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BAND-PASS FILTER

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19091.94247

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576 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2018

Bandpass Filter Using Three Pairs of Coupled

Lines With Multiple Transmission Zeros
Kai Da Xu , Member, IEEE, Fengyu Zhang, Yanhui Liu , Member, IEEE, and Qing Huo Liu , Fellow, IEEE

Abstract— A novel but very simple bandpass filter using

just three pairs of coupled lines with multiple transmission
zeros (TZs) and transmission poles is proposed in this letter.
The filter structure can be seen as the two one-wavelength ring
resonators coupled each other with λ g /4 coupled length and
sandwiched between the 3λ g /4 input and output feedlines. Good
out-of-band suppression and sharp roll-off skirts can be realized
by multiple fixed and tunable TZs without complicated coupling
scheme. For further demonstration, a filter example with center
frequency at f0 = 2.1 GHz is implemented with generation of
eight TZs at the frequency range from 0 to 2 f0 for theoretically
calculated certification. Good agreement between simulation and
measured results validates the design method.
Index Terms— Bandpass filters (BPFs), parallel-coupled
lines, ring resonators, transmission poles (TPs), transmission
zeros (TZs).

I. I NTRODUCTION

H IGH-PERFORMANCE bandpass filters (BPFs) having

low insertion loss within the passband and high out-
of-band suppression are extensively desirable in the modern
wireless communication systems. The out-of-band characteris-
tics are usually improved by introducing multiple transmission
zeros (TZs) [1]–[3]. In [2], two tunable TZs are employed to
improve the stopband suppression, both of which are located at
the lower stopband or upper stopband. Obviously, the number
of TZs is not enough to simultaneously satisfy the rejection
of both lower and upper stopbands. In [3], the concept of TZ
resonator pair is proposed, where the locations of four TZs are
exactly at the resonant frequency points of the two resonator
pairs. Due to its structure limitation, the lower stopband
does not suppress very well. Moreover, transversal signal-
interference techniques are used to introduce two or more
transmission paths for the BPF design with multiple TZs [4],
but at the expense of the overall size increase.
Inspired but quite different from ring resonators and
coupling schemes in [5] and [6], a compact high-selectivity
BPF circuit model using three pairs of parallel-coupled lines
Manuscript received March 24, 2018; accepted May 8, 2018. Date of
publication May 31, 2018; date of current version July 4, 2018. This work
was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant 61601390, and in part by the Shenzhen Science and Technology
Innovation Project under Grant JCYJ20170306141249935. (Corresponding
author: Yanhui Liu.)
K. D. Xu, F. Zhang, and Y. Liu are with the Department of Electronic
Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, and also with the
Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
(e-mail: yanhuiliu@xmu.edu.cn).
Q. H. Liu is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LMWC.2018.2835643
Fig. 1. (a) Ideal circuit. (b) Simulated normalized frequency responses of the
proposed BPF with θ = 90°, Z 0e1 = 158 , Z 0o1 = 60 , Z 0e2 = 109 ,
Z 0o2 = 65 , and Z 0 = 50 . f 0 denotes the required center frequency of
the BPF.
with eight TZs is reported for the first time in this letter. The
distributions of four TZs are fixed while the other four counter-
parts can be adjusted by changing the coupling coefficients of
the coupled lines, which further affect the bandwidth and out-
of-band suppression level of the BPF. Finally, a demonstrative
BPF with center frequency at 2.1 GHz is implemented
on the printed circuit board to validate the theoretical
analysis.
II. BPF U SING T HREE PAIRS OF C OUPLED L INES
Fig. 1(a) shows the ideal BPF circuit using three pairs of
coupled lines, constructed by a pair of λg /4 coupled lines
(electrical length θ , even/odd-mode characteristic impedance
Z 0e2 , Z 0o2 ) in the middle and two pairs of 3λg /4 parallel-
coupled lines (electrical length 3θ , even/odd-mode character-
istic impedance Z 0e1 , Z 0o1) at two sides. It can be analyzed by
using the calculated method of impedance matrix deduction.
Observed from Fig. 1(a), it can be obtained that V2 = V5 ,
I2 = −I5 , V3 = V8 , I3 = −I8 , V6 = V9 , I6 = −I9 , V7 = V12 ,
I7 = −I12 , and I4 = I11 = 0. The [Z ]a and [Z ]b denote
the impedance matrix of the 3λg/4 and λg/4 parallel-coupled
lines, respectively. The overall impedance matrix [Z ] of the

1531-1309 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
XU et al.: BANDPASS FILTER USING THREE PAIRS OF COUPLED LINES 577

BPF can be calculated as follows [7]:

    
 
V1 Z 11 Z 12 I1
=   (1)
V10 Z 21 Z 22 I10
 a 2  a 2 
 
a
Z 11 A + Z 12 + Z 13 B + 2Z 12 a a
Z 13 C
Z 11 = Z 22 =
A
(2)
 a 2  a 2 
  Z 12 + Z 13 D + 2Z a a
Z
12 13 E
Z 12 = Z 21 = (3)
A
where
 a   a 
A = − Z 11 + Z 11
b
B − Z 12 b
C − Z 13b
D− Z 14 + Z 14
b
E (4)
 a   a
b 3 b
 b 2  a b
 b 2
B = − Z 11+Z 11 + Z 11+Z 11 Z 12 + Z 11 + Z 11 Z 13
 a   a  a b 2

− 2Z 12
b b
Z 13 Z 14 + Z 14 b
+ Z 11 + Z 11 b
Z 14 + Z 14
(5)
 a  b b  a b 2
  a 
C = −2 Z 11 + Z 11
b
Z 12 Z 13 + Z 11 + Z 11 Z 14 + Z 14b
 b 2  a b
  b 2  a b
  a b 3

+ Z 12 Z 14 + Z 14 + Z 13 Z 14+Z 14 − Z 14+Z 14
(6)
 a 
b 2 b
 b 3  a b 2

D = Z 11 + Z 11 Z 12 − Z 12 + Z 12b
Z 14 + Z 14
 a  b a   b 2
− 2 Z 11 + Z 11b
Z 13 Z 14 + Z 14 b
+ Z 12
b
Z 13 (7)
 a 
b 2 b
 b 3 b
 a b 2

E = Z 11 + Z 11 Z 13 − Z 13 + Z 13 Z 14 + Z 14
 a  b  a   b 2 b
− 2 Z 11 + Z 11b
Z 12 Z 14 + Z 14 b
+ Z 12 Z 13 (8)
j
Z 11 = Z 22 = Z 33 = Z 44 = − (Z 0e1 + Z 0o1) cot(3θ )
a a a a
(9a)
2
j
a
Z 12 = Z 21 a
= Z 34a
= Z 43 a
= − (Z 0e1 − Z 0o1) cot(3θ ) (9b)
2
j Fig. 2. (a) Calculated f tz / f 0 versus k1 , where Z 0e1 = 158 , Z 0e2 = 109 ,
a
Z 13 = Z 31 a
= Z 24a
= Z 42 a
= − (Z 0e1 − Z 0o1) csc(3θ ) (9c) and Z 0o2 = 65 . (b) Calculated f tz / f 0 and FBW. (c) Simulated |S21 |
2 versus k2 , where Z 0e1 = 158 , Z 0o1 = 60 , and Z 0e2 = 109 .
j
a
Z 14 = Z 41 a
= Z 23a
= Z 32 a
= − (Z 0e1 + Z 0o1) csc(3θ ) (9d)
2
j where
b
Z 11 = Z 22 b
= Z 33b
= Z 44 b
= − (Z 0e2 + Z 0o2 ) cot θ (10a)
2 F = 4Z 0e1 Z 0e2 + 2Z 0e1 Z 0o1 + 4Z 0e1 Z 0o2
b b b b j
Z 12 = Z 21 = Z 34 = Z 43 = − (Z 0e2 − Z 0o2 ) cot θ (10b) + 4Z 0e2 Z 0o1 + 4Z 0e2 Z 0o2 + 4Z 0o1 Z 0o2 (13)
2  2 2
b b b b j G = 2 Z 0e1 Z 0e2 + 10Z 0e1
2
Z 0e2 Z 0o2 + Z 0e1
2 2
Z 0o2
Z 13 = Z 31 = Z 24 = Z 42 = − (Z 0e2 − Z 0o2 ) csc θ (10c)
2 2 2
b b b b j + 2Z 0e1 Z 0e2 Z 0o1 + 16Z 0e1 Z 0e2 Z 0o2
Z 14 = Z 41 = Z 23 = Z 32 = − (Z 0e2 + Z 0o2 ) csc θ. (10d)
2 + 20Z 0e1 Z 0e2 Z 0o1 Z 0o2 + 16Z 0e1 Z 0e2 Z 0o2
2

Therefore, the transmission coefficient S21 of the filter can +2Z 0e1 Z 0o1 Z 0o2
2
+ Z 0e2
2 2
Z 0o1 + 16Z 0e2
2
Z 0o1 Z 0o2
be obtained by [7]
+ 32Z 0e2
2 2
Z 0o2 + 10Z 0e2 Z 0o1
2
Z 0o2 + 16Z 0e2 Z 0o1 Z 0o2
2
2Z  Z 0
S21 =    21   Z
. (11) 2
+ Z 0o1 2
Z 0o2 )1/2 + Z 0e1
2 2
+ Z 0o1 (14)
Z 11 + Z 0 Z 22 + Z 0 − Z 12 21 
H = 4 2Z 0e1 Z 0e2 + 2Z 0e1 Z 0o1 + 2Z 0e1 Z 0o2 + 2Z 0e2 Z 0o1
Eight finite TZs ( f tz1 , ftz2 , ftz3 , f tz4 , f tz5 , f tz6 , f tz7 , and ftz8 ) 
in the stopband at the frequency range from 0 to 2 f 0 are + 4Z 0e2 Z 0o2 + 2Z 0o1 Z 0o2 Z 0e1
2
+ Z 0o1
2
. (15)
obtained through calculation by setting S21 = 0, shown as: Seen from (12)–(15), four TZs ( f tz1 , f tz3 , f tz6 , and f tz8 )
 are constant, located at 0, 2 f 0 /3, 4 f 0 /3, and 2 f 0 , respec-
2 f0 −1 F−G
f tz1 = 0 f tz2 = cos (12a) tively, while the other four TZs ( f tz2 , f tz4 , f tz5 , and f tz7 )
μ H are relevant to the characteristic impedances (Z 0e1 , Z 0o1,

2 2 f0 F+G Z 0e2 , and Z 0o2 ) of three pairs of coupled lines. For demon-
f tz3 = f 0 ftz4 = cos−1 (12b) stration, Fig. 1(b) shows the simulated frequency responses
3 μ H

of the ideal BPF circuit model, where the distributions of
2 f0 −1 F+G 4 these eight TZs agree well with the results of theoretical
f tz5 = μ − cos f tz6 = f 0 (12c) deduction.
μ H 3

When the input–output characteristic impedance Z 0 = 50 
2 f0 F−G and electrical length θ = 90 are fixed, the ratio of ftz – f 0
f tz7 = μ − cos−1 f tz8 = 2 f0 (12d) and 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) versus two coupling
μ H
coefficients k1 and k2 is depicted in Fig. 2(a) and (b),
578 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2018

Fig. 3. Layout of the proposed BPF (unit: mm) and its fabricated photograph.

TABLE I
C OMPARISONS W ITH S OME P REVIOUS BPFS

Fig. 4. Simulated and measured S-parameters and group delays of the BPF.

The layout of this proposed filter and its fabricated photograph

is shown in Fig. 3. The measured S-parameters and group
delays are plotted in Fig. 4 along with the simulation using
HFSS simulator for comparisons. The measured insertion loss
where k1 = (Z 0e1 − Z 0o1)/(Z 0e1 + Z 0o1 ) and k2 = (Z 0e2 − is less than 1.8 dB, while the return loss is greater than
Z 0o2 )/(Z 0e2 + Z 0o2 ) [7]. As the parameters k1 and k2 shift, 12 dB within the passband from 1.91 to 2.31 GHz (3-dB FBW
the four TZs f tz1 , f tz3 , f tz6, and f tz8 keep unchanged, whereas of 19%). Eight finite TZs from 0 to 2 f 0 are obtained at
the other four TZs f tz2 , ftz4 , ftz5, and f tz7 will be adjusted. 0, 0.65, 1.01, 1.75, 2.38, 3.08, 3.73, and 4.16 GHz, respec-
The 3-dB FBW of the filter is mainly determined by the pair of tively. Furthermore, the rejection levels of over 32 dB at lower
λg /4 coupled lines (i.e., k2 ), varying as the change of k2 . For stopband from 0 to 1.82 GHz and better than 18 dB at upper
illustrating more clearly, Fig. 2(c) shows the S21 simulation stopband from 2.36 to 6 GHz have been achieved. Table I
results with different values of k2 , in which the FBW will tabulates the performance comparisons of the proposed BPF
be broadened as the increase of k2 , but at the expense of the with some previous reported works, and it can be seen that
worsened stopband rejection and return loss. The maximum the presented study has multiple TZs to realize good stopband
3-dB FBW will be 21.9% when k2 increases to 0.3 under the rejection with compact size.
return loss condition of over 10 dB within the passband.
Moreover, the frequency response of reflection coeffi- IV. C ONCLUSION
cient S11 can be expressed as [7] A miniaturized high-selectivity fifth-order BPF with eight
      Z TZs has been presented in this letter, whose calculated pro-
Z 11 − Z 0 Z 22 + Z 0 − Z 12
S11 =      21
 Z
. (16) cedure and analysis on TZs and TPs are provided. Due to
Z 11 + Z 0 Z 22 + Z 0 − Z 12 21 its simple structure, sharp roll-off skirts, and multiple TPs and
The five transmission poles (TPs) can be calculated by setting TZs with enhanced out-of-band attenuation, the proposed BPF
S11 = 0, shown as follows: is attractive for modern wireless communication technology.

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