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Design Considerations
Chapter 11
Sections 11.1 through 11.3
Types
¾ Simplest configuration.
¾ For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse
direction (y) is prevented for the finned tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condition.
¾ Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the
shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.
¾ The number of tube and shell passes may be varied, e.g.:
• With subscripts h and c used to designate the hot and cold fluids, respectively,
the most general expression for the overall coefficient is:
1 = 1 = 1
UA (UA )c (UA )h
1 R′′f , c R′′f , h 1
= + + Rw + +
(ηo hA)c (ηo A)c (ηo A)h (ηo hA)h
Overall Coefficient
→ Table 11.1
¾ Rw → Wall conduction resistance (K/W)
⎛ tanh ( mL ) ⎞
η f , c or h = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ mL ⎠c or h
mc or h = ( 2U p / k wt )c or h
⎛ ⎞
U p , c or h = ⎜ h ⎟ → partial overall coefficient
⎜ 1 + hR′′ ⎟
⎝ f ⎠ c or h
LMTD Method
A Methodology for Heat Exchanger
Design Calculations
- The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method -
• A form of Newton’s Law of Cooling may be applied to heat exchangers by
using a log-mean value of the temperature difference between the two fluids:
q = U A Δ T1m
Δ T1 − Δ T2
Δ T1m =
1n ( Δ T1 / Δ T2 )
Δ T1 ≡ Th,1 − Tc ,1
= Th ,i − Tc , o
Δ T2 ≡ Th ,2 − Tc ,2
= Th , o − Tc ,i
LMTD Method (cont.)
Δ T1 ≡ Th,1 − Tc ,1
= Th ,i − Tc ,i
Δ T2 ≡ Th ,2 − Tc ,2
= Th , o − Tc , o
¾ Note that Tc,o can not exceed Th,o for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
¾ For equivalent values of UA and inlet temperatures,
Δ T1m,CF > Δ T1m , PF
• Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.
q = m h ( ih ,i − ih , o )
⋅
q = m c ( ic , o − ic ,i )
⋅
i → fluid enthalpy
• Assuming no l/v phase change and constant specific heats,
q = m h c p , h (Th ,i − Th , o ) = Ch (Th ,i − Th , o )
⋅
q = m c c p , c (Tc , o − Tc ,i ) = Cc (Tc , o − Tc ,i )
⋅
Problem 11.5: Determination of heat transfer per unit length for heat recovery
device involving hot flue gases and water.
SCHEMATIC:
Do = 60 mm
Di,1 = 24 mm
Di,2 = 30 mm
t = 3 mm = 0.003m
L = (60-30)/2 mm = 0.015m
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (300 K): k = 0.613 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.83, μ = 855 × 10-6
N⋅s/m2.
(
q = ( UA )c Tm,h − Tm,c )
where
1/ ( UA )c = 1/ ( hA )c + R w + 1/ (ηo hA )h
Rw =
(
ln Di,2 / Di,1 )= ln ( 30 / 24 )
= 7.10 ×10−4 K / W.
2π kL 2π ( 50 W / m ⋅ K ) lm
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(cont.)
With
&
4m 4 × 0.161 kg / s
Re D = = = 9990
π Di,1μ π ( 0.024m ) 855 × 10−6 N ⋅ s / m 2
( )
−1 −1
( hA )c = 1883 W / m ⋅ K × π × 0.024m × 1m
2 = 7.043 × 10−3 K / W.
( )
A = A f + π Di,2 − 8t w = 0.24m 2 + (π × 0.03m − 8 × 0.003m ) = 0.31m 2 .
tanh ⎡( 2h / kt )
1/ 2 ⎤
L = 0.499.
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
Hence
ηf = 0.499 / 0.55 = 0.911
ηo = 1 − ( A f / A )(1 − ηf ) = 1 − ( 0.24 / 0.31)(1 − 0.911) = 0.931
( )
−1 −1
(ηo hA )h = 0.931×100 W / m ⋅ K × 0.31m
2 2 = 0.0347 K / W.
It follows that
COMMENTS: (1) The gas-side resistance is substantially decreased by using the fins
( )
A′f >> π Di,2 and q is increased.
(2) Heat transfer enhancement by the fins could be increased further by using a material of
larger k, but material selection would be limited by the large value of Tm,h.
Problem: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
SCHEMATIC:
Problem: Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion (cont)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (2) Negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, (3) Constant properties.
q 6.67 × 10 7 W
A= =
U F Δ Tl m,CF 1200 W / m 2 ⋅ K × 1 × 5 °C
A = 11,100 m 2 .
Problem: Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion (cont)
q 6.67 ×107 W
&h =
m =
(
c p,h Th,i − Th,o ) 4181 J / kg ⋅ K ( 300 − 292 )
& h = 1994 kg / s.
m
COMMENTS: (1) The required heat exchanger size is enormous due to the small
temperature differences involved,
(2) The concept was considered during the energy crisis of the mid 1970s but has not since
been implemented.