ARTICLE 3 ........................................................................................

COMMENT: (1) Latin Maxim on

Ignorance of the Law, 19; (2) Applicability of the Maxim, 19; Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank
v. Hon. Venicio Escolin, L-27860, Mar. 29, 1974, 20; Republic v. Emilio Guanzon, L-22374, Dec. 18, 1974,
21; (3) Scope of ‘Ignorance of the Law,’ 22; (4) Ignorance of the Law Distinguished from Ignorance of the
Fact (Mistake of Fact), 22; (5) Ignorance of the Law as the Basis of Good Faith, 24; (6) Ignorance of the
Law on the Part of the Judge, 24; Asuncion, et al. v. Hon. Casiano P. Anunciacion, Jr., AM MTJ-90-496,
Aug. 18, 1992, 24; Atty. H. Balayon, Jr. v. Judge G. Ocampo, AM MTJ-91-619, Jan. 29, 1993, 25; (7)
Ignorance of the Law on the Part of the Sheriff, 25; Del Rosario, et al. v. Bascar, Jr., et al., AM P-88-255,
Mar. 3, 1992, 25. ARTICLE 4 ........................................................................................ COMMENT: (1)
Reason Why Laws in General Are Prospective, 28; Largardo v. Masaganda, et al., L-17624, June 30, 1962,
29; Buyco v. Philippine National Bank, L-14406, June 30, 1961, 29; ABS-CBN v. Court of Tax Appeals, L-
52306, Oct. 12, 1981, 30; People v. Jabinal, L-30061, Feb. 27, 1974, 30; (2) Exceptions to the Prospective
Effects of Laws, 30. ARTICLE 5 ........................................................................................ COMMENT: (1)
Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws, 33; Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions (PAFLU), et al. v. Sec. of
Labor, et al., L-22228, Feb. 27, 1969, 34; (2) Exceptions, 34. ARTICLE
6 ........................................................................................ COMMENT: (1) Rules for the Waiver of
Rights, 36; (2) Defi nitions, 36; Leopoldo Lorenzo v. Workmen’s Compensation Commission, et al., L-
42631, Jan. 31, 1978, 37; (3) Requisites of a Valid Waiver, 37; Jovencio Luansing v. People of the
Philippines, L-23289, Feb. 28, 1969, 38; Velasco v. Court of Appeals, 96 SCRA 616, 38; (4) Examples of
Rights that Cannot be Renounced, 39; Padilla v. Dizon, L-8026, Apr. 20, 1956, 41; (5) Examples of Rights
that may be Renounced, 41; Papa and Delgado v. Montenegro, 54 Phil. 331, 43; Ectuban v. Court of
Appeals, L-45164, Mar. 16, 1987, 43. ARTICLE 7 ........................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) Sources of Law, 44; (2) How Laws Are Repealed, 44; Borlough v. Fortune Enterprises, L-
9451, Mar. 29,

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ........................................................... (1) Law Considered As ‘Instructions

from the Maker’, 1; (2) Faculties and Objects of the Human Mind, 1; (3) ‘Law’ Defi ned in its Most
Generic Sense, 2; (4) Classifi cation of Law According to the Manner of its Promulgation, 2; (5) ‘Human
Positive’ Law Defi ned, 3; (6) Essential Elements of Human Positive Law, 3; (7) Human Positive Law
Distinguished from Morality, 3; (8) Bases of Human Positive Law, 3; (9) Concepts of Law as ‘Derecho’ and
‘Ley’, 4; (10) Classifi cation of Human Positive Law, 4; (11) ‘Civil Law’ Defi ned, 5; (12) ‘Civil Law’
Distinguished from ‘Political Law’, 5; (13) ‘Civil Law’ Distinguished from the ‘Civil Code’, 5. PRELIMINARY
TITLE Chapter 1 — EFFECT AND APPLICATION OF LAWS ............... ARTICLE
1 ....................................................................................... COMMENT: (1) Sources of the Civil Code, 7;
(2) Commentators and Annotators on the Civil Code of Spain, 8; (3) Brief History of Our Civil Laws, 8; (4)
Sources of Philippine Civil Law, 9; (5) Books of the Civil Code, 10; (6) Some Important Changes Made by
the Civil Code, 10; (7) The Code Commission, 11; (8) The Original Members of the Code Commission, 11;
(9) Proportion of Changes, 11; (10) Language of the Civil Code, 11; (11) Need for a Preliminary Title, 12.
ARTICLE 2 ........................................................................................ COMMENT: (1) Scope of the Article
on Effectivity of Laws, 12; Tañada v. Tuvera, GR 63915, Dec. 29, 1986, 13; (2) Effectivity Date of an
Ordinary Law, 13; (3) When No Publication Is Needed, 13; (4) When Publication Is Needed, 14; Tañada v.
Tuvera, GR 63915, Dec. 29, 1986, 14; (5) Rule Applicable to Certain Circulars but not to All, 14; People v.
Que Po Lay, L-6791, Mar. 29, 1954, 15; Tañada v. Tuvera, GR 63915, Dec. 29, 1986, 16; Escardo v.
Manalo, Adm. Matter 2268-MJ, Nov.