexural-torsional

buckling, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C4.2,
AISC LRFD Second Edition Appendix E, E3.(c)
Fe is the lowest root of the following cubic equation:
AISC LRFD 2nd A-E3-7
where:
AISC LRFD 2nd A-E3-8
AISI LRFD A-E3-11

GTSTRUDL P1001C
AISI LRFD A-E3-10
AISI LRFD A-E3-12
When P/Pa > 0.15, compute Pao.
Pao = Pno/Sc AISI Eq. C4-1
where:
Pao = Allowable axial load determined in accordance with AISI 1986

Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section C4, with Fn = Fy and
L = 0.
Pno = AeFy
Ae = Effective area at the stress Fy (Provision "Ae at Fy").
Sc = Compute at Fe = 4 and L = 0.
= 5/3 If t $ 0.09
= 1.92 If t < 0.09

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Flexural Member ! Bending about Y axis.
Positive Y axis bending
*MY* $ MYMIN
MY > 0.0
Positive Y bending with
Step 1


f = Fy
Step 2
Check effective width with stress gradient of the elements with an edge stiffener or
stiffener element.
Compute effective width of the elements with an edge stiffener or stiffened

element with stress gradient (Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is
assumed to be in the compression side of the cross-section.
f1 = {[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Compression
f2 = !{[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Tension

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1Y+"), for the compression

side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SY for the computation of Mn.
Step 4
Compute My, Fez, Ft, Cb, and CTF (Provision "Mc Y+").
Step 5
Mc (Provision "Mc Y+").
Step 6


f = Mc/Sf

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Step 7
stiffened element.
Compute effective width of elements with an edge stiffener or stiffened

element with stress gradient (Provision "B2.3").
f1 = {[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Mc/Sf
Compression
f2 = !{[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Mc/Sf Tension
Step 8
unreduced section (the negative Z axis direction portion).
Step 9
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision
"C3.1.2Y+").
Step 10
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Y+" and

"C3.1.2Y+" for the computation of May in the Provision "C3.1 Y+".

GTSTRUDL P1001C
C3.1 Y+ (Flexural member, strength for bending only, positive Y axis

bending (Y+), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = MY
where:

the Provisions "C3.1.1Y+" and "C3.1.2Y+".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Y+ (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of yielding,

Equation C3.1.1-1)
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)

with the extreme compression or tension fiber at Fy.
When the section is fully effective, SY is used.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
C3.1.2Y+ (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
"Mc Y+".
Mc Y+ (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:
My = Moment causing initial yield at the extreme compression fiber of

the full section.

Me = Minimum of (0.5Me1, 0.5Me2)
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-5

GTSTRUDL P1001C
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6
Cs = !1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
CTF = 0.6!0.4(M1/M2)
where:
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the

ends of the unbraced length, and where M1/M2, the ratio of
end moments, is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign
(reverse curvature bending) and negative when they are of
opposite sign (single curvature bending). When the bending
moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger than
that at both ends of this length, and for members subjected to
combined axial load and bending moment, CTF shall be taken
as unity.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Negative Y axis bending.
*MY* $ MYMIN
MY < 0.0
Negative Y bending with
Step 1

(Provision "B2.1").
k = 4.0
f = Fy
w = Flat width of the stiffened element
Step 2


f = Fy

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Step 3
stiffened element.
Compute effective width of elements with an edge stiffener or stiffened
element with stress gradient (Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is
assumed to be in the tension side of the cross-section.
f1 = {[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Compression
f2 = !{[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(ZD!ZC)}Fy Tension
Step 4
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1Y!"), for the compres-

sion side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SY for the computation of Mn.
Step 5
Compute My, Fez, Ft, Cb, and CTF (Provision "Mc Y!").
Step 6
Mc.
Step 7

(Provision "B2.1").

P1001C GTSTRUDL
k = 4.0
f = Mc/Sf
Step 8


f = McSf
Step 9
stiffened element.
Compute effective width of the elements with an edge stiffener or stiffened

element with stress gradient (Provision "B2.3")
f1 = {[ZC!(THICK+(3/32))]/ZC}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = !{[(ZD!ZC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/ZC}Mc/Sf Tension

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Step 10
If the section is fully effective, Sc = SYS. SYS is the elastic section modulus of the
full unreduced section (the positive Z axis direction portion).
Step 11
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.2Y!").
Step 12
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provision "C3.1.1Y!" and

"C3.1.2Y!" for the computation on May in Provision "C3.1 Y!".

P1001C GTSTRUDL
C3.1 Y! (Flexural member, strength for bending only, negative Y axis

bending (Y!), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = *MY*
where:

the Provisions "C3.1.1Y!" and "C3.1.2Y!".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Y! (Nominal moment strength in the tension side, Mn, based on the
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)


GTSTRUDL P1001C
C3.1.2Y! (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc

Y!".
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated

at a stress Mc/Sf in the extreme compression fiber. When
the section is fully effective, SYS is used.

Mc Y! (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:



P1001C GTSTRUDL
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-5
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6

Cs = +1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
CTF = 0.6!0.4(M1/M2)
where:
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending

moment at the ends of the unbraced length, and
where M1/M2, the ratio of end moments, is
positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign
(reverse curvature bending) and negative when
they are of opposite sign (single curvature bend-
ing). When the bending moment at any point
within an unbraced length is larger than that at
both ends of this length, and for members sub-
jected to combined axial load and bending mo-
ment, CTF shall be taken as unity.

GTSTRUDL P1001C
MZ $ MZMIN
MZ > 0.0
Positive Z bending with
Step 1
gradient (Provision "B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the
f2 = {[YC!INTYD!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension

Step 2
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1Z+"), for the compression

side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SZ for the computation of Mn.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Step 3
Compute My, Fey, Ft, Cb and CTF (Provision "Mc Z+").
Step 4
Step 5
f2 = {[YC!INTYD!(THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Mc/Sf Tension
Step 6
Step 7
Addendum, Section C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-1 (Provision "C3.1.1Z+")
Step 8
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provision "C3.1.1Z+" and


GTSTRUDL P1001C
C3.1 Z+ (Flexural member, strength for bending only, positive Z axis

bending (Z+), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = MZ
where
Mn = Smaller of the nominal strengths calculated according to the
provisions "C3.1.1Z+" and "C3.1.2Z+".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Z+ (Nominal moment strength, Mn, based on the initiation of yielding,

Equation C3.1.1-1)
where:

= FYLD (Parameter)

with the extreme compression fiber at Fy. When the section
is fully effective, SZ is used.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
C3.1.2Z+ (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc

Z+".
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the effective section calculated

at a stress Mc/Sf in the extreme compression fiber. When
the section is fully effective, SZ is used.

the extreme compression fiber (equal to SZ).
Mc Z+ (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:


the extreme compression fiber (equal to SZ).

GTSTRUDL P1001C
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-5
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6

Cs = !1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
CTF = 0.6!0.4( M1/M2 )
where:

the ends of the unbraced length, and where M1/M2, the
ratio of end moments, is positive when M1 and M2 have
the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative
when they are of opposite sign (single curvature bending).
When the bending moment at any point within an
unbraced length is larger than that at both ends of this
length, and for members subjected to combined axial
load and bending moment, CTF shall be taken as unity.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
*MZ* $ MZMIN
MZ < 0.0
Negative Z bending with

Step 1

k = Computed according the uniformly compressed elements with
f = Fy
Step 2

"B2.3"). The initial yielding is assumed to be in the tension side of the cross-
section.
f2 = {[(YD!YC)!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/YC}Fy Tension

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Step 3
Compute nominal moment strength, Mn (Provision "C3.1.1Z!"), for the compression

side. When section is fully effective, use Se = SZ for the computation of Mn.
Step 4
Compute My, Fey, Ft, Cb, and CTF (Provision "Mc Z!").
Step 5
Mc.
Step 6
Compute effective width for uniformly compressed elements with an edge stiffener
(Provision "B4.2").
k = Computed according the uniformly compressed elements with an

f = Mc/Sf

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Step 7
Check effective width with stress gradient of the stiffened elements.
Compute effective width of the stiffened elements with stress gradient (Provision
"B2.3").
f1 = {[(YD!YC)!(THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Compression
f2 = {[(YD!YC)!(INTYD+THICK+(3/32))]/(YD!YC)}Mc/Sf Tension
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Use the smallest Mn calculated based on the Provisions "C3.1.1Z!" and


GTSTRUDL P1001C
C3.1 Z! (Flexural member, strength for bending only, negative Z axis

bending (Z!), AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section
C3.1)
Actual M = *MZ*
where:

the Provisions "C3.1.1Z!" and "C3.1.2Z!".
= 1.67
C3.1.1Z! (Nominal moment strength in the tension side, Mn, based on the
where:
= FYLD (Parameter)


P1001C GTSTRUDL
C3.1.2Z! (Lateral buckling strength, Mn, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-1
where:
Mc = Critical moment calculated according to Provision "Mc Z!".

section is fully effective, SZS is used.

Mc Z! (Critical moment, AISI 1986 Edition with 1989 Addendum, Section

C3.1.2, Equation C3.1.2-2 or C3.1.2-3)
For Me > 0.5My
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-2
For Me # 0.5My
where:


the extreme compression fiber (equal to SZS).

GTSTRUDL P1001C
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-5
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-6

Cs = +1
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-7
AISI Eq. C3.1.2-9
= 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 # 2.3
CTF = 0.6!0.4(M1/M2)
where:
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the

ends of the unbraced length, and where M1/M2, the ratio of
end moments, is positive when M1 and M2 have the same
sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative when they are
of opposite sign (single curvature bending). When the bend-
ing moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger
than that at both ends of this length, and for members sub-
jected to combined axial load and bending moment, CTF shall
be taken as unity.

P1001C GTSTRUDL
The next provision is considered when axial tension and bending about one
or both axis are present.
about one or both axis are present.

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Strength for Shear
Actual Vy = *FY*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:

the Y axis.
= YD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
when a/h # 1.0
AISI Eq. C3.2-3
when a/h > 1.0
AISI Eq. C3.2-4

= 1

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Actual Vy = *FY*
Actual Vz = *FZ*
AISI Eq. C3.2-1

where:

the Z axis.
= ZD ! 2(THICK+3/32)
= 3

GTSTRUDL P1001C
Actual Vz = *FZ*

P1001C GTSTRUDL
Torsional Member
*MT* $ MXMIN
Torsional shear stress computation is performed based on the Saint-

Venant torsion. Torsional moment about the shear center of the profile is
used in the Saint-Venant torsion.


GTSTRUDL P1001C

Section C3.3)
COMBINED (Combined axial, bending, shear and Saint-Venant torsional

shear stress)

P1001C GTSTRUDL

GT STRUDL Appendix A:
Appendix A: References
1. Cold-Formed Steel Design Manuals, American Iron and Steel Institute,

Washington, DC, 1989.
2. General Engineering Catalog, UNISTRUT Metal Framing, North

American Edition No. 12, UNISTRUT Corporation, 35660 Clinton Street,
Wayne, Michigan, 48184, 1993.
3. UNISTRUT Corporation, Notes: 1994, Notes covering a copy of

UNISTRUT Section Properties, UNISTRUT Northern Area, 1500
Greenleaf, Elk Grove Village, IL, 60007, January 7, 1994.
UNISTRUT Appendix A - 1 Rev U

UNISTRUT GT STRUDL
End of Document.
Rev U Appendix A - 2 UNISTRUT

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GTSTRUDL® User Manual, UNISTRUT® Design, Revision V is applicable to Version 31

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1. GTSTRUDL UNISTRUT Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

UNISTRUT iii Rev V

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut Cross-Section Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 3

Table 2.1 AISI89 Code Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2

1. GTSTRUDL UNISTRUT Design

The organization of this volume is as follows:

(a) Section 1 is the introduction.

UNISTRUT 1-5 Rev U

1.2 UNISTRUT Shapes

Rev U 1-6 UNISTRUT

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut cross-section dimensions

UNISTRUT 1-7 Rev U

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut cross-section dimensions (Continued)

Rev U 1-8 UNISTRUT

Figure 1.2-1 Unistrut cross-section dimensions (Continued)

UNISTRUT 1-9 Rev U

This page intentionally left blank.

p-name = alphanumeric parameter name from Table 2.1.

v1, v2 = parameter values, which may be real or alphanumeric, as appropriate

For an explanation, please refer to Section 2.1 of Volume 2A.

UNISTRUT 2-1 Rev U

CODE Required Identifies the code to be used for member checking or

TBLNAM UNISTRUT Identifies the table of profiles to be used during selection.

A/H 10000.0 Ratio of clear span between transverse stiffeners to clear

PF 1.0 Area reduction factor for holesout in members subject to

Rev U 2-2 UNISTRUT

Table 2.1 (continued)

FYLD Computed Yield stress of member. Computed from STEELGRD if not

REDE 1.0 Reduction factor for E, the modulus of elasticity. Similar to

SLENCOMP Computed Maximum permissible slenderness ratio (KL/r) for member

W/TMAX 60.0 Maximum allowable overall flat-width-to-thickness ratio,

UNISTRUT 2-3 Rev U

Table 2.1 (continued)

COMPK NO Parameter to request the computation of the effective length

YES = Compute KY and KZ factors.

SDSWAYY YES Indicates the presence or absence of sidesway about the

SDSWAYZ YES Indicates the presence or absence of sidesway about the

CantiMem NO Parameter to indicate that a member or a physical member

Rev U 2-4 UNISTRUT

Table 2.1 (continued)

FRLY 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LY, allows unbraced

FRLZ 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LZ, similar to FRLY.

UNISTRUT 2-5 Rev U

Table 2.1 (continued)

LX Computed Unbraced length for torsional buckling about the local X

FRLX 1.0 Fractional form of the parameter LX, allows unbraced

OMEGAc* Computed Factor of safety for axial compression. This value is

Rev U 2-6 UNISTRUT

Table 2.1 (continued)

Safety factors (continued)

OMEGAf* 1.67 Factor of safety for bending.

OMEGAt* 1.67 Factor of safety for tension.