the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 6  ISSUE NO. 12  AUGUST 2015  PGS. 130 ISSN 0970-2946  Rs. 50/-

Cover Story Thought Leader of the Month 21

Smart Grid Mr Prakash Chandraker
Special Feature VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric
Renewable Energy
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From the President’s Desk

Dear Friends,

Increasing efficiencies in energy generation and its transmission and

distribution (T&D) has been a major challenge for the India’s power sector
which reports nearly 30 percent losses in T&D, primarily due to theft and
other leakages. The problem is compounded by the increasing demand for
electric power in a growing economy with over 10 percent shortage during
the day and 12 percent during peak hours. Even incremental changes
in transmission and distribution patterns will lead significant increase in
availability of precious power.
Indian power system is facing high AT&C Losses, poor distribution network,
wide demand – supply gap of energy, poor asset management etc. Smart
grid technology will bring solutions to all of the mentioned problems and
sustainability by way of demand side management, demand response,
outage management, reduction in AT&C losses and improved customer
satisfaction. Large investment is expected for Smart Grid Applications
in distribution in 12th and 13th Plan, which will provide huge business
prospects in coming years.
Also in this issue of IEEMA Journal we have covered some in-depth articles
on Renewable Energy. With increased focus on solar power, India could
become one of the largest renewable energy producers in the world
matching China’s target of 100 GW capacity by 2020. India has raised
its 2022 solar energy target to 100GW from 20GW as part of Narendra
Modi-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government’s efforts to lower
dependence on coal-fuelled electricity. The country needs to invest about
$200 billion to meet this target and to set up around 60,000MW of wind
power capacity by 2022.
These ambitious targets set by the Government have also given rise to
a need for more research activities. Even the industry has to gear up to
support projects related to sustainable development and Smart Cities in
India.
IEEMA is working closely working with the Government and is trying to
create a road map for the electrical industry over the next decade. We
need to closely monitor on how we can become competitive, make our
technology rich and whilst meeting domestic demand also fulfill the needs
of the global market.

Vishnu Agarwal

8 August 2015
“Samvaad...

Dear Members,

Over the last few months, the Government has taken a number of important
steps to realize India’s sustainable growth potential. There has been a
focus on improving Governance; Enhancing ease of doing business and
creating a conducive environment for Investment for both international and
domestic players. Several initiatives have been taken by the government to
kick start economic growth and to create employment opportunities along
with growth for Power and other sectors.
Significant among such interlinked initiatives are Digital India, Make in India,
Skill India, Smart Cities and the Swach Bharat Mission. These initiatives
have far reaching implications and are key for Developed India. To achieve
Digital India we need the basics of Make in India to be well placed. Through
Digital India, Government is focusing on leveraging the power of technology
in many of its endeavors and to improve governance, delivery of services
to citizens and ease of doing business. The increasing role of technology
as an innovative force for change can have a transformational and positive
impact on the betterment of human lives.
To achieve the above objectives, ease of doing business will act as a
catalyst. As we stand at a cross road of infrastructure, industrial and social
development, the expectations both internally and globally have become
very high. While at a tipping point we require that collective will and push
from all of us to realize the Vision of India in 2020 as dreamt by Dr Abdul
Kalam whom we lost just last week.
The present government has led the diplomacy from the front from the day
they got on the saddle. They have managed to get India in a dominant role
in many social – economic & political blocks. This has helped change the
perception towards our country and increase in expectations from India
by the entire world. We have started to have talks on equal terms with the
developed nations and super powers of the world. These countries have
also started to look at us with more respect.
This makes it imperative to put our house in order and get on with the next
phase of reforms with earnest. Immediately there is a sense of urgency for
the Land Bill, GST and the Procurement Bill.
We at IEEMA, have always partnered with the Government for pursuing the
agenda for growth, adapting as the economy evolved and new opportunities
presented themselves. We shall continue to build on India’s strength in
leveraging technology for making India a manufacturing hub.
Also we will continue to focus on meeting the diverse needs of our members
and create sustainable value for them.

Sunil Misra

August 2015 9
Contents
the leading electrical & electronics monthly
Volume 7 Issue No. 12 August 2015 CIN U99999MH970GAP014629
Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association
Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society
8
From the President’s Desk
9
Samvaad …
21
Thought leader of the
month
Mr. Prakash Chandraker, VP, Energy
BU, Schneider Electric India speaks
to IEEMA Journal on India being
a crucial and strategic market for
Schneider Electric Infrastructure
Limited and also the opportunities
they see in ELECRAMA 2016.
28
Appointments
This new space in the IEEMA Journal
will incorporate recent important
appointments in the power and
related sectors.
12
30
Image courtesy: www.phoenix.in
Cover Story
The rising aspirations of electricity consumers for uninterrupted supply
at low prices coupled with an increase in the proportion of newer and
highly unpredictable renewable generation infeeds are causing severe
stress to the utility managers. The changes in all areas of the energy
grids, from generation to transmission to distribution, affect the structure
and operation of power grids, which can only be managed efficiently with
the applications of energy automation.
38
Techspace
Future trends of communication
by applying IEC 61850 in
Substation Automation Systems
- Mr Samir Mistri, Mr Ankur Singh
and Mr Sumit Tiwari, Larsen and
Toubro Limited
42
In Focus
Smart Grid Pilots in India
The power system in India is
growing very fast and has roughly
doubled in the last decade
- Mr Atul Bali, DGM-LD&C,
POWERGRID Corporation of
India LTD
August 2015
Contents

126 11 Editorial Board

113
Advisory Committee

International News Shocks & Sparks Founder Chairman Chairman

Mr R G Keswani Mr Vishnu Agarwal
A visit to the war memorial in
- Deutsche Bank sees 240 pc Members
Moscow on a wedding day Mr Babu Babel
more solar growth in India by Mr Sunil Misra
Sub Editor
Ms Shalini Singh
2020 Mr Sri Chandra
Mr Mustafa Wajid

- China to build two nuclear Advertisements

Incharge
Circulation
Incharge
power plants in Iran Ms Vidya Chikhale Ms Chitra Tamhankar
Designed by:
Statistics & Data
Reflections
Incharge
116 Mr Ninad Ranade
Processed at:
India Printing Works

National News Regd Office - Mumbai

501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road,
Worli, Mumbai 400 018.
- Maharashtra offers sops for Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528
Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705
power generation from six RE Email: mumbai@ieema.org
sources Corporate Office - New Delhi
Rishyamook Building, First floor,
- India to export 500 Mw power 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001.
Phones: +91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16
to Bangladesh through SAARC Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015
Grid soon: POSOCO Email: delhi@ieema.org
Branch Office - Bengaluru
204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road,
Bengaluru 560 001.
120 Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318
Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317
Corporate News Email: bangalore@ieema.org
Branch Office - Kolkata
503 A, Oswal Chambers,
- ABB to supply two HVDC 2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001.
converter stations to NSN link Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
Email: kolkata@ieema.org

Website: www.ieema.in
Articles: Technical data presented and views

Letters to Editor
expressed by authors of articles are their own
and IEEMA does not assume any responsibility
for the same.
IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original articles
Dear Editor, published in IEEMA Journal.
Representatives:

I have been reading IEEMA journal since ages and always Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha
Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org
find the articles very informative. Congratulations to you on Mobile: +91 9706389965
Raipur (Chhattisgarh) - Rakesh Ojha
being able to bring about a new topic every time. Let me Email: rakesh.ojha@ieema.org
Mobile:+91 9826855666
also confess that every time I get hold of an IEEMA journal, Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) -

it is not the articles on electrical industry that I have a look Ajuj Kumar Chaturvedi
Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org
first. It’s usually the motivational quotes and the humorous Mobile: +91 9839603195
Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana)
inserts from Mr. Keswani that I read first. I request you to Bharti Bisht
Email: bharti.bisht@ieema.org
include more topics / articles on non - industrial subjects. Mobile: +91 9888208880

This will add flavor to our journal and could also improve Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Devesh Vyas
the circulation. It could be a proper balance of both industry Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 8955093854
related topics and topics on various subjects which could Bhubaneshwar (Odisha)
Smruti Ranjan Samantaray
add value to our professional as well as personal life. Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9437189920

All the best. Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)

Jesse A Inaparthi
Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9949235153
Vinay Rao Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
Mohammad Irfan Parray
Director Sales – India Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9858455509
Metalor Technologies SA (Electrotechnics) IEEMA Members
Helpline No. 022-66605754

Edited, Printed and published by Mr Sunil Kumar Misra on behalf of Indian Electricaland Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works,
India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

16 August 2015
 Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric ELECRAMA-2016
The smart grid market worldwide is forecast to How do you compare India’s growth with other
witness a CAGR of 26.6 per cent, reaching $125 growing economies?
billion by 2017. Where do you want place India India’s growth story does not need to be accredited by
in the growth trajectory? us. It is a well known fact that India is poised to become
It goes without saying that Schneider Electric India (SEI) the largest growing Asian economy.
would wish to place the country at the top of this growth Recently our government has set its eyes on 8% growth
trajectory. rate, and we feel that if the current agendas and visions
On a more practical level, however, it should be noted fall in place, we will be able to achieve that.
that India has only begun to shift towards Smart Grids
China has attracted a lot of foreign investment
in recent years, while some nations enjoy a head start of
because of the ease of doing business. What
more than a decade.
improvements can India do?
Notwithstanding this, with a proactive government now India is already moving along those lines. Its digital
in power at the Centre, SEI is confident India can catch
makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very
up with the leaders, if it so desires, given the ambitious
strong triggers that can change the way businesses are
targets it has set on housing for all by 2022, the
conducted here. And the surge in interest as well as
building of 100 Smart Cities, nationwide infrastructure
sentiments is already showing that.
development and ensuring energy security and 24x7
power for all citizens by boosting the mix of power from The Government has been hitting the right notes, they
clean energy sources. only need to back these with the right kind of policy
measures. India’s growth story is a lucrative one and
In all these domains, Smart Girds will need to play a
global players will be more than happy to be part of it. 
crucial role if these ambitious targets are to be achieved
within the mandated years. - Shalini Singh
Almost four decades in the switchgear field with top of the
A New Generation Silicone Power Player... line products...ASIATIC is engineered to provide high end
protection and distribution solutions. Pursuing its commit-
ment on quality, ASIATIC has a developed wide range of
Silicone Rubber MV Products like:
 11-36 kV Surge Arrestors
 11-36 kV Expulsion fuse cutouts
 11-36 kV Air break/Load Break Switches
 11-36 kV Composite Insulators
 25 kV Composite Insulators for Indian Railways
Advantages of Silicone Rubber Products over
Conventional Porcelain: 1. Unbreakable 2. Light weight
3. Resistant to UV rays & chemicals 4. Excellent
resistance to aging under extreme climatic conditions
5. Hydrophobic 6. Non combustible with self extin-
guishing properties.
ASIATIC has brought under its roof most modern moulding
facilities of Silicone rubber Insulators on state of the art
machines from DESMA – Germany.
Complete testing Environment as per IEC/IS/RDSO require-
ments leverages us as ” Trusted & Uninterrupted Power
Solution Provider”
ASIATIC ELECTRICAL & SWITCHGEAR P. LTD.
(FORMERLY ASIATIC ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES)
A 58, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 028, India.
Tel.: +91-11-25796330, 25796617, Fax: +91-11-25799816, 45082346
E-mail: asiatic@asiatic-india.com, Website: www.asiatic-india.com
CIN : U31108DL2006PTC152517
PACE/AESPL/IEEMA/002/04-15 Tested Power...Trusted Solution
24 August 2015
21 August 2015
going forward, continue to strengthen our position here.
for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited. So we will,
businesses are conducted here.
Indian market. India is a crucial and strategic market
strong triggers that can change the way
plants provide integrated solutions which cater to the
overseas one. Schneider Electric Ltd three manufacturing
Make in India concept are two very
base, not only catering to the domestic market but also lines. Its digital makeover plan and
We have already created India as a manufacturing India is already moving along those
on how Schneider wants to achieve this target.
Make in India campaign. Please share the details
down on businesses.
Schneider aims to be a key shareholder in the of removing the policy paralysis that has been weighing
convenient eco-system for business operations in India. industries are already hopeful of the Government’s intent
well-grounded expectation that this initiative will create a measures which shape the business environment. The
bodies will be a tremendous motivator for India Inc. It is a There are two aspects to this. The first one is the policy
implementation of E-biz platforms in the Government in India?
the aggressive initiative to reduce paperwork through What is your opinion on ease of doing business
processes. The Government’s Digital India vision and
resolving India’s problem of power shortage.
down on tedium and improve timeliness of operational
generated or consumed in India and can go a long way in
The second aspect is integration of platforms to cut bring about tremendous change in the way electricity is
operations and boosting sentiments. and grid management. These two in conjunction can
effect in making the environment conducive to business City being a big agenda, focus will be on grid integration
up foreign investments in India. All these will soon take shape the future. There is a big expectation that, with Smart
be a significant boost; the new FDI norms will shore Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to
economic growth by removing bottlenecks which will being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?
and it is already under control; focus is being put on the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme
reforms – measures are being taken to rein in inflation ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in
We are seeing works being done on important structural Schneider has been an active participant of
see in ELECRAMA 2016
Electric and also the opportunities they
crucial and strategic market for Schneider
speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a
VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric
- Mr Prakash Chandraker
together to shape the future.
where the industry gets
Elecrama is a big forum
‘‘
ELECRAMA-2016 Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric
Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric
The smart grid market worldwide is forecast to
witness a CAGR of 26.6 per cent, reaching $125
billion by 2017. Where do you want place India
in the growth trajectory?
It goes without saying that Schneider Electric India (SEI)
would wish to place the country at the top of this growth
trajectory.
On a more practical level, however, it should be noted
that India has only begun to shift towards Smart Grids
in recent years, while some nations enjoy a head start of
more than a decade.
Notwithstanding this, with a proactive government now
in power at the Centre, SEI is confident India can catch
up with the leaders, if it so desires, given the ambitious
targets it has set on housing for all by 2022, the
building of 100 Smart Cities, nationwide infrastructure
development and ensuring energy security and 24x7
power for all citizens by boosting the mix of power from
clean energy sources.
In all these domains, Smart Girds will need to play a
crucial role if these ambitious targets are to be achieved
within the mandated years.
A New Generation Silicone Power Player...
ASIATIC ELECTRICAL & SWITCHGEAR P. LTD.
(FORMERLY ASIATIC ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES)
A 58, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 028, India.
Tel.: +91-11-25796330, 25796617, Fax: +91-11-25799816, 45082346
E-mail: asiatic@asiatic-india.com, Website: www.asiatic-india.com
CIN : U31108DL2006PTC152517
PACE/AESPL/IEEMA/002/04-15 Tested Power...Trusted Solution
24
21
going forward, continue to strengthen our position here.
for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited. So we will,
Indian market. India is a crucial and strategic market
plants provide integrated solutions which cater to the
overseas one. Schneider Electric Ltd three manufacturing
base, not only catering to the domestic market but also
We have already created India as a manufacturing
on how Schneider wants to achieve this target.
Make in India campaign. Please share the details
Schneider aims to be a key shareholder in the
convenient eco-system for business operations in India.
well-grounded expectation that this initiative will create a
bodies will be a tremendous motivator for India Inc. It is a
implementation of E-biz platforms in the Government
the aggressive initiative to reduce paperwork through
processes. The Government’s Digital India vision and
down on tedium and improve timeliness of operational
The second aspect is integration of platforms to cut
operations and boosting sentiments.
effect in making the environment conducive to business
up foreign investments in India. All these will soon take
be a significant boost; the new FDI norms will shore
economic growth by removing bottlenecks which will
and it is already under control; focus is being put on
reforms – measures are being taken to rein in inflation
We are seeing works being done on important structural
ELECRAMA-2016
ELECRAMA-2016
How do you compare India’s growth with other
growing economies?
India’s growth story does not need to be accredited by
us. It is a well known fact that India is poised to become
the largest growing Asian economy.
Recently our government has set its eyes on 8% growth
rate, and we feel that if the current agendas and visions
fall in place, we will be able to achieve that.
China has attracted a lot of foreign investment
because of the ease of doing business. What
improvements can India do?
India is already moving along those lines. Its digital
makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very
strong triggers that can change the way businesses are
conducted here. And the surge in interest as well as
sentiments is already showing that.
The Government has been hitting the right notes, they
only need to back these with the right kind of policy
measures. India’s growth story is a lucrative one and
global players will be more than happy to be part of it. 
- Shalini Singh
Almost four decades in the switchgear field with top of the
line products...ASIATIC is engineered to provide high end
protection and distribution solutions. Pursuing its commit-
ment on quality, ASIATIC has a developed wide range of
Silicone Rubber MV Products like:
 11-36 kV Surge Arrestors
 11-36 kV Expulsion fuse cutouts
 11-36 kV Air break/Load Break Switches
 11-36 kV Composite Insulators
 25 kV Composite Insulators for Indian Railways
Advantages of Silicone Rubber Products over
Conventional Porcelain: 1. Unbreakable 2. Light weight
3. Resistant to UV rays & chemicals 4. Excellent
resistance to aging under extreme climatic conditions
5. Hydrophobic 6. Non combustible with self extin-
guishing properties.
ASIATIC has brought under its roof most modern moulding
facilities of Silicone rubber Insulators on state of the art
machines from DESMA – Germany.
Complete testing Environment as per IEC/IS/RDSO require-
ments leverages us as ” Trusted & Uninterrupted Power
Solution Provider”
August 2015
August 2015
businesses are conducted here.
strong triggers that can change the way
Make in India concept are two very
lines. Its digital makeover plan and
India is already moving along those
down on businesses.
of removing the policy paralysis that has been weighing
industries are already hopeful of the Government’s intent
measures which shape the business environment. The
There are two aspects to this. The first one is the policy
in India?
What is your opinion on ease of doing business
resolving India’s problem of power shortage.
generated or consumed in India and can go a long way in
bring about tremendous change in the way electricity is
and grid management. These two in conjunction can
City being a big agenda, focus will be on grid integration
shape the future. There is a big expectation that, with Smart
Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to
being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?
the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme
ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in
Schneider has been an active participant of
see in ELECRAMA 2016
Electric and also the opportunities they
crucial and strategic market for Schneider
speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a
VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric
- Mr Prakash Chandraker
together to shape the future.
where the industry gets
Elecrama is a big forum
‘‘
Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric
 Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric ELECRAMA-2016 Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric ELECRAMA-2016

The smart grid market worldwide is forecast to
witness a CAGR of 26.6 per cent, reaching $125
billion by 2017. Where do you want place India
in the growth trajectory?
It goes without saying that Schneider Electric India (SEI)
would wish to place the country at the top of this growth
trajectory.
On a more practical level, however, it should be noted
that India has only begun to shift towards Smart Grids
in recent years, while some nations enjoy a head start of
more than a decade.
Notwithstanding this, with a proactive government now
in power at the Centre, SEI is confident India can catch
up with the leaders, if it so desires, given the ambitious
targets it has set on housing for all by 2022, the
building of 100 Smart Cities, nationwide infrastructure
development and ensuring energy security and 24x7
power for all citizens by boosting the mix of power from
clean energy sources.
In all these domains, Smart Girds will need to play a
crucial role if these ambitious targets are to be achieved
within the mandated years.
How do you compare India’s growth with other
growing economies?
India’s growth story does not need to be accredited by
us. It is a well known fact that India is poised to become
the largest growing Asian economy.
Recently our government has set its eyes on 8% growth
rate, and we feel that if the current agendas and visions
fall in place, we will be able to achieve that.
China has attracted a lot of foreign investment
because of the ease of doing business. What
improvements can India do?
India is already moving along those lines. Its digital
makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very
strong triggers that can change the way businesses are
conducted here. And the surge in interest as well as
sentiments is already showing that.
The Government has been hitting the right notes, they
only need to back these with the right kind of policy
measures. India’s growth story is a lucrative one and
global players will be more than happy to be part of it. 
- Shalini Singh
The smart grid market worldwide is forecast to How do you compare India’s growth with other
witness a CAGR of 26.6 per cent, reaching $125 growing economies?
billion by 2017. Where do you want place India India’s growth story does not need to be accredited by
in the growth trajectory? us. It is a well known fact that India is poised to become
It goes without saying that Schneider Electric India (SEI) the largest growing Asian economy.
would wish to place the country at the top of this growth Recently our government has set its eyes on 8% growth
trajectory. rate, and we feel that if the current agendas and visions
On a more practical level, however, it should be noted fall in place, we will be able to achieve that.
that India has only begun to shift towards Smart Grids
China has attracted a lot of foreign investment
in recent years, while some nations enjoy a head start of
because of the ease of doing business. What
more than a decade.
improvements can India do?
Notwithstanding this, with a proactive government now India is already moving along those lines. Its digital
in power at the Centre, SEI is confident India can catch
makeover plan and Make in India concept are two very
up with the leaders, if it so desires, given the ambitious
strong triggers that can change the way businesses are
targets it has set on housing for all by 2022, the
conducted here. And the surge in interest as well as
building of 100 Smart Cities, nationwide infrastructure
sentiments is already showing that.
development and ensuring energy security and 24x7
power for all citizens by boosting the mix of power from The Government has been hitting the right notes, they
clean energy sources. only need to back these with the right kind of policy
measures. India’s growth story is a lucrative one and
In all these domains, Smart Girds will need to play a
global players will be more than happy to be part of it. 
crucial role if these ambitious targets are to be achieved
within the mandated years. - Shalini Singh

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Silicone Rubber MV Products like:
 11-36 kV Surge Arrestors
 11-36 kV Expulsion fuse cutouts
 11-36 kV Air break/Load Break Switches
 11-36 kV Composite Insulators
 25 kV Composite Insulators for Indian Railways Story
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Advantages of Silicone Rubber Products over

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5. Hydrophobic 6. Non combustible with self extin-
guishing properties.
ASIATIC has brought under its roof most modern moulding
facilities of Silicone rubber Insulators on state of the art
machines from DESMA – Germany.
Complete testing Environment as per IEC/IS/RDSO require-
ments leverages us as ” Trusted & Uninterrupted Power
Solution Provider”

ASIATIC ELECTRICAL & SWITCHGEAR P. LTD.

(FORMERLY ASIATIC ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES)
A 58, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 028, India.
Tel.: +91-11-25796330, 25796617, Fax: +91-11-25799816, 45082346
E-mail: asiatic@asiatic-india.com, Website: www.asiatic-india.com
CIN : U31108DL2006PTC152517

PACE/AESPL/IEEMA/002/04-15 Tested Power...Trusted Solution

24 August 2015 24 August 2015

21 August 2015 21 August 2015

going forward, continue to strengthen our position here.
for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited. So we will,
Indian market. India is a crucial and strategic market
plants provide integrated solutions which cater to the
overseas one. Schneider Electric Ltd three manufacturing
base, not only catering to the domestic market but also
We have already created India as a manufacturing
on how Schneider wants to achieve this target.
Make in India campaign. Please share the details
Schneider aims to be a key shareholder in the
convenient eco-system for business operations in India.
well-grounded expectation that this initiative will create a
bodies will be a tremendous motivator for India Inc. It is a
implementation of E-biz platforms in the Government
the aggressive initiative to reduce paperwork through
processes. The Government’s Digital India vision and
down on tedium and improve timeliness of operational
The second aspect is integration of platforms to cut
operations and boosting sentiments.
effect in making the environment conducive to business
up foreign investments in India. All these will soon take
be a significant boost; the new FDI norms will shore
economic growth by removing bottlenecks which will
and it is already under control; focus is being put on
reforms – measures are being taken to rein in inflation
We are seeing works being done on important structural
businesses are conducted here.
strong triggers that can change the way
Make in India concept are two very
lines. Its digital makeover plan and
India is already moving along those
down on businesses.
of removing the policy paralysis that has been weighing
industries are already hopeful of the Government’s intent
measures which shape the business environment. The
There are two aspects to this. The first one is the policy
in India?
What is your opinion on ease of doing business
resolving India’s problem of power shortage.
generated or consumed in India and can go a long way in
bring about tremendous change in the way electricity is
and grid management. These two in conjunction can
City being a big agenda, focus will be on grid integration
shape the future. There is a big expectation that, with Smart
Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to
being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?
the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme
ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in
Schneider has been an active participant of
going forward, continue to strengthen our position here.
for Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited. So we will,
businesses are conducted here.
Indian market. India is a crucial and strategic market
strong triggers that can change the way
plants provide integrated solutions which cater to the
overseas one. Schneider Electric Ltd three manufacturing
Make in India concept are two very
base, not only catering to the domestic market but also lines. Its digital makeover plan and
We have already created India as a manufacturing India is already moving along those
on how Schneider wants to achieve this target.
Make in India campaign. Please share the details
down on businesses.
Schneider aims to be a key shareholder in the of removing the policy paralysis that has been weighing
convenient eco-system for business operations in India. industries are already hopeful of the Government’s intent
well-grounded expectation that this initiative will create a measures which shape the business environment. The
bodies will be a tremendous motivator for India Inc. It is a There are two aspects to this. The first one is the policy
implementation of E-biz platforms in the Government in India?
the aggressive initiative to reduce paperwork through What is your opinion on ease of doing business
processes. The Government’s Digital India vision and
resolving India’s problem of power shortage.
down on tedium and improve timeliness of operational
generated or consumed in India and can go a long way in
The second aspect is integration of platforms to cut bring about tremendous change in the way electricity is
operations and boosting sentiments. and grid management. These two in conjunction can
effect in making the environment conducive to business City being a big agenda, focus will be on grid integration
up foreign investments in India. All these will soon take shape the future. There is a big expectation that, with Smart
be a significant boost; the new FDI norms will shore Elecrama is a big forum where the industry gets together to
economic growth by removing bottlenecks which will being WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM?
and it is already under control; focus is being put on the upcoming ELECRAMA 2016 with the theme
reforms – measures are being taken to rein in inflation ELECRAMA. What opportunities do you see in
We are seeing works being done on important structural Schneider has been an active participant of

see in ELECRAMA 2016 see in ELECRAMA 2016

Electric and also the opportunities they Electric and also the opportunities they
crucial and strategic market for Schneider crucial and strategic market for Schneider
speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a speaks to IEEMA Journal on India being a
VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric VP, Energy BU, Schneider Electric
- Mr Prakash Chandraker - Mr Prakash Chandraker
together to shape the future.
where the industry gets
Elecrama is a big forum
‘‘ together to shape the future.
where the industry gets
Elecrama is a big forum
‘‘

ELECRAMA-2016 Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric ELECRAMA-2016 Thought Leader of the Month - Schneider Electric
 ELECRAMA-2016
WHAT TO EXPECT AT ELECRAMA 2016?
IEEMA is organising the 12th Edition
of the exhibition, ‘ELECRAMA-2016’
at Bangalore International Exhibition
Centre (BIEC), Bangalore, from
13th to 17th February 2016. The
theme of the exhibition is “World
Electricity Forum” with emphasis
on new innovations, technological
advancements and stimulating
discussions of the opportunities for
future international collaborations.
ELECRAMA, organised by IEEMA
– the voice of the Indian Electrical
Industry, since its inception has
followed a single minded pursuit
of being relevant to the Industry
VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 14 19/06/15
and the needs of its constituencies.
ELECRAMA is the single biggest
forum capturing this rich diversity
VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 14
WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM
YOUR ACCESS TO THE WORLD OF ELECTRICITY
VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 17 19/06/15 12:37 pm
of globally relevant challenges
and solutions in the electricity
PROUD PARTNER OF:
ecosystem. Today, the ELECRAMA
brand serves into the business
needs of the utilities, government,
EPC consultants, contractors,
electrical equipment manufacturers,
generation companies from across
the world, facing unique challenges
to power the world. Moving ahead, Owing to its vast diversity,
ELECRAMA will encompass ELECRAMA has something for
segments beyond electricity, each and every stakeholder of the
significantly impacting businesses electrical ecosystem - from supply
across oil & gas, steel, textiles, chain, product development,
renewables and cement industries. investment, technology partnership,
A host of new features have been networking and knowledge sharing.
12:37 pm planned this time around, such as, The last edition of this exhibition
online space booking to enhance (ELECRAMA-2014) proved yet again
your event experience quotient and to be an unparalleled showcase of
19/06/15 12:37 pm simplify access to participation. products and technology and more
August 2015 25
 ELECRAMA-2016 VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 11 19/06/15
WORLD ELECTRICITY FORUM
12:36 pm

VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 6 19/06/15 12:36 pm

than delivered on its promise of being the greatest electrical
equipment industry spectacle in the world. Spread over
six halls, having a gross area in excess of 70,000 sqm,
ELECRAMA-2014 hosted 805 exhibitors from India and
165 from 25 countries and provided globally comparable
event experience and ambience at India’s leading world-
class BIEC exhibition centre in Bangalore. The exhibition
received an overwhelming response and attracted record
VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 14 19/06/15 12:37 pm
policy makers, regulators, officials
of power utilities, representatives
of funding agencies, technical
specialists and consultants, electrical
equipment buyers, engineering
project contractors and members of
the academic community from India
and abroad.

number of visitors i.e. close to 1,00,000 from the global

electrical industry fraternity, including key decision and
VIPbrochure_PRINTABLE.pdf 9 19/06/15 12:36 pm

26 August 2015
CoverStory
he rising aspirations of electricity
T consumers for uninterrupted
supply at low prices coupled with
an increase in the proportion of
newer and highly unpredictable
renewable generation infeeds are
causing severe stress to the utility
managers. The changes in all areas
of the energy grids, from generation
to transmission to distribution, affect
the structure and operation of power
grids, which can only be managed
efficiently with the applications of
energy automation. The optimized
capacity utilization of power grid
assets takes the highest priority for
the owners irrespective of whether
they are public or private owned
utility companies, municipal utilities
and industry. Maximum reliability
and availability of supply are crucial
and the achieved through properly
designed energy automation
systems. In addition to stabilizing
power grids, intelligent energy
automation also help to optimize
energy consumption and costs.
To remain competitive from a cost
perspective over the long term the
need is for a system with optimized
total costs over the entire useful life,
from the initial investment through
the operation and maintenance.
There may be changes during the
lifecycle of the energy automation
system that are not known today.
30
This future demand on the system
can be addressed today by scalable
systems that are easy to expand,
updated and retrofitted and follow
industry standards.
To benefit from technological
advances at the same time as
remaining flexible, it is necessary
to work with standardized
communication platforms based
on open interfaces. For system
integration without any problems,
the right system architecture
(redundancies, communication,
system functions) and all interfaces
have to be clearly defined and
optimized.
Solutions for Substation
Automation and
Protection
Today, network operators and
energy suppliers are confronted
with steadily mounting challenges.
Through energy efficiency and
emission reduction requirements,
legislators and regulatory agencies
are exerting more and more
influence on operating parameters.
In addition, intelligent networks are
emerging that require entirely new
approaches to energy automation.
The exploding number of distributed
renewable energy generators
August 2015
Smart Grid
leading to multi-directional power
flows, coupled with demand
response will replace load-oriented
power generation in the foreseeable
future. But intelligent applications
can be used to full advantage
only if standardized and secure
communication and interfaces are
in place. With appropriate solutions,
these challenges can be transformed
into opportunities and competitive
advantages.
Intelligent products and solutions
are an important pre-requisite in
the establishment of intelligent
electricity networks with automated
functions, distributed applications,
and interlinked communication for
the monitoring and optimization
of network components. These
intelligent networks meet societal
and regulatory demands for highly
efficient, environmentally sustainable
grid infrastructures. They also allow
the optimization of work processes,
enable more efficient operation
management, and ensure a higher
degree of supply security.
Solutions for Distribution
Automation
Distribution automation is the
automation of all controllable
equipment and functions in the
CoverStory
distribution power system. Main
tasks are the operation and
maintenance of distribution system
facilities to improve the quality of
service, reduce the operating costs
and increase the efficient use of
energy and fast adaption to the
changing energy environment.
Distribution automation
includes newer applications such
also
as fault detection, fault location
analysis, voltage control, and power
quality measurements.
Medium - and Low-
voltage automation
A major requirement on electricity
supply systems is the high supply
reliability for the customer which is
mainly dependent on the condition
of the distribution network. Supply
reliability is influenced by various
technical and organizational factors
and typically quantified by criteria
such as SAIDI(Interruption Duration)
and SAIFI(Interruption Frequency).
In general all over the world as also
we see every day in our country,
customer expectations on supply
reliability are steadily increasing.
In some cases, explicit power
quality criteria are even included
in negotiated contracts between
customers and utilities. Moreover,
in liberalized markets, regulators
typically require the utilities to report
on the reliability performance, or
define explicit performance targets
that are even penalized in case
of violations in several countries.
In fact during the peak summer
and winter in India, when the
customers need continuous &
reliable power supply to live in basic
comfort, the distribution network
is already operating under the
maximum stress and prone to faults.
At such times, the utility managers
are under pressure to ensure quick
restoration of the supply as long
outages have often led to law and
order problems. Recently we also
have seen the Government of Delhi
demanding the regulator to levy
penalties for the Distribution utilities
in case of outages over an hour. We
should not be surprised to see more
such instances from the other parts
of the country.
August 2015
Smart Grid
Mr Vikram Gandotra,
Chairman, IEEMA
Smart Grid Division
shares his views on
the role of Smart Grids
in India
What are the drivers for Smart Grids
and how do you see the progress of
Smart Grids in India ?
Continuous growth in power demand, rising aspirations of the consumers,
the urgent need to provide power to one fourth of our citizens, quantum
growth in the unpredictable renewable generation, high AT&C losses are
some of the powerful drivers which are pushing the Indian power sector
to look for solutions through the Smart Grid solutions.
Smart Grids is the set of new technologies which has the potential to
radically improve the operations of the Power Utilities. It is not one product
or technology nor is it applicable for any one specific area of operations.
There are solutions which are available today which can benefit the
Transmission Utilities, Distribution Utilities and even the consumers.
These technologies leverage the developments both in OT(Operational
Technology) as well as IC T (Information Communication Technology).
The technologies help the Utilities to understand the state of their
network in real-time and allow their managers to take preventive actions
to ensure high availability of quality power to the consumers. Some of
the tools available on the Smart Grid palette are Smart Metering/MDMS/
AMI, SCADA/EMS/DMS, Self Healing/ Distribution Automation, Condition
Monitoring, Smart Protection systems, ADR, Building Management
Systems, etc. Of course one must understand that the technology
introduction must be accompanied by initiatives to strengthen the
other critical ingredients in the recipe, i.e. processes ( governance) and
people ( trained and motivated staff) in order to achieve the desired
results. One cannot forget the wish of the most important person i.e. the
consumer who today wants empowerment to decide his consumption
pattern and bill, hence the utilities need to invest in newer technologies
to make this happen.
If we look at our Transmission networks we find that they are generally
robust (especially of the Central utility –Powergrid) and well managed.
One of the reasons is the regular & planned introduction of solutions
such as System planning software tools, SCADA/ EMS, and now Phasor
Measurement Units/ WAMS. In the Distribution networks we see a much
varied landscape. On the one hand we have islands of excellence in
Distribution networks such as in the metros like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata,
Ahmadabad, etc where the newer technologies have been introduced in
a planned and systematic manner by the utilities thereby providing the
benefits of high quality power service to the citizens, while at the other
end of the scale we have several towns where the quality of service is
much below the acceptable level. The good news for the citizens in the
latter set of towns is that through the various initiatives of Govt. of India’s
Ministry of Power such as IPDS and earlier R-APDRP there is a focus
to improve the state of the networks. Through these initiatives there has
been a systematic investment in not only the conventional grid elements
like Transformers, RMUs, cables, etc but also the vital ICT elements like
31
CoverStory Smart Grid

Given this background, the power

GIS, Meters, Communication, SCADA and DMS. The benefits of these quality performance of distribution
investments ultimately result in improved service to the consumers and networks is coming more and more
are gradually being appreciated by the utilities. There are 14 pilot projects into the focus of system operators.
supported by the Government of India, which are at different stages in the Cost-effective measures and
various states, which once implemented will guide all the stakeholders concepts for system development
on the future course of these technologies. One critical aspect that still and operation are necessary.
needs acceptable answers is to develop and run sustainable business Performance targets demanded
models for these investments. by customers and regulators are
The Smart Grid solutions of DMS/OMS in the second level of towns must becoming a key factor for economic
be planned and implemented at the earliest as only about 72 towns were system operation. Understanding
covered in the first phase under R-APDRP. Also there is a need to promote the correlations between the
smart Microgrids to provide reliable supply to consumers in remote respective measures and their
areas, islands, industrial and residential townships by using Microgrid detailed and quantitative impact on
Management systems. the systems reliability performance
Government of India has recognized the need for specialized institutions is therefore becoming more and
for facilitating this progress through launch of National Smart Grid Mission more important.
which is a welcome step.
Benefits of medium and low-voltage
What are the unique regulatory frameworks and industry automation:
structures in place in the leading Indian states? hh Improvement of distribution
One of the most important elements which will contribute to the success operations and maintenance
or failure in the transformation of any grid into Smart Grid is the concurrent
hh Increase of power supply
change in the regulatory framework. The regulations must be amended
reliability
wherever needed to promote the flexible consumption of electricity
through introduction of TOD tariffs for the smallest feasible connected hh Faster disturbance analysis
consumer. Also the provision for permitting the utility to disconnect a and fault location
consumer in case of him stealing power or not paying for consumed
hh Asset monitoring for ageing
power needs to be looked into. The regulators are also promoting the
infrastructure and avoidance of
introduction of decentralized renewable power into the distribution
networks through mandated provisions and definition of tariffs. Some asset overload
states such as Maharashtra are working proactively and looking at these hh Increase of distribution power
topics well in time where some others need to act speedily to catch up. quality to be in line with given
What are the difficulties Indian ecosystems has as compared to voltage range, and avoidance
of power quality issues for
ecosystem of developed nations? medium-sized industry
Every country has its own set of challenges and drivers. In fact every
developed country also has different conditions, e.g. Germany wanted to hh Integrate medium-sized
go for large scale renewable power while Japan is interested in reducing distributed generation and
dependence on Nuclear after Fukushima disaster and US wants to manage small decentralized generation
its ageing infrastructure while allowing the customers to participate in hh Clear view about power flow
Demand Response market. Also the structure of utilities and regulatory
framework is different in every country. Also as one travels across the hh Active load balancing and
world, one can see the effect of the local social values in creating the rearrangement in distribution
problems for utilities. For example in North Europe commercial loss or network for operational issues
theft is not an issue while in many other countries such as Brazil and
even south Europe this is a major issue. Consumers in general want to Monitoring, remote
pay minimum or if possible nothing for the consumption of electricity
across the globe. If the society allows people to feel entitled and get away control, and self-healing
without paying for the power consumed the people will get used to such application
a state and oppose any move to make them pay the fair cost of what they
In cable networks, mainly RTUs
have consumed. In India not only do we come across unusually high
and short-circuit detectors are used
commercial loss we also face the problems of theft of assets itself.
for the automation of ring-main
How much money can be saved by reducing losses? units. For overhead line networks,
As per CEA reports for FY 12-13 the total All India generation was 912,056 IEDs and protection relays ensure
MU and average AT&C loss was 25.3 % which translates to Rs 1,15,000 control and monitoring of reclosers
crore (at the average rate of generation of Rs 5.01). Smart Metering is a and sectionalizers. Self-healing
recognized solution for controlling the Commercial Loss. Certain technical automation can provide secure and
losses are controllable as they depend on the grid structure of HT and LT reliable operation of overhead lines
and cable networks and can be used

32 August 2015
CoverStory
for all types of primary equipment:
circuit-breakers, reclosers,
disconnectors, sectionalizers and
load breakers.
Principle of self-healing (Fault
Location, Isolation and Service
Restoration – FLISR)
hh Fault location: Analysis and
detection of permanent
faults, broken jumpers, loss
of substation source and
lockout due to miscoordinated
protective devices
hh Fault isolation: The distribution
network is broken into feeder
section zones that can be
isolated or energized from
one or more sources using
fault-interrupting or switching
devices (i.e., circuit-breaker,
recloser, etc.). Evaluation is
done to check if any healthy
zones are de-energized.
hh Service restoration: Automatic
restoring of healthy zones
using alternative sources (if
available). Change of settings
groups to better coordinate the
protective devices in the new
network topology. Restoration
of upstream zones that were
de-energized due to mis-
coordination of the protective
devices
hh Return to initial conditions:
at Operator request after
checking healthiness of the to-
be-restored network.
Distribution automation
architectures can be
classified as
hh Semi-decentralized: Automation
logic is implemented at the
primary substation level
hh Decentralized: It is implemented
at RMU / feeder level
hh Centralized: It is implemented in
the control center
Semi-decentralized
Automation Architecture
The regional controller based
substation automation system
August 2015
Smart Grid
networks and quality of the conductors, transformers, joints, etc. Smart
Grid technologies help to identify these technical losses and also suggest
ideal network configurations to optimize these losses.
Another commercial advantage which is realized by some utilities is the
short payback period of investing in Smart Grid solutions like SCADA/
DMS/OMS which help the utility to quickly identify and restore fault
outages and re-supply the power to its valuable consumers ( every minute
of outage is revenue loss), besides its accompanying improvement in
customer satisfaction and positive very perception.
Of course it is important to realize that the technology initiative must
be coupled with other appropriate initiatives to develop capable and
motivated employees with strong processes in place.
What is the size of the Smart Grid Market ?
If we look at the investments in Smart Grid products and solutions in
comparison to the investment in conventional electrical equipment,
currently it would be a single digit percent but this will grow at a high rate
in the coming years and I expect this to reach double digits in the next
4-5 years.
What role do you see for IEEMA in Smart Grids and Smart Cities ?
IEEMA is in a unique position as it has the collective strength of its
members who cover the entire landscape of the utility power grids – the
delivery side and consumption side. The utilities, industries, commercial
and home electrification areas being their playground, IEEMA members
have together a pool of invaluable knowledge and experience especially
for Indian conditions. IEEMA’s special position is further strengthened
with the several new areas such as Smart Metering, Self- healing,
Renewable power generation, Demand Control, Storage, etc which is
the expertise of its member companies. IEEMA members have learnt a
lot from the experiences of previous Smart initiatives such as R-APDRP
and Smart Grid pilot projects and the IEEMA SG division wishes to share
these experiences with all the stakeholders in order to make Indian grids
transformation into Smart Grids a sustainable one.
Also when we talk of Smart Cities, one cannot visualize them without
transformation of grids into Smart Grids for which IEEMA members bring
on the table their combined knowledge & experience. The experience
in India with its typical issues is also a very valuable contribution of
IEEMA members as Smart Cities will be planned both as Brownfield and
Greenfield projects. IEEMA members offer not just conventional electrical
systems like transformers and switchgears but also in associated newer
areas like AMI, Automation, Renewable generation, etc and thus IEEMA
will play a vital role in the journey of building Smart Cities in India.
33
CoverStory
ensures local self-healing automation
and also provides additional
supervisory information. It is located
in the primary substation as a link
between the central SCADA systems
and the intelligent field devices.
Protection relays monitor and
protect distribution feeders or other
equipment like transformers in the
primary substation. Disconnectors
and switches at the ring-main units
can be controlled and monitored
via a customized distribution
automation box including FRTUs
and FPI or FCM.
Standard ANSI protection functions
in the protection relay handle critical
fault situations by tripping circuit-
breakers at the in-feed point. The
distribution automation devices send
the status of the distribution network
to the regional controller for analysis
and for taking further actions.
The regional controller is set up to:
hh Detect fault location using fault
indications from the field
hh Manage standardized switching
sequences for fault isolation
hh Handle further actions for
reconfiguration and service
restoration
The semi - decentralized Distribution
Automation architecture requires
a good communication link like
GPRS/Radio Mesh network but
not necessarily an extremely high
speed like FO, between the primary
sub-station and secondary field
equipment. As the restoration time
is quite short (typically below 30
seconds) it can be recommended
for most of the secondary networks.
Decentralized Automation
Architecture
The system is designed to work
using independent automated
devices. The self-healing logic
resides in individual feeder
automation controllers located in the
feeder level.
Each feeder section contains a
feeder automation controller with
a powerful programmable logic
controller (PLC) that can be easily
configured by the utility to operate
the switching devices in response to
34
Smart Grid
A typical workflow in managing the outages in the distribution grid
local or network conditions. Because changes in the network. To meet
the relays communicate with each these requirements, the Control
other in a peer-to-peer fashion, the Centre system provides powerful
system operates autonomously functions with which the operator
with no need for a master controller. can operate the distribution network
Modern communication systems effectively and efficiently. Different
primarily use the open IEC possibilities of communication
61850 standard to support this media and architecture exist
decentralized application. between remote sub-stations or
IEC 61850 provides the required RMU locations and the centralized
logic and flexibility for the realization control centre.
of the self-healing functionality. Peer-
to-peer functionality via IEC 61850
Generic Object Oriented Substation
Events (GOOSE) messages not
only provides binary data, but
also analog values. Each feeder
automation controller unit contains
extensive programmable logic,
which is designed with the FASE
(Feeder Automation Sequence
Editor) engineering tool to realize
the automation functionalities. The
IEDs then handle the self-healing
Key DMS Functionality
functionality, attempting to clear
and isolate the faults in order to
hh Fault Management & System
initiate the service restoration logic.
Restoration (FMSR)
The Decentralized Distribution
Automation architecture requires hh Loss Minimization & Load
a very good communication link Balancing
of extremely high speed like FO,
in order to support peer to peer hh Outage Management
IEC 61850 messaging between
hh Power Flow
the secondary field equipment. As
the restoration time is extremely hh Voltage Var Control
short (typically below 1 second) it
can be recommended for critical
establishments like hospitals.
Fault Management
Fault management is a set of
applications used for locating system
Centralized Automation incidents and providing fault (or
Architecture planned outage) isolation and service
In distribution networks, the restoration in distribution networks.
telemetry is relatively limited; the fault The main Fault Management
rate is high as also the frequency of functionality consists of:
August 2015
CoverStory
hh Fault location: Locating the
faulty section or area of the
network as closely as possible
Fault isolation: Isolating the
planned outage or the
faulty section or area of the
network
Service restoration: Restoring
power to de-energized non-
faulty areas of the network
Fault isolation and immediate
restoration: Isolating faulty
areas and immediately
restoring power to de-
energized areas of the non-
faulty or isolated network
hh Restore to normal or pre-
fault state: Restoring selected
number of switches to their
normal state or pre-fault state.
Fault location, as a part of the Fault
Management application, helps
to locate permanent faults. Fault
location is performed by using
remotely controlled and manually
updated information (communicated
by the field crews) from, for
example, protection devices and
fault indicators. Fault Management
localizes the faulty section as closely
as possible, based on available
real-time data from SCADA and/
or field crews. Measurements from
impedance fault relays can be
utilized to locate the faulty section
more accurately.
The isolation function is performed
to determine a set of switching
operations to isolate an area of
the network. It can be initiated by
the location of the faulty segment
or area, or by selecting sections
directly on the user interface. The
purpose is to isolate sections or
areas of the network specified by
the isolation request to minimize the
outage effect on the network.
Service restoration provides a
possible choice of switching
procedures to restore service.
For each switching procedure
suggested by the restoration tool,
performance indices are calculated
based on the network conditions.
The user can select the way of
ranking of suggested switching
procedures according to one or
August 2015
more performance indices and
select the best one for service
restoration.
Outage Management
System
OMS is a collection of functions,
tools and procedures that an
operator/dispatcher uses to manage
the detection, location, isolation,
correction and restoration of faults
that occur in the power supply
system. OMS is also used to facilitate
the preparation and resolution of
outages that are planned for the
network. These processes are used
to expedite the execution of the
tasks associated with the handling
of outages that affect the network
and provide support to operators
at all stages of the outage lifecycle,
starting from events such as the
reception of a trouble call or a
SCADA indication of an outage and
extending until power is restored to
all customers. This process is used
to solve the outage regardless of
whether the outage is at the level
of a single distribution transformer
providing power to one or a few
energy consumers, or at the level
of a primary substation providing
power to many energy consumers.
All operations, authorizations and
comments that occur in these
processes are documented and
collected in outage records. This
information is made available to
external sites for further statistical
analysis and processing. OMS
provides the automatic processing
of an outage record used to
monitor changes in the network
and has an internal interface to
Crew Management (CM), Switching
Procedure Management (SPM), and
Trouble Call Management (TCM).
Data communication to external
applications is enabled through
Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) adapters.
Prediction Engine
Another very useful feature is the
Prediction Engine. It evaluates
trouble information from all available
sources, e.g., generated manually
or by external applications such as
Customer Information System (CIS),
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) or
Smart Grid
by corporate websites, and is able to
relate those calls to a service point
and associated transformer. While
doing this, trouble calls are grouped
and associated to a predicted
outage event based on configurable
rules and heuristics. OMS provides
the operator with customer-related
information about the outage;
the customer’s data and outage
information is always logged. The
user has the opportunity to manually
push a grouped outage upstream
or downstream forcing it to group
respectively to a common device
or disperse into multiple predicted
outages.
Storm Mode
During certain peak conditions (e.g.,
extreme weather conditions), the
OMS must provide the capability to
handle the large number of trouble
calls from customers or via smart
meters, and guide and support
the operator to focus on most
important events. By activating
the Storm Mode, the Prediction
Engine changes the rule settings
appropriately, for example:
hh Suppress those MDM
messages and deactivate them
from the Prediction Engine
calculations that are related to
already known outages
hh Filtering for more severe
outages by increasing the
threshold for notified trouble
calls or AMI signals that are
required to move a predicted
outage location upstream
hh Suppress local service
outages from appearing on the
geospatial worldmaps
hh Queue up trouble calls for a
defined period of time before
using them for prediction.
Crew Management (CM) &
Trouble Call Management (TCM)
This system provides convenient
access to the information necessary
to track, contact and assigns work
schedules (outage records) to the
field crews of a utility. The information
consists of data such as crew name,
work assignments and locations.
35
CoverStory
Integeration of OT & ICT
Integration of OT (Operational
Technology) and IT (Information
Technology)
Modern utilites extensively deploy
Operational Technology solutions
like SCADA, DMS, OMS, MDMS,etc
as also IT solutions like ERP, Asset
Management, etc. These solutions
are not only different in design
and architecture but work on
different hardware and software
platforms(OS) and from different
vendors. A mamoth task is to
integerate these systems so that they
can exchange data between each
other as and when it may be needed
36
to for smooth integerated operation
of all the systems.There are various
approaches which are being used
from simple system to system
discrete exchange of information
to solutions like Enterprise Service
Bus. The global standardisation
body IEC has realised the need
for standardisation in this area of
exchange of information between
the various OT and IT systems
and has come out with a detailed
framework defined in a series of
standards like IEC 61968 and IEC
61970 to harmonise the efforts of the
system developers in the interest of
the power utility.
August 2015
Smart Grid
Substation Automation
Modern station automation solutions
enable the remote monitoring
and control of all assets based
on a consistent communication
platform that integrates all elements
from bay level all the way to the
control center. By acquiring and
transmitting all relevant data and
information, a substation automation
and telecontrol technology is
the key to stable grid operation.
New applications, such as online
monitoring, can easily be integrated
in existing IT architectures making
it possible to have all equipment
optimally automated throughout its
entire life cycle.
CoverStory
During the last years, the influences
on the business of the power supply
companies have changed a lot. The
approach to power grid operation
has changed from a static quasi-
stable to a dynamic operational
management of the electric power
grid. Enhanced requirements
regarding the economy of lifetime for
all assets in the grid are also gaining
importance. There is significant
pressure on the grid operator to
increase the reliability of supply to
the consumers.
As a result, the significance of
automation systems has increased
a lot, and the requirements for
control, protection and remote
control have undergone several
changes of paradigm:
Flexible and tailor-made
solutions for the diverse
applications
Acquisition of all kinds of data,
calculation and automation
functions, as well as versatile
communication can be combined
in a very flexible way to form
specific solutions.
The classical interface to the
primary equipment is centralized
with many parallel cables sorted
by a marshalling rack. In such an
environment, central protection
panels and centralized RTUs
are standard. Even in such
configurations, the user can
benefit from full automation and
communication capabilities. This
means that classical RTU solution,
interfaces to other IEDs are included
and HMIs for station operation
and supervision can be added as
an option.
Also, the protection relays are
connected to the RTU, so that data
from the relays are available both at
the station operation terminal and
in the higher-level control centers.
RTUs can be equipped with different
combinations of communication,
both serial and Ethernet (TCP / IP).
Most common protocols are the
IEC family of standards, e.g., IEC
60870-5-101 / 103 / 104 IEC 61850,
IEC 62056-21.
In new substations, the amount
of cabling can be reduced by
decentralizing the automation
system. Both protection relays
August 2015
and bay controllers are situated
as near as possible to the primary
switchgear.
Small medium-voltage substation:
Typically it consists of 4 to 16
MV feeders and is unmanned.
In most cases, combined bay
control and protection devices are
located directly in the low-voltage
compartments of the switchgear
panels. A station operation terminal
is not required if the
substation is remote-controlled, and
in case of local service / maintenance
they are easy to control at the front
side of the switchgear panels.
The devices are as flexible as the
configurations: Bay controllers,
protection relays, station control
units, station operation units and
RTUs can be configured from small
to very large data volume sizes
and communication protocols and
physical interfaces can be provided.
Secure and reliable operation
management
Human machine interfaces (HMI) for
every control level and support the
operators with reliable information
and secure, easy-to-use control
features and could be as follows:-
hh At feeder level:
• Conventional panels
with pushbuttons
and instruments for
refurbishment
• Electronic front panels
combined with bay control
units
• Access points for remote
terminals connected to the
station operation units
• Portable touch panels
with wireless access in
defined areas
hh At substation level:
• Single or redundant HMI
• Distributed server / client
architectures with multiple
and / or remote terminals
• Interface to office automation
Cost-effective investment and
economic operation
The efficient tools cater for fast and
easy engineering and support all
Smart Grid
project phases of an automation
system, from collection of the
substation data to deployment of
all needed functions, and finally to
reporting and archiving are useful
for economic operation. The long
lifetime of the involved future-
proof products extend the time
period between investments into
automation systems.
The automation systems are
maintenance free and easy to
expand at a later date. The powerful
services for remote maintenance
(diagnosis, settings, updates, test,
etc.) provide a very economic way
to keep any substation up-to-date
and running.
hh Simple handling of the
solutions is provided by:
• Same look and feel of all
HMI on different levels.
• Vertical and horizontal
interoperability of the
involved products.
• Plug and play for spare
parts by simple exchange of
flash cards.
hh Optimisation of engineering
effort by
• Seamless data management,
only single data input for
whole project.
• Easy up and downloads,
even from remote.
• Integrated test tools.
hh Optimisation of service
expenses during lifetime by
• Integrated self-supervision in
all components
• Powerful diagnosis in clear text
• Remote access for diagnosis,
settings, test, expansions, etc.
Reduction of complexity by
seamless communication
• Worldwide standard IEC
61850 makes future expansion
vendor independent.
• Future-proof and
open changes for new
requirements. 
Mr Vikram Gandotra
37
TechSpace
substation is a part of an electrical
A generation, transmission and
distribution system. Substation
automation systems (SAS) consist of
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)
and the communication networks
between them, for implementing
control, protection and monitoring
tasks in power system. The smart
substation means more reliable
and efficient protection, monitoring,
control, operation, and maintenance
of the equipment and apparatus
installed within the substations, as
well as rapidly respond to system
faults and provide increased operator
safety.
Fig.I substation bus and conventional wiring
to the process
38
Substation automation systems are
mainly emphasis on the protection,
monitoring and control of all electric
process within an electric substation,
and both the system architecture
and its organizational structure
make the system reliable, flexible,
modular and simple to expand.
Now a day’s mainly numerical relay
comes in the picture. Communication
plays a vital role to communicate
between the relay to achieve the
definition of smart substation.
Integrity of this system depends
on integrity and interoperability
of its components, especially in
the case of applying various IEDs
from different manufacturer of
substation automation system and
it is possible by flexible and common
protocol in various manufacturers
IEDs. For this purpose and in
order to interoperability between
different manufacturers IEDs,
international standard IEC 61850
has been prepared.
In this paper, focusing on how IEC
61850 play a critical role, to build
the concept of communication
protocols in SAS by using GOOSE
functionality and Substation
August 2015
Smart Grid
Configuration Language (SCL), also
provide the benefits of using IEC
61850 protocol in SAS.
This paper also addresses the term
Interoperability between two IEDs
according to IEC 61850, means the
capability of two or more intelligent
electronic devices (IEDs) from one
or several vendors to exchange
information and to use it in the
performance of their functions and
for correct co-operation and how
wireless technology contributes a
challenging role in fast isolation and
restoration of fault in distribution
network using IEC 61850.
Architecture of substation
automation systems
The introduction of the new
technologies will lead to a more
decentralized architecture of the
substation automation system and
will enable a significant reduction of
copper wiring in the substation.
Architecture Overview
The introduction of numerical relays
and communication technology
some years ago has led to system
TechSpace
Figure-II IEC61850-8 station bus and IEC61850-9
links to non-conventional instrument transformers
architectures similar to what is shown
in Figure 1. The same architecture
can also be used with IEC61850.
Non-conventional instrument
transformers will in a first step be
connected through serial point-
to-point connections according
to IEC61850-9 to the relays. This
results in the architecture as shown
in Figure II.
The next step, where the drives of
the switchgear are equipped with
a communication interface may
result in the architecture as shown in
Figure 3. A bus-like communication
between the bay level functions and
the process close equipment will
further reduce copper wiring and will
simplify the connection topology.
Since IEC61850 uses the same
communication technology for the
station bus and the process bus, the
final system architecture may be as
shown in Figure 4. This will allow a
seamless data access within the
substation. Also architectures based
on a ring topology are possible.
Process close Architecture
Figure V. Merging unit connected to single phase
instrument transformers
August 2015
Figure III Hierarchical communication networks
with IEC61850-8 as station bus and a process bus communication network using both IEC61850-
using both IEC 61850-8 and IEC61850-9
Details
At the process level there is a
merging unit (MU) connecting the
voltage and current transformers to
the protection and control devices.
The main task of the merging unit is
to merge current and voltage data
from the three phases. The interface
between the instrument transformers
and the MU is technology specific;
the output is standardized according
to IEC61850-9. The instrument
transformers connected to the MU
can be conventional CTs and VTs,
nonconventional CTs and VTs or a
mix of both.
The sampled analog values from
the MU should be time coherent.
This can be achieved either by
synchronous sampling of all
analogue values throughout the
whole substation or by having each
sample time tagged. In the latter
case a local or global common time
reference is necessary in the system.
There are different process close
architectures depending on which
signals of the switchgear are
connected with conventional wires
Figure VI. Conventionally connected switchgear
Smart Grid
Figure IV. One single, station wide
8 and IEC61850-9
and which are connected via an
IEC61850 network.
Figure 6 shows a conventional
connection of all analog and binary
data. On bay level, there are three
devices: A bay controller, a distance
protection as main protection (Relay
A) and a time overcurrent protection
(LN PTOC) as backup protection
(Relay B). There are a large
number of copper wires between
the switchgear and protection and
control equipment. It can be 200
to 500 wires that need individual
assembling and testing according
to system drawings for each bay.
There is a large amount of manual
work involved in this assembling
and testing and also in assuring the
consistency of the related drawings.
The first step, where non-
conventional instrument
transformers are connected to the
protection and control equipment
via the MU is shown in Figure 7.
The connection from sensor to
MU is a proprietary serial link.
The connection from MU to the
protection and control equipment
is standardized according to
Figure VII. Non-conventional instrument
transformers
39
TechSpace
Figure VIII. Non-conventional instrument
transformers and CB monitoring
IEC61850-9. The IEC6850-9
connection can be either several
point-to-point links or a network with
a switch.
In a next step, in addition to the non-
conventional sensor, a monitoring
unit (modeled with the LN SCBR)
for the monitoring of the circuit
breaker drive is introduced, see
Figure 8. The monitoring unit has
a proprietary connection to sensor
electronics on the circuit breaker.
From the monitoring unit there
are conventional connections
to the existing protection and
control equipment for alarms and
operational capability signaling and
also an IEC61850-8 connection
to the station level for detailed
monitoring data. All trip commands
and positioning signals between
circuit breaker and protection and
control equipment are still connected
conventionally with wires.
The fully intelligent switchgear
in Figure 9 has nonconventional
instrument transformers and a
breaker including the breaker
monitoring LN SCBR. The
monitoring device and the merging
unit are connected to the protection
and control equipment with a
process bus using both IEC61850-
8 and IEC61850-9. The process bus
is used for the complete information
exchange between process level and
bay level. There are no conventional
wire connections between the
switchgear and equipment on bay
level anymore.
Function Integration
Function integration is a way to
reduce the number of physical
40
Figure IX Non-conventional instrument
transformers and intelligent CB drive (IED:
Intelligent Electronic Device)
devices required in a system. This
reduction of devices can contribute
to increase the system reliability.
The traditional function allocation
today is that all protection, control
and monitoring functionality is
allocated to the bay and/or station
levels. At the bay level protection,
control and sometimes monitoring
functions are implemented in
separate physical devices.
Some functionality has been
integrated and reduced the number
of physical devices required on
the bay level already today. One
example is the disturbance recorder
integrated in the protection device,
another is the protection and control
integrated in one physical device.
With the introduction of the non-
conventional sensors and actuators,
electronic devices are introduced
also below the bay level. In a first
step this increases the total number
of electronic devices. However, it
offers an additional opportunity of
function integration. Figure 10 gives
an example of function integration.
It is the same functional setup as in
Figure 9 but the protection functions
are integrated in the merging unit.
The new process close technology
and the new standard IEC61850
offer several benefits for the design
of a substation. The number of
copper wires will be significantly
reduced.
The number of non-supervised
functions will be reduced to almost
zero. This reduces the time until an
error will be detected and increases
the availability of the system. With the
introduction of the new technology,
a true redundancy is possible at
August 2015
Smart Grid
Figure X. Example for function integration at
process and bay level
reasonable cost for all functions of
the substation.
IEC 61850 introduce a strict
operation between application
and communication by modelling
the functional (application level)
structuring the form of logical nodes
and logical devices and then map
this to a seven layer communication
stack, which allow different physical
media and configurations. This,
together with a set of communication
services which fulfil all needs
from high speed real time data
transmission up to event logging
and monitoring, allow to implement
same protocol on low cost
communication equipment as well
as on more costly high performance
communication equipment. It
further allows choosing a function
distribution leading to minimal cost
regarding cabling and reliably.
REFERENCES
1. Klaus-Peter Brand, Peter Rietmann,
Tetsuji Maeda, Wolfgang Wimmer,
“Requirementsof interoperable
distributed functions and architectures
in IEC 61850-based SASystems”
CIGRE 2006
2. Rudolf Baumann, Klaus-Peter Brand,
“The standard IEC 61850 – A simple
butcomprehensive solution for
today’s power system requirements”
ABB witzerland Ltd.
3. Gerrit Dogger, “IEC 61850
Overview and Application for SCADA
Systems,” SouthEastern Apparatus
School 2007 
Samir Mistry, samir.mistry@lntebg.com
Ankur Singh, ankur.singh@lntebg.com
Sumit Tiwari, sumit.tiwari@lntebg.com
EDDC-EAIC, Larsen and Toubro Limited
InFocus
The power system in India is
growing very fast and has roughly
doubled in the last decade. With
nearly 267 GW of installed capacity
(as of March 2015), the Indian power
system is now the third largest in
the world. A power system of this
size growing @ 8-10% per year with
an increased share of renewable
energy requires smarter systems to
manage it efficiently with stability
and reliability.
Smart Grid and Benefits
Smart Grid is an Electrical Grid with
Automation, Communication and
IT systems that can monitor power
flows from points of generation to
points of consumption (even down
to appliances level) and control the
power flow or curtail the load to
match generation in real time or near
real time.
Smart Grid implementation can
bring multiple benefits to the
Utility, Customers as well as the
Regulator which include:
‹ Reduction of T&D losses
‹ Peak load management, improved
Quality of Service and reliability
‹ Reduction in power purchase
cost
‹ Better asset management
‹ Increased grid visibility and self-
healing grids
‹ Renewable integration and better
access to electricity
42
‹ Increased options such as Time
of Use tariff, Demand Response
programs, Net Metering etc
‹ Satisfied customers and financially
sound utilities etc.
Smart Grid Developments in India
Acknowledging the growth in the
power sector and realizing the
importance of Smart Grids, Ministry
of Power, GoI had taken early steps
in establishing India Smart Grid Task
Force (ISGTF), an inter-ministerial
group to serve as Government’s
focal point for Smart Grid activities
and India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF),
a PPP initiative for accelerated
development involving academia
and industries.
In August 2012, MoP along with
ISGTF had shortlisted 14 Smart
Grid Pilot Projects across different
geographical locations in the
country for testing the Smart Grid
functionalities. A Smart City Pilot
Project was also sanctioned by MoP
in July 2014 for creating a Smart
City model which could be adopted
in the near future for developing
Smart Cities as envisaged by the
Govt. of India. Smart Grid Vision and
Roadmap for India was also released
in Aug 2013 for paving a path for future
deployment and implementation of
Smart Grid in India.
National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)
has been established with an initial
outlay of Rs.980 Crores, which shall
act as the focal point for coordinating
August 2015
Smart Grid
all the activities being undertaken for
development of Smart Grid in India
across the different Ministries of
GoI and shall enable integration
of all such initiatives that
are underway in isolation in
various Ministries towards creation
of Smart Grid Infrastructure.
Smart Grid Pilot Projects in India
14 Smart Grid Pilot Projects and 1
Smart City Pilot Project have been
sanctioned by MoP, GoI with an
estimated budget of Rs 400 Crores
approx. out of which 50% would be
the share of the MoP while balance
need to be funded by Utility(ies).
The major smart grid functionalities
being adopted in these pilot projects
are as follows:
1. Advanced Meter Infrastructure
(AMI)
2. Peak Load Management (PLM)
3. Power Quality Measurement
(PQM)
4. Outage Management System
(OMS)
5. Distributed Generation (DG)
6. Micro Grids (MG)
The relevant details and
present status of these pilot
projects are as under:
1. APDCL, Assam: This pilot project
is being implemented at Guwahati
distribution region with coverage
of nearly 15,000 consumers.AMI,
InFocus
PLM, OMS and DG functionalities
are being tested with envisaged
benefits like reduction in AT&C
losses , increased availability and
better quality of power etc. Total
sanctioned project cost is about
Rs.29.94 Cr. APDCL had awarded
the contract of System Integrator
to M/s Phoenix IT Solutions Ltd in
March 2015.
2. CESC, Mysore: This project is
being implemented at Additional
City Area Division covering nearly
21,824. AMI, PLM, OMS, DG
and MG are being tested with
envisaged benefits like reduction
in AT&C losses, peak load
consumption and cost of billing
etc. Total sanctioned project cost
is Rs.32.59 Crores. CESC had
awarded the contract to M/s Enzen
Global Solutions Ltd. in April 2014.
Project is under adavnced stage
of implementation with control
centre in place and testing of
smart meters in process..
3. CSPDCL, Chhattisgarh: This
project is being implemented at
Siltara and DDU Nagar of Raipur
with 1,987 consumers. AMI
and PLM are being tested with
envisaged benefits of reduction
in AT&C losses, peak load and
cost of billing. Total sanctioned
cost of the project is Rs.5.55
Crores. The project is likely to be
awarded very soon.
4. HPSEBL, Himachal Pradesh: This
project is being implemented at
Kala Amb industrial area covering
nearly 1,251 consumers. AMI,
PLM, OMS and PQM are being
tested to attain the envisaged
benefits of reduction in outages,
penalties and peak load shifting
etc. Total cost of the project is
Rs.19.45 Crores.HPSEBL has
awarded the contract to M/s
Alstom in February 2015 and
project is under implementation.
5. JVVNL, Rajasthan: This project
is sanctioned for Sanganer Sub
Division with a consumer base
of nearly 34,752. AMI, PLM
and OMS functionalities will be
tested to attain the benefits of
reduction in AT&C losses, peak
load consumption, DT failures
and increased energy sales etc.
Total project cost is Rs.33.38
Crores. JVVNL had prepared the
August 2015
DPR for implementation and NIT
documents are under finalization.
6. KSEB, Kerala: This project is
being implemented in selected
geographical locations over the
Kerala State with a base of nearly
25,078consumers. AMI will be
implemented for achieving benefits
like reduction in AT&C losses, and
implementation of ToD tariff etc.
Total sanctioned project cost is
Rs.27.58 Crores.. The bidding is
in process for award of the pilot..
7. MSEDCL, Maharashtra: This
project is being implemented
at Baramati town with a consumer
base of nearly 25,629. AMI
and OMS are being adopted
for benefits like reduction in
AT&C losses, outages and
improvement in reliability etc. Total
sanctioned cost of the project is
Rs.28.21 Crores.
8. PED, Puducherry: This project is
being implemented at Division 1 of
Puducherry covering a consumer
base of nearly 34000 consumers.
AMI will be implemented for
achieving benefits of reduction in
AT&C losses etc. Total sanctioned
project cost is Rs.46.11 Crores..
9. PSPCL, Punjab: This project is
being implemented at Tech-II
Sub Division of SAS Nagar with
a consumer base of nearly 2,737
consumers.AMI and PLM are
being tested for reducing AT&C
losses and peak load consumption
etc. Total sanctioned cost of
the project is Rs.10.11 Crores.
PSPCL had awarded the contract
to M/s Kalkitech and the project is
under implementation..
10. TSECL, Tripura: The project will
be implemented at Electrical
Division No.1 of Agartala town
for nearly 42,676 consumers.
AMI and PLM are being adopted
for implementation for reduction
in AT&C losses and peak load
consumption etc.. Total cost of
the project is Rs.24.08 Crores.
The project is likely to be
awarded shortly.
11. TSSPDCL, Telangana: The project
will be implemented at Jeedimetla
industrial area for nearly 11,904
consumers. AMI, PLM, OMS
and PQM are being adopted for
reduction in AT&C losses and
Smart Grid
reduction in purchase costs
of power etc. Total sanctioned
cost of the project is Rs.41.82
Crores. Tendering is in process
for the project.
12.UHBVN, Haryana: The project is
being implemented at Panipat
City Sub Division for nearly 31,914
consumers. AMI, PLM, OMS
are being tested for reduction in
AT&C losses and peak load etc.
Total sanctioned project cost is
Rs.35.94 Crores. This project is
funded and being implemented
by M/s NEDO, Japan.Feasibility
study for the implementation is
completed by M/s Fuji Electric Co.
under M/s NEDO supervision.
13. UGVCL, Gujarat: The project will
be implemented at Naroda and
Deesa circles for nearly 39,422
consumers. AMI, PLM and OMS
are being tested for reductions
in AT&C losses, DT failures,
meter reading costs and billing
costs, outages and savings in
peak power purchase costs etc.
The total sanctioned project
cost is Rs.82.70 Crores. UGVCL
had successfully completed
Proof of Concept (PoC) in
October 2014.The project is likely
to awarded shortly.
14. WBSEDCL, West Bengal: This
project is being implemented at
Siluguri Town for nearly 5,725
consumers. AMI and PLM are
being tested for reduction in AT&C
losses and peak load consumption
etc.. Total sanctioned project cost
is Rs.7.03 Crores.The project has
been awarded to M/s Chemtrols
in June 2015.
15. IIT Kanpur: The Smart City pilot
project at IIT Kanpur campus
aims to develop a Smart City
prototype and R&D platform
for smart distribution systems
and demonstrates the future
capabilities of a Smart City.
Advanced Metering Infrastructure,
Smart City Control Center, Smart
Homes, Advanced IT Infrastructure
and Renewable Integration are
adopted for implementation. Total
sanctioned cost of the project is
Rs.12.5 Crores. 
Mr Atul Bali
DGM-LD&C, POWERGRID Corporation
of India LTD
43
Opinion - LV Network
hh Massive deployment of Smart
meters, which combine precise
measurement technologies
with telecommunication in a
cost effective solution due to
scale economies.
hh Increasing introduction of smart
loads that could be controlled.
hh Energy efficiency policies that
are starting to be taken into
account by consumers.
These aspects made main
stakeholders work together towards
the LV grid evolution, so that it can be
operated according to the business
needs of the different electricity
distribution companies. Upgrading
the whole distribution network by
adding new elements that meet
the new requirements is not a
cost-effective solution. Therefore
updating the existing infrastructure
seems the most suitable alternative.
In the next sections we will define
the system architecture for LV
distribution grid supervision.
Firstly, it is important to identify
the relevant LV elements which
need to be monitored and then
evolve the requirements for
supervision elements within
the system. Finally, a system
architecture that is able to cover
these functionalities is proposed.
LV Elements to be Monitored
This section analyses the LV
elements to be monitored. This
proposal combines supervision both
at the Secondary Substation and at
intermediate LV grid points.
LV supervision at the Secondary
Substation
Secondary Substations are the first
elements to be monitored inside
the LV grid. Both the secondary of
the power transformer and the LV
feeders can be supervised.
This list summarizes the supervision
needs identified within a Secondary
Substation:
hh Instantaneous measurements
of V, I, P, Q and power factor per
phase.
hh Register of the main electric
parameters, creating the
following profiles:
46
• Energy profiles – hourly.
• Profile with the medium values
of current and voltage.
• Profile with the maximum
values of current and voltage.
hh - Quality of service
measurements, such as THD
(Total Harmonic Distortion),
flicker or network harmonics.
hh Detection of several network
issues. For instance, over
current, over voltage, fuse
blown out detection. Even
high impedance faults in
Medium Voltage network
can be detected based on
measurements taken from the
LV grid (secondary of the power
transformer). Three phase
system unbalances could also
be detected.
hh Phase and feeder identification
for the different clients
connected to the LV grid.
This information allows distribution
companies to improve their LV
network operation, enabling:
hh Energy accounting with the
aim of identifying losses (both
technical and non-technical).
hh Load level control per
phases and feeders, so load
unbalances can be detected.
hh Preventive supervision of
the network. This way status
information can be obtained
before clients call making
complaints.
hh Asset management could be
implemented integrating each
point into the smart grid. Utilities
could manage the lifecycle of
their assets.
Supervision at intermediate LV
grid points
In addition to monitoring inside
the Secondary Substations, some
European countries found the need
of supervising also intermediate
points within the LV grid. Note that
new generation smart meters that
are being deployed already monitor
the LV grid until the boundary
between the distribution operator
August 2015
Smart Grid
and the end customer infrastructure.
Supervision at other intermediate
points is focused on controlling the
voltage levels in LV lines with high
penetration of Distributed Energy
Resources (DER).
Sensors scattered over LV grid will
allow voltage control operation.
Sensors can send periodically
through radio or power-line the
voltage measurements taken at the
installation point. The controller in
the Secondary Substation collects
the voltage measurements of the
elements scattered in the LV domain.
This information can be used in
order to act upon the tap changer of
the power transformer and therefore
adjust the voltage level.
System Architecture
In this section, the system
architecture needed to cover the
functionalities described above is
analysed. Firstly one supervision
architecture example developed for
GRID4EU FP7 project is described.
Then, the evolution needed at the
corporate information systems of
the distribution companies will be
detailed.
GRID4EU supervision
architecture example
This section describes the
architecture example of a LV
supervision system development
and validated within GRID4EU FP7
project.
This control system is based on
measurements from the Secondary
Substation. Note that other
architectures could also integrate
measurements of intermediate
points in the LV network. Elements to
be monitored inside the Secondary
Substation are highlighted in Figure
1 below; the picture was taken from
a real field setup during the project.
We will focus on the solution to
be installed at the Secondary
Substation. It could be based on a
modular device –evolution of the
Smart Metering Data Concentrator
or Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) - that
manages the three phase LV feeder
supervision elements through a
field bus (RS485).The same device
Opinion - LV Network Smart Grid

Secondary Substation should

be adapted to include the
new network elements to be
monitored. Also, new interfaces
need to be defined to support
LV supervision events and
alarms. These events are
for example, fuse blown
out detection, or high
impedance fault detection in
Medium Voltage based on
measurements taken from the
LV grid.
Figure 1- LV elements to be monitored inside the Secondary Substation
2. Support LV network operation
with an independent SCADA
could integrate the supervision of
the power transformer secondary.
Evolution needed at the system.
For GRID4EU FP7 project, LV feeder information systems end Other distribution companies
supervision elements were installed associate LV network
Different options for LV supervision with remote
into a kit connected to the output of
the three-pole basis of the LV panel, supervision integration control elements. As a result,
it contained three current sensors There are different information functionality evolution is
and a connector for transmitting system approaches depending done at the Remote Terminal
signals (Voltage and currents) to the on the destination of the LV Units (RTU) already available
feeder supervisor. Note that due to supervision information. There are in Secondary Substations.
the size of the LV grids, the solutions mainly two approaches related These devices deployed for
to the operation structure of each Medium Voltage supervision
must be easy to deploy.
distribution company: and control would be evolved
All the available information to integrate measurements
1. Support LV supervision as an
will be transmitted through IP from the LV grid supervision
extension of the smart meter points to be monitored.
communications to the centralized
remote management systems.
information systems of the In this option, operation systems
distribution company. This LV Distribution companies are kept separated from the
supervision system example is taking this option manage existing information systems
based on cellular communications LV grid monitoring elements deployed for smart meters.
in a similar way they do with
– GPRS – as these are the mainly Regardless of the approach
the deployed smart meters.
adopted systems for distribution selected, information systems need
Nevertheless some changes
grids supervision solutions. to be adapted for this new LV grid
are needed at the existing
operation. Systems should be
There is plenty of information to system architecture.
able to manage real time
be sent with different types of Data Concentrators that measurements taken from different
events and measurements. manage LV clients per points of the LV network.
Electronic equipments related to LV
supervision produce an enormous
amount of data.
This has a direct impact on the
corporate information systems,
which need to be adapted so they
can manage all this new information
available. This evolution needed
at the information systems level
is an important requirement
for LV supervision integration.
Information systems architectures
will be detailed in the following
section, understanding some of
the options available depending
on the operation structure of each
distribution company. Figure 2 - Modular architecture for the information system

August 2015 47
Opinion - LV Network
Proposal for the system
evolution: Modular approach
In this section, a modular approach
for the information systems evolution
needed is described. This approach
ensures flexibility and scalability,
making integration and future
evolution easier.
This proposal is based on a “message
oriented” system. See Figure 2 with
the architecture example below. LV
network has several information
sources to be processed in parallel
for different applications. Therefore
different modules are defined,
one independent module per
functionality (quality of service,
fraud, billing or network operation).
These modules are subscribed
only to the information types they
need. Depending on the application,
time and conditions required the
data processing could be deferred
or in real time (event correlation),
although typically a combination
of both is needed. This proposal
covers a scalable and modular
architecture, based on messages
exchange between modules.
Specific modules can be added/
removed when needed, adapting the
system to the requirements of each
distribution company. Integration
between the different modules is
also ensured, so those modules
could even be developed and
maintained by different companies.
As an example, different
communication protocols can be
supported for the in-field devices
front end. Protocols for data
exchange between the Head End
System and the devices scattered in
the field may be different depending
on the application, for example each
module can offer:
hh Communication based on Web
Services.
hh Communication based on
DLMS (Device Language
Message Specification)
Know-how of specific
communications protocols and
devices in the field is important
to optimize the data readings.
This is even more important
for communications over LV
48
Smart Grid
grid, where data
bandwidth is
usually limited.
Certain modules,
such as DLMS
client, could
be developed Figure 3 - LV network supervision module integration
and integrated
can benefit from the progress
by specific companies with
made during the development and
knowledge of these protocols
deployment of the existing smart
and devices.
meters. This makes the embracing of
Along the same lines, advanced LV these systems much easier, as there
supervision functionality analysed is electronic equipment available
in this paper could be integrated as that brings telecommunication
an independent module as shown in systems, advanced signal
Figure 3. processing, metering, control and
information storage together, at a
Main Challenges for Grid very competitive price. Additionally,
it is important to keep on researching
Information Systems new protection algorithms optimized
Massive adoption of these systems for low power generation systems
will depend on multiple factors. being deployed along the LV grid.
Adaptive algorithms are needed,
Firstly, regulator’s task should be
highlighted. It has a direct influence so they can adjust to the different
load and network generation levels
on the economic justification of these
systems. There are two main factors and therefore improve the faults
detection mechanisms.
that would support the supervision
systems deployment: Additionally, an essential aspect will
hh The activation of “micro” be how the sensors are integrated
sources of distributed in the LV panels. The availability of
solutions that are easy to install in
generation.
the existing Secondary Substations
hh Quality of service and will ensure the viability of these LV
distribution grid operational supervision systems.Figure 4shows
improvements a LV panel with the installation
of sensors per feeder that these
Furthermore, the adoption depends
on the availability of solutions that systems require.
combine technology, cost and Finally, distribution grids
integration in the existing LV grid. systems evolution takes us to
Technology is a key element. At this open interoperable standard
moment, LV supervision systems based systems. European
Figure 4 LV supervision sensors installed in a LV panel
August 2015
Opinion-LV Network Smart Grid

distribution companies are interested in LV grid

supervision, so they can monitor different network
points with the aim of predicting their status. The
problem here is that only smart meters are standardized.
the right choice!
This is an important challenge that will be detailed in the ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF W.E.F. 1ST APRIL 2014
section below.
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the issue
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are required in order to ensure interoperability. Note that ADVERTISEMENT SIZES AND RATES
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This is applicable to DLMS, where we should define a Front (GateFold) 260 mm x 390 mm 1,25,000
proper data model so it can really be open. In order to Front (GateFold) 260 mm x 180 mm 80,000
be interoperable, the following LV supervision elements - Half
should share the data model. Inside Front 260 mm x 180 mm 85,000
hh Elements at the Secondary Substation (feeder Inside Back 260 mm x 180 mm 80,000
supervision). Back 260 mm x 180 mm 85,000
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Page 3 260 mm x 180 mm 65,000
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The integration of these elements in the existing Page 4 260 mm x 180 mm 55,000
infrastructure would enable an important evolution in Page 5 260 mm x 180 mm 60,000
network planning. The combination of the information Page 9 260 mm x 180 mm 50,000
taken from LV supervision and the interaction with a
Page 15, 17, 19, 21, 260 mm x 180 mm 48,000
mesh network of smart elements in the grid would make
23, 25, 27, 29, 31,
smart solutions at LV possible. each
Ordinary Positions: Rates for 4 colours
Conclusion and non bleed
LV network supervision solutions are a cost-effective Full Page 260 mm x 180 mm 40,000
alternative to increase the distribution grid capacity due
Half Page 130 mm x 180 mm 22,500
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Smart meters deployed in the LV line offer information Double Spread 260 mm x 360 mm 80,000
for grid operation in addition to billing information. Insert 305 mm x 215 mm 80,000
Therefore, several other applications such as LV network
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It is important to highlight the importance of Extra Charges:
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meteorological predictions or distributed energy For 6 or more releases - 7.5 % discount
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Disclaimer : Advertisements published in IEEMA Journal are on good faith basis. Advertisers are solely
companies the necessary knowledge to successfully responsible for contents / violation of any law in the contents / actions arising from contents.
Further, IJ does not take responsibility for claims made by advertisers regarding products,
operate the network in a reliable, secure and economical ownership, trademarks, logos, patents and other such rights.

manner.  For Booking and Foreign Advertisement Tariff Contact: Ms. Vidya Chikhale
Tel.: +91 (0) 22 2493 0532 / 6528 / 6529 Fax: +91 (0) 22 2493 2705
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Crompton Greaves

August 2015 January 2014 49

Perspective
mart Grids are the new watchword.
S The notion of smartness comes
from intelligence being embedded
into the electrical network. This
smartness generally is expected to
enhance value for the end consumer
through enhanced and convenient
availability of electricity.
The need and necessity for Smart
Grid in India is well established. Given
that India is energy and electricity
deficient, it is in fact all the more
relevant to be smart about the usage
of energy and electricity to deliver
low cost electricity. As India moves
toward increased globalization and
as the present government rises to
the challenges and opportunities of
the 21st Century, Smart Grids are
taking center stage in the process
of delivering safe, convenient and
affordable power to all citizens.
However, till date India does not
have a Smart Grid standard to which
all Smart Grid projects, tenders or
execution may take place. India
does not need to reinvent the wheel.
The standardization communities
in EC and IEEE have developed
standards on Smart Grid related
technologies and implementations
and are available at IEC website
(http://smartgridstandardsmap.
com/) and the IEEE (http://smartgrid.
ieee.org/standards).
50
Smart Grid
It may suffice that India may adopt hh Power Control Systems –
these standards. However, Indian
industry needs to watch evolution
Security Equipment,
hh Power Systems Communications
of Smart Grid standards. We need – Interoperability - Guidelines
to be smart about picking the
standards we believe are relevant hh Communication Information
and appropriate to Indian needs and Model (CIM) for Information
requirements, and not simply copy Exchange in the context of
Electrical Utilities; companion
and accept all standards.
specifications
The Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) has played an important role hh Communication Information
in the country in developing and Model (CIM) for Information
implementing standards in India. Exchange in the context of
BIS is a full member of the IEC and Electrical Utilities; companion
also represented on its Board (2015- specifications; CIM extensions
2017). BIS, through the LITD 10 for ABT based Regulated
Group, is equipped to liaise with the Markets and Load Shedding
industry, all stakeholders, IEC and and Restoration Mechanism
IEEE to adopt the most appropriate hh Communication Information
Smart Grid standards in India. Model (CIM) for Information
Given the rapid pace of change Exchange in the context of
and adoption, BIS is also gearing Electrical Utilities; Application
up to constantly scan and review Use Cases for System
for relevant standards for adoption Operation
in India.
In metering technology, the
The BIS is working actively to emphasis has been on developing
develop relevant standards for interoperability standards which are
Smart Grids. Toward this, BIS is integral to Smart Grids. However,
reviewing all possible standards in without standards for equipment
this area worldwide and adopting or interoperability, India is likely
for India the ones which are relevant to face a situation where we may
and resonate with India’s Smart Grid have islands of smart-grids, but not
vision. These standards are likely to communicating with each other. This
be published within 2015 and are in itself will defeat the very purpose
likely to include standards for; of smart-grids. In this scenario
August 2015
Perspective Smart Grid

development of standards and standardization around

Smart Grids becomes critical.
Globally a lot of work is happening on Smart Grid the right choice!
standards. It is need of the hour that in India we adopt
globally harmonized Smart Grid standards. In the ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF W.E.F. 1ST APRIL 2014
absence of standards it would be almost impossible Publication Date Cover Pages Inside Pages Magazine Size
to scale up Smart Grid activity. Imagine if Smart Grid 1st working day 210 gsm Indian 90 gsm Indian A - 4,
of the month of Art Paper Art Paper 297 mm x 210 mm
projects would operate in separate islands or pockets and the issue
not be interconnected to make a homogenous national
Smart Grid. That can happen only through adopting ADVERTISEMENT SIZES AND RATES
contemporary, globally harmonized and locally relevant
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execution may adhere to. Cover Positions: Rates for 4 colours
and non bleed

Smarter is better than smart Front (GateFold) 260 mm x 390 mm 1,25,000

While it is pertinent to note that Smart Grid and now smart Front (GateFold) 260 mm x 180 mm 80,000
cities are becoming the new holy grail of urbanization, let - Half
us also pause and think where we are, and where we Inside Front 260 mm x 180 mm 85,000
want to be. When any developed economy talks of Smart Inside Back 260 mm x 180 mm 80,000
Grids it, inherently assumes that the power infrastructure,
Back 260 mm x 180 mm 85,000
availability of fuels and governance infrastructure is in
place. However, when a developing economy like India Back Fold 260 mm x 390 mm 1,10,000
talks of smart girds and smart cities, the same assumption Special Positions: Rates for 4 colours
do not hold true. In India we are woefully deficient on and non bleed
power infrastructure, fuels for energy and in most cases Page 3 260 mm x 180 mm 65,000
we have a governance deficit. In such cases Smart Grids Page 4 260 mm x 180 mm 55,000
become even more relevant in India.
Page 5 260 mm x 180 mm 60,000
Another aspect of the same is the fact that different cities
Page 9 260 mm x 180 mm 50,000
of India are at different levels of urban infrastructure
and hence any standards for Smart Grids must enable Page 15, 17, 19, 21, 260 mm x 180 mm 48,000
23, 25, 27, 29, 31,
flexibility of choosing the start and end of Smart Grid each
projects so that every city may compete against its own
Ordinary Positions: Rates for 4 colours
goals and benchmarks. And hence every city may aspire and non bleed
to be a smarter city, and not just smart city.
Full Page 260 mm x 180 mm 40,000
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domain is the emergence of transversal (also commonly
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silo based products or projects. For example, Smart Insert 305 mm x 215 mm 80,000
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seamless connect between generation, transmission, and non bleed
distribution and consumption. Thus for any Smart Grid Full Page 210 mm x 165 mm 25,000
project to truly be smart one has to address all aspects
Half Page 100 mm x 165 mm 12,000
of standardization which may impact the Smart Grid. In
the 21st century, Smart Grids are a fundamental enabler.
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must be evident to you that we cannot think of smart cities applicable for cover pages.
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For 12 or more releases - 15 % discount
the national vision of smart cities, we need to begin by Disclaimer : Advertisements published in IEEMA Journal are on good faith basis. Advertisers are solely
addressing Smart Grids which enable electricity access responsible for contents / violation of any law in the contents / actions arising from contents.
Further, IJ does not take responsibility for claims made by advertisers regarding products,
to every individual, in every home, in every village, in ownership, trademarks, logos, patents and other such rights.

every district, in every state of our country.  For Booking and Foreign Advertisement Tariff Contact: Ms. Vidya Chikhale
Tel.: +91 (0) 22 2493 0532 / 6528 / 6529 Fax: +91 (0) 22 2493 2705
E-mail: vidya.chikhale@ieema.org
Mr Vimal Mahendru
President, Legrand Group

August 2015 January 2014 51

IndustrySpeak - Microgrid
istributed generation located
D close to demand delivers
electricity with minimal losses. With
the use of renewable distributed
generation, the dependency on
fossil fuels can be minimized. If,
in addition, distributed generation
and consumption in a certain area
are integrated into one system,
reliability of the power supply may
be increased significantly.
A microgrid is a regionally limited
energy system of distributed
energy resources, consumers and
optionally storage. It optimizes one
or many of the following: Power
quality and reliability, sustainability
and economic benefits and it may
continuously run in off-grid or
on-grid mode, as well as in dual
mode by changing the grid
connection status.
IIn grid-connected mode, the
microgrid operator can take
economic decisions – such as to
sell or buy energy depending on
on-site generation capability, its
cost, and the current prices on
the energy market. In case of a
utility power system outage, the
point-of-common-coupling breaker
will automatically open, and own
generators will continue to supply
power to loads within the microgrid.
The idea of microgrids is not new,
especially in the Indian context
52
when large section of our population
is either not connected to a reliable
grid or even not connected to a
grid at all. Hence the consumers
have had to install generators
running on fossil fuels to improve
the availability of power supply. The
fossil fuels generated decentralized
power although more expensive
than grid supplied power is still
used as it power supply reliability
gets more important. Manufacturing
and commercial activity comes to a
standstill in absence of power. So not
only large industries and commercial
complexes but also residential
townships have been operating as
microgrids. At the starting level are
the individual residential units where
(a large percentage in power deficit
regions) which have independent
battery inverter sets or generators
which kick in whenever power
supply goes off.
So what is the reason for the
new interest in Microgrids in the
Indian context ?
It is the increasing popularity of
newer sources of decentralized
generation, storage and ability to
fine tune the consumption (instead
of just switching it completely off).
A modern microgrid system will
include renewable and fossil-fueled
generation, energy storage facilities,
and load control. And this new
August 2015
Smart Grid
system will be scalable, which means
that growing load may require the
installation of additional generators
without any negative effect on the
stable and reliable operation of the
existing microgrid.
Typical distributed energy resources
for microgrids are wind and solar-
powered generators and biogas and
biomass systems.
A microgrid energy manager (MEM)
as shown in figure 1 is a monitoring
and control software, which usually
includes functions like SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition), energy management,
generator and load management,
system reconfiguration and black
start after a fault, system efficiency
monitoring, carbon dioxide
contribution analysis, system health
monitoring and other functions.
The microgrid energy manager
generally has a communication link
to all major generators and loads
within the system. In addition, it may
receive precise weather forecast
data from a professional weather
service for all locations of renewable
power generators inside the
microgrid. Merging this information
with the physical characteristics of
the generators, the microgrid energy
manager can predict the available
amount of renewable power
generation for the near future. This
IndustrySpeak - Microgrid
information helps plan the utilization
rate of the fossil-fueled generators
within the microgrid.
In grid connected mode, distributed
generators and battery systems
within the microgrid will synchronize
the frequency and magnitude of the
voltage at the own terminals to the
grid voltage and will optimize the
energy supply, as required by the
energy manager. Grid voltage and
frequency stability is maintained by
large rotating generators connected
to the utility grid. In islanded mode,
however, steady state and dynamic
power balance between load,
generation, and electrical energy
storage, such as batteries, inside the
micro-grid system must be achieved
without any dependency on a central
component or on a communication
infrastructure. The implementation
of this feature is possible with
intelligent local controllers for
generators, battery systems,
and load management units in a
decentralized and autonomous
infrastructure, for example using
the classical “frequency droop
control”, “voltage droop control”
and “frequency dependent load
control” principles.
In summary, the microgrid energy
manager with its variety of functions
described above helps operate
a microgrid in a very efficient
way, while local controllers of
distributed generators, batteries
and loads ensure stable voltage
and frequency within the microgrid,
in grid connected as well as
islanded mode.
Microgrids can be considered the
building blocks of a Smart Grid or
an alternative path to the “super
grid.” The most important feature of
a microgrid is its ability to separate
and isolate itself from a utility’s
distribution system during power
system disturbances and blackouts.
This is referred to as “islanding.”
Utility grid shortcomings and
microgrid value propositions
Power quality challenges
The term “power quality” refers to
the quality of the supply voltage
August 2015
in a certain area, which strongly
depends on the characteristics
of the loads and the transmission
and distribution grid infrastructure
in this area. Long distribution lines
with asymmetric loads, for example,
may lead to significant low voltage
quality, eventually resulting in
effects such as low and unbalanced
voltage, voltage harmonics, and
flicker in certain load locations.
This is a common phenomenon in
the semi-rural or rural areas of our
Distribution utilities.
Power quality challenges are mainly
caused by a lack of investment in
the grid. In our country, demand for
electricity is growing so fast that the
construction of generation plants as
well as transmission and distribution
lines finds it a big challenge to
keep pace. This situation leads
to power outages in certain areas
when demand exceeds actual
generation, or the thermal limits
of the power system equipment
endanger the integrity of the power
systems. Deregulation and tough
competition forces utilities in some
other countries to economize
on investments – a situation
that ultimately leads to low power
supply quality.
A microgrid with an option to
disconnect from the utility grid in
case of power quality problems may
benefit the loads inside its borders
significantly. Depending on the field
of application (military, industrial,
commercial, or residential,
for instance), power quality
requirements of the loads inside
the microgrid may be different. In
highly sensitive industrial areas
with semiconductor or chemical
manufacturing facilities, for example,
reliable power at a high power
quality level is required. This may
be achieved with the installation
of reliable fossil-fueled generators
within the microgrid.
Natural disasters impact on
T&D grid
We have seen several instances both
in India and abroad in the recent
times when the grid power has been
disturbed for several weeks due to
impact of natural disasters. Due
Smart Grid
to the fact that a microgrid does
not depend on the power supply
of the utility grid, the immediate
construction of microgrids appears
feasible in some areas, especially
those that have been repeatedly
struck by natural disasters, . On
the other hand, a microgrid can
be planned and assembled in a
comparatively short time. It could turn
out to be more beneficial to decide
for the immediate construction of
a microgrid instead of waiting for
the reparation and reinstallation
of the common transmission and
distribution infrastructure after a
natural disaster.
Vulnerability to power system
disturbances, terrorist attacks,
and human errors and related
reliability and security
requirements
Power systems face hundreds of
disturbances every day, mainly
caused by natural incidents
such as lightning and arc flashes
on rainy days. The majority of
disturbances are usually eliminated
by protection devices that only
separate the affected power system
component for a limited period of
time – for example a transmission
line segment until an arc has
disappeared. If a power system
meets certain reliability and security
requirements, nearly none of these
disturbances will lead to significant
power outages.
Reliability of a power system
refers to the probability of its
satisfactory operation over the
long run. It denotes the ability to
supply adequate electric service
on a nearly continuous basis, with
few interruptions over an extended
time period.
Security of a power system refers
to the degree of risk in its ability
to survive imminent disturbances
(contingencies) without interruption
of customer service. It relates
to robustness of the system to
imminent disturbances and, hence,
depends on the system operating
condition as well as the contingent
probability of disturbances.
53
IndustrySpeak - Microgrid
The definitions above have been
published in “Definition and
Classification of Power System
Stability,” by IEEE/CIGRE Joint
Task Force on Stability Terms and
Definitions in 2004. In every country
of the world, today’s customers
expect a reliable and secure power
supply. However, an interconnected
power system with long transmission
and distribution lines will always
be prone to some disturbances.
Unfortunately, there are always
some exceptional situations, in
which a single disturbance causes
cascading outages, eventually
leading to blackouts. It is generally
expensive and requires a rather long
time scale to increase the reliability
and security of a large power system.
As mentioned above, a power
system is subject to several
disturbances every day, and it can
cope with these disturbances without
any power supply interruption on
the customer’s side. In addition
to natural disturbances, there are
intentionally or unintentionally
– man-made disturbances. This
includes physical damage to
power system components such as
transmission towers or transformers,
which may lead to large outages.
In today’s digital world, cyber
attacks such as intentionally wrong
remote switching operations can
also cause damage if sensitive
communication channels do not
meet cyber security requirements.
Irrespective of its nature and source,
any power system disturbance
can trigger a cascading outage.
This happens, for instance, when
protection and automation devices
in close proximity to the disturbance
do not react appropriately to an
exceptional situation, which can
be the case with inadequately
parameterized or faulty devices. By
contrast, a power system consisting
of several microgrids is virtually
not affected by large outages due
to the fact that each microgrid can
disconnect from the rest of the
system in case of a disturbance.
A microgrid is located in a
geographically limited area. Its
generation and load, as well as load
balance, are controlled by reliable
54
electronic components, and it can
disconnect from the utility grid and
run in “island” mode if required.
Growing demand, grid
extensions, and social
resistance
Everybody wants a reliable power
supply. The demand for electrical
power is growing in India and people
expect appropriate enhancements
of the power system, such as new
power plants and new transmission
and distribution lines.
However, reality shows that
everyone opposes the construction
of a power plant or a power line in
their own neighborhood. This “not
in my backyard” attitude makes
investments difficult, so building
permissions may take ten years, or
even longer.
In an area with microgrid structures, a
growing demand for electrical energy
can be satisfied by the installation
of new distributed generators,
preferably based on pollution-free
generation from renewable sources.
This way, microgrids can help
defer investments in transmission
and distribution systems and
solve related social problems such
as demonstrations against the
installation of transmission lines
close to residential areas.
Transmission and distribution
losses
Average transmission and
distribution losses of a power system
amount to 23 % of total generation
(CEA report 2012-13). This solution
of Mirogrids is attractive for locations
where the grid is difficult to reach.
Many times due to very long lengths
of the feeders to remote locations
it is seen that the line losses
are unusually high. For such
locations if the generation capacity
of a microgrid covers most of its
own demand, and generation
costs are within an acceptable
range, energy import from the utility
grid will only be necessary in
exceptional situations.
Microgrid market segments
As per current trends, there are five
major microgrid market segments:
August 2015
Smart Grid
Institutional and campus
microgrids
Institutional and campus microgrids
consist of a certain number of
buildings in a limited geographical
area. The requirements on the
quality of power supply may differ,
depending on the type of the
institution. A moderate degree of
power supply reliability will suit most
government or college buildings,
while research institutes may require
a power supply that provides
better supply quality. Usually, all
buildings and participants in this
type of microgrid belong to a single
organization, and there is a single
decision maker. This structure
makes fast decisions possible, and
in case of obvious benefits, the
real estate owner can initiate
necessary action.
Commercial and industrial
microgrids
In case of single ownership, this
microgrid type is similar to the
one described above. The matter
becomes more complex if a
microgrid is to be established in an
existing commercial or industrial
area and comprises several
participants. When a “commercial-
industrial park” is a greenfield
project with premium and normal
power supply capability, the investor
can decide for a microgrid structure
to meet all customers’ expectations.
Military microgrids
Although this is the smallest
microgrid market segment, it is being
developed with high effort, because
there are tangible, quantifiable
customer benefits. Distributed
generators based on renewables are
being used to secure power supply
and reduce fuel costs.
Community and utility
microgrids
“Community and utility” microgrids
will mainly comprise private end-
customers in predominantly
residential areas, but sometimes
commercial and industrial
customers in that area as well.
They may include urban areas,
neighborhoods, and rural feeders.
IndustrySpeak - Microgrid
Such microgrids can provide power
to urban or rural communities
that are connected to the larger
utility grid. There can be a wide
variety of renewable or fossil-fueled
distributed energy resources within
this type of microgrid. Widespread
commercial acceptance of this class
of microgrids will strongly depend on
national and international standards
and regulations. Due to the high
number of participants, decisions
will be lengthy as compared to other
microgrid structures.
Island and remote “off-grid”
microgrids
An island microgrid is usually very
similar to a community or utility
microgrid. The main difference is
that in most cases there will be no
connection to the utility grid. In very
few cases there may be a cable
connection to the utility grid on
the mainland if the distance from
the island to the mainland makes
this feasible. On the other hand,
the decision making process may
be very short, depending on the
actual power supply infrastructure
on the island.
“Off-grid” microgrids for
geographically remote communities
and developing countries focus
on distributed and diverse
power sources. As regions in
the developing world continue
to expand their electricity infra-
structure, many remote microgrids
are being designed to eventually
interconnect to a larger grid system.
Other remote microgrids are built
to remain autonomous in order to
maintain energy independence.
The growth of remote microgrids
will depend on factors such as
August 2015
comparison of the reliability and
cost of the grid power versus the
localized generated power.
Microgrid
Microgrids may be very different
depending on market segment,
size, and location. Some microgrid
examples are discussed below.
Institutional/campus microgrids
This example shows an institutional/
campus microgrid, which is
continuously operated in island
mode. Connection to the utility grid
is a backup option. The biogas
and CHP units are necessary for
continuous energy supply, and
also for heat for cold winter days.
However, fluctuating energy of
renewable resources like wind and
solar systems can be stored, for
example with an electrolysis system.
Industrial microgrid
Main reasons for the installation of
an industrial microgrid are power
supply security and its reliability.
There are many manufacturing
processes in which an interruption
of the power supply may cause
high revenue losses and long
start-up times. Typical examples
are chip manufacturing, the
chemical inTypical examples are
chip manufacturing, the chemical
industry, and the paper and foodstuff
industries, for instance.
Today, some industrial sites are
installing uninterruptable power
supplies if their utilization is
economically justified.
Microgrid structures may bring
additional advantages, for example
Smart Grid
the combination of secure
power supply with high energy
efficiency and the utilization of
renewable generation.
Off-grid and island microgrid
An “off-grid” microgrid as shown
in Figure 4.3 is usually built in
areas that are far distant from any
trans- mission and distribution
infrastructure and, therefore, have
no connection to the utility grid. Due
to this, such a Microgrid must have
black start capability.
Utility microgrid
A utility microgrid may include a
distribution feeder, a complete
medium voltage distribution
substation (Figure 4.4) or even
several distribution substations in
a large area. In the latter case, the
energy flow from various generators
within the Microgrid to the loads
and the energy exchange between
different segments may become
difficult to handle. Thus, the
microgrid operation may require the
installation of a distribution SCADA
and a distribution management
system (DMS), including distribution
state estimation and power flow
calculation. Additional operation,
control, and automation systems
such as an outage management
system (OMS) and distribution
substation and feeder automation
may be required to keep the outage
time short in case of a disturbance
within the microgrid.
Expected microgrid features
Microgrid components such
as renewable or fossil-fueled
generators, point-of-common-
coupling breaker & its control, loads,
energy storage systems, and others
55
IndustrySpeak - Microgrid
must meet several requirements to
enable seam- less operation.
Appropriate microgrid standards will
be laid down, others will be revised.
To support these activities, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory has
identified some important top-level
microgrid features that should
be considered in all research,
development, prototyping, and
standardization projects:
Autonomy: Microgrids include
generation, storage, and loads,
and can operate autonomously
in grid- connected and islanded
mode. In the first case, a microgrid
can independently optimize its own
power production and consumption
under the consideration of system
economics such as buy or sell
decisions. In both operation modes,
the system can minimize CO 2
emissions by maximizing renewable
energy con- sumption and
minimizing fossil- based generation.
In islanded mode the system is
capable of balancing generation and
load and can keep system voltage
and frequency in defined limits with
adequate controls.
Stability: Independent local
control of generators, batteries,
56
and loads of microgrids are based
on frequency droops and voltage
levels at the terminal of each device.
This means that a microgrid can
operate in a stable manner during
nominal operating conditions
and during transient events, no
matter whether the larger grid is
up or down. (Additional research
is required, however, to achieve a
high level of stability, for example
to eliminate unnecessary reactive
power exchange between rotating
or inverter-based generators.)
Compatibility: Microgrids are
completely compatible with the
existing utility grid. They may be
considered as functional units that
support the growth of the existing
system in an economical and
environmentally friendly way.
Flexibility: The expansion and
growth rate of microgrids does not
need to follow any precise forecasts.
The lead times of corresponding
components (fossil-fueled and
renewable generators, storage
systems, and others) are short, and
a microgrid can grow incrementally.
Microgrids are also technology-
neutral and able to cope with a
diverse mixture of renewable and
August 2015
Smart Grid
fossil-fueled generators.
Scalability: Microgrids can simply
grow through the additional
installation of generators, storage,
and loads.
Such an extension usually requires
an incremental new planning of the
microgrid and can be per- formed
in a parallel and modular manner
in order to scale up to higher power
production and consumption levels.
Efficiency: Centralized as well as
distributed microgrid supervisory
controller structures can optimize
the utilization of generators,
manage charging and discharging
energy storage units, and manage
consump- tion. In this way energy
management goals can be
profoundly optimized, for example
in economic as well as
environmental respects.
Economics: According to market
research studies, economics of heat
recovery and its application by CHP
systems is very important to the
evaluation of microgrids. In addition,
the utilization of renewable energy
resources will help reduce fuel costs
and CO 2 emissions.
Peer-to-peer model: Microgrids can
support a true peer-to-peer model
for operation, control, and energy
trade. In addition, interactive energy
transactions with the centralized
utility grid are also possible with
this model. The proposed concept
does not dictate the size, scale,
and number of peers and the growth
rate of the microgrid. This means that
no central entity, such as a central
computer with appropriate software
and communication capability
to all microgrid components, will
be required. 
Mr Vikram Gandotra
Chairman, IEEMA Smart Grid Division
GuestArticle -Wide
- Wide Area Analytics
hough the power corridors
T interconnecting the different
operating areas (OPA) are at present
being monitored and analysed by
SCADA and energy management
(EMS) tools, and are constrained with
respect to the static or operational
limits of each of the network
components. SCADA / EMS are
unable to capture dynamic condition
in the grid that may be prevalent
as the system moves toward
instability. Inter-regional tie corridors
are important to balance the non-
uniform load and generation patterns
between OPAs, share reserve for
emergency response and help in
promoting competition electricity
market. Oscillations created due to
the disturbance in part of the network
are to be monitored continuously
before the propagation of the same
leads to a cascading outages.
In the following sections, functions of
some of the Wide Area Analytics are
discussed which is able to provide
an early warning mechanism to
alert the system operators about
the increased risk in the system.
Applications discussed include the
following:
hh System Condition Monitoring
(SCM) based on variations in
voltage phase angle
58
hh System Disturbance Monitoring
(SDM) to identify the location
and type of disturbance as
well as characterizing the
disturbance
hh Islanding, Resynchronization
and Blackstart (IRB) to
alert operators to Islanding
and centrally coordinate
resynchronization of the islands
hh Oscillation monitoring
based on damping and
magnitude to identify poorly
damped oscillations in the
range 0.04Hz – 4Hz
System Condition Monitoring
(SCM) – Early Warning Analytics
Figure 1 displays the angle condition
view showing voltage phase angle
variation across the Western
Electricity Coordinating Council
(WECC) system. Voltage and
current phasors are grouped within
each icon where hexagon-shaped
icons represent a geographical
region. Diamond-shaped icons
show Aggregate Measurement
Groups (AMG’s), where phasor
measurements at locations close by
are grouped together. The minimum
and maximum angles are presented
as a double colour gradient, showing
angles relative to a user selected
reference angle location. This
August 2015
Smart Grid
provides an accurate representation
of angle differences and bottlenecks,
which is readily scalable to a high
penetration of measurements.
Regional icons may be split into two
colours representing the maximum
and minimum angle values within
that region. The region indicator with
a grey outline indicates the region
that contains the reference angle
measurement.
There are a number of reasons why
angle is used to monitor system
condition such as:
hh Angle difference indicates
changes in network impedance
e.g. line trip will cause increase
in angle difference.
hh Ability to capture distribution
of demand geographically –
larger the demand the more
negative the angle is.
hh Versatile proxy to determine
when lines or buses are close
to their thermal and/or voltage
limits
hh Providing a wide-area overview
of system stress is useful for
operators to choose a course
of action in a highly disturbed
system state.
Changes in colour across a corridor
(observed as distinct colour
GuestArticle - Wide Area Analytics
difference between or within regions)
indicate a stressed part of the
network in order to take a decision
to re-dispatch generation or reduce
load to stabilize the system.
System Disturbance Monitoring
(SDM) – First Respose Analytics
System Disturbance Management
detects sudden disturbances in the
network. Such disturbances could
be caused by the tripping of a major
generator, loss of a major load, or a
line trip.
System Disturbance Management
is configured to evaluate the rate of
change over a period of time for the
following types of signals:
hh Voltage angle
hh Frequency
Time-aligned Rate of Change (RoC)
of voltage angle indicates the location
of disturbance in power systems.
Rate of Change of Angle (ROCOA)
is calculated for specified signals
at selected PMU locations across
the system. Setting a threshold on
ROCOA allows detection of sudden
disturbances in the network.
The location closest to a disturbance
in the network is highlighted by
identifying the angle measurement
(and associated PMU) where the
ROCOA changes first. The icon at
that location will turn red and will be
marked with a number showing its
place in the chain of events. In Figure
2, the initial disturbance occurred at
the location marked “1”. If another
disturbance is recorded at a different
Figure 1 Angle Condition Monitoring view showing a colour gradient view of system voltage phase
angles
August 2015
Figure 2 System Disturbance Monitoring view showing disturbance locations, path, type of event
and estimated generation/load loss
location within 15 minutes, then it is
assumed to be related to the initial
event and will be marked “2”. This
will continue until there is no ROCOA
event for a sustained period, at which
point the SDM view will reset. Thus,
the display presents a consecutive
sequence of disturbances that
indicates a high risk operating state.
Rate of Change of Frequency
(ROCOF) is useful to detect the
type of disturbance whether it is
due to load or generator loss. An
decreasing or increasing trend in
the positive direction is identified
as generation loss or load loss
respectively.
The System Disturbance provides
a geographical view of System
Smart Grid
Disturbance Monitoring alerts and
alarms in the WAMS.
SDM helps the operators with
identifying system disturbances, and
presenting the location and timing of
the disturbances. In particular, SDM
shows complex disturbances in
which there are multiple events with
triggering points spread across the
interconnection that may represent a
significant risk of cascading failure.
Islanding, Resynchronization
And Blackstart (IRB) –Analytics
To Avoid Separation
Islanding, Resynchronization, and
Blackstart (IRB) provides a real-
time tool for identifying islanding
and providing information valuable
in performing a successful
resynchronization. It provides
a real-time view of both angle
and frequency across a network
topology map. It also provides an
alarm and visual indication of when
and where islanding has occurred
with a visualization of frequency
deviation between areas.
The animated arrows associated with
each measurement group represent
the phase angle and magnitude
of the voltage phasors contained
within the group. The direction of
the arrows graphically represents
the phasor angles with respect to
the reference phasor. The length of
59
GuestArticle - Wide Area Analytics
Figure 3 Islanding, Resynchronization and Blackstart showing locations deviating from mean
frequency.
the arrows represents the voltage
magnitude deviation with respect to
the defined nominal voltage for the
bus. The real-time animation of the
direction of the phase angle arrows,
together with the color segmentation
of two or more segments of the
WAMS (representing frequency
deviation groupings) provide a stark
visualization of islanding events.
The IRB application can also
provide valuable information for
operators to prepare the system for
resynchronization and to supervise
the process of synchronizing
the system and subsequent
network strengthening. The clear
visualization of islanding provided
by the IRB application on a single
graphical display would have
instantly revealed system separation
and provided operators with
information on locations where to
shed load/generation.
Oscillatory Stability
Management (OSM)– Stability
Based Analytics
Interconnected power systems
are made up of large spinning
masses connected through an
electrical network. When the system
is disturbed, a complex pattern
of oscillations is set up between
the various components of the
grid. Normally, oscillations will die
away through the action of natural
damping forces and active damping
control. However, it is possible for
60
oscillations to be un-damped or
negatively damped, in which case the
oscillations are sustained, or grow in
amplitude. When the power system
is subjected to a small disturbance,
there are three possible categories
of response: positively damped, un-
damped, or negatively damped. To
maintain the integrity of the power
system it is important that all modes
are positively damped at all times.
To ensure that this is achieved
even after unexpected events, it is
prudent to aim to maintain a margin
of stability. The system should not
often reach conditions where it is
close to the un-damped or negatively
damped categories.
Dynamic characteristics can be
extracted continuously from ambient
perturbations, and used for alarms,
thus providing early warning of
Figure 4 Oscillatory Stability Management showing frequency and damping of modes on the left,
and locations and mode shape on map.
August 2015
Smart Grid
damping problems. OSM provides
facilities for alerting operators to
conditions of degraded stability,
either because oscillations become
poorly damped or the amplitude
becomes large.
Figure 4 shows the OSM view which
provides system operators with
real-time information on dominant
modes of oscillation. This particular
example shows that the 0.37Hz
mode is in alarm (red) status. The
map view indicates the locations
where the mode is poorly damped
and/or high amplitude. Mode
phase is shown by the arrows
at the locations. Locations in
anti-phase indicate measured
locations where generators “swing”
against one another at that particular
mode frequency.
To identify the locations of generators
that contribute to modes of
oscillation, Mode Power Path (MPP)
analytics provides system operators
with information that allows them to
take informed responses to large
and/or poorly damped oscillations.
Without this analytics, operators
could normally only take action on
a poorly damped mode if it was
well understood through off-line
analysis and there were pre-defined
guidelines. This analytics allows the
operator to respond to dynamics
threats without extensive analytical
studies. It also helps analysts to
identify specific generators for
improving dynamic performance.
Thus on a geographical display the
operator is informed of:
GuestArticle - Wide Area Analytics Smart Grid

hh Regions contributing to an path limits using PMU data and the
oscillation modern analytics. Such real-time
calculations of transfer capability
hh Transmission corridors where
will exceed the traditional Available
power flow is influencing the
Transfer Capability (ATC) in most
mode cases, without compromising
hh Contribution of plants. stability margins. This will lead
to reduced congestion and more
Transmission Corridor Management
optimum system dispatch.
and Congestion Relief
The challenge in power transmission
Real time congestion management rests on smart management of
today is dependent on comparisons the complex network flows in the
of actual corridor flows against Total interstate transmission grid. Non
Transmission Capacity (TTC). TTC homogenous growth in load, pit
is calculated offline in advance and head generation far removed from
is a reflection of the most restrictive load centres, increasing trade in
component from among thermal electricity is going to complicate
limits, voltage limits or stability these power flows more. This calls
limits. Further the infinite number of for continuous evaluation of the
operating contingencies along with dynamic conditions of the grid,
ever changing grid complexities
locating the areas under stress and
makes it difficult to come up with identifying the remedial measures
accurate TTCs. Instead in real time
in real time. Modern wide area
one can leverage the improved analytics are designed to achieve
computations of path flows and this end by providing means to
the operator to intuitively focus on
the root cause from a sequence of
alarms. It also employs powerful
computation techniques to generate
associative complex alarms to
pickup signatures of grid stress and
manage network congestion.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Bandyo, H. Endow, “Advanced wide
area monitoring system to secure
transmission corridors during phases
of high dynamic Activity,” Electricity
distribution systems for a sustainable
future, CIRED, Stockholm, paper
0682, June. 2013.
[2] I. Bandyo, H. Endow, Robert Folkes,
Patrick Mcnabb, Nathen Stearn”
Advances in Wide Area Analytics in
Grid Operations,” Towards carbon
free society through smarter grids,
Powertech conference, organized by
IEEE PES, France, June. 2013.
[3] Alstom Product literature. 
Mr Indranil Bandyo
NMS, Alstom T&D India Limited

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August 2015 61
InDepth - Smart Energy
Today Renewable Energy is Driving Innovation in Energy Efficiency and Green Technologies thus paving
the path to a carbon neutral society. However, there are a few challenges we need to address to seamlessly
integrate it into the mainstream electricity infrastructure and leverage Renewable Energy, efficiently, effectively,
comprehensively and in a sustainable manner.
s Renewable Energy merely a
I means to fill up the gap left by
conventional energy generation
capacity or resources? Or it is a
‘clean energy’ being leveraged to
reduce the carbon emissions…
yes of course.. But there are some
major fringe benefits of following the
RE path for fulfilling our rising
energy demands..
The initiatives in the RE utilization
have driven a whole new wave
of Innovation in different fields
of technologies. In fact, it has
contributed to the evolution of a new
Renewable Fuel: “The Fifth Fuel” in
a big way.
DID YOU KNOW? There is a
renewable-energy resource that
is perfectly clean, remarkably
cheap, surprisingly abundant
and immediately available. It has
potential to reduce the carbon
emissions that threaten our planet,
our dependency on oil imports that
threaten our economy, and energy
costs that threaten our wallets. It
does not pollute, does not depend
on weather, does not inflate prices
and does not take a decade to build.
62
This miracle resource is better
known across the world by the
distinctively boring name of “Energy
Efficiency”. It turns out that it is much
less expensive, less destructive
and less time-intensive to reduce
demand through efficiency than to
increase supply through new drilling
or new power plants.
Energy Efficiency is appropriately
considered today as the
5th Fuel to serve our increasing
energy requirement.
Energy efficiency has today become
the largest energy source. It is bigger
than OIL, and much bigger than
Wind, Solar, Hydroelectric Power &
Bio-Fuels combined. The utilization
of this “5th Fuel” is clean, possible
and profitable, generating millions
n billions of “Negawatts” tirelessly &
endlessly.
You would ask, why am I giving
credit to the RE for driving Energy
Efficiency movement & Innovations
in a big way? Well, for one, initially the
cost of RE generation was pretty high
which led to finding ways to optimize
and reduce the consumption without
compromising the comforts, needs
August 2015
Smart Grid
and even “wants” of the consumers
- “Necessity is the mother of
Invention” … A case in point is
“Solar Energy” - The PV Solar is still
in the stage where the Generation
Cost per Unit (KWh) is still much
higher than the comfort level of
the Eco-system, particularly at KW
scale, where it can really help in
evolution of truly Hybrid & Distributed
Micro Grids.
If you had Rs.1000 Crores to invest,
would you invest it on the supply or
the demand side? Keeping in mind
that a penny saved is penny earned,
but in power context, it is well know
fact that a unit (of electricity i.e. KWh)
saved is equivalent to 2.5 to 3 units
generated.
Energy use is a big challenge for
ours, and the next Generations!
“The same way of thinking that got
us into trouble won’t get us out of it.”
At the heart of the worldwide rollout
of Smart Meters and the Smart
Grid Network Infrastructure, lies
the goal of Energy Efficiency from
the Generation, Transmission and
Distribution to the End Customer.
The Key Economic & Social Driver
InDepth - Smart Energy
for “SMART GRID” Initiatives
Globally is nothing but “Energy
Efficiency”. Governments worldwide
are mandating improved Energy
Efficiency, requiring an investment
in the new Smart grid and Smart
Energy Management Structure. The
goal is to create a smart grid that will
change the way power is deployed
for sustainable energy around the
world. It will transform the way we
use Energy.
Over 1 trillion KWh of energy are
wasted annually through inefficient
inverters and AC/DC adaptors.
This is set to rise as the number
of low power DC devices increase
exponentially, e.g. the number of
connected devices is expected to
rise from 6bn to 50bn by 2020, as
we use more computers, mobile
devices and gadgets. Furthermore,
lighting is going through a revolution,
with new availability of efficient DC
LED solutions.
To power this through AC/DC
adaptors is both wasteful and
annoying, particularly as adaptors
are bulky, mains sockets are in the
wrong place or in short supply, and
it prevents plugging them in directly
to local renewable energy supplies,
such as PV, Batteries, CHP and Fuel
cells, which are all sources of DC.
The current model is unsustainable,
and that is why many groups have
been working for several years to
rethink the axiom of power and
electricity consumption to develop
Smart DC technology that works at
variable voltages over a Smart DC
Network, providing efficient power
to household lighting, Smart Hubs,
Smart DC sockets for computers,
and smart power integration.
It is estimated that this could help
reduce electricity bills by up to a
third, and significantly reduce grid
peak demand through powering
devices efficiently from off-grid or
off-peak resources, and through
smart control and advice.
Systems should also be designed to
ensure - ‘No home is left behind’, in
adopting low cost renewable energy
solutions, whether they are houses
or flats in urban spaces. We could
also develop solutions for hotels,
student accommodation and small
August 2015
offices. Need to develop a range of
Home Energy solutions that provide
smart energy monitoring, easy to
install micro-generation and storage,
and provide efficient power via smart
DC Hubs, DC micro-nets which can
re-use household wiring to power
home lighting or provide smart DC
sockets for appliances.
Vision is to change the way we
produce and consume electricity
in homes. Specifically through
focusing on the “Long-tail” of energy
consumption - using advanced
monitoring and control to reduce
high load appliance use, and
through using smart DC micro-
nets to reduce the inefficiencies of
trillions of DC/low power lighting and
electronic devices being powered
from the grid via AC/DC adaptors.
Smarter buildings for Smart Grid
Integration: DC Micro-grids Can
Help In Buildings. Micro-grids are
for buildings not just ‘Smart’ grids.
New DC Power Standards Are also
helping in proliferation of DC as
Industry standards are key. There are
new standards for generating and
distributing DC power in buildings.
Hybrid AC/DC Buildings Are the
1st Step: We can begin to leverage
Hybrid Power for Building Interiors
Now! Low Voltage DC Is Key: LVDC
technology can help make it happen
as it offers Flexibility, Energy Savings
and Sustainability/Reliability.
Energy Efficient Designs: Ohm’s
Law makes the difference. Energy
Conversions impact Energy
Efficiency of any Product, Appliance
or System. With DC, Efficiency is
>10-15% higher with solar, wind &
on-site storage. For example, AC &
solar sources can be connected to
the same DC Loads. Hence, allowing
maximized return on investments in
alternative energy.
Data Centers Next: All the Data
Centers today are focused on
energy efficiency. Data Centers
are Huge energy user in buildings;
Not just Google or Facebook, 99%
are “small” (server rooms, closets,
etc…2.5 million total) that contain
majority of all servers (57%)@
from 2-32 servers per location.
These Sites have very less internal
expertise in power/space/heat
Smart Grid
management. In fact at least 6 billion
KW hours could be saved each year
with a 10% improvement in data
center energy efficiency.
“DC power could fundamentally
change the way power is
distributed in commercial and even
residential buildings…”
In fact the First ever, International
Conference on LVDC is being
organised in India in October 2015
by BIS & IEC with the theme: LVDC -
Redefining Electricity.
A few Challenges
In INDIA, in the enthusiasm of rolling
out one of the most Advanced &
Robust Electricity Infrastructures to
ensure the “ENERGY SECURITY”,
numerous ambitious and grand
initiatives have been undertaken;
and more initiatives and Pilot
Projects are being envisaged in the
coming months and years…
A whole lot of Medium Scale & Grid
Scale Renewable Energy Generation
Projects are being Deployed &
Commissioned nationwide; but there
is no co-ordination or intervention
with such initiatives to enable these
Generation Plants to seamlessly
Integrate into the Nation-wide Smart
Grid Infrastructure.
Solar Energy & Wind Energy is going
to play a major role in the Smart Grid
Deployments. Both these industries
& stakeholders need to understand
the expectations on various aspects
of the Smart Grid Standards,
Architecture, Communication
Interfaces & protocols for smooth
Renewable Integration.
The relevance of Communication
Architecture, Protocols & Interfaces
in Renewable Integration cannot
be ignored anymore. The “NET
METER” must also follow the
standards & protocols being used
by the Electricity Distribution Utilities,
as well as by the Consumers for
their Home or Building Energy
Management System to be able
to give relevant data to each
stakeholder of the Electricity Eco-
System. In today’s scenario of
Smart homes, Smart Buildings and
Smart Grid, an Electricity Meter is
needed to give relevant Data to all
63
InDepth - Smart Energy
the Three Stakeholders viz: the
Utility, the Building Management
System and the Home Automation
cum Energy Management System;
and if the Installed Meter/Net Meter
can not cater to this need, Individual
Meters shall need to be installed for
the each stakeholder of the Energy
Management Eco-system.
With the proliferation of Distributed
Energy Systems around the world,
and some of these energy sources
getting connected to the distribution
network, the topic of ‘metering’ the
energy exchange between the Grid
and Consumer is assuming new
proportions. Many regulators and
distribution companies have issued
policies on metering requirements
of this exchange. India too has
issued many guidelines on the
subject, but they vary from state to
state. Further, they do not address
most of the concerns of the
consumers, and even of the unified
electricity infrastructure.
Grid Integration of Renewable
Energy: Issues at a Glance
The integration of large quantities
of renewable energy sources
such as wind and solar power
will require changes in how our
transmission system operates.
The issues that need serious
considerations are: Variability of
renewable energy sources; High-
penetration variable generation;
Bidirectional Power Flow in
Distribution Networks; Localized
Voltage Stability Problem;
Frequency response; Solar and
wind forecasting; Grid Congestion,
Weak Grids; System balancing;
Energy storage; Transmission;
Energy management systems;
Cost, Reliability & Efficiency
of Grid Interface Integration
costs; Emissions.
Challenges in Renewable
Integration
Rooftop Solar Inverters 1KW – 5KW:
Off-Line or Grid Interactive? What
parameters to measure? What
communication Protocols? Grid
Synchronization! Islanding Control:
with Consumer or with Utility?
Does it really need a separate “NET
METER”? Dynamic Profile Control!
64
Net Metering: Tariff Disparity, Subsidy
& Billing Computation; Defining
Metering Points in the Network;
Different Nature of Energy: AC & DC;
Conversion Losses Computation;
Energy Source Signature Tracking:
Panel or Battery; Generation &
Consumption Profiling; Lack of
Policy & Regulatory Clarity; Lack of
harmonization in Communication
Standards and Data Interfaces.
In case of “Grid-Interactive” Solar PV
Systems, where anybody can Install
the System and connect to the Grid
for feeding the partial/surplus power
generated by the System, there are
namely Two major issues that need
a very diligent study, analysis and
solution: “NET METERING” & “GRID
SYNCHRONIZATION”.
“Net Metering”: is it merely the
“IMPORT-EXPORT” Metering, as
the name suggests? Absolutely NO.
Net Metering really encompasses
a lot more than merely measuring
the energy imported from the GRID
& exported to the GRID. When we
contemplate the various aspects of
‘Renewable Integration’ in the true
sense, the Simple Box being touted
as NET METER transcends to a
wholly different level. It is expected
to measure, compute & generate a
lot more data to derive the optimum
benefit from the renewable energy
generation system installed. The
prevalent definition of Net Metering
could still be argued as valid from
the point of view of the Utility, but
from consumers’ point of view, it
really falls short of expectations/
needs. And, if a meter giving merely
import – export data is installed
under the name of “NET METER”
then the consumers shall have
to install multiple meters to give
them the true picture of Renewable
Integration and its benefits from the
consumers’ perspective.
The major driver of the consumers
in installing Solar RE Systems is
to bring their respective monthly
Electricity Bill down, Subsidy by the
Government works as a sweetener;
and to top it all, if they get paid by
the utility for the surplus electricity
generated and fed to the Grid… it
really makes a very good business
case for the Electricity Consumers to
be part of this Eco-system.
August 2015
Smart Grid
Now, let us understand what kind
of Data do consumers need from
such systems to manage the system
most efficiently. It should give them
comprehensive picture on the
Electrical Energy Generated by the
system every day, the exact share of
electricity consumed from the Grid
as well as Solar System, and, last but
not the least, the energy exported
to the Grid. Since, you can not
Manage what you can not Measure;
it becomes imperative for consumer
to measure all these different
generation & consumption figures
to take a well calculated decision
as to how much energy to use from
the solar and how much & during
which Time Slots to use energy
from the grid; whether to export any
energy at any particular day or time
to the grid or rather store it in the
Batteries for own consumption at the
appropriate time…
Thus, unless the “NET METER” can
help the Consumers devise their
respective ‘Energy Management
Strategy’ and also enable them to
dynamically alter it “on the Fly”; it
would be absolutely under-utilized;
and it is highly probable that in
the absence of any clarity of the
benefits of Installing the Solar PV
Systems, the consumers get rather
disillusioned with such Ideas and
Schemes of the Government and
the whole Initiative backfires or falls
flat with all investments, resources &
subsidies gone waste.
“Grid Synchronization” also has
implications of its own, which if not
addressed immediately may also
bring this Initiative to a grinding Halt.
INVERTERS in India are mainly
manufactured in MSME (Micro Small
& Medium Enterprise) segment,
and lion’s share of this is in the un-
organized sector. This has a severe
implication on the High End Features,
Quality & Reliability of the Inverters
manufactured by this segment.
Consumers may buy inverters from
such vendors, which may not be
capable synchronizing with the
grid; and hence defeating the very
purpose of the Government’s such
initiatives. 
Mr Narang N. Kishor
Mentor and Principal Design Architect
Narnix Technolabs Pvt. Ltd.
InDepth - Enernet
n light of the recent disclosures
I on the US Government’s (NSA)
clandestine efforts to glean
intelligence by intercepting internet
traffic with the tacit help of big
companies like Google and Yahoo,
makes it even more critical for
Governments across the world to
take urgent and appropriate steps
to secure their National Critical
Information Infrastructure (NCII).
The NCII can no longer be protected
using conventional methodologies.
Likewise conventional design and
business processes also need to
be reviewed. One thing is clear; any
sensitive and high value network
connected to the Internet or even
stand-alone, will be a target.
Yet, with the all pervasive & all
encompassing nature of the
Computing and Communication
Technologies today, they have
invaded every aspect of our life
and each strata of the Society: be
it the Consumers, the Commerce,
the Industry, the Governments or
even the Infrastructure. The new
paradigm of Smart Grid, Smart
Home, Smart Building, Smart
City further complicated by the
‘Internet of Things’ & Internet of
‘Everything’ bring a whole new set
of challenges for the Security and
Security Evaluation Methodologies
for complex nature & architectures
66
of IT & Communication Networks
evolving to meet these rising
needs of the Society. On one
hand, we have the highly protected
Networks for the ‘Critical Information
Infrastructures’; on the other
hand these very ‘highly protected
networks’ need to give access
to the consumers for Consumer
Engagement and Participation
in these Smart Infrastructures to
meet the true drivers of setting
them up. These large Smart
Networks are actually highly
complex ‘Systems of Systems’
and “Networks of Networks’, and
thus create fresh challenges in the
Security Paradigm and development
of Protection Profiles.
It thus becomes a national
imperative to delve into the
security aspects and implications
of the new paradigm of “Smart
Infrastructure”, “Critical Information
Infrastructure” and “Internet of
Things” that the pervasive &
ubiquitous computing has enabled,
thus raising new challenges for
the ‘IT & Communication Security’
Development & Evaluation Eco-
system. Hence, needing a new
rigorous and vigorous effort in
developing Protection Profiles as
well as defining Security Targets.
Its imperative to explore these
uncharted waters to understand the
August 2015
Smart Grid
direct, as well as indirect implications
of Network Security & Cyber Security
in the ever-changing technological
environment, and deliberate the
comprehensive approach to address
the challenges..
Background: ICT v/s Industrial
Controls
Two industries, which have
developed entirely independently,
are on a collision course in the smart
grid. Over the last few decades, the
personal computer has developed
to become a common place for
human interaction with data. The
interface of humans to computers
and data has spawned the need to
protect one user’s data from other
users’ data and, thus, the concept of
IT security was born.
On the other hand, an industry that
has been just as long standing has
developed to enable automation
of unmanned electronic and
electrical embedded systems
which are usually referred to as
industrial controls or industrial
automation. This industry has also
utilized computers but in different
environments and for different uses.
As automation and communication
had become necessary between
these computing devices, the main
focus had been on availability
InDepth - Enernet
and real-time operation. The data
transferred was mostly control bits or
small amounts of configuration data.
The protection of data was not as
much of a concern as the availability
of the systems and the ability to
ensure who sent the data. These
systems also needed accountability
to ensure the validity of the data and
that the data was delivered within
the allowable operation times of the
two systems. In terms of security,
these types of systems had been
developed to meet the need to
communicate in a reliable, protected
manner between trusted systems.
The Contrast
It is easy to see why IT security
and industrial control security are
facing challenges when it comes to
integration. These two Titans clash
because at the lowest level the
security considerations their entire
design structures are based on, are
at odds:
hh IT industry has been developed
around the asynchronous
behavior of humans, while
industrial controls require
a synchronous component
to communications.
hh Control systems’ primary
concern for security is
operational availability while
providing highly accountable
authentication of devices. The
primary concern for IT systems
is to separate, secure and
August 2015
provide authenticated access
for each user to their data.
hh IT systems are based around
storage and access to user’s
data, while embedded systems
and control networks for the
most part do not require so
much data storage.
hh Control systems rely on a high
accountability that control
commands are authentic and
the communicating systems
are trusted, while IT systems
rely on a trusted environmental
perimeter and assume the
machine’s physical boundary
is an extension of the user and
thus is uncompromised.
hh Exploiting simple control
system operating software, and
root secrets is often very trivial
and becomes a target because
of its perceived minimal size
and easy access to root code
through built in debug ports.
Bridging the Gap
The two industries being contrasted
are very large and have developed
with such a degree of separation
that often the terminology between
the two is not the same.
In many cases, security for industrial
controls has not developed to nearly
the same level as in the IT industry.
Since the IT security industry is
noticeably much more defined,
many IT-related security leaders
have brought mature solutions to
Smart Grid
market attempting to push the same
solutions directly into industrial
controls/embedded systems
environments. While some of these
have had success, in general they
have missed the defining concepts
they will need to address the gap
between the security bases of the
two industries.
In order to create a robust
encompassing security basis to
cover both IT and Industrial Controls,
the root cause must be addressed.
The security basis for each type
of network must be addressed
by a method, which combines
the base security needs of both
types of networks.
Communication and its
Importance
Another major disconnect which
has recently become apparent is:
the technological trends in ‘Smart
Homes’, ‘Smart Buildings’, ‘Smart
Cities’ and ‘Smart Grid’ are being
considered and pursued in isolation
from each other with the ‘silo’
approach by the respective stake
holders. In fact, they form a very
tightly interwoven and homogenous
confluence of similar technologies
being applied in different domains
for a common cause of making our
planet earth ‘smart, green & secure’.
The relationship between Smart
Grids and Smart Cities needs to be
understood in this context: “In a smart
city, energy, water, transportation,
public health & safety, and other key
services are managed in concert
to support smooth operation of
critical infrastructure while providing
for a clean, economic and safe
environment in which to live, work
and play”. Hence, the perspective
in Infrastructure Design for any
city has undergone a paradigm
shift with advent of Convergence &
Networking Technologies, Solutions
for Information, Communication,
Entertainment, Security &
Surveillance; which are beginning
to have a profound impact on the
way we look at the Buildings’ Design
(be it residential or commercial) and
Town Planning.
Such a systems level approach
in design and standardization is
67
InDepth - Enernet
likely to not only enable newer
and better services, but also allow
far greater synergies and cost-
effective deployments, reducing the
lifecycle (total) cost of ownership of
any Infrastructure, be it the grid, a
home, a building or even a city, with
attendant environmental benefits,
including carbon reductions.
Perspective on Network Security
A few essential Functional
Requirements for distribution area
network security: Availability and
performance, Network access
control, Network resource and
end-point protection, Secure end-
to-end data transmission, Traffic
segmentation across application
boundaries, Secure network
configuration, operation and
management.
Need to secure mobile security
infrastructure
One key aspect that will be a
defining feature of India’s future is
its focus on integrating technology
for various aspects of governance.
Mobile phones and technology will
play a critical role in the digitization
process. M2M (machine-to-machine)
technologies will be vital to realize
this vision of digital and smart cities,
as well as enhancing the delivery of
healthcare and education services
of our citizens. The role of newer
technologies, especially in telecom
and smartphones, will be critical.
The scope for mobile governance in
68
India, with its 931.95 million mobile
subscribers, is vast.
Initiatives in healthcare, education,
automotive industry and
entertainment have seen huge
impacts with connected services
coming to life. But it now needs a
big push with smartphones playing
an integral part, as data transfers in
real time are essential.
Data is the critical and fundamental
bedrock of the IoT ecosystem - and
is a highly valuable commodity
today. We have already been
witnessing a humongous growth in
data generation due to social media
platforms. As it gains traction, IoT
will also lead to an immense data
explosion. With the consequent
digitization and popularity of
smartphones, information access is
but the swipe of a finger away.
So what can be done with this
immense amount of data these
connected devices, systems
and sensors collect? And how
do we ensure appropriate usage
and safeguards to protect it?
While the available information
from IoT opens up limitless
possibilities and new capabilities
- not to mention unprecedented
economic opportunities - its misuse
can unleash a potential maelstrom
of challenges.
A minor breach in data security can
lead to an immense loss in terms of
wealth, privacy and reputation.
August 2015
Smart Grid
While we hear much about IoT and
a bit about IoT security, the security
aspect of the IoT ecosystem must
be given some serious thought.
Creating a secure public applications
platform, which will facilitate the IoT
ecosystem that consists of partners,
carriers and application developers,
is a must.
Security & control of identified
devices are key aspects in a universe
teeming with privacy concerns,
insufficient authorization, lack of
transport encryption, insecure
web interface and inadequate
software protection.
With smartphones posing as a key
component of IoT, there is a need to
look at the complete lifecycle of the
mobile security architecture - from
design and implementing products
and technologies to managing
the architecture over time. A key
element of security is encryption
technology, which is critical to
protecting the confidentiality and
integrity of a digital transaction
between two end points, such as a
mobile device and a car or central
house automation system.
For instance, the end-to-end
security solution of a security
platform such as BlackBerry relies
on multiple sources of entropy to
create a dynamic and effective
security environment that ensures
encrypted data remains unreadable
until it is decrypted at the end of its
transmission. Randomly generated
security keys are matched to every
transmitted packet of data. That
means that at the end of its journey,
a 1-megabyte file will be composed
of 500 individual packets (or
transactions), each encrypted with a
unique key.
The importance of security for IoT
infrastructure and platforms cannot
be overemphasized. Rather than
specific products or services, the
next important developments in IoT
should be overarching standards,
policies, security frameworks
and infrastructures. A stable
secure technology platform with
proven security standards will be
imperative for IoT proliferation. This
isn’t only about the protection of
InDepth - Enernet
individuals and their privacy but
about safeguarding India’s digital
ecosystem and the economy therein.
Infrastructure Protection
Information infrastructure technologies
enable organizations to define,
organize, share, integrate and
govern data and content to create
business value.
Enterprises are facing a relentless
level of attacks, forcing them to
spend more on infrastructure
protection, especially newer
technologies such as those for
targeted threats. But frustration
with silos reigns, as the majority of
technologies are not interconnected.
The numbers and volumes of threat-
facing technologies that defend our
IT grow at a relentless pace. Driven
by persistent threat and technology
change, there has never been so
much hype in enterprise security;
however, there are more than
enough technologies for enterprises
to consider.
Challenges in Smart Grid
Security
Pervasive digitization of the grid
(without designing security into the
products), Smart Meters, Digital
Relays/Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs), Phasor Measurement Units
(PMUs), Proprietary and legacy
Systems – lack of updates, Lack of
clear patch management policy for
power system equipment, Devices in
remote (insecure) locations, Supply
August 2015
chain contamination (including
AMC personnel), Different National /
State / Local regulatory authorities,
Extensive communication without
properly enforced security policies
could result in attacks/faults
cascading from one part of the
system to other, Rapidly emerging
threats (days/weeks) versus power
system lifecycle (decades), Lack
of security awareness & expertise
among utilities.
The integrating Information
Technology, so vital to the Smart
Grid, will introduce traditional
cyber weakness. In order to have
appropriate protection, the new
generation Smart Grid’s Information
Infrastructure could deploy measures
similar to that used in securing a
cloud and implement security as a
wrapper. The Smart Grid essentially
deploys SCADA systems. There has
been a perceptible shift towards
running such smart applications on
COTS non-embedded computing
systems running on OS that are
either open source or commercial
in nature. Such systems traditionally
run in client - server mode. These,
in particular need to be protected.
All best practices relevant to a large
IT base network will have to be
incorporated.
Some of the issues that are critical
for securing the Smart Grid are: -
Design the Smart Grid Information
Infrastructure with security
inbuilt. This should include the
Smart Grid
use of appropriate encryption
for authentication and securing
information at rest, and in transit. The
Smart Grid IT Infrastructure should
be scalable, so as to allow networks
that comply with established
standards, validated through a
functional and security audit, to
quickly integrate with the main grid
network. There is no question that the
Smart Grid is going to be a complex
infrastructure and also consist of
multiple smart grid domains. More
interconnections also increase the
surface area for Denial-of-Service
attacks and introduction of malware
/ compromised hardware.
Integrate strong encryption systems
for securing communications within
the grid. Integration of a PKI solution
for a role based access control and
authentication mechanism.
Hardening of systems, both client
as well as server. There should be
a clear role based security policy
pushed to the client systems in a
domain environment. This would
include a policy for hardening
network devices.
There was a time, when it was
perceived that networks air-gapped
from the Internet were relatively safe.
This is no longer true as current
generation attack methodologies
and malware like Stuxnet have
proven. The exact deployment of
security solutions and the proposed
proactive monitoring (monitored
from SOCs & NOCs) depends on
the final design of the Smart Grid.
Regulation of Interfaces: Standards
for regulating the transfer of data or
malware through various interfaces
like USB or LAN etc. is critical.
Employing the USB as a delivery
vehicle for infiltrating computers and
ex-filtering data is a very real risk.
Needless to say, the security of
the Grid, both proactive as well as
reactive will have to be built into the
final design. All best practices like
the concept of a layered approach to
security will have to be adopted. 
Narang N. Kishor
Mentor and Principal Design Architect
Narnix Technolabs Pvt. Ltd.
69
SpecialFeature
Special Feature--Solar
SolarTracking
Tracking Renewable

lobal warming has increased all polarizations) is approximately east and west can help recapture
G the demand and request
for green energy produced by
constant for angles of incidence
up to around 50°, beyond which
those losses. A tracker rotating in
the east-west direction is known as
renewable sources such as solar reflectance degrades rapidly. a single-axis tracker.
power. Consequently, solar tracking
The sun travels through 360 degrees The sun also moves through 46
is increasingly being applied as
east to west per day, but from the degrees north and south during
a sustainable power generating
perspective of any fixed location the a year. The same set of panels set
solution.
visible portion is 180 degrees during at the midpoint between the two
Solar Tracking System is a device an average 1/2 day period (more in local extremes will thus see the sun
for orienting a solar panel or spring and summer; less, in fall and move 23 degrees on either side,
concentrating a solar reflector or winter). Local horizon effects reduce causing losses of 8.3% A tracker
lens towards the sun. Concentrators, this somewhat, making the effective that accounts for both the daily and
especially in solar cell applications, motion about 150 degrees. A solar seasonal motions is known as a dual-
require a high degree of accuracy panel in a fixed orientation between axis tracker. Generally speaking,
to ensure that the concentrated the dawn and sunset extremes the losses due to seasonal angle
sunlight is directed precisely to the will see a motion of 75 degrees changes is complicated by changes
powered device. Precise tracking of to either side, and thus, according in the length of the day, increasing
the sun is achieved through systems to the table above, will lose 75% collection in the summer in northern
with single or dual axis tracking. of the energy in the morning and or southern latitudes. This biases
evening. Rotating the panels to the collection toward the summer, so
Sunlight has two components, the
“direct beam” that carries about
90% of the solar energy, and the
“diffuse sunlight” that carries the
remainder - the diffuse portion is the
blue sky on a clear day and increases
proportionately on cloudy days. As
the majority of the energy is in the
direct beam, maximizing collection
requires the sun to be visible to the
panels as long as possible.
The energy contributed by the direct
beam drops off with the cosine of
the angle between the incoming
light and the panel. In addition,
the reflectance (averaged across Single axis trackers

August 2015 71
Special Feature - Solar Tracking
if the panels are tilted closer to the
average summer angles, the total
yearly losses are reduced compared
to a system tilted at the spring/fall
solstice angle (which is the same as
the site’s latitude).
Thus the primary benefit of a tracking
system is to collect solar energy for
the longest period of the day, and
with the most accurate alignment
as the Sun’s position shifts with the
seasons.
The physics behind standard
photovoltaic (PV) trackers works with
all standard photovoltaic module
technologies. These include all types
of crystalline silicon panels (either
mono-Si, or multi-Si) and all types of
thin film panels (amorphous silicon,
CdTe, CIGS, microcrystalline).
Since Tracking always face the
Sun Directly, it achieves more
energy generation compared to
Fixed Panels.
Single axis trackers have one
degree of freedom that acts as an
axis of rotation. The axis of rotation
of single axis trackers is typically
aligned along a true North meridian.
It is possible to align them in any
cardinal direction with advanced
tracking algorithms. There are
several common implementations of
single axis trackers. These include
horizontal single axis trackers
(HSAT), horizontal single axis
tracker with tilted modules (HTSAT),
vertical single axis trackers (VSAT),
tilted single axis trackers (TSAT) and
polar aligned single axis trackers
(PSAT). The orientation of the
module with respect to the tracker
axis is important when modeling
performance.
Plant capacity in kWp Generation with Fixed
panels in 1st year
1 1475
5 7375
10
50
100
500
1000
72
Panoramic view of 100KWp dual axis roof top mounted solar plant.
Horizontal
Horizontal single axis tracker
(HSAT)
The axis of rotation for horizontal
single axis tracker is horizontal with
respect to the ground. The posts at
either end of the axis of rotation of a
horizontal single axis tracker can be
shared between trackers to lower the
installation cost. Field layouts with
horizontal single axis trackers are
very flexible. The simple geometry
means that keeping all of the axes
of rotation parallel to one another is
all that is required for appropriately
positioning the trackers with respect
to one another. Appropriate spacing
can maximize the ratio of energy
production to cost, this being
dependent upon local terrain and
shading conditions and the time-of-
day value of the energy produced.
Back tracking is one means of
computing the disposition of panels.
Horizontal trackers typically have
the face of the module oriented
parallel to the axis of rotation. As a
module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder
that is rotationally symmetric around
the axis of rotation. In single axis
horizontal trackers, a long horizontal
tube is supported on bearings
mounted upon pylons or frames.
Generation with single axis
trackers in 1st year
1770
8850
14750 17700
73750 88500
147500 177000
737500 885000
1475000 1770000
August 2015
Renewable
The axis of the tube is on a north-
south line. Panels are mounted upon
the tube, and the tube will rotate on
its axis to track the apparent motion
of the sun through the day.
Horizontal single axis tracker
with tilted modules (HTSAT)
In HSAT, the modules are mounted
flat at 0 degrees, while in HTSAT, the
modules are installed at a certain tilt.
It works on same principle as HSAT,
keeping the axis of tube horizontal in
north-south line and rotates the solar
modules east to west throughout
the day. These trackers are usually
suitable in high latitude locations but
does not take as much land space
as consumed by Vertical single
axis tracker (VSAT). Therefore it
brings the advantages of VSAT in a
horizontal tracker and minimizes the
overall cost of solar project.
Vertical
Vertical single axis tracker
(VSAT)
The axis of rotation for vertical single
axis trackers is vertical with respect
to the ground. These trackers rotate
from East to West over the course
of the day. Such trackers are more
Generation with Duel axis
trackers in 1st year
1947
9735
19470
97350
194700
973500
1947000
Special Feature - Solar Tracking
effective at high latitudes than
are horizontal axis trackers. Field
layouts must consider shading to
avoid unnecessary energy losses
and to optimize land utilization.
Also optimization for dense packing
is limited due to the nature of the
shading over the course of a year.
Vertical single axis trackers typically
have the face of the module oriented
at an angle with respect to the axis
of rotation. As a module tracks, it
sweeps a cone that is rotationally
symmetric around the axis of
rotation.
Tilted
All trackers with axes of rotation
between horizontal and vertical are
considered tilted single axis trackers.
Tracker tilt angles are often limited to
reduce the wind profile and decrease
the elevated end height. With
backtracking, they can be packed
without shading perpendicular to
their axis of rotation at any density.
However, the packing parallel to
their axes of rotation is limited by
the tilt angle and the latitude. Tilted
single axis trackers typically have
the face of the module oriented
parallel to the axis of rotation. As a
module tracks, it sweeps a cylinder
that is rotationally symmetric around
the axis of rotation.
Polar
Polar aligned single axis track-
ers (PASAT)
This method is scientifically well
known as the standard method
of mounting a telescope support
structure. The tilted single axis
is aligned to the polar star. It is
August 2015
therefore called a polar aligned
single axis tracker (PASAT). In this
particular implementation of a tilted
single axis tracker, the tilt angle is
equal to the site latitude. This aligns
the tracker axis of rotation with the
earth’s axis of rotation.
Dual axis trackers
Dual axis trackers have two degrees
of freedom that act as axes of
rotation. These axes are typically
normal to one another. The axis that
is fixed with respect to the ground
can be considered a primary axis.
The axis that is referenced to the
primary axis can be considered a
secondary axis. There are several
common implementations of dual
axis trackers. They are classified
by the orientation of their primary
axes with respect to the ground.
Two common implementations are
tip-tilt dual axis trackers (TTDAT)
and azimuth-altitude dual axis
trackers (AADAT). The orientation
of the module with respect to the
tracker axis is important when
modeling performance. Dual axis
Renewable
trackers typically have modules
oriented parallel to the secondary
axis of rotation. Dual axis trackers
allow for optimum solar energy
levels due to their ability to follow
the sun vertically and horizontally.
No matter where the sun is in the
sky, dual axis trackers are able to
angle themselves to be in direct
contact with the sun.
Tip–tilt
A tip–tilt dual axis tracker (TTDAT) is
so-named because the panel array
is mounted on the top of a pole.
Normally the east-west movement
is driven by rotating the array
around the top of the pole. On top
of the rotating bearing is a T- or
H-shaped mechanism that provides
vertical rotation of the panels and
provides the main mounting points
for the array. The posts at either
end of the primary axis of rotation
of a tip–tilt dual axis tracker can be
shared between trackers to lower
installation costs.
Other such TTDAT trackers have
a horizontal primary axis and a
dependent orthogonal axis. The
vertical azimuthal axis is fixed. This
allows for great flexibility of the
payload connection to the ground
mounted equipment because there
is no twisting of the cabling around
the pole.
Field layouts with tip–tilt dual axis
trackers are very flexible. The simple
geometry means that keeping
the axes of rotation parallel to
one another is all that is required
for appropriately positioning the
trackers with respect to one another.
73
Special Feature - Solar Tracking
Normally the trackers would have to
be positioned at fairly low density in
order to avoid one tracker casting a
shadow on others when the sun is
low in the sky. Tip-tilt trackers can
make up for this by tilting closer
to horizontal to minimize up-sun
shading and therefore maximize the
total power being collected.
The axes of rotation of many tip–
tilt dual axis trackers are typically
aligned either along a true north
meridian or an east west line of
latitude.
Given the unique capabilities of
the Tip-Tilt configuration and the
appropriated controller totally
automatic tracking is possible for
use on portable platforms. The
orientation of the tracker is of no
importance and can be placed as
needed.
Azimuth-altitude
An azimuth–altitude dual axis
tracker (AADAT) has its primary
axis (the azimuth axis) vertical to
the ground. The secondary axis,
often called elevation axis, is then
typically normal to the primary axis.
They are similar to tip-tilt systems in
operation, but they differ in the way
the array is rotated for daily tracking.
Instead of rotating the array around
the top of the pole, AADAT systems
can use a large ring mounted on
the ground with the array mounted
on a series of rollers. The main
advantage of this arrangement is the
weight of the array is distributed over
a portion of the ring, as opposed to
the single loading point of the pole
in the TTDAT. This allows AADAT to
support much larger arrays. Unlike
the TTDAT, however, the AADAT
system cannot be placed closer
74
together than the diameter of the
ring, which may reduce the system
density, especially considering inter-
tracker shading.
Trackers should be able to track
the virtual movement of the Sun
in both axis and should follow
Sun depending upon location of
installation. The basic purpose to
track is to increase the yield of the
plant, increase the energy density of
the Plant. The system should be able
to communicate with the servers
and have remote access, should
be able to withstand wind speeds
upto 47m/s where in survival wind
speed should be around 60m/s.
The auxiliary power requirement
of the trackers is minimal and the
consumption of the tracker of 12200
Wp is around 0.2 kwh’s per day.
Dual Axis tracked plant depending
upon location enhance the
generation upto 35% when
compared with fixed tilt systems.
Whereas single axis tracker
enhance the generation upto
18%. The capital cost of tracker
generally pays off within 2 years wth
respective enhanced generation of
the solar plant.
August 2015
Renewable
It is self-explanatory that tracked
plants would have better ROI and
IRR values as compared to fixed
plants because of its enhanced
generation
Electrical unit which is invoiced or
billed is Rs/KWH where Rs is the
capital cost of the plant and kwh’s is
the generation. One way is to reduce
the numerator which is normally
governed by the market forces,
however tracker increases kwh’s
means increasing denominator also
will reduce this fraction Rs/Kwh’s.
Since we are calculating generation
cost the extra cost of tracker
equipment is already considered
in the capital cost of the plant. It is
evident that the generation cost of
the tracked plant is lower than the
generation cost of the fixed plant.
The higher generation of energy
implies better revenues for the
investors and lower pay back period.
It is also evident as the movement
of the modules is governed by Sun
angles and the panels are moving
hot air below the modules is also
reduced increasing the efficiency
of the plant. Even a small wind
velocity of 1-2m/sec would remove
all the heat below the plant as
there is enough space between the
modules and rows for escaping
of the hot air. This also implies the
modules on tracker would be cooler
than fixed ones. 
Mr Deepak Kelkar
Director (Technical), Ravin Infraproject Pvt. Ltd.
SpecialFeature - Photovoltaic Renewable

hotovoltaic has grown from photovoltaics for many years, and

P a niche market small scale
application to a mainstream electricity
its total capacity amounted to 77
megawatts in 1996—more than any
Summary 2015-projections

Forecast by PV installations
source across the world. One other country in the world at the
cannot look at the Indian domestic time. Then, Japan stayed ahead as IEA1 38 GW
manufacturing industry in Isolation. the world’s leader of produced solar
By the end of 2014, cumulative electricity until 2005, when Germany SPE 51 GW
photovoltaic capacity reached took the lead. The country is currently
approaching the 40,000 megawatt DB 54 GW
178 gigawatts (GW), sufficient
to supply one percent of global mark. China is expected to continue
its rapid growth and to triple its PV GTM 55 GW
electricity demands.
capacity to 70,000 megawatts by
Initially it was Japan and European BNEF 55 GW
2017, becoming the world’s largest
countries which were leading the producer of photovoltaic power any IHS 57 GW
growth. But with declining cost due time soon.
to improvements in technology and MC 57 GW
In the following figure you can see
economies of scale deployment of how Indian solar market is forecasted Average 55 GW
solar is gaining ground in other to grow in the coming year.
countries as well.
One of the interesting facts is as
the products have matured and
with technology gaining more
ground, China has fast become
a manufacturer for the world.
China has built huge capacities
for solar cells and modules with
a lot of help from government’s
‘Golden Sun’ programs. If we look
at the demand forecast available in
the public domain, we are expecting
installation to the tune of 55 GW on
an average in 2015.
Historically, the United States
had been the leader of installed

76 August 2015
SpecialFeature - Photovoltaic Renewable

PV Module Technology
From a technology point of view,
crystalline silicon-based Pv
continued to dominate the market,
while the share of thin film remained
stable, thanks to Cadmium telluride
(Cdte) and the boom of the japanese
market for Copper Indium Gallium
Selenide (CI(G)S). The market
growth experienced in 2013 and
2014 brought the utilisation rates of
manufacturing capacities for solar
components to more reasonable
levels and reduced the pressure on
prices. After the rapid price decline
and the industry consolidation,
2014 saw several actors returning
to profit, in a growing market. In
Europe, the price undertaking for PV
modules maintained the prices of
In 2013 thin-film technologies growth has brought production
some Chinese producers at higher
accounted for about 9 percent of capacities closer to a sustainable
than market levels, while other Asian
worldwide deployment, while 91 utilisation rate and therefore, with
manufacturers continued to offer
percent was held by crystalline profitable companies, a new cycle of
cheaper prices.
silicon (mono-Si and multi-Si). With investment can start in the Pv sector.
With the advances in conventional 5 percent of the overall market, CdTe
crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology holds more than half of the thin-film
in recent years, and the falling cost market, leaving 2 percent to each,
Indian Solar Opportunity
of the polysilicon since 2009, that CIGS and amorphous silicon The current government has laid out
followed after a period of severe of an ambitious target of 100 GW of
Below figure shows how the solar by 2022. It is not an easy task
silicon feedstock, pressure increased
technology landscape has changed considering the size of our country.
on manufacturers of commercial
since 1990 We are an energy deficit country with
thin-film PV technologies, including
amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si), After years of dramatic cost 30% of population without electricity
cadmium telluride (CdTe), and reduction, innovation seems to and electricity transmission losses
copper indium gallium diselenide play a central role again. Several more than 30%. Solar is the
(CIGS), leading to the bankruptcy manufacturers have announced best suited technology for this
of several, once highly-touted orders for innovative equipment to endeavour. A year back the industry
thin-film companies. The sector upgrade their current production was looking at targeted installed
continues to face price competition lines or to put new ones in place. In capacity of 20 GW by 2020 and now
from Chinese crystalline silicon cell parallel, new module factories are we are looking at 100 GW by 2022.
and module manufacturers, and opening within, or close to, emerging MNRE is pursuing the goals very
some companies together with their markets while some continued aggressively and has a target of 40
patents were sold below cost to close in Europe. The market GW from rooftop installation and rest

GLOBAL PV MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY IN

2013 a-Si
CdTe 2% CIGS
5% 2%

Multi-Si Mono-Si
55% 36%

August 2015 77
SpecialFeature - Photovoltaic Renewable

of 60 GW from Utility scale projects 500MW in 2009 to 1,250MW in
and Ultra Mega Power Projects. 2012. However, India has an overall
wafer production of just 200MW.
In India 3883 MW of solar grid
Indian manufacturers at the moment
connected projects have been
cannot produce modules without
commissioned till May 2015 as per
the import of wafers. This is the
data available on MNRE’s website.
right time to invest in capacity
India is yet to become a building in solar, and in the recently
manufacturing hub in solar industry. concluded Re-Invest 2015 we had
Indian module manufacturers are seen some major announcements
fragmented. Vertically integration of manufacturing collaborations.
has not yet happened and most The big players will come to India
of the manufacturers lack scale once they see that the market has
also few have manufacturing opened up. This sector has the
capacity of more than 200 MW. potential to give our economy the
Only a few manufacturers have a push it requires and also give direct
cell manufacturing line at present. and indirect employment.
Most of the manufacturer are
DCR category is one initiative but to
concentrating on module assembly.
really develop Indian manufacturing,
Investment in R&D has to step up.
market has to stabilise. Once demand
In India, the cell manufacturing is generated and solar projects
capacity grew from 150MW in 2009 has to achieve grid parity and risk
to 700MW in 2012, while the module perception will also be minimised.
manufacturing capacity grew from There are some initiatives by the
government to build confidence by
showing its commitment. Make in
India Campaign is a driving force
which has urged the world to come
setup manufacturing of world class
products in India. That vision will
only realise when companies see
that there is a huge market which
is available. If we want to repeat the
China story in module manufacturing
we need to think big and invest in the
vision. We will have to make a level
playing field for our local companies
so that they can compete in the
global market. A lot of trade barriers
that are there in USA and Europe
might be repealed and to counter
such a scenario the local players will
need governments support. 
Mr Vipin
Dy Manager Marketing
Waree Energies Ltd

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78 August 2015
SpecialFeature - Wires and Cables
ables and interconnections with
C low resistivity (resistance per
m) & Voltage drop are necessary
to avoid losses primarily and also
defects, accidents. Though, normally
Cables may be given less importance
in a Solar PV System, but their effects
could not be underestimated.
hh A large number of 4 & 6 sq. mm
size Cables (approx. 12 – 15
Kms per MW) are required on
DC side of a Solar PV System.
These electrical connections
are required in order to connect
the modules of a PV plant to the
Inverters, Junction boxes viz.,
hh PV module to module in a
series string & PV strings to
array junction box / Inverter
hh Here, Cables are exposed to
direct sunlight, UV rays, outdoor
ambient temperature and other
environmental conditions.
hh Array junction box to main
junction box / Inverter & Main
junction box to Inverter Here,
Cables are normally routed
through conduits / covered
trays and are not exposed to
direct sunlight. These conduits
/ covered trays could be
installed either above ground
or underground. Hence, here
Cables are not exposed to
August 2015
direct sunlight & UV but only
exposed to outdoor ambient
temperature and other
environmental conditions.
hh Safe Earth Grounding Here,
Cables may be exposed
or may be covered. They
may be subject to variety of
environmental conditions.
Hence, the losses along the
cables and at contact points can
become appreciable if not properly
selected in terms of size, design,
conductor etc.
DC cables are expected to meet the
following parameters viz.,
1 Single core, flexible and
colour coded
2 Dual wall insulated and cross
linked, halogen free, low smoke,
flame retardant
3 High resistance to abrasion and
temperature extremes
4 High resistance to extreme
environmental conditions of
UV, ozone, humidity, rain, snow,
sand, salt etc.
5 Fine stranded, tin plated copper
conductor, easy to handle,
bend, route and strip
6 High dielectric withstanding
voltage up to 1600V
Renewable
7 Current rating to withstand
extreme currents in module
/ string / array with de-rating
factors of up to 10
8 Conductor size meeting
resistance requirement for given
length of cable
9 Voltage drop meeting minimum
DC power loss criteria (1-3%)
10 25 years life span
Similarly, equally large lengths of
Cables are required on AC side of
a Solar System. Solar PV Plants
typically use Aluminium conductor
Cables on AC side of the System.
These are used to connect Power
output from Inverters to transformers
and eventually high voltage electrical
substation viz.,
hh Inverter to LT Transformer/Grid
hh LT Transformer to HT
Transformer
hh HT Transformer to Plant
Switch Yard
hh Plant Switch Yard to Sub-station
In a MW size solar PV plant,
optimizing cable size and cable
routing becomes important for
system designer. As a result,
selection of cables, cable sizes and
their layouts are as important as
selection of modules and inverters.
Therefore, long-lasting, good
79
SpecialFeature - Wires and Cables
quality, Copper Conductor cables
are looked forward to.
The operating temperature of
cable affects its current carrying
capacity and hence, the local site
conditions play very important
role while selecting right size of
cable. The system voltage is also
an important factor while deciding
the cable size as cable size can be
reduced to carry the same power at
higher voltage.
Standards
DC Cables need to conform to the
following Standards in Solar PV
Plants:
GLOBAL NATIONAL
Europe-PV1-F TUV 2Pfg 1169
/08.2007
Germany- IEC60502
TUV-2Pfg1169 Part 1
USA-UL4703 IS694
Japan-JCS4517 IS1554 Part 1
UK-BS EN IS7098 Part 1
50618
These standards take into account
the prevailing environmental
conditions in their respective
countries.
TUV specification is for DC cables selected for Solar PV Power
while IEC and IS specifications are Plant applications.
generic (for DC and AC cables) and
there is need for harmonization of
the standard for PV cables.
The standards applicable
design, selection and installation
of PV cables are NEC, IEC60287,
IEC60364, IS1255, VDE0298-4. The
criterion for sizing and selection of
cables is different from each other in
these standards.
Parameters For Cable Selection
The important parameters to be
looked (apart from others) into while
selecting Cables are:
i. Ambient Temperature
correction factor is applicable
on rated currents of Cable
ii. Rated Voltage
iii. Current Rating
iv. Resistance per unit length
80
v. Voltage Drop per unit length
– need to define acceptable temperature?
voltage drop limits for Solar PV
power plants of different sizes
(small, medium and large).
This could further be fine-tuned
by fixing limits of voltage drop
within various sections i.e.,
string cables, array cables and
interconnections
vi. Power Loss per unit length
- need to define acceptable 6
power loss limits for Solar PV
power plants of different sizes
(small, medium and large).
vii. Flexibility
viii. Bending Radius
ix. Corrosion
The current rating of Cable would
depend on
1. Ambient Temperature
2. Conductor Temperature
3. Sun/UV Exposition Factor
4. Layout Depth Factor
5. Layout Grouping Factor
6. Soil Temperature
7. Thermal Conductivity
Following factors govern design
of cable insulation, armouring and
outer sheath are
1. Ambient Temperature
2. Humidity, Rain and Water
3. Pollution, UV and Ozone
to
4. Resistance to Abrasion
5. Resistance to Heat and Flame
DC cable selection takes into
consideration the following key
parameters depending upon the
areas or sections viz.,
1. For String Inverter
2. For Central Inverter
where Cables are to be laid
–
1 PV design safety factor of
1.25 (for peak radiation and
temp variation)
2 Continuous rating safety factor
of 1.25
3 Ambient temperature
Renewable
rating factor for conductor
4 Ambient temperature correction
for cable resistance and voltage
drop corresponding to the
conductor temperature
5 Fixing of limits of voltage
drop and power loss in string
cables, array cables and
interconnections etc.
Acceptable current over-rating
factor over & above safety and
de-rating factors
Cable Installation Practices
1. DC cables used in Solar
Industry have following types of
insulation and sheathing:
hh XLPE
hh UV stabilized HR 105 deg. C
PVC
hh Cross-linkable LSOH
hh UV stabilized PVC ST2
Each has its own advantages
& disadvantages in different
applications
2. Outdoor cables have multiple
ratings for wet and high
temperature conditions and
hence need to be properly
3. The outdoor DC cables also
require protection from rodents.
4. Though color-coding is typically
not followed but same would
be of immense benefits in the
longer run & hence needs to be
ensured.
5. Available & permissible bending
radius of the Cables needs to be
looked into and strictly adhered
to.
6. The DC cables should be laid
and interconnected in such a
manner so as to avoid Earth /
short circuit faults. This will also
protect Cables from arcing and
potential fires. The DC string
/ array voltages can go up to
1200V or 1600V, hence DC
arcing can cause catastrophic
de- failures in Solar PV plants.
August 2015
SpecialFeature - Wires and Cables
7. Safety factors both for
dielectric withstand voltage
and permissible power loss in
cables should be harmonized /
standardized.
8. Small size (500W-5kW) plants
typically compromise with 2 or 3
core AC cable on DC side and
needs correction. Both IEC and
NEC specify de-rating factors
and allowable current ratings
and clear guidelines need to be
established.
9. Cable sizing should be primarily
based on technical parameters
over and above optimal cost
considerations and rather be
evaluated based on Life Cycle
Cost formulae.
10. Current carrying capacity of
Cables under high Ambient
temperature conditions of
around 40 - 50 deg. needs
careful attention.
11. In order to reduce total
cable length and number
of interconnections thereby
to achieve low DC loss and
higher system reliability module
interconnection methods like
‘Active trunk and drop cabling’
could be perused.
12. The safety of earthing conductor
its size, type and termination
also needs critical attention.
Cable Accessories
The peripheral components /
accessories associated with Cables
are conduits, trays, connectors,
terminals and fasteners.
a. Conduits and trays should be
suitably rated so as to withstand
high temperatures and wet
conditions. These should have
suitable protection from edges,
sunlight and corrosion. Most
commonly types of conduits
used are of PVC & GI, which
could be selected suitable for
site conditions.
b. Crimp Connectors required
should have low contact
resistance over a period of
twenty to twenty five years. Selection of Copper Conductor
They should have long-term
August 2015
secure connection so as to
avoid possibility of arcing.
Two types of PV module
connectors are used by industry,
MC4 and Tyco.
c. Terminals used in junction
boxes are of the following types:
i. The screw and post
terminals with spring-
clamp are prone to loose
connections, resistive
losses and arcing.
ii. Plug type connectors
require special tools and
hence are not easy to use
on field.
iii. Lock-on type terminals are
used to connect DC cables
directly onto busbars.
These are ideal for Solar PV
application as they avoid
arcing.
d. Array Junction Boxes and Main
Junction Box used in Solar PV
installations are rated for IP65
in order to protect them from
moisture and dust ingress.
These boxes are typically located
under hot Solar PV Panels /
Modules. Hence, these boxes
are subjected to temperatures
higher than ambient.
e. Terminal glands are selected
with IP65 degree of Protection.
Even 1% saving in Cable Power
loss will amount to huge savings
in the form of revenue that could
be collected through sale of
surplus Electricity.
Aluminium Conductor on AC side:
Renewable
The Aluminium Conductor is
normally selected for cables used
on AC side of Solar PV Power
Plants. Here, it has been observed
that stakeholders opt for Aluminium
Conductor in the Cables perhaps
more driven by cost saving
considerations. It can generate up
to approx. 30% savings. However,
cables of higher sizes are required
with Aluminium conductor due to
poor conductivity.
Also higher torque is required for
screw terminations which results in
creating Loose connections over a
period of time. Due to such loose
connections the probability of arcing
gets enhanced leading to fire related
damages. The installations with
Aluminium conductors are bigger in
size. Hence, design and installation
practices for Cables with Aluminium
conductors in PV systems needs
intense review.
Copper Conductor on DC side:
However, for Cables in Solar PV
Power Plants especially on DC
side, we need to take adequate
care of all the technical parameters
which predominantly suggest the
selection of Copper as preferred
Conductor. Here, the cable sizes are
lesser and installations are not so
bulky. Problem of arcing and loose
connections is avoided. One must
look into Life Cycle Costs which tend
to prefer Copper Conductor in the
Cables on DC side. 
Virender Kumar Gupta
Senior Consultant,
International Copper Association India
81
SpecialFeature - Solar EPC Industry
n the current scenario of
I progressively increasing power
demand and enhanced ecological
consciousness, solar energy is
obtaining prominence. The segment
is becoming more lucrative and solar
PV offers a long-term and profitable
investment with comparatively low
risk attached. In this context, while
the solar industry is thriving and solar
EPC firms’ support is remarkable, the
challenges are increasing too.
There are several challenges
& complex situations that
EPC companies are facing
‹ Cost, Time & Quality
‹ Land & local issues
‹ Solar policies & initiatives
‹ Regulatory clearances
‹ Sourcing & logistics
‹ Design Standards
‹ Customer requirements &
relation
‹ Grid substation & evacuation
‹ Guarantees and warrantees
‹ Contribution & competition
August 2015
Cost, Time & Quality
Cost plays a vital role in determining
the IRR, LCOE for the investors
and overall project commercial
viability. It comprises Land survey,
Leveling, Engineering, Designing,
Supply of materials & equipment’s,
Installation, & Commissioning of the
project within plant boundary.
Timely delivery of the EPC is another
key aspect of the any project. Owing
to the Power Purchase Agreement
deadlines in India, it is very much
essential to execute projects in ‘fast
track mode’.It is always essential
to have strong EPC risk mitigation
measure in project planning.
Quality is another aspect for building
healthiest plant for the operation of
25 years economically, safely & with
utmost reliability.
Land & Local issues
Land is fundamental part of the free-
field solar projects which involves
huge acres of area. In this context
non-agricultural and unused land
availability at worthy irradiance
geographic location is quite
challenging. Few land related issues
faced like:
Renewable
a. Unclear land boundary and
incomplete acquisitions.
b. Access to skilled resources at
site is needed.
c. In some good irradiation
geographic locations land
availability is less, land cost is
high and adjusting desired plant
capacity becomes challenging.
d. Unknown sub-soil conditions;
may calls for increase in civil
foundation cost.
e. Local political influences and
interventions for the project.
Solar Policies & Initiatives
The critical challenges pertaining
to the govt. policies, participation &
initiative are:
‹ Unclear govt. solar policies :
many states policies are not
clear, have confrontation between
SPDs in terms of policy decisions,
obligation enforcement, energy
prices, plant capacities, land
acquisition, PPA signing & so on.
‹ Non-serious players are bidding
for the project without positive
plans & required preparations.
Regulatory Clearances
In a solar EPC project, various
clearances from CEIG, STU/DISCOM
83
SpecialFeature - Solar EPC Industry Renewable

a one window concept. The to changes or new developments

entire system is online and very
convenient for the EPC Company
or the project developers. MNRE
has also appointed Charter
Engineers, with due training to
support the EPC players.
For DISCOM approval, many
states do not have proper policy in
place and thus DISCOM becomes
helpless to accommodate solar
project developers and thus the EPC
and MNRE/SECI/respective state Company. However in states where
nodal agencies have to be obtained. the policy is available DISCOM does
extend their full support.
Difficulties caused due to the delays
of clearances from CEIG, STU/ Regarding statutory approval
bodies like CEIG & CEA, they are
DISCOM and MNRE/SECI/respective
state nodal agencies: more focused on the conventional
power segment which is there
Statutory bodies like MNRE & major operational area. They
SECI are committed towards the generally evaluate all solar projects
development of solar energy. This on the same line where year old
gets reflected in their approach designs and laid down system
to the segment. Most of the and equipment’s are used. They
approvals/clearances are nowadays are normally not accommodative
suggested by the EPC companies
due to new technologies. Mo st of
the EPC players operating in India
are influenced directly or indirectly
by foreign designs, which generally
use space saving equipment
and are more reliable, like RMU.
However it has been observed
that the statutory authorities do
not easily align with these modern
designs. This sometimes results
in cost overrun and also delays in
approvals. But, if an EPC company
can produce a proper engineering
design / drawing which is self-
explained and is equipped with all
the safety measures as per Indian
Standards and supported with all
the test reports/information of the
equipment’s, much time is not
wasted for clearances. 
Mr Kuldeep Jain
Chief Operating Officer, EPC, Vikram Solar

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84 August 2015
TechSpace
uring the nineties decade, many
D electric utilities throughout the
world have forced to change their
way of operation and business, from
vertically integrated mechanism to
open market system. India also
has followed the global change
in power sector by establishment
of the Regulatory Commissions in
1998 under the Electricity Regulatory
Commissions Act 1998 to promote
competition, efficiency and economy
in the activities of the electricity
industry. India has huge potential of
varied and complementary sources
of renewable energy. The country
aims to strengthen its energy security
and independence by developing
these resources. These include
stringent norms for the construction
and operation of energy generation
equipment and increasing reliance
on more advanced generation
technologies in the field of
renewable. So there is a great need
of renewable energy source in Indian
power sector to meet future energy
demand and remove GHG emission
for environment protection.
In this connection Government
of India has come out with Acts,
Policies and Regulations to support
renewable Energy. The Electricity Act
2003 (E’-Act 2003) that was notified
by the Ministry of Power in June
2003 with other policies National
August 2015
Electricity Policy and National Tariff
Policy appears to be in the helm of
affairs for the promotion of renewable
energy at the state as well as to
national level in India. The E’ Act
2003 has assigned the responsibility
of promoting Renewable Energy
(RE) sources to various State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions
(SERCs) in their respective states.
As per the Act, SERCs are required
to encourage investment in RE
by providing suitable measures
for connectivity with the grid and
specify a percentage of the total
consumption of electricity in the
area of a distribution license to
be procured from RE sources.
The National Tariff Policy that was
notified by the Ministry of Power
in January 2006, in continuation
with the EA-2003 and the National
Electricity Policy also emphasizes
the importance of setting renewable
energy quotas and preferential tariffs
for renewable energy procurement
by the respective SERCs in their
restructured states power sector.
At present India is fifth largest
country in the world in electricity
generation, having presently
aggregate capacity of 255 GWs out
of which approximately 70% is from
thermal, 16% from hydro, 2% from
nuclear and the rest about 12% is
from renewable energy sources
Renewable
(renewable in this paper refer to
small hydro, wind, cogeneration
and biomass-based power
generation, and solar technologies).
Although Indian power sector has
experienced a eight-time increased
in its installed capacity a jump from
30,000 MW in 1981 to over 253389
MW by July 2014 but still there is a
huge gap in generation and demand
in India hence need to be establish
more generation plants preferably
to be come from renewable sources
by governmental as well as various
private participation. Contribution
of renewable energy sources in the
total portfolio of capacity as well as
gross generation is still very low.
As per the details available at CEA
web site, the source-wise and sector-
wise generation installed capacity of
the country in MW is as given below:
The Indian power sector is
predominantly based on fossil fuels,
with more than about three-fifths
of the country’s power generation
capacity being dependent on vast
indigenous reserves of coal. But in
few last decades Indian government
has taken several steps to reduce the
use of fossil fuels-based energy while
promoting renewable generation.
As per the details available at CEA
& MNRE web site, the source-wise
renewable generation installed
85
TechSpace Renewable

All India Installed Capacity as on 31.12.2014: (MW) etc. The policy was amended in
January 2011 to prescribe solar-
Sector Thermal Nuclear Hydel Renewable Total specific RPO be increased from a
State 63468 0.00 27482 3803.67 94753.67 minimum of 0.25 per cent in 2012 to 3
per cent by 2022. Further, the National
Private 60320 0.00 2694 27888.47 90902.47
Action Plan on Climate Change
Central 53954 4780 10622.76 0.00 69356.76 (NAPCC) suggests increasing the
Total 177742 4780 40798.76 31692.14 255012 share of renewable energy in the total
energy mix at-least up to 15 percent
All India Sector-wise and Source-wise Status as on December, 2014: (%) by 2020.
Sr. No. Sector Thermal Nuclear Hydel Renewable Total Section 86(1) (e) empower the
1 State 66.98 0.00 29.00 4.01 37.16 SERC’s to specify, for purchase
of electricity from such sources, a
2 Private 66.36 0.00 2.96 30.68 35.65
percentage of the total consumption
3 Central 77.79 6.89 15.32 0.00 27.20 of electricity in the area of distribution
4 Total 69.70 1.87 16.00 12.43 licensee. As on now 27 States have
set Renewable Purchase Obligations
capacity of the country is as on 31st projects, feed-in tariffs, tradable (RPO) targets varying from 0.05-
December, 2014 is given below: green energy certificates, and 10.2%. 22 States failed to meet
their effects upon the prospects of their RPO target in 2012. Despite
encouraging as well as expanding the targets to produce 8% energy
All India Source wise Renewable
the development of renewable from renewable sources by 2013 set
capacity as on 31st December, 2014:
energy in Indian restructured under the National Action Plan on
Capacity
Source % power sector. Climate Change (NAPCC), the States
in MW
fixed their own RPO target of 6%
Small Hydro 3803.68 12.00 The major regulatory initiatives and for 2013.and only 5.25% target was
Power Projects policies/contributors are: actually achieved. As a result of this,
Wind Energy 21136.4 66.69 there was a deficit of 18.5 billian units
Bio-mass 4013.55 12.66
Renewable Purchase in the generation of renewable power
during the year. The States which
Solar Energy 2631.93 8.30
Waste Energy 106.58 0.34 Obligations (RPO) out performed their targets were
Total 31692.14 Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttarakhand,
The National Tariff Policy (NTP)
Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
2006 requires the State Electricity
It is observed that the central which achieved 19.14% against 9%.
contribution in renewable installed Regulatory Commissions (SERCs)
Among the worst performing States
capacity is nil. There is strong need to to fix a minimum percentage of
are Delhi, Maharashtra, Punjab,
develop a national level public sector Renewable Purchase Obligation
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
company by the central Government (RPO) from such sources taking Pradesh. Maharashtra and Rajasthan
in line of NTPC and NHDC for the into account availability of such electricity regulators have enforced
development of renewable energy in resources in the region and its impact penal provision under section 142
the country. The central government on retail tariffs and procurement by of Electricity Act, 2003 on its utilities
is also required to fix the plan wise distribution companies at preferential for shortfall of RPO target along
target renewable based generation tariffs determined by the SERCs. NTP with per unit enforcement charge
capacity like facial fuel. has further elaborated on the role of as compensation. In a landmark
regulatory Commission; mechanism judgment, the Rajasthan High
The Electricity Act, 2003 empower the
for promoting renewable energy court set a precedent by imposing
electricity regulatory Commission’s
and timeframe for implementation, penalty for non compliance of
to promotes renewable energy
sector in the country through fiscal
incentives. This paper attempts
to review the various initiatives
and measures undertaken by the
electricity regulatory Commission’s
for promotion of renewable energy.
The aim of this paper is to analyzed
the current renewable energy policy
framework, especially investment
or generation based price-driven
and capacity-driven mechanisms,
investment incentives for the
development of renewable energy

86 August 2015
TechSpace
RPO Compensation/adjustment
mechanism were introduce by the
electricity regulator in Bihar and
Chhattisgarh. A robust compliance
mechanism, therefore, needs to be
urgently put in place with penalties
for non-compliance and incentives
for over-achievement. Enforcement
of RPO is also the key to ensure the
success of Indian REC market, which
allows companies to buy and sell
certificates to meet their RPOs.
While the Electricity Act, 2003,
the policies framed under the Act,
and also the NAPCC provide for a
roadmap for increasing the share
of renewable in the total generation
capacity in the country, there are
constraints in terms of availability of
RE sources evenly across different
parts of the country. This inhibits
the State Commissions, especially
in those states where the potential
of RE sources is not that significant,
from specifying higher renewable
purchase obligation. For example,
given the fact that Delhi does not
have sufficient renewable energy
potential, the State Commission of
Delhi has specified RPO of 1% for
the distribution licensees in the State.
In India some states like Rajasthan
and Tamil Nadu have very high
potential of RE sources and the State
Commissions have also specified
higher RPO. In fact, in such states
there are avenues for harnessing
the potential even beyond the RPO
level fixed by the State Commissions.
However, the very high cost of
generation from RE sources
discourages local distribution
licensees from purchasing electricity
generated from RE sources
beyond the RPO level mandated by
the State Commission.
Renewable Energy
Certification (REC)
Contribution of renewable energy
sources in the total portfolio of
capacity as well as gross generation
is still very low. As on 31st July,
2014, the renewable energy sources
constituted only about 12 % of the
total installed generation capacity
in the country. In India some States
does not have sufficient renewable
energy potential and some of the
August 2015
States have very high potential
of RE sources. It is in this context
that the concept of Renewable
Energy Certificate (REC) assumes
significance. This concept seeks
to address the mismatch between
availability of RE sources and the
requirement of the obligated entities
to meet their renewable purchase
obligation. Renewable Energy
Certificate (REC) mechanism is
a market based instrument to
promote renewable energy and
facilitate renewable purchase
obligations (RPO). Cost of electricity
generation from renewable energy
sources is classified as cost of
electricity generation equivalent to
conventional energy sources and
the cost for environmental attributes.
In view of the disproportionate
availability of renewable energy
resources in various States and
the fact that every State Electricity
Regulatory Commission is mandated
to promote renewable energy in its
respective State, Renewable Energy
Certificate (REC) scheme has been
launched in India. The REC scheme
allows another revenue model to
an investor and enable obligated
entities like distribution licensees to
fulfill the shortfall in their targets by
buying RECs from renewable energy
project developers registered under
REC scheme. The REC scheme
is also likely to meet the objective
identified in NAPCC which has set 5%
of power purchase from renewable
in the year 2009-10 and an increase
of 1% each year to reach 15% by the
year 2020. The Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission has issued
the Regulation on Renewable Energy
Certificate on 14th January, 2010.
Renewable
Under this arrangement, each State
Electricity Regulatory Commission
has to develop RPO framework
for its respective State. Obligated
entities (Distribution Companies,
Open access users and Captive
power consumers) who cannot fulfill
their RPO, can purchase RECs to
discharge their RPOs. The RECs
are tradable instruments through
Energy Exchange.
Renewable Energy Certificate is
basically means that 1 megawatt-
hour (MWh) of electricity i.e. 1000
kWh or 1000 Units was generated
from an eligible renewable energy
resource. These certificates can be
traded, and the owner of the REC
who purchases the same can claim
to have met the requirement of RPO.
The owner thus gets remunerated
for this power through sale of power
at the rate of average procurement
price of that utility benefitting from
the injected power and the price
of REC traded (environmental
attributes). Instead of sale of energy
to the Discom’s at pooled price
of power purchase, the electrical
component can also be used for
captive purpose or sold to third
party at a mutually negotiated rate
provided no other concession
available to an investor of renewable
energy is drawn. The trading price of
REC has to be between floor price
and forbearance price. Currently
the floor price declared by CERC
is` 1500 per REC and Forbearance
price is ` 3300 per REC. In India the
trading of RECs is through Energy
Exchange and the same is presently
done on every last Wednesday of
every month.
87
TechSpace
Salient Features of the
REC Framework:
The renewable energy
generators have four options for
the utilization of the energy produce
d by it;
hh Sell utility on preferential
tariff fixed by the concerned
State Electricity Regulatory
Commission’s.
hh Use for their own or captive
use.
hh Sale to third party on mutually
agreed tariff.
hh Sell the electricity generation
and environmental attributes
associated with RE generation
separately.
The environmental attributes can
be exchanged in the form of REC.
Price of electricity component
would be equivalent to weighted
average power purchase cost of
the distribution company pertaining
to previous year. Weighted average
cost includes short-term power
purchase cost but excludes
renewable power purchase cost.
The National Load Dispatch Centre
(NLDC) is the nodal agency to
issue the REC to RE generators on
verification from concern State Load
Dispatch Centre (SLDC). The NLDC
will also function as Repository of
transactions of Certificate and will
maintain & settle accounts in respect
of Certificate.
The value of REC will be equivalent to
1 MWh of electricity injected into the
88
grid from renewable energy source.
The REC will be exchanged only
in the Power Exchanges approved
by CERC within the band of a floor
price and a forbearance (ceiling)
price. The distribution companies,
Open Access consumers, Captive
Power Plants will have option of
purchasing the REC to meet their
Renewable Purchase Obligation.
Pertinently, RPO is the obligation
mandated by the SERC’s under the
Act, to purchase minimum level of
renewable energy out of the total
consumption in the area of the
distribution licensee. The National
Load Dispatch Centre h as been
designated as central level agency
by the CERC for registration of
Renewable Electricity Generators
participating in the scheme. SERCs
have to designate the State agency
for their State.
Indian Electricity Grid
Code (scheduling of RE)
The Indian grid is very unstable.
Renewable Energy development
has been adversely affected by
lack of adequate evacuation and
transmission facilities and its stability.
It has been seen that even through
the RE generator are available
at times, grid is not available for
evacuation and transmission of
power. This result lowers Capacity
Utilization Factor (CUFs). In order
to minimized this situation, an
amendment in Indian Electricity
Grid Code has been introduced by
CERC. As per the grid code, the
wind and solar power projects are
to give a scheduling
and fore-casting of the
generation from these
projects.
Indian Electricity Grid
Code 2010 (IEGC)
has incorporated
special provisions of
connection, operations,
forecasting, scheduling
and commercial
settlement for wind
and solar generating
plants. With regard to
the pooling station,
amendment in IEGC
provides that
Renewable
Pooling Station is the sub-station
where pooling of generation of
individual wind generators or solar
generators is done for interfacing
with the next higher voltage level.
Where there is no separate pooling
station for a wind / solar generator
and the generating station is
connected through common feeder
and terminated at a sub-station of
distribution company/STU/ CTU, the
sub-station of distribution company/
STU/CTU shall be considered as the
pooling station for such wind/solar
generator. The main features of the
amendment in Indian Electricity Grid
Code are as follows:
hh Scheduling of wind power
generation plants would have to
be done from 15.7.2013 where
the sum of generation capacity
of such plants connected at
the connection points (called
Pooling stations) to the
transmission or distribution
system is 10 MW and above
and connection point is 33 kV
and above, for pooling stations
commissioned after 3.05.2010.
For capacity and voltage level
hh
below this, as well as for old
wind farms, it could be mutually
decided between the Wind
Generator and the transmission
or distribution utility, if there
is no existing contractual
agreement to the contrary.
The schedule by wind power
hh
generating stations may be
revised by giving advance
notice to SLDC/RLDC. Such
revisions by wind power
generating stations shall be
effective from 6th time block,
the first being the time-block in
which notice was given.
hh There may be one revision
for each time slot of 3 hours
starting from 00:00 hours of
a particular day subject to
maximum of 8 revisions during
the day.
The amendment in Indian Electricity
Grid Code further provide that wind
generators shall be responsible for
forecasting their generation upto
an accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if
the the actual generation is beyond +/-
August 2015
TechSpace
30% of the schedule, wind generator
would have to bear the UI charges.
For actual generation within +/- 30%
of the schedule, no deviation would
be payable/receivable by Generator,
The host state, shall bear the
deviation charges for this variation,
i.e within +/- 30%. However, the
deviation charges borne by the host
State due to the wind generation,
shall be shared among all the
States of the country in the ratio of
their peak demands in the previous
month based on the data published
by CEA, in the form of a regulatory
charge known as the Renewable
Regulatory Charge operated
through the Renewable Regulatory
Fund (RRF). In order to facilitate
states, a RRF has been created to
compensate the utilities to absorb
the deviations from the forecasting.
This system will help in solving
the problems faced by utilities
and distribution companies due to
variable nature of wind energy.
Renewable Regulatory
Fund Mechanism (RRF)
A Fund shall be operated by the
National Load Despatch Centre
(NLDC) on a national level to
be known as the “Renewable
Regulatory Fund (RRF) on the lines
of Unscheduled Interchange Pool
Account at the regional level. All
payments on account of Renewable
Regulatory Charges, levied under
the Regulations, and interest, if any,
received for late payment shall be
credited to then RRF. The RRF shall
be maintained and operated by the
National Load Despatch Centre in
accordance with provisions of the
Grid Code.
As per the Indian Electricity Grid
Code, the wind generators are
required to forecast their generation
up to accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if
the actual generation is beyond +/-
30% of the schedule, no deviation
charges would be payable to/
receivable by the Generator, The
host state, shall bear the deviation
charges for this variation, i.e within
+/- 30%. shared among all the States
of the country in the ratio of their
August 2015
peak demand in the previous month,
in the form of regulatory charge
known as Renewable Regulatory
Charges operated through the
Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF).
This provision is applicable on new
wind generating plant with collective
capacity of 10 MW and above
connected at connection point of
33kV level and above, and who have
not signed PPA with States or others
as on date of coming into force of
amendment of IEGC.
Procedure for Scheduling and
Settlement of accounts in case of
Wind Farms are as follows:
i. All intra-State transactions shall
be scheduled by concerned
SLDC and all inter-State
transactions shall be scheduled
by concerned RLDC.
ii. The combined schedules of
all transactions of a Pooling
Stations shall be compared
with the actual net injection
based on special energy meters
(SEM) data for computing the
deviations.
iii. The Coordinating Agency shall
be responsible for scheduling
generation on behalf of the
wind generators connected
to concerned Pooling Station,
upto a minimum accuracy of
70%. Therefore, if the actual
generation is beyond +/- 30%
of the schedule, deviation
charges shall be payable to/
receivable by the Coordinating
Agency for the concerned
Pooling Station.
iv. For actual generation within
+/- 30% of the schedule,
no deviation charges shall
be payable to/receivable by
the concerned Coordinating
Agency. Deviation charges for
schedules within this variation,
i.e. within +/- 30% shall be
applicable to the host State.
v. The implication of these
deviation charges shall be
shared among all the States/
Union Territories of the country
in the ratio of their peak demand
met in the previous month
Renewable
based on the data published by
Central Electricity Authority, in
the form of a regulatory charge
to be known as the Renewable
Regulatory Charge operated
through the Renewable
Regulatory Fund (RRF).
vi. A maximum generation of
150% of the schedule shall
be allowed in a time block for
iunjection by pooling station
from the grid security point
of view. For any generation
above 150% of the schedule, if
grid security is not affected by
the generation above 150%,
the only charge payable to
the Coordinating Agency for
the concerned pooling station
shall be the deviation charge
applicable corresponding to
50- 50.02 Hz.
vii. In case of intra-State sale of
wind energy, the transactions
shall be between the wind
generating station and the
intra-State entity (Purchaser)
at the contracted rate for actual
generation.
viii. The implication due to
deviations of actual generation
within +/- 30% of the scheduled
generation shall be settled
through the RRF. The implication
due to deviations outside +/-
30% shall be settled directly
between the host State and
the Coordinating Agency for
the concerned Pooling station
in accordance with the energy
accounts issued by the RPC
and the reference rate specified
by CERC from time to time.
ix. In the case of inter-State sale of
wind energy, the transactions
shall be settled between the
Coordinating Agency for the
concerned Pooling station
and the purchasing State at
the contracted rate for actual
generation upto 150% of the
scheduled generation. The
difference of actual generation
from the schedule for the
purchasing State shall be
settled at the deviation charges
of the Region of the purchasing
State through the RRF.
89
TechSpace
Scheduling and settlement
of accounts in case of Solar
Generators:
i. The schedule of Solar Pooling
Stations shall be given by
the Coordinating Agency
based on availability of the
generator, weather forecasting,
solar insulation, seasonal
and normal solar generation
curve and shall be vetted by
the concerned SLDC/RLDC in
which the generator is located
and incorporated in the intra-
state/inter-State schedule.
ii. If SLDC/RLDC is of the opinion
that the schedule is not realistic,
it may ask the concerned
Coordinating Agency to modify
the schedule.
iii. In case of solar generation,
no deviation charges shall be
payable by/receivable to the
Solar Generator/Coordinating
Agency.
iv. In the case of intra-State sale
of solar energy, the purchaser
shall pay the pooling station at
the contracted rate for actual
generation. In the case of inter-
State sale of solar energy, the
purchaser shall pay the Solar
Generator at the contracted
rate for actual generation.
v. The implication of deviation
charges due to the deviation
for purchasing State and host
State shall be settled through
the RRF.
Settlement of accounts for Wind
and Solar Pooling Stations:
i. In case of sale of power to two
or more States, the deviation
of actual generation from the
schedule shall be dealt with
in proportion to the shares of
the States in the generation of
the Wind Farms/Solar Pooling
Station.
ii. In addition to the settlement
of accounts for wind pooling
stations and Solar pooling
station above, the agency
responsible for deviation
settlement in the host State
shall also receive compensation
from the RRF for total or part
90
difference between the total
scheduled generation and total
actual generation of solar and
wind generation collectively
in the State as a whole at
additional deviation charge, to
the extent of net solar and wind
farm under-generation below
the frequency specified in the
Regulation.
iii. This shall be as certified by the
RPC, in whose Region the host
State is located. The agency
responsible for deviation
charges settlement in the
host State shall also receive
from the RRF, the difference
between the deviation rate and
the deviation cap rate for under-
drawal beyond the percentage/
MW prescribed in the deviation
settlement Regulations, to
the extent of under-drawal on
account of net over-generation
by solar and wind farms in the
State as a whole.
iv. The net leftover amounts in
the RRF, whether positive
or negative, shall be shared
among all the States/UTs of
the country in the ratio of their
peak demands met in the
previous month based on the
data published by CEA in the
form of a regulatory charge
(whether positive or negative),
to be known as the Renewable
Regulatory Charge, operated
through the Renewable
Regulatory Fund on a monthly
basis.
Feed-in tariffs
Feed-in tariffs are a generic
description of a policy that pays a
price, a “tariff”, for the electricity
generated by renewable sources
of energy that is “fed” into or sold
to the grid. They are sometimes
called Renewable Tariffs, Advanced
Renewable Tariffs, Renewable
Energy Payments, and more
generally, feed laws Renewable
tariffs are the most successful
policy mechanism for stimulating
the rapid development of renewable
energy. They are also transparent,
comprehensible, and equitable:
the door is open to everyone. The
August 2015
Renewable
terminology describing feed-in
tariffs and the way they are viewed
relative to electric utility regulation
has changed over the years. The
terminology has changed in part
because of changes in how the
tariffs are determined and whether
there is only one tariff offered, or
many. Feed-in tariffs vary in design
from country to country. The policies
should establish different tariffs
for different technologies, usually
related to the cost of generation,
for example distinguishing between
off-shore and onshore wind power.
Some policies also differentiate
tariffs by location and region, year
of plant operation, and operational
season of the year. Tariffs for a
given plant may decline over time,
but typically last for 15–20 years.
Some policies provide a fixed tariff
while others provide fixed premiums
added to market- or cost-related
tariffs. The development stage of
feed in tariff is Advanced Renewable
Tariffs (ARTs) in which Feed-in Tariffs
(FITs) differentiated by technology,
size, application, and sometimes
resource intensity. There is one
price or tariff paid for wind energy,
another price for solar, and so on.
Tariffs within each technology are
also differentiated by project size or,
in the case of wind energy, by the
productivity of the resource.
In Advanced Renewable Tariffs, the
individual tariffs are determined
by the cost of generating the
electricity plus a reasonable profit
for the producer. The market then
functions to determine how much,
where, and by who renewable
will be developed. Tariffs for new
projects are also subject to periodic
review to determine if the program
is sufficiently robust to produce the
desired growth in renewable energy.
Public policy makes a determination
that a particular resource is desired,
such as renewable source, then
the tariff necessary to bring on the
amount of the technology desired
determined, and the rate posted
and made available to all comers.
In summarize form, modern policies
of Advanced Renewable Tariffs
require, Priority access to the grid,
Priority purchase of generation
from renewable resources, and
TechSpace
Differentiated tariffs based on the
cost of generation plus a reasonable
profit Differentiating tariffs breaks
any remaining link between the
rates paid for renewable energy and
the cost of conventional generation
which renewable resources offset.
This is most obvious in the case of
solar PV. As Feed in tariff is place
specific as well as source specific so
in each of the electricity regulatory
commission adopt different tariff
for different renewable sources in
India. Reason for this difference is
availability of source such as small
hydro availability is Himalayas resign
(Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
etc.) and wind power available in
state such as Tamilnadu hence,
differential tariff is necessary for
renewable power development.
Benefits of feed-in-tariff
i. Effectiveness in terms of
capacity expansion and RES-E
production growth.
ii. High level of investment
confidence to independent (risk-
averse) producers of renewable
electricity.
iii. Energy generation cost
competitiveness in the longer
term.
iv. Independence from state
budgets.
v. Low and simple administration
demands.
vi. Encouragement of technological
development and high quality.
Recommendations
It may be concluded that renewable
energy development is of great
importance from the point of view
of long term energy supply security,
decentralization of energy supply
particularly for the benefit of the
rural population, environmental
benefits and sustainability in power
sector also. For renewable energy
development in India, the renewable
energy program has been in
existence for more than three
decades, but a market for renewable
energy technologies still need to
be exists. Based on the analysis
of various regulatory initiatives
polices, it is suggested that for faster
August 2015
development of renewable energy,
following recommendations are:
i. Guidelines on fixing differential
“Renewable Purchase
Obligation” regimes by States,
announcement of longer
term RPO trajectories, at
least 10 years, and ensuring
compliance by all Obligated
Entities, through a suitable
developed uniform compliance
code. A robust compliance
mechanism, therefore, needs
to be urgently put in place with
penalties for non-compliance
and incentives for over-
achievement. Cash- strapped
utilities could consider higher
tariffs or cess on commercial/
industrial consumers to meet
extra burden of meeting RPO
target. Non of the State utilities
compiling the RPO. Provision
for penalty on RPO obligated
entity should be made for non
compliance of RPO.
ii. The “Renewable Energy
Certificate” framework needs
to be reviewed and made more
effective and bankable through
floor price projection for 10
years and resolving issues
around applicability of APPC in
different States.
iii. Guidance to developers,
development of capability,
and need to address and sort
out issues relating to wind
forecasting and scheduling
towards operationalizing IEGC
2010. This would facilitate
trading and bring higher
revenues to generators,
with early implementation of
“Renewable Regulatory Fund”.
iv. Thermal generators/developers
should be mandated to
install certain percentage of
renewable capacity within the
State by introducing suitable
amendment in E. Act, 2003.
v. Development of infrastructure
and mechanism/rules for intra
and inter-State evacuation and
transmission of renewable
power with priority access to
renewable energy projects.
vi. Steam lining of land allotment
Renewable
and forestry clearance
procedure for renewable
energy projects based on best
practices from different States.
Public-private role in renewable
energy development needs to
be redefined.
vii. Priority sector lending status,
easy availability and attractive
terms of lending particularly by
financial institutions and public
sector banks.
viii. Upward revision of “Generation
Based Incentive” to drive private
investments. The government
policies should encourage
more private participation and
industry collaboration in R&D
for rapid commercialization
of RETs and in market
infrastructure development.
ix. Encouragement to new
renewable energy technologies
suited to Indian regimes.
x. Policies and incentives to
catalyze repowering and
exploitation of offshore wind
resources.
xi. Renewable energy strategy
should form a part of energy
sector regulatory framework.
Incorporation of renewable
energy strategy into
development programmes
will promote its decentralized
applications.
For the development of Non-
conventional energy sources, we
need to look forward with some
policy reform and institutional set-
ups. The RPOs need to enforced
strictly this will create market for
renewable. However, the renewable
sources potential rich States are at
the verge of meeting their RPOs.
Therefore, inter-state transmission
has to be explored so that other
states can do renewable energy
projects like wind power projects in
wind potential States. The existing
transmission lines may not be
adequate, so the grid infrastructure
needs to be augmented.
REFERENCES:
1) Ashok Upadhayay, Ganga Agnihotri,
Gayatri Agnihotri “Wind Energy
91
TechSpace Renewable

Challenges and Regulatory 6) CERC Order dated 23rd August, 13) Ministry of power [Online]. Available:
Perspective” in Wulfenia Journal, 2011in the matter of Determination www.powermin.nic.in.
Austria, Vol 21, No. 6;Jun 2014 of Forbearance and Floor price for 14) Ministry of New and Renewable
2) Randhir Singh, Y.R.Sood, N.P.Padhy, the REC framework. Energy source (MNRES) “Policy
B. Venkatesh, “ Analysis of Renewable 7) CERC order dated 16th January, support for grid interactive renewable
Promotional Policies and Their 2013 related to Renewable Regulatory power” [Online]. Available: http://
Current Status in Indian Restructured Fund (RRF) Mechanism under Indian mnre.nic.in
Power Sector”.- IEEE Electricity Grid Code, Regulations, 15) The Energy and Resources Institute
3) S.K.Soonee, Minaxi Garg, Satya 2010. (TERI), “Power Sector to Focus on
Prakash, “Renewable Energy Role of Regulators and Utilities for
8) Load generation balance report for Combating Climate Change” February
Certificate Mechanism in India”, 16th
FY2013-14 issued by CEA. [Online]. 09, 2009, [Online]. Available - http://
National Power Systems Conference,
Available. www.businesswireindia.com
15th - 17th December, 2010.
Department of Electrical Engineering, 9) Government of India, “The Electricity 16) Singh, R.; Sood, Y.R. “Policies for
Univ. College of Engg., Osmania Act, 2003,” The Gazette of India, promotion of renewable energy
University, Hyderabad, A.P. Extraordinary, 2003, New Delhi, \ sources for restructured power
4) Stanislaw M. Pietruszko Centre of June 2003 sector” IEEE Third International
Photovoltaics, Warsaw University Conference on Electric Utility
10) Government of India, “Tariff policy” Deregulation and Restructuring and
of Technology Koszykowa, Poland 6th January, 2006 [Online]. Available Power Technologies, 2008. DRPT
“Feed-in Tariff: The most successful http://www.powermin.nic.in
support programme” 2008. 6-9 April 2008. 
11) Government of India “National Ashok Upadhyay
5) Central Electricity Regulatory
Electricity policy and plan” Deputy Director (Generation)
Commission Regulations on
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) 12) Directory “Indian Wind power, 2013”, M P Electricity Regulatory
issued on 14th January, 2010. by Consolidated Energy Consultant. Commission, Bhopal, India

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92 August 2015
IEEMAActivities
IEEMA Representations
Representation has been done to
Chairperson, Central Electricity Authority
on dated 2.07.2015 regarding the CEA
Regulations on Short Circuit Testing
of Transformers. IEEMA through
its representation had requested CEA to
give due cognizance to alternative method
of calculations and design reviews and
had sought exclusive meeting to discuss
the various important points involved in
the regulation.
Representation has been done to Joint
Secretary, Ministry of Development of
North East Region( M/o DONER) on
dated 14.07.2015 regarding the inordinate
delay in payment by Meghalaya Energy
IEEMA Activities
Corporation against supply of Equipment’s
under Non- Lapsable Central Pool of
Resources (NLCPR) Scheme.
Representation has been done to Joint
Secretary, Department of Heavy Industries
under Ministry of Heavy Industries and
Public Enterprises on dated 21.07.2015
for clarification regarding the Electrical
Transformer (Quality Control) Order 2015.
Representation has been done to CMDs/
MDs of NTPC, OPTCL, PGCIL, GETCO,
KPTCL and WBSETCL on the Latent Defect
Clause in tender specifications for Power
Transformers on dated 21.07.2015.
Government Interface
On 17th July 2015, Mr. J.Pande (Sr.
Director) and Mr. Uttam Kumar (Executive
Officer) from IEEMA attended a meeting at
BIS on the issues relating to “Certification
of Distribution Transformers by BEE &
BIS”. The meeting was chaired by Shri
A.K.Sharma, Sc. F & Head, CMD-1 with
representatives from BIS, BEE, CPRI
and ITMA. IEEMA and ITMA were of
the view that testing of each model for
BEE star labelling would not only put
the manufacturers to financial burden,
but also involve additional cost towards
transportation of such large number of
samples to the laboratory. They requested
that since IS 1180 (Part 1):2014 specifies
the total loss requirements for compliance
to Energy Efficiency Level-I, II & III, BIS
Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the
Journal at editor@ieema.org
August 2015
certification of the DTs to these requirements may
be accepted by BEE. BIS requested the participants
to come out with possible solution for the above
said issue of two regulations (mandatory certification
of ISI mark by BIS and the BEE star labelling) for the
same product.
Seventh Executive Council Meeting held at
Bhopal
The 7th meeting of the Executive Council was held
on 22nd June 2015 at Bhopal. Members deliberated
extensively on the state of industry and discussed on
the issues that came out during that conversation.
Members were informed about price preference policy
of the government after which they also discussed about
the Maira Committee report on price preference for the
Indian industry.
Members appreciated the preparatory planning of
INTELECT 2017 which has been commenced almost
two years in advance. The proposal of Institutional
Membership was adopted.
Council also discussed about need for opening a new
Inverter/UPS divisions, creation of new revenue stream
viz IEEMA business Advisory Services was deliberated
in detail and the need for setting up alternate revenue
streams with a long term view was accepted. Two
activities viz; circulation of tender information and provide
a transparent and neutral platform for handshaking
between members and prospective investors /
collaborators were considered as presently practical.
There was a briefing on initial activities of the SME
division and ways ahead by the Chairman, SME
division .During the meeting, presentations were made
by M/s. Deloitte on Brand India Engineering and Mr.
T.S. Vishwanath, APJ-SLG Law Offices on Industry and
Business Analytics.
Seminar on “Goods and Services Tax (GST)”
IEEMA engaged SKP Group as a “Knowledge Partner”
and organized a day seminar on “Goods and Services
Tax” (GST) at Mayfair Banquets, Worli, Mumbai on
Friday 24th July 2015. The objective of the seminar was
to provide in depth knowledge on proposed Goods &
Services Tax, its possible impact on business and how
to adapt to the new tax regime.
From SKP Group Mr. Pratik Shah, Partner & Mr. Jigar
Doshi, Associate Director addressed the delegates and
shared their insights on following GST topics –
} Current indirect tax structure
} What is GST?
} Why is it a ‘game-changer’?
93
IEEMAActivities
Mr. Pratik Shah, Partner, SKP Group, Mr Rajendra Bhagat, Deputy Secretary, Finance
Department, Government of Maharashtra and Mr. Jigar Doshi, Associate Director,
SKP Group at the GST meet
} Decoding the GST Bill (122nd CAB, 100th
Amendment Act)
} Likely impact of GST on business
} Issues for the industry
} Recent developments in GST
The seminar was attended by the CEOs, CFOs,
Finance heads and other senior executives involved in
commercial, financial and tax matters representing their
own organizations. It was a good mix of companies
into manufacturing, trading and projects business
viz. Adani Transmission, Apar, Bajaj Electricals Ltd.,
Chhabi Electricals Pvt. Ltd., EMI Transmission Ltd.,
Eros Elevators & Escalators Pvt Ltd. Mosdorfer India
Pvt. Ltd., Ravin Cables Ltd., Shree NM Electricals Ltd.,
Siemens Ltd., Slimlites Electricals Sterlite Technologies,
Terminal Technologies (I) Pvt. Ltd., The Motwane Mfg.
Co. Pvt. Ltd., Vashi Electricals, Vedanta Ltd. Shri.
Rajendra Bhagat, Additional Commissioner of Sales
Tax, Maharashtra State, who is currently on deputation
as Deputy Secretary, Finance Department, Government
of Maharashtra gave a brief address on GST.
Second ERC Meeting held in Kolkata
The second ERC meeting of FY 15-16 took place
in Kolkata on 24th July’15 at Palladian Lounge.
The meeting was well attended by 37 members and
was also attended by some external agencies like
Eastern Railways, DVC and Jindal Power & Steel. The
meeting was chaired by Mr. R K Shah from EMC Ltd.
This was the first meeting of the newly nominated vice
chairman, Mr. Sharan Bansal, Director – Skipper Ltd.
The meeting started with an introductory presentation
about IEEMA by Mr. Subhajit Dasgupta – IEEMA Sec,
which was followed by presentation on State of Industry.
Mr. Subimal Sarmah from JSPL gave a very interactive
presentation from “Product Line Offering from JSPL in
Transmission Line Sector”.
94
The issues which were broadly
discussed are as follows:
The drive for membership
} Membership outstanding of FY 13-
14 & 14-15
} Initiate new training programmes /
workshop in the eastern region for the
benefit of IEEMA members.
} An open forum also took place
between the utilities and the members
present.
} Members highly appreciated the
presence of the utility members and
their valuable inputs in this platform.
IEEMA SME Division
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent
over 90% of enterprises in most countries, worldwide.
They are the driving force behind a large number
of innovations and contribute to the growth of the
national economy through employment creation,
investments and exports.
More than seventy five percent of IEEMA membership
comprises of Small and Medium scale enterprises.
While general concerns and interests are discussed on
a regular basis during Division and Executive Council
meetings, however it was felt that issues pertaining
to the SME Sector escaped due attention in the
absence of a division dedicated to look at the segment
holistically. Creation of a SME Division was therefore
approved by the Executive Council. The SME Division
has commenced functioning under the Chairmanship
of Mr. J.G. Kulkarni, Past President. Mr. Vinod Bhatia,
Managing Director, Powercap Capacitors Pvt. Ltd. has
been nominated as the Vice Chairman for the division.
IEEMA has collated concern areas of its SME
members by seeking feedback. Based on the
feedback received, two division meetings have been
held with the aim of analyzing ground situation and
arrive at prioritization of action areas. It has been
decided that the division will actively pursue practical
and achievable resolution mechanism including
representation at appropriate levels in the government.
During the meetings it emerged that considerable value
addition would happen if workshops on relevant subjects
are conducted. The first such workshop on awareness
building of govertment schemes has been scheduled
in coordination with MSME Development Institute,
Mumbai on 7th August 2015. The Worshop / Seminar
on Finance, Cluster formation and Research &
Devlopment also planned.
In order to give members an exposure to clusters
and their management, the next meeting would be
scheduled at Nashik Engineering Cluster( NEC).
August 2015
PowerStatistics

Renewable Energy Capacity

Renewable Enrgy Indicators 2015 Renewable Power Capacities* in World, EU-28, BRICS
Power Acc. 2004 2014 2015 and Top Seven Countries, 2014
Unit est
Renewable power capacity GW 85 560 657
(total, not including hydro
Renewable power capacity GW 800 1578 1712
(total, including hydro)
Hydropower capacity (Total) GW 715 1018 1055
Bio-power capacity GW <36 88 93
Bio-power generation TWh 227 396 433
Geothermal power capacity GW 8.9 12.1 12.8
Solar PV capacity GW 2.6 138 177
Wind power capacity GW 48 319 370 * not including Hydro Power

Hydropower Capacity and Additions, Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions,

Top Six Countries for Capacity Added, 2014 Top 10 Countries and rest of World, 2014

Solar PV Capacity and Additions,

Solar PV Glo bal Capacity, 2004-2014
Top 10 Countries, 2014

Wind Power Capacity and Additions,

Wind Power Global Capacity, 2004-2014
Top 10 Countries, 2014

Source : REN21

96 August 2015
PowerStatistics

Quarterly percentage growth of electrical equipment industry

Programme/ Scheme wise Physical Progress in 2014-15

Sector FY- Cumulative
2014-15 Wind Power
Achievements 11%
Target Achievement (as on 8%
Small Hydro Power

31.03.2015)
GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW) 4% Biomass Power &
Gasification
Wind Power 2000 2312 23444 Bagasse Cogeneration
Small Hydro Power 250 251.61 4055.36 11%
66%
Biomass Power & 100 45 1410.2 Waste to Power
Gasification
Bagasse Cogeneration 300 360 3008.35 Solar Power

Waste to Power 20 8.5 115.08

Solar Power 1100 1112.07 3743.97
Total 3770 4089.18 35776.96

Tentative State-wise break-up of Renewable Power target to be achieved by the year 2022
Solar Power Biomass
So that cumulative achievement is 1,75,000 MW Wind (MW) SHP (MW)
(MW) Power (MW)
Haryana 4142 25 209
Himachal Pradesh 776 1500
Jammu & Kashmir 1155 150
Punjab 4772 50 244
Rajasthan 5762 8600
Uttar Pradesh 10697 25 3499
Uttrakhand 900 700 197
Chandigarh 153
Northern Region 31120 8600 2450 4149
Goa 358
Gujarat 8020 8800 25 288
Chhattisgarh 1783 25
Madhya Pradesh 5675 6200 25 118
Maharashtra 11926 7600 50 2469
D. & N. Haveli 449
Daman & Diu 199
Western Region 28410 22600 125 2875
Andhra Pradesh 9834 8100 543
Telangana 2000
Karnataka 5697 6200 1500 1420
Kerala 1870 100
Tamil Nadu 8884 11900 75 649
Puducherry 246
Southern Region 26531 28200 1675 2612
Bihar 2493 25 244
Jharkhand 1995 10
Orissa 2377
West Bengal 5336 50
Sikkim 36 50
Eastern Region 12237 135 244
Assam 663 25
Manipur 105
Meghalaya 161 50
Nagaland 61 15
Tripura 105
Arunachal Pradesh 39 500
Mizoram 72 25
North Eastern Region 1205 615
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 27
Lakshadweep 4
Other ( New States) 600 120
All India 99533 60000 5000 10000
Source : MNRE

August 2015 97
IEEMADatabase

Rs/MT
BASIC PRICES AND INDEX NUMBERS
as on as on
Unit Unit
01.05.15 01.04.15
IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS OTHER RAW MATERIALS
BLOOMS(SBL) `/MT Epoxy Resin CT - 5900 `/Kg 400
29347.00
150mmX150mm

`/MT Phenolic Moulding Powder `/Kg 84

BILLETS(SBI) 100MM 30378.00
PVC Compound - Grade `/MT
`/MT 127250.00
CRNGO Electrical Steel CW - 22
54000.00
Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp) PVC Compound Grade `/MT 128250.00
HR - 11
CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS
Transformer Oil Base Stock `/KLitre 57757.00
(TOBS)
a) For Transformers of rating `/MT
up to 10MVA and voltage up 196524 OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS
to 33 KV
IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June
b) For Transformers of rating `/MT 2000=100) for the month 223.90
above 10MVA or voltage 240550 September 2014
above 33 KV
IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June
322.86
NON-FERROUS METALS 2000=100)
IN - WT (Base June
Electrolytic High Grade Zinc `/MT 175000
222.15
2000=100
IN-INSLR (Base:
Lead (99.97%) `/MT 161100.00 226.47
Jan 2003 = 100)
Wholesale price index
Copper Wire Bars `/MT 431729.00 number for ‘Ferrous Metals
151.10
(Base 2004-05 = 100) for the
Copper Wire Rods `/MT 445440.00 month September 2014
Wholesale price index
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade `/MT number for’ Fuel & Power
151378.00 188.00
(IS 4026-1987) (Base 2004-05 = 100) for the
Aluminuium Properzi Rods - `/MT month September 2014
157572
EC Grade (IS5484 1978) All India Average Consumer
Price Index Number for
Aluminium Busbar `/MT 254
203800 Industrial Workers (Base
(IS 5082 1998) 2001=100) September 2014

# Estimated, NA: Not available

135000
PVC Compound - Grade HR - 11
130000

125000
Rs./MT

120000

115000

110000
`06…
`07…
`08…
`09…
`10…
`11…
`12…
`01…
`02…
`03…
`04…
`05…
`06…
`07…
`08…
`09…
`10…
`11…
`12…
`01…
`02…
`03…
`04…
`05…

Jun 2013 - May 2015

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V.
duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit.
These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products.
Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office.
Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no
responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated
by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming
price variation.

98 August 2015
IEEMADatabase

220000
L.T. Circuit Breakers
200000

180000

160000
Nos.
140000

120000

100000

80000
4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4
April 11 - April 15
Production
Accounting
Name of Product For the Month From May 14 to Highest Annual
Unit
April 15 March 15 Production
Electric Motors*
AC Motors - LT 000' KW 683 9721 11217

AC Motors - HT 000' KW 315 3255 4647

DC Motors 000' KW 26 359 618

AC Generators 000' KVA 923 10685 10676

Switchgears*
Contactors 000' Nos. 526 8412 8527

Motor Starters 000' Nos. 134 1784 1909

Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Nos. 33710 530052 947878

Miniature Circuit Breakers 000' Poles 10239 117129 116151

Circuit Breakers - LT Nos. 112282 1807542 1825044

Circuit Breakers - HT Nos. 4929 70765 72155

Custom-Build Products Rs. Lakhs 21303 207089 265267

HRC Fuses & Overload Relays 000' Nos. 1112 14644 16875

Power Cables* KM 36984 475846 464826

Power Capacitors - LT & HT* 000' KVAR 3721 47747 53417

Transformers
Distribution Transformers 000' KVA 2930 42876 43346

Power Transformers 000' KVA 9770 147907 178782

Instrument Transformers
Current Transformers 000' Nos. 49 671 660

Voltage Transformers Nos. 7778 106943 114488

Energy Meters* 000' Nos. 2015 27138 26390

Transmission Line Towers* 000' MT 82 1017 1250

* Weighted Production

August 2015 99
CPRINews

concentrations at CPRI labs, compile accurate

Reduced Testing Charges - Compulsory
Inventory of PCB-containing equipment & materials
Product Certification of Distribution in the country and Road Map for disposal:
Transformers u Establishment of guidelines for PCB Management,
CPRI has been interacting with its Customers Identification, Tracking & Record Keeping; Waste
regularly and have been offering services based on Collection, Packaging & Transportation; Interim
therequirements of the Power Sector. A large number Storage & Disposal.
of manufacturers are utilizing CPRI services for testing u Create Disposal Facilities: best available
of Distribution Transformers for BIS licensing. Dechlorination / incineration Technologies,
CPRI is pleased to inform that the Institute has u Support PCBs ownerorganizations towards
recentlyreduced the test tariff by 60% for Testing of Intermediate Storage and ultimate disposal in
Outdoor type oil immersed Distribution Transformers environmentally friendly manner etc.
upto and including 2500kVA, 33kV class(three phase) CPRI is involved in coordination of Final Disposal
and upto 25kVA (single phase) for BIS licensing as per activities, monitoring the various facilities coming up
IS 1180(Part-1:2014). In addition to the above, 10% SSI under the project including Mobile Decontamination
discount which is already prevailing as per current CPRI unit with the help of operating entity. CPRI would be
tariff is also applicable for the above scope. targeting decontamination of around 6000 tonnes of
Customers may contact CPRI, Bangalore and Bhopal PCB contaminated mineral oil and equipment associated
for availing the reduced test charges for testing of throughout India in the coming months.
Distribution Transformers only for BISlicensing as per Role of Electrical utilities/ other PCB-containing
IS 1180 (Part-1:2014). organizations: Interact with CPRI
Reduction and Elimination of PCBs - Collect information from O&M staff/ records regarding
transformers installed prior to 1985 with nameplate
Prioritizing the Power Sector in India details/locations of these transformers, details of the
Awareness Initiative & Environmental Pollution oil maintenance, i.e. topping up or replacement of the
Control Measures in India by CPRI oil and submit oil samples (100 ml in clean, dry well
capped plastic bottle).
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic
chemicals used as insulating oils/dielectric in electrical
equipment. Due to their hazardous, highly toxic and Forthcoming CPRI Technical Programmes
life threatening nature, their manufacture and use was http://www.cpri.in/events.html
stopped worldwide in late seventies. Manufactured and
Sl No Name of the Event Dates
widely used (including in India) before eighties, PCBs
were used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, Comprehensive
capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they Tutorial Programme on
do not burn easily and are good insulators. “Transformer oil, Polymeric
September
Awareness about the pollution and toxicity of PCBs 1) Composite Materials as 07-11, 2015
contributed to its ban in 1979 and has resulted in an well as Reclamation and
International Environmental Treaty, the ‘Stockholm Reconditioning of Used
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)’ of Lubricating Oils”
which India is a signatory. India has an inventory of nearly Workshop on Condition
10,000 tons of pure PCBs and PCBS contaminated oil Monitoring Engineering
September
in various industries spread across the country. Under 2) and Asset Management of 11, 2015
the guidelines of MoEFCC and UNIDO, the project Power Plant and Substation
“Reduction and Elimination of PCBs, prioritizing the Equipment
Power Sector in India” has been taken up and CPRI Workshop on “Selected
September
has been appointed as the national executing agency 3) topics in Flexible Power 17-18, 2015
for this project. Transmission & Protection”
CPRI is actively engaged in: Short Term Course on September
4)
“Power Cable Technology” 21-23, 2015
u Conducting PCBs Awareness& Owners Training Tutorial Program on “Testing
Programs, collect oil samples, analyze PCB September
5) & Evaluation of Power/
24 -25, 2015
Distribution Transformers”
Tutorial Program on
Distribution transformer October
6)
performance evaluation 8-9 2015
through testing & analysis

For details, contact:

Shri Prabhakar Hegde,
Ms Ayumi Fujino, UNIDO Representative and Regional Director, South Joint Director (Information and Publicity Division)
Asia: Inaugural address, National conference on PCBs Awareness, New CPRI, Bangalore. Tel: 080 23602329 Email: hegde@cpri.in
Delhi, 10th Oct 2014

August 2015 101

ERDANews
SMART GRID
ERDA is currently working on following areas
in Smart grid:
Design, development and field evaluation of
Smart Control System for domestic roof top PV
applications with metering
Presently there are very few indigenous
manufacturers offering smart control system for roof
top PV applications in the form of grid synchronized
solar inverter. The efficiency of 5 kW inverter is in the
range of 85 to 90%, hence there is wastage of useful
energy generated from Renewable source such as
Solar. Presently, these inverters are lacking bidirectional
metering facility.
This project aims at developing a smart control system for
roof top PV applications in the form of grid synchronized
solar inverter having following additional features:
i. 5% increase in the efficiency of the existing product
ii. Provision for bidirectional metering.
Proposed technology will significantly
enhance adaptation of rooftop solar PV system in
domestic sector.
Design and Development of Pilot Microgrid System
of 25kW at Rooftop of Technology Building of ERDA
The Renewable Energy Group of the Technology
Centre have developed and installed a 25 kWp micro
grid at the roof top of the technology centre building.
The facility comprises of one hundred mono –
crystalline solar panels each of 250Wp rating, a VRLA
battery of 100Ah capacity and a power conditioning
unit of 30kVA capacity. This pilot micro grid is
grid synchronized but provides priority to solar
generation. In case solar generation is not
sufficient to meet the load demand, then battery backup
feeds electrical supply for a limited period. When the
battery is also not able to cater to the load, then electrical
supply is drawn from the grid In the event of the load
being less than the generation, the battery will get
charged. This micro grid has provision for feeding to
grid in case of excess generation but presently this
mode is disabled. There is provision to integrate diesel
generation or any other generation mode such as wind
into this system. This system is expected to reduce 30
tons of carbon di-oxide emissions per annum.
Design and development of 0.5kW /1.0 kWh
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
To realize a carbon free society, the introduction of
renewable energies, such as solar, or wind power, is
increasingly being promoted these days worldwide. A
major challenge presented by solar and wind power
generators are their fluctuation in output. If they are
introduced in large numbers to the power system,
problems: such as voltage rises, frequency fluctuations
and surplus of the generated power, are predicted to
occur. As a solution to these problems, energy storage
technologies are attracting attention. Various energy
August 2015
storage batteries are being developed and many
application verification projects using such batteries
are currently being promoted. Among the various
large scale energy storage technologies, redox-flow
batteries are very promising (redox word stands for
reduction and oxidation).Redox flow batteries (RFBs)
store energy in two tanks that are separated from the
cell stack (which converts chemical energy to electrical
energy, or vice versa). This design enables the two tanks
to be sized according to different applications’ needs,
allowing RFBs’ power and energy capacities to be more
easily scaled up than traditional sealed batteries. A lab
scale model of Vanadium RFB has been developed at
ERDA. ERDA has started working on VRF battery and
reached at prototype stage. In this study it is proposed
to demonstrate this technology similar to elsewhere in
the world and evaluate long term performance.
Power Quality Parameter Measurement and Wind
Energy Integration Issues
Due to intermittent characteristic of wind, generator
start up can occur on numerous occasion during
normal daily operation, necessitating huge quantum
of reactive power support many a times in a day. In
many situations, such generation is also connected to
the weak (low short circuit) network which can’t sustain
much reactive variation causing them to face voltage
excursions. Also, during a large disturbance, the wind
turbines are typically rapidly disconnected from the
power network and reconnected when normal operation
has been resumed. This is feasible, as long as wind
power penetration remains low. However, penetration
of wind power is increasing rapidly and is starting to
influence overall power system behavior.
Hence ERDA is working on a) Measurement of power
quality parameters at wind farm locations b) EMTP
simulation of wind farms and studying their impact on
grid at Point of Common Coupling with respect to power
system security and performance according to grid code
and c) Suggesting power quality problem mitigation at
these wind farms.
Forthcoming Training Programs
Programme Date
Design Aspects & Performance
6-7 August
Evaluation of Motors & Pumps
Condition Monitoring and Health
26-27 August
Assessment of Power Transformers
Evaluation of T&D Hardware 10-11 September
Foundation Course of Smart Grid
[Jointly with India Smart Grid 7-9 October
Forum (ISGF)]
High Voltage Evaluation Techniques 8-9 October
EMI/EMC Evaluation Techniques for
16-17 October
Electronic Equipment & Machinery
Dr V Shrinet
Dy. Director & Head (Quality, Library & Documentation)
Phone: 0265-3048044, Mobile: 9978940931
E-mail: shrinet@erda.org; Website: erda@erda.org
103
 CountryProfile
talian Republic is a unitary
I parliamentary republic in Southern
Europe. Italy covers an area of
301,338 km2 and due to its shape
it is often referred to as “the Boot”.
With 61 million inhabitants, it is the
4th most populous EU member state.
Italy is a highly developed country
and has the third largest economy in
the Eurozone and the eighth-largest
in the world. Italy plays a prominent
role in European and global military,
cultural and diplomatic affairs. It
is also considered to be a major
regional power.
Italy’s extremely rich cultural heritage
has its origins in the country’s
historical dense diversity. In the 1st
century BC Italy is under the control
of the Rome, and it will remain
so for 6 centuries. In general, in all
its following periods this most
desirable of territories has been
shared and fought over by
numerous rival groups: Byzantins,
the Lombards, the Franks of
Charlemagne, Papal states, Arabian/
Muslim conquests in the southern
regions, the Spanish, the economic
empire of Venice, the Austria-
Hungaria domination in the north.
The peninsula’s territories got
incorporated in 1861, year from
which Italy acted as a modern State
in Europe, conquering its political
August 2015
space among the European powers,
participating in the colonial disputes
and entering the I World War in
1915. After the war, Italy tried to rise
again entrust the new nationalist
ideas of the Fascism, political
movement lead by Benito Mussolini,
which later on joined forces with the
Nazi Germany during the II World
War. Once the Allied freed Europe,
in 1946 Italy proclaimed itself a
Democratic Republic, based on one
of the most advanced constitutional
test in the contemporary era. Italy
is one of the founding and leading
members of the European Union,
being its 4th economic power.
Quick facts
hh Italy has the oldest continuously-
operated university in the world:
the University of Bologna.
Funded in 1088, it was the first
to use the term universitas for
the corporations of students
and masters which came to
define the institution.
hh Italy has more masterpieces
per square mile than any other
country in the world.
hh Vatican City is an independent
state within Italy. It’s the only
nation in the world that can
lock its own gates at night. It
has its own phone company,
radio, T.V. stations, money, and
stamps. It even has its own
army, the historic Swiss Guard.
hh With almost 40 million visitors,
Italy is the fourth most visited
country in the world.
hh Italy is among the world’s
leaders of the fashion industry.
Italian designers such as
Valentino led the world in
creating stylish fashions.
Additionally, Armani, Versace,
Gucci, and Prada have become
internationally recognized.
hh Automotive is one of Italy’s
greatest productions: just
to name some brands, Fiat,
Lamborghini, Ferrari, Maserati,
Alfa Romeo, Chrysler. Not to
mention the two wheelers as
Aprilia, Ducati, Piaggio.
hh Italy’s Furniture & Design
excellence is renowned all
over the world: not only, the
sector is one of the economy’s
driving forces with a surplus
of over 10 billion USD, but also
Italian furniture manufacturers
are Europe’s leading investors
in R&D
hh Food and wine is the third
Italian industrial sector and
Italy is the world’s 8th largest
exporter of agri-food products.
105
CountryProfile

State of Economy
Italy has been since the end of
second World War one of the most
dynamic Countries in Europe,
achieving greats results both in
industrial and agricultural sector. The
Italian economic structure is similar
to those of the most advanced
European countries. Service industry
covers 69% of the GDP, with trades
and tourism as leading sectors. The
29% of the GDP of the country is
produced by the secondary sector
(including constructions), while
the remaining 2% is covered by
agricultural production. The most
efficient and strongest industrial The Colosseum in Rome, built in 70 – 80 CE is considered one of the greatest works of architecture
fields are the mechanic one and and engineering
the textile and clothing ones,
where “Made in Italy” experience The low productivity growth in Italy expected. However, high prices
is explained to a large extent by the have also reflected inadequate
combines with Italian engineering
credit crunch phenomenon, to the infrastructure links with the rest of
expertise. Tourism, retail and
detriment of SMEs and start-ups, Europe, though connections have
financial services represent a
which find it difficult to access to improved in recent years. The gas
significant part of the market.
public finance. market shows how deregulation
While the presence of a vast majority and links with the European market
of SMEs is a common feature of The Government has launched an can bring down costs. Until 2012
many European economies, a ambitious reform programme to spot wholesale prices for gas could
peculiarity of Italian industry is the overcome deep-seated structural be 20% or more higher than other
presence of a large number of problems that led to productivity European countries (GME, 2014).
micro-firms. Only 3,400 firms are stagnating since the end of the This gap has now completely closed
considered large companies, with 1990s. Low productivity growth led following liberalization of the spot
more than 250 employees. to worsening cost competitiveness market and ownership unbundling,
Nevertheless, Italy can count on soon after joining the currency union, an illustration of how some
international affirmed companies without improvement since then. measures can have rapid effects
and corporations which improve and This left Italy exposed to sudden (Figure 7). Electricity prices remain
develop Italian economy. Agro food, changes in market perceptions well above other countries, however,
Engineering, textiles and clothing, when the global financial and the although some liberalization has
industrial design and production euro area crises struck. occurred. This is partly due to raw
of furniture and furnishings are the material costs and the impact of
sectors the most relevant in term Outlook of Power Sector the dash for renewables, but better
of turnover, employing most of the Italy has few indigenous low- transmission infrastructure, further
working population and supporting cost energy sources other than liberalization and effective regulation
Italian exports in the world, therefore significant hydro-electric power would reduce the gap, as in the case
providing a significant contribution in the north, so somewhat higher of gas.
to the trade balance of the country. prices than neighbors can be In addition to reforms to increase
Italy’s key problem is the productivity and output,
lack of economic growth “The Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce, throughout important reforms are
since the late 1990s. its almost 50 years of existence, has always played needed to reduce losses
The stagnating economy a major role in helping trade relations between India to living standards through
has left Italy behind in and Italy. In particular, in the promotion and execution pollution and other
many dimensions of of sector-focused projects, in providing qualified environmental damage.
well-being, notably assistance to enterprises, as well as in organizing Today one of Italy’s
education and skills, jobs institutional missions, seminars and conferences on strengths are the good
and earnings, and housing. significant topics. Therefore, we pursue our work export performance of
Poor performance in some with passion, in a constant belief in the growing its small and medium-
dimensions of well-being, opportunities and in the tremendous potential still sized manufacturing
such as weak education untapped offered by such two resourceful countries.” enterprises, in particular
and skills, has itself also Sergio Sgambato, IICCI Secretary General the ones from the north-
contributed to poor growth. eastern regions which

106 August 2015

 CountryProfile
had effective export strategies.
In 2013 the Italian Government
took action to foster entrepreneurship
and improve access to finance,
introducing new measures to
reduce labour costs, support female
and young entrepreneurship, ease
cash flow constraints on SMEs by
paying public administration debts,
and allowing the payment of taxes to
be rescheduled and their payment
by instalment.
Anticipated Future Growth
According to BMI research, it
is expected that the country’s
renewables and power transmission
and distribution sectors will offer the
greatest investment opportunities,
despite a relatively uncertain
regulatory outlook.
The renewable energy sector and
transmission and distribution assets
present the best opportunities for
growth in Italy’s power sector, as a
result of the country’s commitment
before the EU to reduce carbon
emissions and strengthen power
markets integration. During the
2015-2024 period, UE commission
expects Italy’s overall power
generation to increase at an
annual average rate of 0.38%,
reaching over 301TWh by the end of
our forecast period.
On the back of the recent fall in
energy prices and the start of the
European Central Bank (ECB)’s
quantitative easing programme,
its forecast for the Italian real GDP
growth has been revised slightly
upwards. As a result, it is expected
that power consumption will expand
at an average annual rate of 1.0%
through to 2024.
August 2015
The profitability of the Italian
thermal power sector might
improve with the introduction of
a capacity market, a mechanism
ensuring minimal remuneration for
struggling generators. The Italian
government and regulators argue
that the current prices do not
allow sufficient market incentives
for further structural investments,
jeopardising the medium- and long-
term systematic resilience of the
industry. The way the market will
function is currently being devised
by the Italian regulatory authority for
electricity, gas and water (AEEGSI).
However, no specific deadline
for its implementation has been
communicated.
Key facts
hh In February 2015 the
government announced it had
started selling a 5.7% stake in
state-controlled utility Enel, a
transaction that could earn it
around EUR2.2bn. According
to a statement from the treasury,
Bank of America Merrill Lynch,
Goldman Sachs, Mediobanca
and UniCredit were offering
Enel’s shares to Italian and
foreign institutional investors.
hh In January 2015 the Italian
Regulatory Authority for
Electricity and Gas (AEEGSI)
published a working paper
anticipating the introduction of
regulations that will weigh on
distributors’ investment returns.
The proposals in the document
will be debated until November
and will constitute the basis of
new regulations expected to
come into force in 2016.
hh In October 2014, Enel
announced plans to retire
23 thermal power plants, a
cumulative capacity of 11GW.
Enel’s CEO Francesco Starace
announced capital diverted
from maintenance of the
retired plants will be invested in
profitable business segments,
which are very likely to include
renewables.
hh In August 2014 the government
unveiled its energy policy
strategy (SbloccaEnergia). In
October, the Renzi executive
indicated re-gasification
plants as strategic infrastructure
investments, which will benefit
from accelerated bureaucratic
procedures. It also prioritised
the development of Italy’s
underexploited hydrocarbon
resources.
Setting up Representative
Office In Italy
Representative offices - which
are not legal entities of a foreign
company in Italy - are characterized
by two factors:
hh a local presence to promote
the company and its products/
services and to perform other
non-business operations;
hh the local unit does not require
a permanent representation (it
does not represent the foreign
company vis-à-vis third parties).
Local offices must be registered with
the Economic and Administrative
Index (REA, Repertorio Economico
Amministrativo) at the Chamber of
Commerce, along with the following
documents:
hh if the company is incorporated
in an EU country: a certificate
indicating the company details
and the legal representatives
of the company issued by
the foreign equivalent of the
Register of Companies in Italy,
and must be translated into
Italian by a sworn translator.
hh if the company is incorporated
in a non-EU country: a
statement of the existence of
the company issued by the
107
CountryProfile

Italian Embassy in the country Italian enterprises, professional and Consulates General
where the company has its intermediate bodies. Our mission Calcutta: 3, Raja Santosh Road,
registered office. is to support the establishment lipore, 700027
and development of industrial tel +91 33 24792414/26 - fax +91
and commercial collaborations
Tax issues between India and Italy, thus
33 24793892
www.conscalcutta.esteri.it
If the representative office is used furthering the economic interests of consolatogenerale.calcutta@esteri.it
only for the following purposes: the two countries. Mumbai: Kanchanjunga Building,
We strive to enhance the well-being 72 G. Deshmukh Road, 400 026
hh storage, display or delivery of of Indian and Italian people. We tel +91 22 23804071/3 - fax +91 22
goods belonging to the foreign intend to do this by furthering the 23874072/4
company; continuous growth of trade and www.consmumbai.esteri.it
hh purchasing goods or obtaining investments between Italy and India.
information for the foreign
Italian Diplomatic representation Indian Diplomatic
company;
in India representation in Italy
hh conducting preliminary activities
assisting the business activities Embassy of Italy to India Embassy of India in Rome
of the foreign company; Ambasciata d’Italia Viale XX Settembre, 5 - 00187 Roma
it would not be considered a 50, Chandra Gupta Marg tel 06 4884642 - fax 06 4819539
permanent establishment from a tax Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021 gen.email@indianembassy.it
perspective. tel +91 11 26114355
Consulate General of India in Milan
The Indo-Italian Chamber of tax +91 11 26873889
Commerce and Industry (IICCI Via Larga, 16 - 20122 Milano
www.ambnewdelhi.esteri.it tel 02 8057691 – fax 02 72002226
IICCI is an Association of Indian and ambasciata.newdelhi@esteri.it cgi.milan@consolatoindia.in

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108 August 2015

Seminars&Fairs
13th IndiaDoble Power Forum
The 13th IndiaDoble Power Forum to be held between
October 13-16, 2015 in Vadodara, Gujarat is regarded
as one of the most valuable events for the region’s
practicing engineers and executives in electric power
utilities and industries, this forum allows participants
to share experiences and exchange new ideas for the
reliable and safe operation of high voltage equipment
and power system protection. Participants will also
have the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest
techniques.
The programme is divided into two specialized tracks:
• Challenges & learnings in high voltage apparatus
diagnostics & asset management.
• Challenges & learnings in power system protection
& substation automation.
The annual IndiaDoble Power Forum is a premier
industry event where the focus is on knowledge
sharing by power utilities and power apparatus
OEMs on the challenges & learnings in diagnostics,
high voltage asset management and power system
protection / automation.
AUTOMATION 2015
Automation Expo is hailed as comprehensive,
successful and one of its kind international shows
hosted by IED Communications Ltd., in the South
East Asian Region. The 10th edition of ‘AUTOMATION
2015’ will be held from 24th to 27th August 2015
in Hall nos. 1 & 5 at the Bombay Convention &
Exhibition Centre, Goregaon (E), Mumbai.
110
AUTOMATION 2015 will display the world’s
latest technologies under one roof, which would
include, Process Automation & Control Systems,
Factory Automation, Industrial Automation,
Electric Automation, Field Instrumentation & Smart
Sensors, Robotics & Drives, Software Solutions,
Bus Technologies, Wireless Technology, Building
Automation, Hydraulics & Pneumatics, Automation
in Renewable Energy, Safety & Security Systems.
The exhibition provides Indian companies an exclusive
opportunity to take a peek into the latest international
technologies, locally. Automation 2015 is certainly a
must-go-to event for all Industries. Automation- 2015
is approved by India Trade Promotion Organization
The Fair has participants from India, Germany,
Switzerland, USA, UK, Japan, China, South Korea,
Taiwan, Singapore, Italy, France, Hungary, Sharjah
(UAE), Netherlands etc.
India Nuclear Energy 2015
Energy is the driver of development and nuclear
energy is an essential option to satisfy India’s (and
the world’s) future energy needs.
At present, India’s nuclear power capacity is over
5,780 MW. The country aims to produce 10,080 MW by
2017 using pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR),
plutonium fast breeder, thorium reactors and imported
reactors, all of which pose no threat of radiation. The
next objectives are to produce 27,480 MW by 2024
and 63,000 MW by 2052 using nuclear energy.
In an endeavour to support and promote the growth
and development of the civil nuclear energy sector,
UBM India presents India Nuclear Energy 2015, an
International Exhibition and Summit for the Civil
Nuclear Energy Sector.
Created to help companies tap the rich potential of
the nuclear industry in India; India Nuclear Energy
gives your organization the ideal platform to meet,
interact and network with the entire civil nuclear
energy fraternity of India.
This two-day exhibition will be co-located with India
Nuclear Energy Summit 2015 – a conference designed
to address the latest developments, challenges and
issues surrounding the civil nuclear energy sector.
Now in its 7th year, India Nuclear Energy 2015 will
be organized from the 15 – 16 October,2015 at the
Nehru Centre, Worli, Mumbai.
August 2015
ProductShowcase

of the Non-Defence product manufactured in BEL,

Bangalore Unit.
BEL is in Vacuum Product manufacturing since 1960.
Vacuum technology is one of the core strength of BEL.
The VI plant was set up in 1985 in technical collaboration
with Siemens, Germany to manufacture Vacuum
Interrupters from 7.2kV to 36kV and fault currents up
to 40kA. We are the first company in India to bring
vacuum Technology in switchgear application through
reputed originators like BHEL, ABB etc. A state of the
art facility was established for manufacture of Compact
EFFR CABLES V.I.Tubes. The Compact V.I.Tubes of axial magnetic
field design has low contact erosion and manufactured
India’s leading
through single shot brazing technique in sophisticated
electrical solutions
high vacuum brazing furnaces under clean room
manufacturer and
controlled environment.
one of the fastest
growing company
NCV Voltage Detector + IR Thermometer
in the LDC(Light
Duty Cables)
segment - Anchor
by Pa n a s o n i c ,
announced the
launch of its new
range of Advanced-
EFFR - Extra Flexible FLIR has launched its volatge detector + IR Thermometer.
Germfree cables.With this launch, Anchor aims at The features of the product are
targeting domestic, residential and commercial sector X Detects AC Voltage from 50 to 1000V
with main focus on hospitals, schools and airports. These
X Built-in InfraRed Thermometer measures
are India’s first advance FR –PVC (Flame retardant-
Polyvinyle chloride compound equipped) Extra
temperature from -20 to 445°F (-30 to 230°C) with
Flexible Germfree Anti bacterial wires, insulated with 0.1° resolution
advance formulated compound of special ingredients X LCD displays temperature with selectable °F/°C
carrying extra fire-fighting properties, higher oxygen internal switch
and temperature index than those of the normal PVC
X Fixed 0.95 emissivity covers 90% of surface
compounds.
applications
X 1:1 distance to target ratio
Vacuum interrupters
X NCV probe with integrated indicator light
Navaratna PSU, Bharat Electronics Limited leading
Defence Electronics Company under the Ministry of X Tip fits into outlets or against wire insulation
Defence manufactures a wide range of products both for X Low battery indicator
Defence and civil. The Company has nine manufacturing
X Auto power off
units spread all over India including Bangalore and
offices at New York and Singapore. Vacuum interrupters X Rugged double molded housing
(VI) for medium voltage switchgear applications is one X Complete with pocket clip and three LR44 batteries

112 August 2015


Deutsche Bank sees 240 % more
solar growth in India by 2020
Ongoing expansion of solar energy capacity in India
has prompted Deutsche Bank, the Frankfurt, Germany,
-based international lender, to revise its growth forecast
for the segment in India to 34 gigawatts by 2020. It is a
240 percent increase on the previous projection of 14
gigawatts for the period. In its report ‘India 2020: Utilities
& renewables’ published this week, the bank also notes
that annual capacity addition in the sector could surpass
that of coal power projects.
By 2020, India’s investment in solar power could exceed
that of funding for coal projects, the report says. The
bank notes that the $35 billion already committed by
global players will help the country develop its solar
capacity.
“Private sector interest is decisively moving towards solar
from coal power, and we foresee numerous opportunities
of fund-raising, yieldco structuring and M&A activity,”
the report says
Also, research has shown that solar energy development
could reduce the dependence on coal by about 8 percent
by 2020 during peak production between 9am and 6pm.
In sum, the savings could amount to about $17 billion a
year if solar capacity is continually improved.
The prospects of solar power project development also
stand to become brighter as the country implements
renewable energy obligations and production of power
using coal becomes dearer.
China to build two nuclear power
plants in Iran
China will build two new nuclear power plants (NPP) in
Iran, the media reported quoting Ali Akbar Salehi, the
head of the Atomic Energy organisation of Iran.
“We will simultaneously launch construction of four new
nuclear power plants in the country in the next two-three
years. We plan to engage more than 20,000 workers and
engineers in this large-scale construction,” Salehi said.
Iran currently has stores amounting to around 90
tonnes of heavy water and around seven-eight tonnes
August 2015
INTERNATIONALNEWS
of Uranium, he said.
“In accordance with the joint action plan (on Iran’s
nuclear programme), the future of stored uranium
will be decided in the next four-five months,” Salehi
said. The UN Security Council unanimously adopted a
resolution in support of the agreement on Iran’s nuclear
programme. All international sanctions will be lifted from
Iran in 10 years if Tehran fulfills all conditions agreed with
the P5+1 group of international mediators in Vienna.
The resolution also envisages easing sanctions against
Iran after the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
submits a report confirming Tehran’s compliance with
the terms of the deal. The UN Security Council also
reinforced the mechanism of restoring all restrictions in
case Iran violates the terms of the agreement.
China is actively promoting its third generation nuclear
technology in nearly 20 countries, a media report
said. “Hualong One” third generation nuclear power
technology was jointly developed by nuclear power
giants – China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)
and China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN).
Gamesa to supply turbines to
meet 250-MW capacity
Spanish wind turbine maker Gamesa has won
order to supply 125, 2-megawatt turbines to Indian
power producer Orange Power. The companies
haven’t disclosed the financial terms of the 250-megawatt
project deal.
According to a statement, the turbines are to be
installed at three Orange Power project sites in east
Andhra Pradesh and north Madhya Pradesh. Two of
these projects are of 100-megawatt capacity each
and the third is of 50 megawatts. The projects are
due for commissioning by the end of third quarter of
2016Gamesa has been a key wind turbine supplier to
various Indian projects over the past few months.
It had in April signed supply agreements with six wind
farms in India. Among the deals, the company entered
turnkey arrangements with an independent power
producer to build one 50 megawatt project and another
108 megawatt project.
113
InternationalNews
The company also secured orders to supply turbines
for addition of 36 megawatts capacity at four projects
in India.
In all, the company was to supply 97 of its G97, 2
megawatt turbines to the wind farms sited in Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh under the agreement.
Gamesa’s G97 S class turbines are suited for sites with
low wind speed typical of India, the company states. BTM
consult in a recent report covering 2014 said Gamesa
ended the year as the leading original equipment
manufacturer in India for the second consecutive year.
It held a market share of 32 percent in 2014, compared
with 21 percent in 2013.
Its closest competitors in 2014 were Suzlon and Wind
World India with 21 percent and 15 per cent respectively.
Gamesa arrived in the Indian market as a technology
provider and wind farm developer in 2009.
The company now has more than 1,700 MW of installed
capacity and provides services for 1,450 MW under
operations and maintenance agreements. Besides,
Gamesa has developed wind farms for more than 1,000
megawatt capacity.
Atlantic to develop 220-kW solar
project in Ontario
Atlantic Wind and Solar is developing a 220 kilowatt
peak solar power plant in Ontario, Canada. According
to a statement, Atlantic has received formal notice of
commercial operation from Independent Electricity
System Operator (IESO), the electricity market operator
of Ontario, which was the final step ahead of the
construction and grid-connection of the project.
The project comprises a fixed array of 1,023
multicrystalline modules of 255W each. Also IESO
has signed a 20-year power purchase agreement with
Atlantic under which it will be purchasing output from
the project at 71.3 cents per Kwh.
Atlantic has been consistently expanding its portfolio
in Ontario. In May the company launched a yieldco to
exclusively handle output from the projects it developed.
The yieldco named Power 1 is a wholly owned subsidiary
established with the aim of providing reliable yield from
ongoing power sales.
The company had stated that financing of Power 1
was to be direct and without dilution of shareholders of
Atlantic Wind and Solar. The statement also reported
that the company’s management was in discussions
with potential financiers and advisors for its formation.
Atlantic also announced launch of a 160-kW solar project
in Canada alongside the formation of the yieldco. The
commercial rooftop installation that cost the company
$1 million was expected to produce 3,300 megawatt
hours over 20 years. And IESO was to purchase the
power under the Feed-In-Tariff program of the province.
114
Duke Energy consolidates base in
North Carolina with 13-MW solar
project
Duke Energy has taken up yet another project in North
Carolina, which also marks a first in the company’s
portfolio. The renewable energy company is setting up
a solar power project at a military base.
The 13-megawatt project to be developed on marine
corps base camp Lejeune in Onslow County will cover
100 acres. The project to be owned by Duke Energy
Progress (DEP) is expected to go online this year.
The project is expected to enable the base to meet
renewable energy and energy security goals. Duke has
handed the engineering, procurement and construction
contract for the project to Charlotte-based Crowder
Construction Services. And SolarWorld Americas will be
delivering the 54,000-odd monocrystalline solar panels
the project is expected to require.
The Brilliance inverters produced by GE Power
Conversion at its Pittsburgh facility will be used in
combination with the solar arrays at the project, the
company has stated.
Besides the Camp Lejeune project, Duke Energy is
already committed to a $500 million solar expansion
plan in North Carolina. Currently, it is building three solar
parks at Bladen, Duplin and Wilson counties. These
projects with total capacity of 128 megawatts are to be
operational by the end of the year.
The company is also partnering with solar developers to
purchase the electricity output from other solar facilities
planned in the state.
SunPower to sell power to NV
energy from 100-MW solar PV
project in Boulder
Solar photovoltaic solutions provider SunPower has
signed a 20-year agreement with NV Energy for supply
of clean energy. The agreement is subject to approval
from Nevada’s Public Utilities Commission.
SunPower is to provide electricity to the Nevadan utility
from a 100-megawatt solar photovoltaic project which it
now owns. The project named Boulder Solar is located
in Eldorado Valley, Boulder City, Nevada.
SunPower acquired Boulder Solar earlier this year from
KOMIPO America, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Korea
Midland Power. KOMIPO will continue to participate in
the construction and operation of the project, which is
to go into commercial operation in 2016. In due course,
SunPower will be offering the project for sale to 8point3
Energy Partners, the yieldCo that the company formed
jointly with First Solar.
Output from Boulder Solar would be adequate to meet
average power requirements of more than 15,000
households, according to Solar Energy Industries
Association estimates, a statement said.
August 2015

Maharashtra offers sops for power
generation from six RE sources
The government of the Indian state Maharashtra is set
to provide incentive for development of six renewable
energy sources. Under the state’s new and renewable
energy policy, the government is to provide sops for
creation of 7.5 gigawatts of solar; 5 gigawatts of wind;
1 gigawatt of cogeneration using farm waste; 400
megawatts of small hydel; 300 megawatts of farm waste
gasification; and 200 megawatts of inorganic industrial
waste projects.
Currently Maharashtra is working toward achieving
its target of 14.4 gigawatts of renewable energy
development by 2020.
Some key features of the state’s new and renewable
energy policy are as follows:
X Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission
(MERC) will declare separate open access (OA)
regulations and cross subsidy surcharge for
renewable energy
X If MSEDCL does not grant OA within time stipulated
by MERC, the promoter will get deemed OA
X A committee headed by the state’s chief secretary
will conduct mid-term review of policy
X Promoters that are party to power purchase
agreements with MSEDCL and interested in selling
power to other buyer can terminate the agreement
X 10-year waiver on electricity duty for captive use of
renewable energy
X No supervision charges for MSEDCL and
Mahatransco to set up transmission infrastructure
X `1 crore Maharashtra Energy Development Agency
(MEDA) grant for transmission network development
X Solar and wind projects eligible for industry status
X Land used for energy generation will be deemed
non-agricultural use
X Wind and solar project development won’t require
consent or no-objection certificates from Maharashtra
Pollution Control Board
116
NATIONALNEWS
X MERC will give preferential tariff to solar and MSEDCL
will give it priority for open access. MEDA will give
land up to 4 hectare without auction.
X The policy identifies four modes of power sale
from renewable sources: to MSEDCL and other
distribution companies in the state to fulfill
their renewable energy purchase obligation;
captive use; direct third party sale; and selling
power to the exchange through renewable energy
certificate mechanism.
Wind farm in Kerala facing
closure over permissions,
tax issues
A wind project comprising 23 wind turbines in the south
Indian state Kerala is facing headwinds over permissions
and tax default with the local body.
The authorities of Sholayur panchayat in Attapadi,
Palakkad district, plan to dismantle the turbines installed
at Nallasingha Ooru as they “have come up without
necessary permissions”.
The report notes that the state vigilance had found
discrepancies in land acquisition for the project. A
portion of the land realtor Sarjan Realties had purchased
for the project on behalf of Suzlon is apparently tribal
land, a category that cannot be traded.
According to M Murugan, the president of Sholayur
panchayat, the local body was acting on orders from
the directorate of panchayats which affirms that the
installations were illegal.
Earlier, the governing committee of the panchayat had
issued orders to stop operation of the facility. It locked
the main control room and the entry to the wind farm
on Friday as the order went unheeded.
The panchayat president has stated that the remaining
control rooms would be locked today.
The wind farm at Nallasingha Ooru, a tribal hamlet, has
been in operation since since 2006. And the panchayat
authorities say the operators have not paid tax to the
local body since it began of operations.
The panchayat served notices to the promoters on May
17, 2011, June 27, 2014 and May 25, 2015, citing the
August 2015
NationalNews
violations. The notices drew the promoters’ attention
to the fact that the construction was not in accordance
with provisions of the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act and the
Kerala Building Rules which governed and controlled the
construction activities in a panchayat. It also advised
them to pay taxes due and fine accrued on default.
Further, it warned that the project would be dismantled
and expenses collected from the promoters under
section 235 (w) of the Act. The notices went unheeded
barring payment of a sum toward taxes soon after the
notices were served. This has led the local body to
initiate action, TNIE reports.
The panchayat authorities and Suzlon had not responded
to e-mails from greentechlead when this report
was published.
JSW Energy Q1 net dips
14% to ` 277 cr
JSW Energy reported 14 per cent fall in Q1 net profit to Rs
277 crore as against Rs 325 crore in the corresponding
quarter of the previous year. The street had estimated
Q1 profit at Rs 305 crore.
The company’s total income declined by 17 per cent to
Rs 2,107 crore against Rs 2,558 crore due to planned
maintenance shutdown of its plants at Ratnagiri and
Vijaynagar and weak demand. During the quarter the
company achieved an average plant load factor of 75
per cent against 84%. The fuel cost reduced by 17%
to Rs 974 crore due to fall in imported coal prices.
However, these gains were offset by the lower generation
and marginal decline in the realization which resulted
in decline in EBIDTA to Rs 886 crore against Rs 948
crore, a six per cent fall. The merchant sales during the
quarter were 1,990 million units, the sales under long
term power purchase agreement were 2,490 million
units. Shares of JSW Energy’s stock was closed at Rs
98.90, up 1.80 per cent.
The company has commenced enabling works for the
240 MW projects in Himachal Pradesh and expects the
award of EPC contracts to be completed by the second
quarter of 2015-16. The cost incurred on the project upto
June 30 is Rs 239 crore.
During the quarter, Barmer ignite Mining Company has
despatched 1.44 MT of lignite to ffeedd company’s
power plant in Balmer.
The tendering process for selection off mine development
and operator for Kapurdi and Jalipa lignite mines by EIL
has commenced and the evaluation of tenders is under
process. The project cost incurred till June 30 is Rs
1,837 crore.
India to export 500 Mw power to
Bangladesh through SAARC
Grid soon: POSOCO
India’s grid manager Power System Operation
Corporation (POSOCO) is confident the country would
118
begin to export an additional power to an extent of 500
megawatt (Mw) to Bangladesh as soon as the work on
SAARC grid is accomplished in the next one year.
“We could also draw considerably higher volumes of
hydropower from nations such as Bhutan and Nepal,”
said V K Agrawal, executive director, National Load
Despatch Centre at POSOCO.
He was speaking at the National Conference on ‘Power
Transmission and Distribution’ of PHD Chamber of
Commerce and Industry.
Indian government finalised a consensus over inter-
country grid connecting the SAARC countries, which
was pending for four years, in a meeting held with the
representatives in the annual SAARC energy ministers
meeting in Delhi in October 2014. Piyush Goyal, minister
of state for coal, power and renewable energy had then
said initial discussions would start for an integrated power
transmission grid connecting India with its neighbouring
nations, wherein excess production of power in one
region can be used to meet deficit elsewhere
“In view of the deepening and thickening bilateral
relations between India and Bangladesh following
conclusion of the recent summit level talks between
the prime ministers of the two countries, a decision
has been taken to supply additional 500 mW of gas-fed
electricity to Bangladesh,” said Agrawal.
55 solar cities to be developed
across 27 states in India: Piyush
Goyal
As many as 55 cities in 27 states and union territories
are currently being developed as solar or green cities,
Parliament was told. So far, 55 existing cities in 27 states/
UTs are being developed as solar cities in the country
under ‘Development of Solar Cities programme’, Power
and New and Renewable Energy Minister Piyush Goyal
told the Lok Sabha in a written reply.
The new and renewable energy ministry has been
implementing the programme under which a total of
60 cities and towns are proposed to be supported for
development as “solar or green cities”.
Mahabubnagar in Andhra Pradesh, Thiruvananthapuram
in Kerala, Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Jaipur in Rajasthan
and Leh in Jammu and Kashmir have only got in-
principle approval till date, said Goyal.
The criteria set by the ministry for the identification of
cities include a city having population between 50,000
to 50 lakh (with relaxation given to special category
states including northeast states), initiatives and
regulatory measures already taken along with a high
level of commitment in promoting energy efficiency and
renewable energy.
August 2015

ABB LTD
ABB to supply two HVDC converter
stations to NSN link
ABB has won order to supply high-voltage direct current
(HVDC) converter stations meant for installation on the
Norway–United Kingdom power link (NSN). The HVDC
converter stations are to be set up at either end of the
undersea link to be laid across North Sea.
Statnett, the state-owned network operator of Norway,
and National Grid, an international electricity and gas
utility from the UK have awarded the $450-million
contract to ABB. Recently ABB received the contract for
the 1,400-megawatt NordLink project, which connects
Norway and Germany.
NSN will have the capacity to transmit 1,400 megawatts
of power from Norway to Britain. The 730-km link will be
the world’s longest subsea power interconnection and
is expected to go into commercial operation in 2021, a
statement reported.
The link will serve the dual purpose of transmission
as well as receiving power. UK will transmit its surplus
power to Norway by the link when that country runs low
on its hydro-power resources and will receive surplus
power from Norway through the same link when it is
running low on wind power.
HVDC technology was developed about sixty years ago
and since then ABB has received orders for 100 such
projects. The projects represent a total installed capacity
of more than 120,000 MW, which is about half the global
installed base, ABB claims.
BHEL LTD
BHEL commissions 500 MW second unit in
Tamil Nadu
State-run power equipment manufacturer Bharat
Heavy Electricals (BHEL) has commissioned the second
500 MW unit at the Tuticorin Thermal Power Station in
Tamil Nadu.
“Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) has successfully
commissioned the second 500 MW unit at Tuticorin
120
CORPORATENEWS
Thermal Power Station (TPS),” the company said. The
first unit of 500 MW was commissioned on March 10.
The Tuticorin project is situated near the city’s
Thoothukudi sea port. It has been set up by NLC Tamil
Nadu Power Ltd (NTPL), a joint venture of Neyveli Lignite
Corporation (NLC) and Tamil Nadu Generation and
Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO), on the shores
of the Bay of Bengal.
Earlier stages of Tuticorin TPS comprise five units of
210 MW, all installed by BHEL in three phases between
1979 and 1992.
With this, BHEL’s installed capacity has crossed 155
gigawatt and the company has joined the elite club of
global manufacturers who have supplied equipment for
more than 150 GW, it said.
The company commissioned 8,230 MW in the power
utility segment during the fiscal 2014-15, surpassing by
19 percent its capacity addition target of 6,914 MW set
by the government, the statement added.
Honeywell
Honeywell Survey of 2,000 Buildings in
India Demonstrates need to Invest More
in Smart Building Technologies
A new survey of 2,000 buildings across India by Honeywell
and research-specialist IMRB International shows that
government, building owners and service providers need
to invest more in smart building technologies to better
serve India’s rapidly urbanizing population and help
create sustainable cities and infrastructure.
While the country’s airports and hotels are leading the
way with smart building technologies, the survey found
that in general the smartness of buildings in India is
low. The survey marks the debut of the new Honeywell
Smart Building ScoreTM, a first-of-its-kind global tool
that evaluates buildings based on each facility’s use
of technologies to make the building green, safe, and
productive – three key aspects of smart buildings. The
survey findings were accompanied by a white paper from
Honeywell and Ernst and Young, “Smart Buildings Make
August 2015
CorporateNews

Smart Cities,” which details how targeted investment

in smart buildings can be used to drive economic
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
and environmental benefits, protect human life and ASIATIC 24
building assets, and support India’s goal to develop BEL 10
100 Smart Cities.
BIS 18
BLUE STAR 15
EON Electric
CPRI 20
EON Electric wins Rs.51 crore tenders for CROMPTON 44
LED Streetlight projects C&S 11
Eon Electric Limited (EEL) one of the leaders in
DYNAMIC CABLES 78
manufacturing a wide range of energy-efficient LED
Lighting products – has reached yet another milestone ELECRAMA-2016 FRONT GATEFOLD
by securing contracts worth Rs.51 crore for Streetlights EON 6
in Aligarh, UP and Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
EPCOS 70
Elaborating, Mr V.P. Mahendru, Chairman – Eon Electric
Limited, said, “It’s gratifying for EON Electric to have won ERDA 82
the LED Street Lighting projects in the open bidding ESSEN DEINKI 100
process of the Government-sponsored Energy Efficiency FINOLEX 111
Services Ltd (EESL) and for being associated with the
Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Governments to transform FLIR 127
the region’s lighting and energy savings scenario. With GOLIYA I 61
the Government of India’s recent initiatives to conserve
GREENTECH 115
energy, through replacement of conventional Lights by
LED Lights, the Industry specialists have projected, that HAVELLS 57
the demand for LED Streetlights in India to be worth HPL 5
Rs.39,500 cr by 2020.”
IEIS 123,124
Metalor INDIAN OIL 95
ISHRAE 65
Agreement between Metalor and Checon
JVS 84
Shivalik
LAPP INDIA 117
Metalor and Checon Shivalik Contact Solutions Pvt.
Ltd have signed a Marketing & Sales collaborative L&T COVER II
agreement to promote sale of Copper Graphite contacts MECO 41
to MCB manufacturers in India. MEGGER 17, 128
Metalor Electrotechnics Business Group has a leading
MENNEKES 49
global position in manufacturing and selling materials,
components and assemblies for electrical contacts that MITSUBISHI 13
enters in the manufacturing of electrical switchgears. NEPTUNE FRONT GATEFOLD
Checon Shivalik Contact Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is a joint
venture company, engaged in the manufacturing of OBO 119
electrical contacts in India. Metalor has developed OMICRON 29
a special grade of Copper graphite based electrical PREMIER 51
contacts (CuC contacts), which could replace the
Silver Graphite contacts used in MCB’s and wish to PROLITE 75
develop the sales of these contacts in India with the QUALITY POWER COVER IV
collaboration of Checon Shivalik. Due to the leading
RAVIN CABLES 109
position of its group company Shivalik Bimetals, in
the market of thermostatic bimetals in India, Checon RISHABH 19
Shivalik is well positioned to promote and sell these RMG 92
CuC contacts in India.
SCI 102
This collaborative agreement is intended to provide
MCB manufacturers in India the option of buying Metalor SHRIRAM AXIALL 121
CuC contacts locally in India, through Checon Shivalik. SIEMENS 27
Metalor will manufacture these contacts and Checon
SWICON 2015 COVER III
Shivalik will maintain stock of these CuC contacts in
India, thereby reducing lead time for delivery. Entire TATA PROJECTS 125
R&D and technical support will be provided by Metalor UL INDIA 104
and entire Sales & logistics support will be provided by
Checon Shivalik to our Indian customers. YAMUNA 7

122 August 2015

 March 2015
August 2014 79
123
80
124 March
August 2014
2015

A visit to the War memorial in
Moscow on the wedding day
Recently I was in Moscow, Russia.
Moscow city has many war
memorials. Russia has won three
great wars in its history, which are a
source of pride to them. They have
built war memorials and erected
many statues of the generals who
were responsible for the victories.
The first war was between Peter the
Great and Sweden. The second
war was between Tsar Alexander
and Napoleon of France. The third
one was against Hitler in World
War-2 in 1945.
There is a huge park in Moscow,
known as Peace Park. In the
middle of this Peace Park there
is a large monument. There is a
pillar, and on the pillar the different
battles fought by Russia have
been mentioned along with dates
and places. The park has beautiful
fountains. In the summer, flowers
of many colours bloom and the
place is a feast for the eyes. In the
night it is decorated with lights.
Every Russian is proud of this
park and it is a spot visited by all
tourists.
The day I went to the park was
Sunday. It was drizzling and cold,
though it was summer. I was
standing under an umbrella and
enjoying the beauty. Suddenly, my
eyes fell on a young couple. It was
apparent that they had just got
married. The girl was in her mid-
twenties, slim and blond hair and
blue eyes. She was very beautiful.
The boy was almost the same
age and very handsome. He was
in a military uniform. The bride
was wearing a white satin dress,
decorated with pearls and pretty
laces. It was very long so two
young girls were standing behind
her holding up the ends of the
gown, so it should not be dirtied.
One young boy was holding an
126
Shocks & Sparks
umbrella over their heads so that
they should not get drenched. The
girl was holding a bouquet and the
two were standing with their arms
linked. It was a beautiful sight. I
started wondering why they had
come to this park in this rain soon
after getting married. They could
have surely gone to a merrier place.
I watched as they walked together
to the dias near the memorial, kept
the bouquet, bowed their heads in
silence and slowly walked back.
By now I was very curious to know
what was going on. There was an old
man standing with them. He looked
at me, my sari and asked, ‘Are you
Indian?’. I replied, ‘Yes, I am an
Indian.’ Since we were chatting quite
amicably now, I decided to use the
opportunity to ask some questions.
‘How come you know English?’
‘Oh I worked abroad’
‘Will you tell me why that young
couple visited the war memorial on
their wedding day?’
‘Oh, that is the custom in Russia. The
wedding takes place normally on a
Saturday or a Sunday. Irrespective
August 2015
of the season, after signing the
register at the marriage office,
married couple must visit the
important national monuments
near by. Every boy in this country
has to serve in the military for a
couple of years at least. Regardless
of his position, he must wear his
service uniform for the wedding.’
‘Why is that?’
‘This is a mark of gratitude. Our
forefathers have given their lives
in various wars Russia has fought.
Some of them we won, and some
we lost, but their sacrifice was
always for the country. The newly
married couple needs to remember
they are living in a peaceful,
independent Russia because of
their ancestors’ sacrifices. They
must ask for their blessings. Love
for the country is more important
than wedding celebrations. We
elders insist on continuing with this
tradition whether it be in Moscow,
St.Petersburg or any other part
of Russia. On the wedding day
they have to visit the nearest war
memorial.’
This set me wondering about
what we teach our children. Do
we Indians have the courtesy to
remember our martyrs on the most
important day of our lives? We are
busy shopping for saris, buying
jewellery and preparing elaborate
menus and partying in discos.
My eyes filled with tears at the
thought and I wished we could
learn a lesson from the Russians.
Sudha Murthy
(Wife of Narayan Murthy, Infosys)
RG Keswani