Third Edition

Mathematical Proofs
A Transition to
Advanced Mathematics

Gary Chartrand
Western Michigan University

Albert D. Polimeni
State University of New York at Fredonia

Ping Zhang
Western Michigan University

PEARSON

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 Contents

0 Communicating Mathematics
Learning Mathematics 2

What Others Have Said About Writing 4

Mathematical Writing 5

Using Symbols 6

Writing Mathematical Expressions 8

Common Words and Phrases in Mathematics

Some Closing Comments About Writing 12

Sets 14
1.1 Describing a Set 14

1.2 Subsets 18

1.3 Set Operations 21

1.4 Indexed Collections of Sets 24

1.5 Partitions of Sets 27

1.6 Cartesian Products of Sets 28

Exercises for Chapter 1 29

Logic 37
2.1 Statements 37

2.2 The Negation of a Statement 39

2.3 The Disjunction and Conjunction of Statements 41
2.4 The Implication 42

2.5 More on Implications 44

2.6 The Biconditional 47

2.7 Tautologies and Contradictions 49

iv
 (innti'iils V

2.8 Logical Equivalence 51

2.9 Some Fundamental Properties of Logical Equivalence 53
2.10 Quantified Statements 55

2.11 Characterizations of Statements 63

Exercises for Chapter 2 64

Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive 77

3.1 Trivial and Vacuous Proofs 78
3.2 Direct Proofs 80

3.3 Proof by Contrapositive 84

3.4 Proof by Cases 89

3.5 Proof Evaluations 92

Exercises for Chapter 3 93

More on Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive 99

4.1 Proofs Involving Divisibility of Integers 99
4.2 Proofs Involving Congruence of Integers 103

4.3 Proofs Involving Real Numbers 105

4.4 Proofs Involving Sets 108

4.5 Fundamental Properties of Set Operations 111

4.6 Proofs Involving Cartesian Products of Sets 113

Exercises for Chapter 4 114

Existence and Proof by Contradiction 120

5.1 Counterexamples 120

5.2 Proof by Contradiction 124

5.3 A Review of Three Proof Techniques 130
5.4 Existence Proofs 132

5.5 Disproving Existence Statements 136

Exercises for Chapter 5 137

Mathematical Induction 142

6.1 The Principle of Mathematical Induction 142

6.2 A More General Principle of Mathematical Induction 151

6.3 Proof by Minimum Counterexample 158
6.4 The Strong Principle of Mathematical Induction 161

Exercises for Chapter 6 165

Prove or Disprove 170
7.1 Conjectures in Mathematics 170

7.2 Revisiting Quantified Statements 173

7.3 Testing Statements 178

Exercises for Chapter 7 185

Equivalence Relations 192

8.1 Relations 192

8.2 Properties of Relations 193

8.3 Equivalence Relations 196

8.4 Properties of Equivalence Classes 198

8.5 Congruence Modulo n 202

8.6 The Integers Modulo n 207

Exerc ises for Chapter 8 210

Functions 216
9.1 The Definition of Function 216

9.2 The Set of All Functions from A to B 219

9.3 One-to-One and Onto Functions 220

9.4 Bijective Functions 222

9.5 Composition of Functions 225

9.6 Inverse Functions 229

9.7 Permutations 232

Exercises for Chapter 9 234

Cardinalities of Sets 242

10.1 Numerically Equivalent Sets 243

10.2 Denumerable Sets 244

10.3 Uncountable Sets 250

10.4 Comparing Cardinalities of Sets 255
10.5 The Schroder-Bernstein Theorem 258
Exercises for Chapter 10 262

Proofs in Number Theory 266

11.1 Divisibility Properties of Integers 266
11.2 The Division Algorithm 267
 11.3 Greatest Common Divisors 27!
11.4 The Euclidean Algorithm 272
11.5 Relatively Prime Integers 275

11.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 277

11.7 Concepts Involving Sums of Divisors 280

Exercises for Chapter 11 281

12 Proofs in Calculus
12.1 Limits of Sequences 288

12.2 Infinite Series 295

12.3 Limits of Functions 300

12.4 Fundamental Properties of Limits of Functions

12.5 Continuity 312

12.6 Differentiability 314

Exercises for Chapter 12 317

13 Proofs in Group Theory

13.1 Binary Operations 322

13.2 Groups 326

13.3 Permutation Groups 330

13.4 Fundamental Properties of Groups 333

13.5 Subgroups 336

13.6 Isomorphic Groups 340

Exercises for Chapter 13 344

14 Proofs in Ring Theory (Online)

14.1 Rings
14.2 Elementary Properties of Rings
14.3 Subrings
14.4 Integral Domains
14.5 Fields

Exercises for Chapter 14

15 Proofs in Linear Algebra (Online)

15.1 Properties of Vectors in 3-Space
15.2 Vector Spaces
15.3 Matrices
15.4 Some Properties of Vector Spaces
15.5 Subspaces
15.6 Spans of Vectors

15.7 Linear Dependence and Independence

15.8 Linear Transformations

15.9 Properties of Linear Transformations

Exercises for Chapter 15

Proofs in Topology (Online)

16.1 Metric Spaces
16.2 Open Sets in Metric Spaces
16.3 Continuity in Metric Spaces
16.4 Topological Spaces
16.5 Continuity in Topological Spaces
Exercises for Chapter 16

Answers and Hints to Selected Odd-Numbered

Exercises in Chapters 14-16 (online)

Answers and Hints to Odd-Numbered Section Exercises 351

References 394
Index of Symbols 395
Index 396