Know About Snakebite

Total ignorance prevails about snakes and snakebite in India and because of the deep-rooted superstitions many precious lives
are lost and snakes are hounded and killed.
About 25,000 to 40,000 people reportedly die of snakebite in India every year (However, the unreported cases may be even
more), mostly in rural India ; yet there is no organised effort to cope with the emergencies arising out of snakebites, especially
in rural India .

There are two important aspects of snakebite management, one is the first-aid, basically management of snakebite victim, and
then the timely medical management (antivenom serum therapy).

Since rural people have to rush to nearby towns and cities to get medical support, precious time is lost in travelling and in
organising transport. If one could understand about snakes, prevention of snakebite, the proper first-aid and transportation to
the proper medical facility, the fatalities due to snakebites could be reduced effectively.

In absence of any authentic information about snakes & snakebite for common man to deal with snakebite emergencies in India
, there are many myths about snakes and snakebites. The snake charmers and feature films with their vested interests, have
been adding fuel to the firewith misleading stories about snakes and snakebite.
As a result, people have more trust on false claims of treatment and most of the times people fall prey to quacks' treatment. Part
of the problem when someone is bitten, is the element of surprise, as people are usually not trained to deal with a snakebite
emergency. Preparation which includes knowing in advance about the basic knowledge about snakebite and how to get to the
nearest hospital– could greatly reduce anxiety and lead to more effective care. The best solution is to educate people -
disseminate information about snakes and snakebite - what are snakes, when and why do they bite, how to avoid getting bitten,
what to do when bitten, etc. It helps to understand that:

• All snakes are not venomous – so every snakebite is not going to result in death – it would save people from quacks.
And reduce the amount of panic and chaos.
• Even a venomous bite is not always fatal – because the severity of snakebite depends on many factors like the size of
the snake, whether the bite could be completed, whether it was a drybite or not, the age, physique and affected limb of
the victim.
• First Aid would enable a person to buy more time to reach medical aid on time.
• The only cure which is available is anti-venom serum injection and not quacks.
• First Aid - if not done properly could cause more harm than benefit.

Save the rural innocent/simple people from snake-charmers and quacks.

PREVENTION

How to Avoid Getting Bitten

• Avoid stepping out in the dark, especially during the monsoons, without a torch and boots.

• While walking through knee-high-grass, disturb the grass ahead with a stick to ensure that there are no snakes.

• On trekking and camping trips, while picking up a tree-bark or fire-wood for cooking, be careful about snakes, which may be
hiding beneath.

• Wear leather ankle shoes for outdoor activities.

• Keep your bags/haversacks and boots above the ground. Preferably closed to deny entry to snakes, these are good overnight
shelters for snakes.

• Before you wear your boots, hold its sole from toe side and bang the heel side on the ground several times to disturb any
snake or biting and stinging insects inside and let it go.

• During summer, when there is a scarcity of water, snakes may be attracted to cool spots near tents. So do not wet the soil
around tents.

• Rats or other small animals are attracted to left over food at night. Snakes are likely to follow rat tracks. Make sure that your
leftover food is thrown far away at a designated area or buried.

• While rock-climbing be careful of snakes in crevices.

• Drain-pipe openings of your kitchen and bathrooms should have fixed mesh caps (not hinged) to deny easy entry to snakes,
which may stray in while chasing rats or to hide in cool and dark place. A snake can reach your bathroom via the network of
drains.

• Avoid rock-garden and rockery in your lawn. It is the most suitable place for snakes.

• Pathways should be well lit, avoid paving with loose tiles.

• Avoid making water ponds at home.

• All windows should be fitted with mesh.

• Mesh in front of desert-cooler is essential. It is an easy way for a snake to make entry into your house.

• The bottom of doors should have rubber lining, on the outside, to stop the gap, so to prevent any snake creeping in. One of
the best ways for snakes to make entry into your house.

• After any construction work at home, remove all the rubbles immediately. It gives shelter to snakes.

• There should not be any vegetation (such as creeper, bush or small tree) touching the walls of the house, which can help a
snake to climb to windows and any ventilators.

• Disinfactants with pungent smells, like phenyl may be regularly used to wipe the floor and in the drains. Snakes avoid
unpleasant smell.

• In India , mostly, the electric switch for the bathroom is installed inside the batroom. In such situation, anyone visiting the
bathroom has to step in dark bathroom first and if there is a snake, one will be bitten for sure. Install electric switches outside
the door of your bathroom.

• Snakes love dark and cool places! Eliminate such areas at home.

How to Prevent a Snake Bite:

1) Any unknown snake is potentially dangerous; do not play, avoid any contact with any snake
including those of small size, baby, lethargic, dead. A cut off head can keep poisonous activities
for several minutes. Make yourself familiar with the description of poisonous snakes in the place
where you live.

2) Attention!!! Use torchlight at night – all local poisonous snakes are active in the evening and at
night. Pay more attention in the forest, close to bushes, tall plants, etc.

3) Snakes usually don't bite you without alarm:

- Cobra – lifts vertically front part of the body (1/3), opens hood, makes hiss, rushes to the aim.

- Vipers - make a spiral from a tail, bend like zigzag front part of the body, and make a strong
hiss.

4) If you meet a snake, go back slowly, don't do sudden movements, do not turn your back to the
snake, do not run, and give the possibility for a snake to go away

REMEMBER

• As a common man, one should know how to administer proper first-aid to a snakebite victim, without losing precious time.

• Never try to assess whether it was venomous snakebite or not. As a layman one should treat every snakebite as venomous
snakebite, as some snake venom (like that of common krait) does not show immediate effect even in the case of a serious bite,
it is wise to rush to a hospital.

• Even if in doubt about whether it is a snakebite or not, do the first-aid and rush the victim to the nearest hospital.

• Educate your children that putting one's hand into any kind of burrow could be dangerous.

• Never get into a dark bathroom; first switch on a light and then see around you before you enter.

• Not all bites from venomous snakes lead to death; many venomous snakes (and as many as 85% of snakes are non
venomous) deliver only a dry bite to humans. Even in the case of a full bite, with appropriate first-aid, care and treatment a
snakbite victim can fully recover. Very few venomous snakebites are fatal. Just as every mosquito bite does not cause malaria,
so every snakebite does not cause death.

• No attempt should be made to kill the snake to carry it along to the hospital. It would result in delaying the arrival of the
patient to the hospital and is potentially dangerous for the person who will attempt killing the snake. Qualified doctor can
diagnose observing the patient for clinical symptoms and pathologial tests.

First Aid & Treatment

Snake venom is actually a kind of highly evolved salivary secretion which is used to both kill and digest prey. Venom was not
made against man. There are two basic types of snake venom. One affects the nerves (venom of cobra and common krait); the
other one blood (that of vipers). Polyvalent anti-venom serum is effective against the bites of the Big Four – cobra, saw-scaled
viper, common krait, Russell's viper. If a venomous snake bites someone, just remember two things: don't panic; go to a
hospital and get anti-venom serum. Don't waste precious time on quack's remedies, tantra-mantras, jhar-phoons, herbal
preparations, etc. In case of snakebite, a well-administered first-aid is vital.
The following activities are important:

• Keep the victim calm, restrict movement.

• The limb, which has been affected by the bite, should be immobilized with splint and be kept below the level of the heart. A
compression bandage (not tight) should cover the entire limb with the splint.

• Assure the victim and do not let him panic. When under panic, it will enhance heart rate and would circulate the venom faster
in the body.

• Remove any rings or constricting items; the affected area may swell.

• A snakebite victim is under tremendous psychological stress. It is necessary to keep the patient warm. However, no
alcohol/hot beverages should be given. The patient should not be allowed to exert himself in any manner.

• DO NOT COVER THE BITE AREA AND PUNCTURE MARKS. The wound should be gently cleaned with antiseptic.

• Try to aspirate the venom out of the puncture marks with standard suction devices. It has been identified that a suction more
than 270 mmHg can initiate the flow from the puncture marks. Suction instruments often are included in commercial snakebite
kits. But, the suction should be applied within 5 minutes of the bite.

• The only remedy for venomous snakebite is the anti-venom serum, which is available at most government hospitals and
public health centers. Some private nursing homes have also started stocking it and treat snakebite cases.

How NOT to Treat Snakebite

• No ice or any other type of cooling action on the bite. Research has shown it to be potentially harmful.

• No electric cable, string or rubber tourniquets to be used, this cuts off blood flow completely and may result in amputation of
the affected limb.

• No electric shock, this method is under study and has yet to be proven effective. It could harm the victim.

• No incision in the bite site. Such measures have NOT been proven useful and causes needless additi onal injury, loss of
blood, infection, waste of time.

• Do not burn the wound, as it would not have any effect on the venom, which has already entered the bloodstream.

• Do not suck the wound with mouth. A suction device may be applied over the bite to help draw venom out of wound without
making cuts.

• Potassium permanganate should never be used.

About Venom
The venom apparatus reaches the highest development in snakes and is a weapon for capturing prey, defense and a digestive
aid. The salivary secretion of the harmless snakes is equally effective against their prey species. Snake venom is a cocktail of
hundreds, sometimes thousands, of different proteins and enzymes. Many of these proteins are harmless but a percentage of
them are toxins. The makeup of these toxins varies widely from species to species. This complexity accounts for the widely
differing effects of snakebite.

Venoms are rich in hydrolithic enzymes, a complex mix of polypeptides, nucleases, peptidases, etc., which help digest the
snake's prey. Some of them also enhance or contribute to the toxic effect of the venom. As early as 1949 it was shown that an
enzyme from the Bothrops species produces a vasodilation resulting from the production of a hypotensor neuropeptide,
bradykinin. This had important consequences for man leading to drugs for the control of blood pressure.

Anti Venom Serum

Anti-venoms were first produced a century or more ago. Albert Calmette demonstrated that it was possible to “hyper-
immunize” an animal against snakebite by graduated and increased regular dosage administered in that animal with the venom
of snake. He further demonstrated that a second animal could be saved after snakebite by introducing the serum of the
immunized creature. This discovery is still the basis of the production of modern anti-venoms.

A few modern modifications have been introduced–such as the neutralization of the venom with formaldehyde before use on
the animal. This removes a lot of the earlier suffering such animals endured. The animal of choice is the horse. Increasing
doses of venom are injected until the animal becomes hyper-immunized and thereafter blood is drawn and the serum removed.
The rest of the blood is transfused back into the animal.

The serum then passes through various stages of refinement before it is released for use on humans. These anti-venoms are
very safe–however they are an animal protein derivative and a small percentage of people may be sensitive to it. They display a
hyper-allergic reaction which leads to anaphylaxes which may be another complication. However, in a hospital situation a
cocktail of anti-histamines and hydro-cortisones would be administered prophylactically to avoid it. If the time and condition
of the snakebite victim permits, a small test sample of antivenom is administered and the reaction to it noted before a full dose
is injected or preferably dripped into the patient in an intravenous solution.

The production of serum from a single venom is known as a “monovalent” anti-venom and is efficacious only on the snakebite
of that species of snake from which the venom comes. When a cocktail of venoms is used in the hyper-immunisation process
the serum produced is a “polyvalent” serum and is effective against a range of venoms. However the addition of each venom
causes a loss of efficiency and potency in the anti-venom as a whole. However, in India , the polyvalent serum
administration is the only choice available.
The anti-venom serum commonly available in India is of the polyvalent type (made from the venom of the `Big Four' – Cobra,
Common Krait, Russell's Viper, and Saw Scaled Viper) and is supposed to be available in most primary health centres and
hospitals.

WARNING: This information is just to help you understand snakebite emergencies and how to manage them as a layman. We
hold no responsibility whatsoever for any injury or harm done. This knowledge is the result of serious research by many well
qualified people and no single person could claim credit or responsibility for it. Our endeavour is just to make it available to
common man to understand the basics of snakes & snakebite.

From: http://www.snakecell.org/aboutsnakebite.htm